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Ambrożej D, Orzołek I, Makrinioti H, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Camargo CA, Hasegawa K, Papadopoulos NG, Gern JE, Nino G, Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira da Silva Filho L, Takeyama A, Üzüm Ö, Adamiec A, Ruszczyński M, Jartti T, Feleszko W. Association of respiratory virus types with clinical features in bronchiolitis: Implications for virus testing strategies. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Respir Rev 2024; 49:34-42. [PMID: 37743159 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of infant hospitalization, linked to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV). Guidelines lack specific viral testing for bronchiolitis management. To establish effective management strategies, it is crucial to assess whether specific respiratory virus types are correlated with distinct examination features. METHODS Through a systematic search of three databases, 21 studies were qualitatively analyzed, with 18 used for meta-analysis. Various outcomes like wheezing on auscultation, fever, atopic traits, and infection severity were evaluated. RESULTS RSV-positive bronchiolitis was associated with a higher need for oxygen supplementation (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.04-3.02) in 5 studies, while RV-positive bronchiolitis was more frequently linked to personal history of eczema (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.88) in 6 studies. No significant differences were observed in the other outcomes examined. CONCLUSIONS Bronchiolitis caused by RSV or RV presents with similar clinical features. Despite the associations between RSV-positive bronchiolitis and need for oxygen supplementation, and RV-positive bronchiolitis and a history of eczema, our study shows that viral etiology of bronchiolitis cannot be determined solely based on clinical presentation. Tailored management strategies, informed by accurate viral testing, seem crucial in clinical practice for enhancing patient outcomes in severe bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Ambrożej
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Orzołek
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Heidi Makrinioti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose A Castro-Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Aya Takeyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Soma General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Özlem Üzüm
- Department of Pediatric Diseases, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aleksander Adamiec
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Ruszczyński
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Ferrante L, Opdal SH, Byard RW. Understanding the immune profile of sudden infant death syndrome - proteomic perspectives. Acta Paediatr 2024; 113:249-255. [PMID: 37792385 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate a panel of immune proteins in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It was hypothesised that, in at least a subset of SIDS, a dysregulated immune response may be a contributing factor leading to death. METHODS The subjects included 46 SIDS cases and 41 controls autopsied at the Department of Forensic Sciences, Norway. The causes of death in the controls were accidents/trauma. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analysed quantitatively by Proximity Extension Assay (PEA). RESULTS Initial results revealed that normalised protein expression differed in 35 proteins. For the purposes of this report five proteins that are involved in immune system were selected for analysis: IFNLR1 (p = 0.003), IL10 (p = 0.007), IRAK4 (p < 0.001) and IL6 (p = 0.035); all had lower protein concentrations in SIDS cases compared to controls except for CD28 (p = 0.024) which had higher protein concentrations in SIDS cases. CONCLUSION The results confirm previous studies indicating that a dysregulation of the immune system may be a predisposing factor for SIDS. The results may indicate that these aberrant protein concentrations could lead to an inadequate response to immune triggers and uncontrolled defence mechanisms towards the common cold or other non-fatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ferrante
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Pathology and Clinical Forensic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri H Opdal
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Pathology and Clinical Forensic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger W Byard
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Antos D, Alcorn JF. IFNλ: balancing the light and dark side in pulmonary infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0285022. [PMID: 37278532 PMCID: PMC10470512 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02850-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) represents a well-known component of antiviral immunity that has been studied extensively for its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential when antiviral treatment options are limited. Specifically in the respiratory tract, IFNs are induced directly on viral recognition to limit the spread and transmission of the virus. Recent focus has been on the IFNλ family, which has become an exciting focus in recent years for its potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities against viruses infecting barrier sites, including the respiratory tract. However, insights into the interplay between IFNλs and other pulmonary infections are more limited and suggest a more complex role, potentially detrimental, than what was seen during viral infections. Here, we review the role of IFNλs in pulmonary infections, including viral, bacterial, fungal, and multi-pathogen super-infections, and how this may impact future work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Antos
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bergeron HC, Hansen MR, Tripp RA. Interferons-Implications in the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2179. [PMID: 37764023 PMCID: PMC10535750 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are an assemblage of signaling proteins made and released by various host cells in response to stimuli, including viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 are major causes of respiratory disease that induce or antagonize IFN responses depending on various factors. In this review, the role and function of type I, II, and III IFN responses to respiratory virus infections are considered. In addition, the role of the viral proteins in modifying anti-viral immunity is noted, as are the specific IFN responses that underly the correlates of immunity and protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.C.B.); (M.R.H.)
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Common Microbial Genital Infections and Their Impact on the Innate Immune Response to HPV in Cervical Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111361. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is a prerequisite of cervical cancer. It is not clear whether and how bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause higher rates of persistent HPV infection. This study aimed to characterize mucosal innate immunity to HPV, comparing different conditions. Specifically, expression levels of genes coding for Toll-like receptors (TLR)7 and 9, several type III Interferon-related genes (IFNL1, 2, 3, their specific receptor subunit IFNLR1, and the IFN-stimulated gene ISG15). Chemokines CCL5 and CCL20 were measured in cervical cells positive, or not, for HPV, BV, and STIs. HPV DNA was detected in 51/120 (42.5%) enrolled women, two/third were HR-HPV genotypes. More than 50% of samples were BV- and/or STI-positive. HPV-positive women had BV, but not other STIs, more frequently than the HPV-negative. TLR9 and IFNL1 mRNAs were expressed in the LR, but much less in the HR HPV infection. Enhanced levels of TLR9, TLR7, IFNL2, and IFNLR1 were observed in HPV-positive women with BV and STI. TLR9-increased expression was associated with HPV persistence in previous studies; hence, bacterial coinfections may enhance this risk. Prospective measurements of type III IFNs and IFNLR1 are warranted to evaluate whether this response may act as a double-edged sword in infected epithelia.
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Yang XX, Li YY, Gong G, Geng HY. lncRNA260 siRNA Accelerates M2 Macrophage Polarization and Alleviates Oxidative Stress via Inhibiting IL28RA Gene Alternative Splicing. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4942519. [PMID: 36193089 PMCID: PMC9525799 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4942519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage transformation of inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 could be promoted by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In our previous study, it was found that downregulation of lncRNA260 could ameliorate hypoxic cardiomyocyte injury by regulating IL28RA through the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. It was suggested that lncRNA260 siRNA could promote the macrophages toward M2 polarization by regulating IL28RA. In this study, lncRNA260 siRNA was used to observe its effect on the polarization of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and investigate its related mechanisms. lncRNA 260 specific siRNA were designed and synthesized which were transfected into murine BMDM with liposomes. The experiment was divided into three groups: Hypoxia group, Hypoxia+lncRNA 260-specific siRNA transfection group, and Normoxia group. The CD206-APC/CD11b-FITC or CD206-FITC/CD107b (Mac-3) double positive proportions were used to compare the M2 polarization proportions in the hypoxia process by using the immunofluorescence staining method. The p-AKT, Arg 1, PI3KCG, IL28RAV1, and IL28RAV2 protein expression changes were observed by using the western blot method. Compared with the Normoxia group, the M2 proportions were significantly decreased in the Hypoxia group (P < 0.05). Compared with the hypoxia group, the M2 proportions were significantly increased in the Hypoxia+lncRNA260 siRNA transfection group (P < 0.05). In the Hypoxia group, the ratios of Arg 1/β-Actin, p-AKT/β-Actin, PI3KCG/β-Actin, and IL28RAV1/β-Actin were significantly lower than those in the Normoxia group (P < 0.05). After transfection with lncRNA260 siRNA, the ratios of Arg1/β-Actin, p-AKT/β-Actin, PI3KCG/β-Actin, and IL28RAV1/β-Actin were significantly higher than those in the Hypoxia group (P < 0.05). Compared with the Normoxia group, the IL28RAV2/β-Actin in the Hypoxia group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). After transfection with lncRNA260 siRNA, the ratio of IL28RAV2/β-Actin was significantly decreased than that in the Hypoxia group (P < 0.05). lncRNA260 siRNA could promote the M2 polarization of the hypoxia macrophages by reducing the IL28RAV2 alternative splicing variant, which might be related to the activation of the JAK-STAT and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. It will provide a new strategy for the anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress therapy, and cardiac remodeling after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xing Yang
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ge Gong
- Department of Gerontology, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Yu Geng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, China
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Abstract
Background Different species of human rhinovirus (HRV) can induce varied antiviral and inflammatory responses in human blood macrophages and lower airway epithelium. Although human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) are a primary infection route of HRV, differences between major and minor groups of HRV in the upper airway epithelium have not been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated viral replications and immune responses of major and minor groups of HRV in the HNECs. Methods Viral replication, immune responses of IFN-β, IFN-λ, proinflammatory cytokines, and viral receptors, and mRNA expression of transcription factors of HRV16 (major group) and HRV1B (minor group) in the HNECs were assessed. Results Compared with HRV16, HRV1B replicated more actively without excessive cell death and produced higher IFN-β, IFN-λ1/3, CXCL10, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 levels. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), TLR3, MDA5, NF-κB, STAT1, and STAT2 mRNA levels increased in HRV1B-infected HNECs. Conclusion HRV1B induces a stronger antiviral and inflammatory response from cell entry to downstream signaling compared with HRV16. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01701-1.
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Xu P, Becker H, Elizalde M, Pierik M, Masclee A, Jonkers D. Interleukin-28A induces epithelial barrier dysfunction in CD patient-derived intestinal organoids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G689-G699. [PMID: 33595362 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00064.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a pathogenic hallmark in Crohn's disease (CD). Identifying key players that regulate intestinal barrier may provide novel leads for therapeutic intervention. Interleukin-28A (IL-28A) is a newly identified IL-10/interferon cytokine family member, with its most implicated function being antiviral and anti-proliferative properties. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of IL-28A in the regulation of epithelial barrier in CD remain so far unexplored. IL-28A levels were measured in the plasma and biopsies of CD patients and healthy subjects. CD patient-derived intestinal organoids were characterized by differentiation gene markers and then exposed to TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β or LPS, or IL-28A with or without GLPG0634 (filgotinib). Epithelial permeability was assessed by FITC-D4 flux. Expression of junctional components was analyzed by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining, or Western blotting. JAK-STAT activity was analyzed by Western blotting. IL-28A levels were significantly increased in the plasma and biopsies from active patients with CD as compared with healthy subjects. IL-28A and its receptor complex IL-28AR/IL-10R2 were detected in CD patient-derived intestinal organoids and showed a selective response to IFN-γ exposure. IL-28A triggered epithelial barrier disruption and accompanied by reduced ZO-1 and E-cadherin expression. This effect was mediated by JAK-STAT1 pathway. Pre-incubation with the JAK1 inhibitor filgotinib ameliorated the barrier dysfunction induced by IL-28A. These results identified IL-28A as a novel regulator of epithelial barrier function and could be a putative target for CD treatment. We provide novel basic evidence that restoring intestinal barrier is a potential mechanism that contributes to the clinical benefits of JAK1 inhibitor in patients with CD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY IL-28A levels were significantly increased in the plasma and biopsies from active patients with CD as compared with healthy subjects. IFN-γ exposure stimulated IL-28A expression in intestinal organoids. Partially mimicking the effect of IFN-γ, IL-28A impaired epithelial barrier function and disrupted junctional components through the activation of JAK-STAT1 signaling, whereas JAK1 inhibitor ameliorated the above-mentioned effects of IL-28A. These findings highlight the newly identified cytokine IL-28A as a novel contributor to CD pathogenesis and could be a putative target for CD treatment. We also provide new evidence for potential applications of JAK inhibition in CD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Elizalde
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Pierik
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Salka K, Arroyo M, Chorvinsky E, Abutaleb K, Perez GF, Wolf S, Xuchen X, Weinstock J, Gutierrez MJ, Pérez-Losada M, Pillai DK, Nino G. Innate IFN-lambda responses to dsRNA in the human infant airway epithelium and clinical regulatory factors during viral respiratory infections in early life. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:1044-1054. [PMID: 32623773 PMCID: PMC7484417 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IFN lambda (type III-IFN-λ1) is a molecule primarily produced by epithelial cells that provides an important first-line defence against viral respiratory infections and has been linked to the pathogenesis of viral-induced wheezing in early life. The goal of this study was to better understand the regulation of innate IFN-lambda responses in vitro in primary human infant airway epithelial cells (AECs) and in vivo using nasal aspirates during viral respiratory infections. METHODS IFN-lambda protein levels were quantified: (a) in human infant AECs exposed to (poly(I:C) dsRNA) under different experimental conditions (n = 8 donors); and (b) in nasal aspirates of young children (≤3 years) hospitalized with viral respiratory infection (n = 138) and in uninfected controls (n = 74). In vivo IFN-lambda airway levels during viral infections were correlated with individual characteristics and respiratory disease parameters. RESULTS Our in vitro experiments showed that the poly(I:C)-induced innate production of IFN lambda in human infant AECs is regulated by (a) p38-MAPK/NF-kB dependent mechanism; and (b) exposure to pro-inflammatory signals such as IL1β. Our in vivo studies demonstrated that (a) infants (<18 months) had higher virus-induced IFN-lambda airway secretion; (b) subjects with RSV infection showed the highest IFN-lambda airway levels; and (c) individuals with the highest virus-induced IFN-lambda levels (>90th percentile) had higher viral loads and were more likely to have respiratory sick visits within 12 months of discharge (OR = 5.8). CONCLUSION IFN-lambda responses to dsRNA in the human infant airway epithelium are regulated by p38-MAPK and NF-kB signalling. High in vivo IFN-lambda production is influenced by virus type and associated with recurrent respiratory sick visits in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Salka
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Maria Arroyo
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chorvinsky
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Karima Abutaleb
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Geovanny F. Perez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Seth Wolf
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Xilei Xuchen
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Jered Weinstock
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Maria J. Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Dinesh K. Pillai
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine. Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA
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Piña-Hincapie S, Sossa-Briceño M, Rodriguez-Martinez C. Predictors for the prescription of albuterol in infants hospitalized for viral bronchiolitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2020; 48:469-474. [PMID: 32278590 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Despite the recommendation against routine use of inhaled bronchodilators in infants with viral bronchiolitis given in the main clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on viral bronchiolitis, albuterol is widely prescribed to patients with this disease. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of prescription of albuterol in a population of infants hospitalized for viral bronchiolitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS An analytical cross-sectional study performed during the period from March 2014 to August 2015, in a random sample of patients <2 years old hospitalized in the Fundacion Hospital La Misericordia, a hospital located in Bogota, Colombia. After reviewing the electronic medical records, we collected demographic, clinical, and disease-related information, including prescription of albuterol at any time during the course of hospitalization as the outcome variable. RESULTS For a total of 1365 study participants, 1042 (76.3%) were prescribed with albuterol therapy. After controlling for potential confounders, it was found that age (OR 1.11; CI 95% 1.08-1.15; p<0.001), and a prolonged length of stay (LOS) (OR 1.93; CI 95% 1.44-2.60; p<0.001) were independent predictors of prescription of albuterol in our sample of patients. By contrast, albuterol prescription was less likely in the post-guideline assessment period (OR 0.41; CI 95% 0.31-0.54; p<0.001), and in infants with RSV isolation (OR 0.71; CI 95% 0.52-0.97; p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS Albuterol was highly prescribed in our population of inpatients with the disease. The independent predictors of prescription of albuterol in our sample of patients were age, implementation of a CPG on viral bronchiolitis, RSV isolation, and LOS.
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Scagnolari C, Bitossi C, Frasca F, Viscido A, Brazzini G, Trancassini M, Pietropaolo V, Midulla F, Cimino G, Palange P, Pierangeli A, Antonelli G. Differential toll like receptor expression in cystic fibrosis patients' airways during rhinovirus infection. J Infect 2020; 81:726-735. [PMID: 32712204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since an inappropriate and sustained activation of TLRs may contribute to a chronic inflammatory response resulting in detrimental effects in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, we sought to examine whether HRV infection might alter the respiratory expression of TLRs according to the microbiological status of CF patients. METHODS Respiratory samples were collected from the respiratory tract of CF patients (n = 294) over a period of 12 months. In addition to the usual microbiological investigation, HRV-RNA detection and typing were performed by RT-PCR and sequencing. HRV viral load and TLRs levels were measured by RT-Real Time PCR. RESULTS HRV-RNA was detected in 80 out of 515 respiratory samples (15.5%) with a similar rate in all age groups (0-10 years, 11-24 years, ≥ 25 years). Patients infected with different HRV A, B and C species exhibited higher levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR8 as compared to HRV negative patients. Moreover, the expression level of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR8 correlated with high level of HRV viral load. HRV positive patients co-colonized by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed also enhanced amounts of TLR2 and TLR2/4-mRNAs expression respectively. In the case of presence of both bacteria, TLR2, TLR4, TLR8 and TLR9 levels are elevated in positive HRV patients. CONCLUSIONS TLRs, especially TLR2 and TLR4, increased in HRV positive CF individuals and varies according to the presence of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and both bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Camilla Bitossi
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Frasca
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Viscido
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brazzini
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Trancassini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cimino
- Lazio Reference Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
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12
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145150. [PMID: 32708188 PMCID: PMC7404291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) system is one of the first lines of defense activated against invading viral pathogens. Upon secretion, IFNs activate a signaling cascade resulting in the production of several interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which work to limit viral replication and establish an overall anti-viral state. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a ubiquitous human pathogen that has evolved to downregulate the IFN response and establish lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons of the host. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which the host innate immune system detects invading HSV-1 virions, the subsequent IFN response generated to limit viral infection, and the evasion strategies developed by HSV-1 to evade the immune system and establish latency in the host.
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13
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Broggi A, Granucci F, Zanoni I. Type III interferons: Balancing tissue tolerance and resistance to pathogen invasion. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132623. [PMID: 31821443 PMCID: PMC7037241 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III IFNs, or IFN-λ, are the latest addition to the IFN family. Thanks to a restricted pattern of expression of their receptor and to unique immunomodulatory properties, IFN-λ stimulates pathogen clearance while, at the same time, curbing inflammation to maintain barrier integrity. Type III IFNs, or IFN-λ, are the newest members of the IFN family and were long believed to play roles that were redundant with those of type I IFNs. However, IFN-λ displays unique traits that delineate them as primary protectors of barrier integrity at mucosal sites. This unique role stems both from the restricted expression of IFN-λ receptor, confined to epithelial cells and to a limited pool of immune cells, and from unique immunomodulatory properties of IFN-λ. Here, we discuss recent findings that establish the unique capacity of IFN-λ to act at the barriers of the host to balance tissue tolerance and immune resistance against viral and bacterial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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14
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Rodríguez-Martínez CE, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Nino G, Midulla F. The impact of viral bronchiolitis phenotyping: Is it time to consider phenotype-specific responses to individualize pharmacological management? Paediatr Respir Rev 2020; 34:53-58. [PMID: 31054799 PMCID: PMC7325448 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although recent guidelines recommend a minimalist approach to bronchiolitis, there are several issues with this posture. First, there are concerns about the definition of the disease, the quality of the guidelines, the method of administration of bronchodilators, and the availability of tools to evaluate the response to therapies. Second, for decades it has been assumed that all cases of viral bronchiolitis are the same, but recent evidence has shown that this is not the case. Distinct bronchiolitis phenotypes have been described, with heterogeneity in clinical presentation, molecular immune signatures and clinically relevant outcomes such as respiratory failure and recurrent wheezing. New research is critically needed to refine viral bronchiolitis phenotyping at the molecular and clinical levels as well as to define phenotype-specific responses to different therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Jose A Castro-Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Sleep Medicine and Integrative Systems Biology, Center for Genetic Research, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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15
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Lin XJ, Zhong LL, Xie YP, Deng ZP. [Expression of interferon-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells in children with human rhinovirus infection]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:1177-1181. [PMID: 31874655 PMCID: PMC7389010 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of interferon-λ1 (IFN-λ1) in respiratory epithelial cells in children with human rhinovirus (HRV) infection. METHODS Sputum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the children who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory infection from February to October, 2017. Bacterial culture was performed, and nucleic acid test was performed for 11 respiratory pathogens. A total of 90 children with positive HRV alone were enrolled as the HRV infection group, and 95 children with positive respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) alone were enrolled as the RSV infection group. A total of 50 healthy children who underwent outpatient physical examination during the same period of time and had negative results for all pathogen tests were enrolled as the healthy control group. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from all groups, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure viral load and the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1. RESULTS In the HRV infection group, there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 between boys and girls and across all age groups (P>0.05). In the HRV infection group, there was no correlation between the mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 and HRV load (P>0.05). The mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 in the HRV infection group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group (P<0.05), but significantly lower than that in the RSV infection group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HRV can induce the expression of IFN-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells, suggesting that IFN-λ1 may play an important role in anti-HRV infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410005, China.
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16
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Differential interferon gene expression in bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus-A genotype ON1. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:23-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Zhang AM, Wang Y, Xia X, Song Y. Genetic Polymorphisms of the IFNLR1 Gene Correlate with HCV Infection and Biochemical Features of Chronic HCV Patients in Yunnan, China. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:453-461. [PMID: 31366248 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1642914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could lead to serious liver diseases, but the pathogenic mechanisms were not completely clear. Cytokines play critical roles in infection, and the genetic polymorphisms in the cytokine genes are widely studied in infectious diseases. The variations in the IL28B gene were associated with HCV infection, viral clearance, and biochemical features of patients, but the studies of its receptor (IFNLR1/IL10RB) were rare. In this study, we collected 395 chronic HCV patients and 397 normal controls to investigate the genetic role of the IFNLR1 gene. Eight tagSNPs were genotyped, and the haplotypes were constructed. Genotypes CT (23.80% vs. 17.13%) and TT (75.19% vs. 81.36%) of rs7532146 showed higher and lower frequencies in HCV patients than that in controls (P = .022; P = .039). Haplotypes GGAATCTC (P = .028) and AAAGCCCT (P = .002) were risk factors for HCV infection, but haplotype GAAATCTT (P = .027) played protective role in HCV infection. Moreover, we identified that the ALT level was significantly lower in HCV patients with genotype TT of rs4489498 than those with other genotypes (CC vs. TT: P = .037; CT vs. TT: P = .013). HCV viral load was highest in HCV patients with genotype CC of rs4489498 than in patients with other two genotypes (CC vs. CT: P = .006; CC vs. TT: P = .039). In conclusion, the genotypes and haplotypes in the IFNLR1 gene were associated with HCV infection and biochemical features of Chinese HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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18
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Heinonen S, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Diaz A, Oliva Rodriguez-Pastor S, Ramilo O, Mejias A. Infant Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:361-376. [PMID: 31284926 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Of all respiratory viruses that affect infants, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) represent the leading pathogens causing acute disease (bronchiolitis) and are associated with the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. The immune system in infants is still developing, and several factors contribute to their increased susceptibility to viral infections. These factors include differences in pathogen detection, weaker interferon responses, lack of immunologic memory toward the invading pathogen, and T-cell responses that are balanced to promote tolerance and restrain inflammation. These aspects are reviewed here with a focus on RSV and RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santtu Heinonen
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 347, Helsinki 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital Materno-Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid 28009, Spain; Section of General Pediatrics, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Diaz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State Collage of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State Collage of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Silvia Oliva Rodriguez-Pastor
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga 29001, Spain; Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Malaga Medical Shool, Malaga University (UMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State Collage of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State Collage of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State Collage of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State Collage of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Malaga Medical Shool, Malaga University (UMA), Malaga, Spain.
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