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Murayama Y, Aizawa Y, Ikuse T, Izumita R, Nukaga S, Kaneko M, Yamada T, Ono T, Matsui K, Suda M, Saitoh A. Acute Flaccid Myelitis With Human Rhinovirus A19 Detection: Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:708-710. [PMID: 38451987 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) has been sporadically detected in patients with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). We report a case of AFM in a 2-year-old boy with severe neurologic sequelae, whose nasopharyngeal and stool samples tested positive for HRV-A19. Clinical information related to AFM with HRV is limited. Further study of the association of AFM with HRV is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Murayama
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Yuta Aizawa
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Tatsuki Ikuse
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Ryohei Izumita
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Shunsuke Nukaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata Prefectural Central Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneko
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Takeshi Ono
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Ko Matsui
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Masashi Suda
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata Prefectural Central Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiko Saitoh
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
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Gummersheimer S, Hayes A, Harrison C, Lee B, Schuster J, Dhar M, Sasidharan A, Banerjee D, Selvarangan R. Prevalence and clinical presentation of EV-D68 infections in Kansas City children during the 2022 season. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 107:115992. [PMID: 37385072 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal EV-D68 infections can strain medical care resources due to increased pediatric hospitalizations for respiratory illness. In this study, we examine Kansas City's 2022 EV-D68 season. Rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV) positive respiratory specimens from standard of care testing were salvaged and tested by EV-D68 specific PCR. Of the 1412 respiratory specimens tested from July 1 to September 15, 2022, 346 (23%) were positive for RV/EV and EV-D68 was detected in 134/319 (42%) salvaged RV/EV positive specimens. The median age of children with EV-D68 infections was 35.2 months (IQR 16.1, 67.3), which was older than children with non-EV-D68 RV/EV infections (16 months, IQR 5, 47.8), but younger than children infected during the 2014 EV-D68 outbreak. EV-D68 infection was more likely to cause severe disease in children with asthma compared to those without asthma. Real-time EV-D68 monitoring for outbreaks could potentially improve resource utilization by hospitals and help prepare for surges of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gummersheimer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amanda Hayes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Christopher Harrison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Brian Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Schuster
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Minati Dhar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Anjana Sasidharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dithi Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Rangaraj Selvarangan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Faye MN, Barry MA, Jallow MM, Wade SF, Mendy MP, Sy S, Fall A, Kiori DE, Ndiaye NK, Goudiaby D, Diamanka A, Niang MN, Dia N. Epidemiology of Non-SARS-CoV2 Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) in People Presenting with Influenza-like Illness (ILI) or Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) in Senegal from 2012 to 2020. Viruses 2022; 15:20. [PMID: 36680061 PMCID: PMC9864203 DOI: 10.3390/v15010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to emerging coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), there are seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs): HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. With a wide distribution around the world, HCoVs are usually associated with mild respiratory disease. In the elderly, young children and immunocompromised patients, more severe or even fatal respiratory infections may be observed. In Africa, data on seasonal HCoV are scarce. This retrospective study investigated the epidemiology and genetic diversity of seasonal HCoVs during nine consecutive years of influenza-like illness surveillance in Senegal. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from ILI outpatients or from SARI hospitalized patients. HCoVs were diagnosed by qRT-PCR and the positive samples were selected for molecular characterization. Among 9337 samples tested for HCoV, 406 (4.3%) were positive: 235 (57.9%) OC43, 102 (25.1%) NL63, 58 (14.3%) 229E and 17 (4.2%) HKU1. The four types circulated during the study period and a peak was noted between November and January. Children under five were the most affected. Co-infections were observed between HCoV types (1.2%) or with other viruses (76.1%). Genetically, HCoVs types showed diversity. The results highlighted that the impact of HCoVs must be taken into account in public health; monitoring them is therefore particularly necessary both in the most sensitive populations and in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modeste Name Faye
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Aliou Barry
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Malado Jallow
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Serigne Fallou Wade
- Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agricoles et de l’Alimentation (ES2A), Université Amadou Makhtar MBOW de Dakar (UAM), Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Marie Pedapa Mendy
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Sara Sy
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Amary Fall
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Davy Evrard Kiori
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | | | - Deborah Goudiaby
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | - Arfang Diamanka
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
| | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal
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Ogunbayo AE, Mogotsi MT, Sondlane H, Nkwadipo KR, Sabiu S, Nyaga MM. Metagenomic Analysis of Respiratory RNA Virome of Children with and without Severe Acute Respiratory Infection from the Free State, South Africa during COVID-19 Pandemic Reveals Higher Diversity and Abundance in Summer Compared with Winter Period. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112516. [PMID: 36423125 PMCID: PMC9692838 DOI: 10.3390/v14112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in children. Currently, there are limited reports on the composition and abundance of the normal commensal respiratory virome in comparison to those in severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) state. This study characterised the respiratory RNA virome in children ≤ 5 years with (n = 149) and without (n = 139) SARI during the summer and winter of 2020/2021 seasons in South Africa. Nasopharyngeal swabs were, collected, pooled, enriched for viral RNA detection, sequenced using Illumina MiSeq, and analysed using the Genome Detective bioinformatic tool. Overall, Picornaviridae, Paramoxyviridae, Pneumoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Totiviridae, and Retroviridae families were the most abundant viral population in both groups across both seasons. Human rhinovirus and endogenous retrovirus K113 were detected in most pools, with exclusive detection of Pneumoviridae in SARI pools. Generally, higher viral diversity/abundance was seen in children with SARI and in the summer pools. Several plant/animal viruses, eukaryotic viruses with unclear pathogenicity including a distinct rhinovirus A type, were detected. This study provides remarkable data on the respiratory RNA virome in children with and without SARI with a degree of heterogeneity of known viruses colonizing their respiratory tract. The implication of the detected viruses in the dynamics/progression of SARI requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji E. Ogunbayo
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Milton T. Mogotsi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Hlengiwe Sondlane
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Kelebogile R. Nkwadipo
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Martin M. Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-51-401-9158
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Self-collected gargle fluids and nasopharyngeal swabs as a strategy for molecular diagnostics of respiratory viruses. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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6
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Tsang NNY, So HC, Cowling BJ, Leung GM, Ip DKM. Performance of saline and water gargling for SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase PCR testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/165/220014. [PMID: 36130785 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0014-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of gargling for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR testing has not been previously reviewed. This review systematically assessed the performance of saline and water gargling for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing in the settings of diagnosing and monitoring viral shedding.We included original studies comparing the performance of gargling and (oropharyngeal-)nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing. Studies conducted in either suspected individuals or confirmed cases were included and analysed separately. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were examined using random-effects models.Gargles achieved a high overall sensitivity (91%), specificity (97%), PPV (95%) and NPV (91%) for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing. Studies using saline gargle and water gargle have an overall sensitivity of 97% and 86%, respectively. The sensitivity values were largely maintained for saline and water gargling on stratified analysis, for both diagnosis (96% and 92%) and viral shedding monitoring (98% and 78%). A higher sensitivity was also reported by studies using sterile saline (100%), a smaller amount of gargling solution (92% versus 87%) and a longer gargling duration (95% versus 86%).Our results supported the use of gargling as a sampling approach for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing, which achieved a high sensitivity for both diagnosis and viral shedding monitoring purposes. Further investigation on the comparative performance of different gargling mediums is needed to draw a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ngai Yung Tsang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hau Chi So
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dennis Kai Ming Ip
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Kamata K, Thein KN, Di Ja L, Win NC, Win SMK, Suzuki Y, Ito A, Osada H, Chon I, Phyu WW, Aizawa Y, Ikuse T, Ota T, Kyaw Y, Tin HH, Shobugawa Y, Watanabe H, Saito R, Saitoh A. Clinical manifestations and outcome of viral acute lower respiratory infection in hospitalised children in Myanmar. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:350. [PMID: 35395744 PMCID: PMC8992414 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) remains the leading cause of death in children worldwide, and viruses have been the major cause of ALRI. In Myanmar, ALRI is associated with high morbidity and mortality in children, and detailed information on ALRI is currently lacking. Methods This prospective study investigated the viral aetiologies, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of ALRI in hospitalised children aged 1 month to 12 years at the Yankin Children Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar from May 2017 to April 2019. The sample size was set to 300 patients for each year. Two nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained for the patients with suspected viral ALRI; one for rapid tests for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the other for real-time PCR for the 16 ALRI-causing viruses. Pneumococcal colonization rates were also investigated using real-time PCR. Clinical information was extracted from the medical records, and enrolled patients were categorised by age and severity for comparison. Results Among the 5463 patients admitted with a diagnosis of ALRI, 570 (10.4%) were enrolled in this study. The median age of the patients was 8 months (interquartile range, 4–15 months). The most common symptoms were cough (93%) and difficulty in breathing (73%), while the most common signs of ALRI were tachypnoea (78%) and chest indrawing (67%). A total of 16 viruses were detected in 502 of 570 patients’ samples (88%), with RSV B (36%) and rhinovirus (28%) being the most commonly detected. Multiple viruses were detected in 221 of 570 samples (37%) collected from 570 patients. Severe ALRI was diagnosed in 107 of 570 patients (19%), and RSV B and human rhinovirus were commonly detected. The mortality rate was 5%; influenza virus A (29%) and RSV B (21%) were commonly detected, and stunting and lack of immunization were frequently observed in such cases. Additionally, 45% (259/570) of the patients had pneumococcal colonization. Conclusions Viral ALRI in hospitalised children with a median of 8 months has significant morbidity and mortality rates in Myanmar. RSV and rhinovirus were the most commonly detected from nasopharyngeal swabs, while influenza virus and RSV were the most frequently associated with fatal cases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07342-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kamata
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar.,Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | | | - Lasham Di Ja
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nay Chi Win
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Kyaw Win
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Yuko Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ai Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Osada
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar.,Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Irina Chon
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Wint Wint Phyu
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Aizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ikuse
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ota
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Yadanar Kyaw
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Htay Htay Tin
- Department of Medical Services, National Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiko Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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The temporal pattern and lifestyle associations of respiratory virus infection in a cohort study spanning the first two years of life. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:166. [PMID: 35361147 PMCID: PMC8967688 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory virus infection is common in early childhood, and children may be symptomatic or symptom-free. Little is known regarding the association between symptomatic/asymptomatic infection and particular clinical factors such as breastfeeding as well as the consequences of such infection. Method We followed an unselected cohort of term neonates to two years of age (220 infants at recruitment, 159 who remained in the study to 24 months), taking oral swabs at birth and oropharyngeal swabs at intervals subsequently (at 1.5, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months and in a subset at 3 and 4.5 months) while recording extensive metadata including the presence of respiratory symptoms and breastfeeding status. After 2 years medical notes from the general practitioner were inspected to ascertain whether doctor-diagnosed wheeze had occurred by this timepoint. Multiplex PCR was used to detect a range of respiratory viruses: influenza (A&B), parainfluenza (1–4), bocavirus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus (OC43, 229E, NL63, HKU1), adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and polyomavirus (KI, WU). Logistic regression and generalised estimating equations were used to identify associations between clinical factors and virus detection. Results Overall respiratory viral incidence increased with age. Rhinovirus was the virus most frequently detected. The detection of a respiratory virus was positively associated with respiratory symptoms, male sex, season, childcare and living with another child. We did not observe breastfeeding (whether assessed as the number of completed months of breastfeeding or current feed status) to be associated with the detection of a respiratory virus. There was no association between early viral infection and doctor-diagnosed wheeze by age 2 years. Conclusion Asymptomatic and symptomatic viral infection is common in the first 2 years of life with rhinovirus infection being the most common. Whilst there was no association between early respiratory viral infection and doctor-diagnosed wheeze, we have not ruled out an association of early viral infections with later asthma, and long-term follow-up of the cohort continues. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03215-3.
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Morikawa S, Otsuka M, Yumisashi T, Motomura K. A longitudinal study on respiratory viral infection for healthy volunteers. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e413. [PMID: 34632101 PMCID: PMC8488996 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Morikawa
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | - Maki Otsuka
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
- Department of Public HealthOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Takahiro Yumisashi
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | - Kazushi Motomura
- Division of Public HealthOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
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Sweeney-Reed CM, Wolff D, Hörnschemeyer S, Faßhauer H, Haase A, Schomburg D, Niggel J, Kabesch M, Apfelbacher C. Feasibility of a surveillance programme based on gargle samples and pool testing to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in schools. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19521. [PMID: 34593887 PMCID: PMC8484445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
School closures have a negative impact on physical and mental well-being, and education, of children and adolescents. A surveillance programme to detect asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection could allow schools to remain open, while protecting the vulnerable. We assessed the feasibility of a programme employing gargle samples and pool testing of individually extracted RNA using rRT-qPCR in a primary and a secondary school in Germany, based on programme logistics and acceptance. Twice a week, five participants per class were selected to provide samples, using an algorithm weighted by a risk-based priority score to increase likelihood of case detection. The positive response rate was 54.8% (550 of 1003 pupils). Logistics evaluation revealed the rate-limiting steps: completing the regular pre-test questionnaire and handing in the samples. Acceptance questionnaire responses indicated strong support for research into developing a surveillance programme and a positive evaluation of gargle tests. Participation was voluntary. As not all pupils participated, individual reminders could lead to participant identification. School-wide implementation of the programme for infection monitoring purposes would enable reminders to be given to all school pupils to address these steps, without compromising participant anonymity. Such a programme would provide a feasible means to monitor asymptomatic respiratory tract infection in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Sweeney-Reed
- Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Dept. of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Doreen Wolff
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health System Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Hörnschemeyer
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health System Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henriette Faßhauer
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health System Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Haase
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health System Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schomburg
- Institute of Biometry und Medical Informatics (IBMI), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Niggel
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- MaganaMed GmbH, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kabesch
- University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
- Research and Development Campus Regensburg (WECARE), Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Apfelbacher
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health System Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research and Development Campus Regensburg (WECARE), Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T, Lukšić I, Mijač M, Vraneš J. Seasonal Coronaviruses and Other Neglected Respiratory Viruses: A Global Perspective and a Local Snapshot. Front Public Health 2021; 9:691163. [PMID: 34291031 PMCID: PMC8287126 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world; however, there are several groups of viruses that are insufficiently routinely sought for, and can thus be considered neglected from a diagnostic and clinical standpoint. Timely detection of seasonality of certain respiratory viruses (e.g., enveloped viruses such as seasonal coronaviruses) in the local context can aid substantially in targeted and cost-effective utilization of viral diagnostic approaches. For the other, non-enveloped and year-round viruses (i.e., rhinovirus, adenovirus, and bocavirus), a continuous virological diagnosis needs to be implemented in clinical laboratories to more effectively address the aetiology of respiratory infections, and assess the overall impact of these viruses on disease burden. While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still actively unfolding, we aimed to emphasize the persistent role of seasonal coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and bocaviruses in the aetiology of respiratory infections. Consequently, this paper concentrates on the burden and epidemiological trends of aforementioned viral groups on a global level, but also provides a snapshot of their prevalence patterns in Croatia in order to underscore the potential implications of viral seasonality. An overall global prevalence in respiratory tract infections was found to be between 0.5 and 18.4% for seasonal coronaviruses, between 13 and 59% for rhinoviruses, between 1 and 36% for human adenoviruses, and between 1 and 56.8% for human bocaviruses. A Croatian dataset on patients with respiratory tract infection and younger than 18 years of age has revealed a fairly high prevalence of rhinoviruses (33.4%), with much lower prevalence of adenoviruses (15.6%), seasonal coronaviruses (7.1%), and bocaviruses (5.3%). These insights represent a relevant discussion point in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic where the testing of non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses has been limited in many settings, making the monitoring of disease burden associated with other respiratory viruses rather difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozić Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.,University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lukšić
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Mijač
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Vraneš
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Sweeney-Reed CM, Wolff D, Niggel J, Kabesch M, Apfelbacher C. Pool Testing as a Strategy for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks in Schools: Protocol for a Feasibility Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e28673. [PMID: 33979297 PMCID: PMC8166266 DOI: 10.2196/28673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School closures are a widely implemented strategy for limiting infection spread in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The negative impact of school closures on children and young people is increasingly apparent, however. OBJECTIVE We aim to evaluate the feasibility of an infection monitoring program in schools to enable targeted quarantining to replace school closures. The program is currently being implemented in two model schools in Magdeburg, Germany, within the framework of the Study of Coronavirus Outbreak Prevention in Magdeburg Schools (Studie zur Ausbruchsvermeidung von Corona an Magdeburger Schulen [STACAMA]). METHODS Five pupils per class are pseudorandomly selected twice a week and asked to provide a gargle sample over a 16-week evaluation period. RNA is extracted from each sample individually in a laboratory and pooled according to school class for real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) analysis. Immediate individual sample testing will be carried out in the case of a positive pool test. Individual RNA extraction prior to pooling and application of rRT-PCR result in high test sensitivity. Testing will be performed in strict adherence to data protection standards. All participating pupils will receive a 16-digit study code, which they will be able to use to access their test. RESULTS When the study commenced on December 2, 2020, 520 (52%) pupils and their families or guardians had consented to study participation. The study was suspended after four test rounds due to renewed school closures resulting from rising regional infection incidence. Testing resumed when schools reopened on March 8, 2021, at which time consent to participation was provided for 54% of pupils. We will quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the logistics and acceptability of the program. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study should inform the design of infection surveillance programs in schools based on gargle samples and a PCR-based pool testing procedure, enabling the identification of aspects that may require adaptation before large-scale implementation. Our focus on each step of the logistics and on the experiences of families should enable a robust assessment of the feasibility of such an approach. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/28673.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Sweeney-Reed
- Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Doreen Wolff
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Niggel
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- MaganaMed GbmH, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kabesch
- University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
- Research and Development Campus Regensburg (WECARE), Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Apfelbacher
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research and Development Campus Regensburg (WECARE), Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Skanke LH, Lysvand H, Heimdal I, Moe N, Krokstad S, Christensen A, Risnes K, Nordbø SA, Døllner H. Parechovirus A in Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Tract Infections: A 10-Year-Long Study From Norway. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:722-729. [PMID: 33899922 PMCID: PMC8364331 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Parechovirus A (PeV-A) in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is unclear. We studied the occurrence and impact of PeV-A over 10 years. METHODS Children from Sør-Trøndelag County, Norway, hospitalized with RTI and a comparison group of asymptomatic children admitted to elective surgery, were prospectively enrolled from 2006 to 2016. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were cultured and analyzed with polymerase chain reaction tests for PeV-A and 19 other pathogens. The cycle threshold levels of PeV-A were reported as measures of viral genomic loads. Parechovirus A-positive samples were genotyped by amplification and sequencing of the VP3/VP1 junction. RESULTS Parechovirus A was detected in 8.8% (323/3689) patients with RTI and in 10.1% (45/444) of the children in the comparison group (P = .34). Parechovirus A genotyping (n = 188) revealed PeV-A1 (n = 121), PeV-A3 (n = 15), PeV-A5 (n = 6), and PeV-A6 (n = 46). Viral codetections occurred in 95% of patients and in 84% of the children in the comparison group (P = .016). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, RTI was unrelated to PeV-A genomic loads, adjusted for other viruses and covariates. Similar results were found for PeV-A1 and PeV-A6. CONCLUSIONS Parechovirus A and viral codetections were common in hospitalized children with RTI and asymptomatic children in a comparison group. Our findings suggest that PeV-A has a limited role in hospitalized children with RTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Høsøien Skanke
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hilde Lysvand
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inger Heimdal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nina Moe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sidsel Krokstad
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Christensen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Risnes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Research and Innovation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Døllner
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Corresponding author: Henrik Døllner, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway. E-mail:
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14
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Wang CYT, Ware RS, Lambert SB, Mhango LP, Tozer S, Day R, Grimwood K, Bialasiewicz S. Parechovirus A Infections in Healthy Australian Children During the First 2 Years of Life: A Community-based Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:116-127. [PMID: 31406985 PMCID: PMC7108192 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital-based studies identify parechovirus (PeV), primarily PeV-A3, as an important cause of severe infections in young children. However, few community-based studies have been published and the true PeV infection burden is unknown. We investigated PeV epidemiology in healthy children participating in a community-based, longitudinal birth cohort study. Methods Australian children (n = 158) enrolled in the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases (ORChID) study were followed from birth until their second birthday. Weekly stool and nasal swabs and daily symptom diaries were collected. Swabs were tested for PeV by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and genotypes determined by subgenomic sequencing. Incidence rate, infection characteristics, clinical associations, and virus codetections were investigated. Results PeV was detected in 1423 of 11 124 (12.8%) and 17 of 8100 (0.2%) stool and nasal swabs, respectively. Major genotypes among the 306 infection episodes identified were PeV-A1 (47.9%), PeV-A6 (20.1%), and PeV-A3 (18.3%). The incidence rate was 144 episodes (95% confidence interval, 128–160) per 100 child-years. First infections appeared at a median age of 8 (interquartile range, 6.0–11.7) months. Annual seasonal peaks changing from PeV-A1 to PeV-A3 were observed. Infection was positively associated with age ≥6 months, summer season, nonexclusive breastfeeding at age <3 months, and formal childcare attendance before age 12 months. Sole PeV infections were either asymptomatic (38.4%) or mild (32.7%), while codetection with other viruses in stool swabs was common (64.4%). Conclusions In contrast with hospital-based studies, this study showed that diverse and dynamically changing PeV genotypes circulate in the community causing mild or subclinical infections in children. Parechovirus can cause severe illnesses in children. However, studies focus mainly on hospitalized populations. True disease burden in the community remains largely unknown. From our community-based cohort, we found diverse parechovirus genotypes in the community, causing mild or subclinical infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y T Wang
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lebogang P Mhango
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Day
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Departments of Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Coronaviruses, seven of which are known to infect humans, can cause a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. Four human coronaviruses (hCoVs)-229E, HKU1, NL63 and OC43-circulate globally, commonly infect children and typically cause mild upper respiratory tract infections. Three novel coronaviruses of zoonotic origin have emerged during the past two decades: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the recently discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These novel coronaviruses are known to cause severe illness and death predominantly in older adults and those with underlying comorbidities. Consistent with what has been observed during the outbreaks of SARS and MERS, children with COVID-19 are more likely to be asymptomatic or to have mild-to-moderate illness, with few deaths reported in children globally thus far. Clinical symptoms and laboratory and radiological abnormalities in children have been similar to those reported in adults but are generally less severe. A rare multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) which has resulted in critical illness and some deaths has recently been described. Clinical trials for therapeutics and vaccine development should include paediatric considerations. Children may play an important role in the transmission of infection and outbreak dynamics and could be a key target population for effective measures to control outbreaks. The unintended consequences of the unprecedented scale and duration of pandemic control measures for children and families around the world should be carefully examined.Abbreviations: 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus; ADEM, acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis; AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; ACE-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BCG, bacillus Calmette-Guérin; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CRP, C-reactive protein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CT, computed tomography; CXR, chest X-ray; DOL, day of life; hCoV, human coronavirus; ICU, intensive care unit; IL, interleukin; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; KD, Kawasaki disease; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MEURI, monitored emergency use of unregistered and experimental interventions; MIS-C, multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PICU, paediatric intensive care unit; RNA, ribonucleic acid; RCT, randomised-controlled trial; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TNF-alpha, tumour necrosis factor alpha; UK United Kingdom; UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund; USA, United States of America; WHO, World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipunie Rajapakse
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Devika Dixit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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16
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Adigal SS, Rayaroth NV, John RV, Pai KM, Bhandari S, Mohapatra AK, Lukose J, Patil A, Bankapur A, Chidangil S. A review on human body fluids for the diagnosis of viral infections: scope for rapid detection of COVID-19. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:31-42. [PMID: 33523770 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1874355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The unprecedented outbreaks of corona virus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) have highlighted the necessity of readily available, reliable, precise, and faster techniques for its detection. Nasopharyngeal swab has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, it is not an ideal screening procedure for massive screening as it implicates the patient's stay in the hospital or at home until diagnosis, thus causing crowding of the specimen at the diagnostic centers. Present study deal with the exploration of potential application of different body fluids using certain highly objective techniques (Optical and e-Nose) for faster detection of molecular markers thereby diagnosing viral infections.Areas covered: This report presents an evaluation of different body fluids, and their advantages for the rapid detection of COVID-19, coupled with highly sensitive optical techniques for the detection of molecular biomarkers.Expert opinion: Tears, saliva, and breath samples can provide valuable information about viral infections. Our brief review strongly recommends the application of saliva/tears and exhaled breath as clinical samples using technics such as high-performance liquid chromatography-laser-induced fluorescence, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and e-Nose, respectively, for the fast diagnosis of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphurti S Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nidheesh V Rayaroth
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Reena V John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keerthilatha M Pai
- Department Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sulatha Bhandari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aswini Kumar Mohapatra
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ajeetkumar Patil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aseefhali Bankapur
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academic of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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17
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Liu J, Wang M, Zhao Z, Lin X, Zhang P, Yue Q, Zhang T, Meng Y. Viral and bacterial coinfection among hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:1231-1236. [PMID: 32113661 PMCID: PMC7132732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and local dominant etiologies of pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections (RTIs) among central China children (≤14 years old) hospitalized are poorly understood. METHODS A total of 10,429 specimens were analyzed, and IgM antibodies against 9 respiratory pathogens including MP were detected using indirect immunofluorescence assay from serum. RESULTS It showed that 59.3% of the enrolled children were positive for at least 1 pathogen; highest detection rates included those between 3 and <6 years of age (70.4%), female (63.2%), and who were hospitalized in 2014 (80.9%). The most predominant pathogen was MP (45.6%), followed by Parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) (22.6%) and influenza B viruses (IFVB) (14.7%). Coinfection was observed in 2,907 specimens (27.9%); the coinfection combination containing MP and PIVs had the highest detection rate of 15%, followed by MP and IFVB as well as IFVB and PIVs. CONCLUSIONS MP was the most commonly detected bacteria among hospitalized children, which should be included in the differential diagnosis for hospitalized children with RTI. These findings will contribute to the effective prevention and therapeutic approaches of pathogens among local children suffering from RTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China; Department of Gynecology, Luoyang Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, China.
| | - Mengli Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Technology, Beijing Zhifang Science and Technology Development Limited Company, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Luoyang Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, China; Department of Gynecology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Qingfen Yue
- Department of Gynecology, Luoyang Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, China; Department of Gynecology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yujuan Meng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China
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18
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Takagi Y, Imamura T, Endo S, Hayashi K, Akiyama S, Ikuta Y, Kawaguchi T, Sumita T, Katori T, Hashino M, Saito S, Odagiri T, Oba K, Kuroda M, Kageyama T. Neurogenic pulmonary edema following febrile status epilepticus in a 22-month-old infant with multiple respiratory virus co-detection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:388. [PMID: 32487032 PMCID: PMC7266127 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a rare but serious complication of febrile status epilepticus in children. Comprehensive screening for viral pathogens is seldomly performed in the work-up of febrile children. CASE PRESENTATION A 22-month-old girl presented with her first episode of febrile status epilepticus, after which she developed acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. After the termination of seizure activity, the patient was intubated and managed on mechanical ventilation in the emergency room. The resolution of respiratory failure, as well as the neurological recovery, was achieved 9 h after admission, and the patient was discharged 6 days after admission without any complications. Molecular biological diagnostic methods identified the presence of human coronavirus HKU1, influenza C virus, and human parainfluenza virus 2 from the patient's nasopharyngeal specimens. CONCLUSIONS Neurogenic pulmonary edema following febrile status epilepticus was suspected to be the etiology of our patient's acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. Timely seizure termination and rapid airway and respiratory intervention resulted in favorable outcomes of the patient. Molecular biological diagnostic methods identified three respiratory viruses; however, their relevance and association with clinical symptoms remain speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takeaki Imamura
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shota Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Satoka Akiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Yoji Ikuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumita
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Katori
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
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19
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Pharynx gargle samples are suitable for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic use and save personal protective equipment and swabs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 42:248-249. [PMID: 32389132 PMCID: PMC7239771 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Ioulia K, Vasiliki P, Stavroula L, Emmanouil A, Andreas M. A 5-year study of human parechoviruses in children living in bad sanitation conditions and non-polio acute flaccid paralysis children from Greece. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:1907-1913. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Rhinovirus-associated acute encephalitis/encephalopathy and cerebellitis. Brain Dev 2019; 41:551-554. [PMID: 30850156 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus is a common respiratory pathogen for children throughout the year; nevertheless, its central nervous system involvement is extremely rare, and only two cases have been reported to date: meningitis and sepsis-like illness. PATIENT A previously healthy 2-year-old Japanese boy developed fever, followed by seizures and lethargy. His cerebrospinal fluid cell count and protein level were slightly increased; brain magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal intensities in the bilateral cerebellar dentate nuclei, which were prominent in diffusion-weighted images. After his consciousness disturbance improved, cerebellar dysfunction became apparent. He was treated symptomatically, without steroids or any other immunosuppressants. He almost recovered within a few months; however, cerebellar atrophy became evident on brain magnetic resonance imaging. Using acute specimens, human rhinovirus A was detected in his throat swab and cerebrospinal fluid. DISCUSSION Acute cerebellitis, in which cerebellar inflammation is predominant, is occasionally accompanied by cerebral symptoms, such as consciousness disturbance and seizures. As a causative pathogen, rotavirus is the most common; however, rhinovirus-associated acute encephalitis/encephalopathy and concurrent cerebellitis have not been reported before. Further research, using recent molecular techniques to detect various central nervous system pathogens, including rhinovirus, is needed to delineate the underlying pathophysiology.
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22
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Pandolfi E, Gesualdo F, Rizzo C, Carloni E, Villani A, Concato C, Linardos G, Russo L, Ferretti B, Campagna I, Tozzi A. Breastfeeding and Respiratory Infections in the First 6 Months of Life: A Case Control Study. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:152. [PMID: 31106183 PMCID: PMC6492465 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Viral respiratory tract infections (VRI) are a major reason for hospitalization in children younger than 5 years. A case control study was conducted to investigate the potential role of breastfeeding in protecting children <1 year of age from VRI. Methods: Patients admitted for a respiratory tract infections routinely underwent a nasopharyngeal aspirate, which was tested with an RT-PCR for 14 respiratory viruses. Hospitalized infants positive for viruses were enrolled as cases; healthy controls were enrolled among patients admitted for ultrasound hip screening. The effect of breastfeeding on pertussis was investigated through multivariable analysis. Results: We enrolled a total of 496 patients: 238 cases and 258 healthy controls. Among cases, eighty-six patients (36.1%) had a rinovirus, 78 (32.8%) an RSV, 22 (9.2%) an adenovirus, and 37 (15.5%) a coinfections with multiple viruses. The number of households was significantly higher in cases (mean in cases 4.5; mean 3.7 in controls, p < 0.001) and the proportion of infants having siblings (79% in cases vs. 43% in controls, p < 0.001). Proportion of smoking mothers was higher in cases than in controls (21.4 vs. 10.1%, p = 0.001). Among cases 44.5% were exclusively breastfed at symptoms onset vs. 48.8% of healthy controls. According to the multivariable analysis, being exclusively breastfed at symptom onset was associated with a higher risk of viral respiratory infection (3.7; 95% CI 1.64-8.41), however a longer breastfeeding duration was protective (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.99). Also having at least one sibling was associated to a higher risk (OR 3.6; 95% CI 2.14-5.92) as well as having a smoking mother (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.33-4.89). Conclusions: Breastfeeding remains a mainstay of prevention for numerous diseases and its protective role increases with duration. However, being breastfed when mothers carry a respiratory infection may increase the risk of transmission, acting as a proxy for closer contacts. In future studies, potential confounding variables as pattern of contacts with other individuals, should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pandolfi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gesualdo
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Carloni
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Concato
- Virology Unit, Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Linardos
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Russo
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ferretti
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campagna
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Tozzi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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23
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B'Krong NTTC, Minh NNQ, Qui PT, Chau TTH, Nghia HDT, Do LAH, Nhung NN, Van Vinh Chau N, Thwaites G, Van Tan L, van Doorn HR, Thanh TT. Enterovirus serotypes in patients with central nervous system and respiratory infections in Viet Nam 1997-2010. Virol J 2018; 15:69. [PMID: 29650033 PMCID: PMC5897964 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteroviruses are the most common causative agents of human illness. Enteroviruses have been associated with regional and global epidemics, recently, including with severe disease (Enterovirus A71 and D68), and are of interest as emerging viruses. Here, we typed Enterovirus A-D (EV) from central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory infections in Viet Nam. Methods Data and specimens from prospective observational clinical studies conducted between 1997 and 2010 were used. Species and serotypes were determined using type-specific RT-PCR and viral protein 1 or 4 (VP1, VP4) sequencing. Results Samples from patients with CNS infection (51 children – 10 CSF and 41 respiratory/rectal swabs) and 28 adults (28 CSF) and respiratory infection (124 children – 124 respiratory swabs) were analysed. Twenty-six different serotypes of the four Enterovirus species (A-D) were identified, including EV-A71 and EV-D68. Enterovirus B was associated with viral meningitis in children and adults. Hand, foot and mouth disease associated Enteroviruses A (EV-A71 and Coxsackievirus [CV] A10) were detected in children with encephalitis. Diverse serotypes of all four Enterovirus species were found in respiratory samples, including 2 polio-vaccine viruses, but also 8 CV-A24 and 8 EV-D68. With the exception of EV-D68, the relevance of these viruses in respiratory infection remains unknown. Conclusion We describe the diverse spectrum of enteroviruses from patients with CNS and respiratory infections in Viet Nam between 1997 and 2010. These data confirm the global circulation of Enterovirus genera and their associations and are important for clinical diagnostics, patient management, and outbreak response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-0980-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thuy Chinh B'Krong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Division of Medicine and Laboratory Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ngo Ngoc Quang Minh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Phan Tu Qui
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Hong Chau
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Lien Anh Ha Do
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 78 Giai Phong, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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24
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Ge X, Guo Y, Chen J, Hu R, Feng X. Epidemiology and Seasonality of Respiratory Viruses Detected from Children with Respiratory Tract Infections in Wuxi, East China. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1856-1862. [PMID: 29599424 PMCID: PMC5892462 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the major causes of mortality and morbidity in children and lead to hospitalization in developing countries. However, little is known about the epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory viruses in the pediatric population in Wuxi, East China. Material/Methods We included all patients 14 years of age and below who presented with signs and symptoms of RTIs between January 2010 and December 2016. During this period, a total of 2160 children treated in Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital were involved in our study. The clinical and sociodemographic data were recorded to describe the frequency and seasonality. Respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time PCR assays for virus identification. Results More than 30% (35.19%, 760 samples) of the specimens showed evidence of infection with viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (368 samples), influenza virus A (114 samples), influenza virus B (115 samples), parainfluenza virus I (29 samples), parainfluenza virus II (39 samples), parainfluenza virus III (13 samples), and adenovirus (82 samples); 48.99% of the children infected with viruses were under 12 months of age. Viruses were detected throughout all the year, with a peak in winter. Conclusions Our study found that RSV is the most important cause of RTIs in our region during winter. Our data provide a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology and seasonality of virus, which may help to reduce the use of antibiotics and implement an effective approach for prevention, control, and treatment of RTIs, especially during its peak season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ge
- Neonate Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - JuanJuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Renjing Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xing Feng
- Neonate Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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25
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Hoeppner T, Borland M, Babl FE, Neutze J, Phillips N, Krieser D, Dalziel SR, Davidson A, Donath S, Jachno K, South M, Williams A, Zhang G, Oakley E. Influence of weather on incidence of bronchiolitis in Australia and New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:1000-1006. [PMID: 28727197 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to examine the impact of weather on hospital admissions with bronchiolitis in Australia and New Zealand. METHODS We collected data for inpatient admissions of infants aged 2-12 months to seven hospitals in four cities in Australia and New Zealand from 2009 until 2011. Correlation of hospital admissions with minimum daily temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and rainfall was examined using linear, Poisson and negative binomial regression analyses as well as general estimated equation models. To account for possible lag between exposure to weather and admission to hospital, analyses were conducted for time lags of 0-4 weeks. RESULTS During the study period, 3876 patients were admitted to the study hospitals. Hospital admissions showed strong seasonality with peaks in wintertime, onset in autumn and offset in spring. The onset of peak incidence was preceded by a drop in temperature. Minimum temperature was inversely correlated with hospital admissions, whereas wind speed was directly correlated. These correlations were sustained for time lags of up to 4 weeks. Standardised correlation coefficients ranged from -0.14 to -0.54 for minimum temperature and from 0.18 to 0.39 for wind speed. Relative humidity and rainfall showed no correlation with hospital admissions in our study. CONCLUSION A decrease in temperature and increasing wind speed are associated with increasing incidence of bronchiolitis hospital admissions in Australia and New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hoeppner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith Borland
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health and School of Primary, Rural and Aboriginal Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Franz E Babl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Neutze
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kidz First Children's Hospital, Counties Manukau Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Phillips
- Emergency Department, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Krieser
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart R Dalziel
- Children's Emergency Department, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Davidson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Donath
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Jachno
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mike South
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Williams
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ed Oakley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Bennett S, Davidson RS, Gunson RN. Comparison of gargle samples and throat swab samples for the detection of respiratory pathogens. J Virol Methods 2017. [PMID: 28633963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory illness causes significant morbidity especially in children, the elderly and the immunocompromised. The sample type taken and the quality of that sample are of great significance in providing an accurate diagnosis. Gargle samples are easy to take and sample the same area as a throat swab (THS). In this study, we assessed the utility of gargle samples for the molecular detection of common respiratory infections. Paired gargle and THS samples collected on the same day from the same patient were compared. We also included in our analysis paired THS and gargle samples that were collected within three days of each other as these samples are likely to have been taken during the same illness. Overall the data suggests that gargle samples are a more sensitive sample type than THS samples as overall the diagnostic yield was higher in the gargle samples and the Ct value of the gargle samples was stronger for the majority of samples in comparison to THS samples. Similar data was seen in the paired samples collected within one to three days of each other, as although the diagnostic yield between the sample types was similar (similar discrepant results), the majority of gargles had stronger Ct values than THS samples. This paper highlights the usefulness of gargle samples as non-invasive sensitive respiratory sample in comparison to THS samples. We recommend that other testing sites should consider using gargle samples for respiratory diagnosis as it will bring benefits in terms of sensitivity and sampling ease of use.
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27
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Kim J, Jung YK, Kim C, Shin JS, Scheers E, Lee JY, Han SB, Lee CK, Neyts J, Ha JD, Jung YS. A Novel Series of Highly Potent Small Molecule Inhibitors of Rhinovirus Replication. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5472-5492. [PMID: 28581749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (hRVs) are the main causative pathogen for common colds and are associated with the exacerbation of asthma. The wide variety in hRV serotypes has complicated the development of rhinovirus replication inhibitors. In the current investigation, we developed a novel series of benzothiophene derivatives and their analogues (6-8) that potently inhibit the replication of both hRV-A and hRV-B strains. Compound 6g inhibited the replication of hRV-B14, A21, and A71, with respective EC50 values of 0.083, 0.078, and 0.015 μM. The results of a time-of-addition study against hRV-B14 and hRV-A16 and resistant mutation analysis on hRV-B14 implied that 6g acts at the early stage of the viral replication process, interacting with viral capsid protein. A molecular docking study suggested that 6g has a capsid-binding mode similar to that of pleconaril. Finally, derivatives of 6 also displayed significant inhibition against poliovirus 3 (PV3) replication, implying their potential inhibitory activities against other enterovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyoung Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Els Scheers
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jae-Du Ha
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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28
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Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) and coronavirus (HCoV) infections are associated with both upper respiratory tract illness (“the common cold”) and lower respiratory tract illness (pneumonia). New species of HRVs and HCoVs have been diagnosed in the past decade. More sensitive diagnostic tests such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction have expanded our understanding of the role these viruses play in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Recent identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome viruses causing serious respiratory illnesses has led to renewed efforts for vaccine development. The role these viruses play in patients with chronic lung disease such as asthma makes the search for antiviral agents of increased importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Ben Taub Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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29
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Shaw Stewart PD. Seasonality and selective trends in viral acute respiratory tract infections. Med Hypotheses 2015; 86:104-19. [PMID: 26608252 PMCID: PMC7116927 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A and B, and many unrelated viruses including rhinovirus, RSV, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and coronavirus share the same seasonality, since these viral acute respiratory tract infections (vARIs) are much more common in winter than summer. Unfortunately, early investigations that used recycled “pedigree” virus strains seem to have led microbiologists to dismiss the common folk belief that vARIs often follow chilling. Today, incontrovertible evidence shows that ambient temperature dips and host chilling increase the incidence and severity of vARIs. This review considers four possible mechanisms, M1 - 4, that can explain this link: (M1) increased crowding in winter may enhance viral transmission; (M2) lower temperatures may increase the stability of virions outside the body; (M3) chilling may increase host susceptibility; (M4) lower temperatures or host chilling may activate dormant virions. There is little evidence for M1 or M2, which are incompatible with tropical observations. Epidemiological anomalies such as the repeated simultaneous arrival of vARIs over wide geographical areas, the rapid cessation of influenza epidemics, and the low attack rate of influenza within families are compatible with M4, but not M3 (in its simple form). M4 seems to be the main driver of seasonality, but M3 may also play an important role.
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30
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Seasonal variations of respiratory viruses and etiology of human rhinovirus infection in children. J Clin Virol 2015; 73:14-19. [PMID: 26521224 PMCID: PMC7106374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nasal aspirates were subjected to real-time PCR to detect 16 respiratory viruses. One or more viruses were detected in 83% of specimens. Rhinoviruses were the most frequently detected viruses. Seasonal distribution was seen for each virus. The clinical severity did not differ among main respiratory viral infections.
Background Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method it is possible to detect uncultivable viruses and discover multiple viral infections. However, the clinical importance of these findings in relation to symptoms is not known. Objectives The seasonal fluctuations of respiratory viruses and the clinical outcomes of single infections and dual infections were investigated. Study design Nasal aspirate samples were obtained from outpatients and inpatients of a children’s hospital and these samples were subjected to real-time PCR to detect 16 respiratory viruses. Seasonal variations of the 16 viruses and the clinical outcomes such as wheezing, the need for oxygenation and prolonged hospitalization of patients with single viral infections and multiple infections were determined for the 5 most often detected viruses. Results Among 512 specimens analyzed, one or more viruses were detected in 424 (83%) specimens. Two or more viruses were detected in 160 samples (31% of all samples). The epidemic peaks of the viruses did not coincide with each other. Rhinoviruses were the most frequently detected viruses and their coinfection rates were also higher. However, the disease severity in the lower respiratory tract did not differ in most respiratory viral infections regardless of whether there was single infection or dual infection with a rhinovirus and other respiratory virus. Conclusions Seasonal distribution was seen for each virus. There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms in the children studied. Because the infection of rhinoviruses is the common occurrence in children, it is hypothesized that the factors related to disease severity are mainly the underlying conditions of the children.
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