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Trifonova I, Korsun N, Madzharova I, Velikov P, Alexsiev I, Grigorova L, Voleva S, Yordanova R, Ivanov I, Tcherveniakova T, Christova I. Prevalence and clinical impact of mono- and co-infections with endemic coronaviruses 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU-1 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29258. [PMID: 38623185 PMCID: PMC11016702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endemic human coronaviruses (eHCoVs) are found worldwide and usually result in mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections. They can lead to more severe illnesses such as croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in vulnerable populations. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, information on HCoV prevalence and incidence and clinical impact of co-infections of HCoV with SARS-CoV-2 was lacking. Objectives Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of infections caused by eHCoVs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria. Methods From January 2021 to December 2022, nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with acute upper or lower respiratory tract infections were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. The clinical data and laboratory parameters of patients infected with respiratory viruses were analysed. Results Of the 1375 patients screened, 24 (1.7 %) were positive for HCoVs, and 197 (14.3 %) were positive for eight other seasonal respiratory viruses. Five (0.7 %) of 740 patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 were co-infected with eHCoVs. Co-infected patients had a mean C-reactive protein level of 198.5 ± 2.12 mg/mL and a mean oxygen saturation of 82 ± 2.8 mmHg, while those in patients co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses were 61.8 mg/mL and 92.8 ± 4.6 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.05). Pneumonia was diagnosed in 63.3 % of patients with HCoV infection and 6 % of patients positive for other seasonal respiratory viruses (p < 0.05). Patients with SARS-CoV-2 mono-infection stayed in hospital for an average of 5.8 ± 3.7 days, whereas the average hospital stay of patients with eHCoV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection was 9 ± 1.4 days (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings indicate the low prevalence of eHCoVs and low co-infection rate between eHCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria. Despite their low incidence, such mixed infections can cause severe signs that require oxygen therapy and longer hospital stays, underlining the need for targeted testing of severe COVID-19 cases to identify potential co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Trifonova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - N. Korsun
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Madzharova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - P. Velikov
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Alexsiev
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - L. Grigorova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S. Voleva
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R. Yordanova
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Ivanov
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T. Tcherveniakova
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Christova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
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Kumar G, Sakharam KA. Tackling Influenza A virus by M2 ion channel blockers: Latest progress and limitations. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116172. [PMID: 38330869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Influenza outbreaks cause pandemics in millions of people. The treatment of influenza remains a challenge due to significant genetic polymorphism in the influenza virus. Also, developing vaccines to protect against seasonal and pandemic influenza infections is constantly impeded. Thus, antibiotics are the only first line of defense against antigenically distinct strains or new subtypes of influenza viruses. Among several anti-influenza targets, the M2 protein of the influenza virus performs several activities. M2 protein is an ion channel that permits proton conductance through the virion envelope and the deacidification of the Golgi apparatus. Both these functions are critical for viral replication. Thus, targeting the M2 protein of the influenza virus is an essential target. Rimantadine and amantadine are two well-known drugs that act on the M2 protein. However, these drugs acquired resistance to influenza and thus are not recommended to treat influenza infections. This review discusses an overview of anti-influenza therapy, M2 ion channel functions, and its working principle. It also discusses the M2 structure and its role, and the change in the structure leads to mutant variants of influenza A virus. We also shed light on the recently identified compounds acting against wild-type and mutated M2 proteins of influenza virus A. These scaffolds could be an alternative to M2 inhibitors and be developed as antibiotics for treating influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India.
| | - Kakade Aditi Sakharam
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
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Kumar M, Mazumder P, Silori R, Manna S, Panday DP, Das N, Sethy SK, Kuroda K, Mahapatra DM, Mahlknecht J, Tyagi VK, Singh R, Zang J, Barceló D. Prevalence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, microplastics and co-infecting microbes in the post-COVID-19 era and its implications on antimicrobial resistance and potential endocrine disruptive effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166419. [PMID: 37625721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic's steady condition coupled with predominance of emerging contaminants in the environment and its synergistic implications in recent times has stoked interest in combating medical emergencies in this dynamic environment. In this context, high concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), microplastics (MPs), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and soaring coinfecting microbes, tied with potential endocrine disruptive (ED) are critical environmental concerns that requires a detailed documentation and analysis. During the pandemic, the identification, enumeration, and assessment of potential hazards of PPCPs and MPs and (used as anti-COVID-19 agents/applications) in aquatic habitats have been attempted globally. Albeit receding threats in the magnitude of COVID-19 infections, both these pollutants have still posed serious consequences to aquatic ecosystems and the very health and hygiene of the population in the vicinity. The surge in the contaminants post-COVID also renders them to be potent vectors to harbor and amplify AMR. Pertinently, the present work attempts to critically review such instances to understand the underlying mechanism, interactions swaying the current health of our environment during this post-COVID-19 era. During this juncture, although prevention of diseases, patient care, and self-hygiene have taken precedence, nevertheless antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) efforts have been overlooked. Unnecessary usage of PPCPs and plastics during the pandemic has resulted in increased emerging contaminants (i.e., active pharmaceutical ingredients and MPs) in various environmental matrices. It was also noticed that among COVID-19 patients, while the bacterial co-infection prevalence was 0.2-51%, the fungi, viral, protozoan and helminth were 0.3-49, 1-22, 2-15, 0.4-15% respectively, rendering them resistant to residual PPCPs. There are inevitable chances of ED effects from PPCPs and MPs applied previously, that could pose far-reaching health concerns. Furthermore, clinical and other experimental evidence for many newer compounds is very scarce and demands further research. Pro-active measures targeting effective waste management, evolved environmental policies aiding strict regulatory measures, and scientific research would be crucial in minimizing the impact and creating better preparedness towards such events among the masses fostering sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Rahul Silori
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Suvendu Manna
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Durga Prasad Panday
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Nilotpal Das
- ENCORE Insoltech Pvt. Ltd, Randesan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382421, India
| | - Susanta Kumar Sethy
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939 0398, Japan
| | - Durga Madhab Mahapatra
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Wastewater Division, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttranchal, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Wastewater Division, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttranchal, India
| | - Jian Zang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, China
| | - Damià Barceló
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 1826, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Fatmawati F, Mulyanti S. Risk Factors Associated with the Severity of COVID-19. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:84-92. [PMID: 37425387 PMCID: PMC10325129 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global crisis. In addition, more variants of the virus have been discovered with easier transmission and more harmful effects. Thus, understanding the risk factors associated with the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 is critical for disease control. This review article aims to describe the risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19. This study uses the article review method from research results obtained through searching the journal sites Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest and ScientDirect in the 2020-2021 period. To find articles that match the inclusion criteria we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) strategy. A total of nine studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. These nine studies were assessed for quality, data extraction and synthesis. Risk factors that contribute to the severity of COVID-19 are age, gender, chronic comorbidities, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, kidney failure, cancer and a history of smoking. New findings, unvaccinated patients are at higher risk of severity. Risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 include a person's individual characteristics, co-morbidities, smoking history and unvaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Fatmawati
- Department of Nursing, Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Mulyanti
- Department of Nursing, Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
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Gallus S, Scala M, Possenti I, Jarach CM, Clancy L, Fernandez E, Gorini G, Carreras G, Malevolti MC, Commar A, Fayokun R, Gouda HN, Prasad VM, Lugo A. The role of smoking in COVID-19 progression: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:32/167/220191. [PMID: 36889786 PMCID: PMC10032583 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0191-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between current smoking and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression remains uncertain. We aim to provide up-to-date evidence of the role of cigarette smoking in COVID-19 hospitalisation, severity and mortality. On 23 February 2022 we conducted an umbrella review and a traditional systematic review via PubMed/Medline and Web of Science. We used random-effects meta-analyses to derive pooled odds ratios of COVID-19 outcomes for smokers in cohorts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infected individuals or COVID-19 patients. We followed the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting guidelines. PROSPERO: CRD42020207003. 320 publications were included. The pooled odds ratio for current versus never or nonsmokers was 1.08 (95% CI 0.98-1.19; 37 studies) for hospitalisation, 1.34 (95% CI 1.22-1.48; 124 studies) for severity and 1.32 (95% CI 1.20-1.45; 119 studies) for mortality. Estimates for former versus never-smokers were 1.16 (95% CI 1.03-1.31; 22 studies), 1.41 (95% CI: 1.25-1.59; 44 studies) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.31-1.62; 44 studies), respectively. Estimates for ever- versus never-smokers were 1.16 (95% CI 1.05-1.27; 33 studies), 1.44 (95% CI 1.31-1.58; 110 studies) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.29-1.50; 109 studies), respectively. We found a 30-50% excess risk of COVID-19 progression for current and former smokers compared with never-smokers. Preventing serious COVID-19 outcomes, including death, seems the newest compelling argument against smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Scala
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Possenti
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Micaela Jarach
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luke Clancy
- TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, TU Dublin, Ireland
| | - Esteve Fernandez
- Tobacco Control Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, Institut Català d'Oncologia-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respirarory Diseases (CIBER en Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Carreras
- Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alison Commar
- World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ranti Fayokun
- World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hebe N Gouda
- World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vinayak M Prasad
- World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Lugo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Wei XL, Zeng QL, Xie M, Bao Y. Pathogen Distribution, Drug Resistance Risk Factors, and Construction of Risk Prediction Model for Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infection in Hospitalized Patients at the Respiratory Department During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1107-1121. [PMID: 36855390 PMCID: PMC9968439 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s399622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens among hospitalized patients in the respiratory unit during the COVID-19 pandemic, analyze the risk factors of drug resistance, construct a risk prediction model. Methods This study isolated 791 strains from 489 patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, who were retrospectively enrolled between December 2019 and June 2021. The patients were divided into training and validation sets based on a random number table method (8:2). The baseline information, clinical characteristics, and culture results were collected using an electronic database and WHONET 5.6 software and compared between the two groups. A risk prediction model for drug-resistant bacteria was constructed using multi-factor logistic regression. Results K. pneumoniae (24.78%), P. aeruginosa (17.19%), A. baumannii (10.37%), and E. coli (10.37%) were the most abundant bacterial isolates. 174 isolates of drug-resistant bacteria were collected, ie, Carbapenem-resistant organism-strains, ESBL-producing strains, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, multi-drug resistance constituting 38.51%, 50.57%, 6.32%, 4.60%, respectively. The nosocomial infection prediction model of drug-resistant bacteria was developed based on the combined use of antimicrobials, pharmacological immunosuppression, PCT>0.5 ng/mL, CKD stage 4-5, indwelling catheter, and age > 60 years. The AUC under the ROC curve of the training and validation sets were 0.768 (95% CI: 0.624-0.817) and 0.753 (95% CI: 0.657-0.785), respectively. Our model revealed an acceptable prediction demonstrated by a non-significant Hosmer-Lemeshow test (training set, p=0.54; validation set, p=0.88). Conclusion K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and E. coli were the most abundant bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial resistance among the common isolates was high for most routinely used antimicrobials and carbapenems. COVID-19 did not increase the drug resistance pressure of the main strains. The risk prediction model of drug-resistant bacterial infection is expected to improve the prevention and control of antibacterial-resistant bacterial infection in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Wei
- Department of Respirology, Taikang Sichuan Hospital, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang-Lin Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Bao
- Department of Respirology, Taikang Sichuan Hospital, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yong Bao, Department of Respirology, Taikang Sichuan Hospital, No. 881, Xianghe 1st Street, Huayang Street, Tianfu New District, Sichuan, 610213, People’s Republic of China, Email
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New Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Different Epitopes of the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Major Variants: Additional Tools for a More Specific COVID-19 Diagnosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020610. [PMID: 36831149 PMCID: PMC9953266 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the new pathogen SARS-CoV-2 determined a rapid need for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to detect the virus in biological fluids as a rapid tool to identify infected individuals to be treated or quarantined. The majority of commercially available antigenic tests for SARS-CoV-2 rely on the detection of N antigen in biologic fluid using anti-N antibodies, and their capacity to specifically identify subjects infected by SARS-CoV-2 is questionable due to several structural analogies among the N proteins of different coronaviruses. In order to produce new specific antibodies, BALB/c mice were immunized three times at 20-day intervals with a recombinant spike (S) protein. The procedure used was highly efficient, and 40 different specific mAbs were isolated, purified and characterized, with 13 ultimately being selected for their specificity and lack of cross reactivity with other human coronaviruses. The specific epitopes recognized by the selected mAbs were identified through a peptide library and/or by recombinant fragments of the S protein. In particular, the selected mAbs recognized different linear epitopes along the S1, excluding the receptor binding domain, and along the S2 subunits of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its major variants of concern. We identified combinations of anti-S mAbs suitable for use in ELISA or rapid diagnostic tests, with the highest sensitivity and specificity coming from proof-of-concept tests using recombinant antigens, SARS-CoV-2 or biological fluids from infected individuals, that represent important additional tools for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Sonmezer MC, Sahin TK, Erul E, Dizman GT, Inkaya AC, Alp A, Alp S, Unal S. Prevalence of Common Human Coronaviruses (NL63, 229E, and OC43) in Adults before the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Single-Center Study from Turkey, 2015-2020. Jpn J Infect Dis 2023; 76:27-33. [PMID: 36047175 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Common Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs), such as NL63, HKU1, 229E, and OC43, induce respiratory tract infections worldwide. Epidemiological studies of HCoVs are of paramount importance because the disease burden and trajectory (in years) have not been well addressed in adults. Here, we aimed to describe the burden of HCoVs in a hospital setting over five years before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This was a retrospective study of patients (>18 years) between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2020, whose respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. In total, 7,861 respiratory samples (4,540 patients) were included, 38% of which tested positive for any respiratory virus. Of these, 212 (12.2%) samples were positive for HCoVs, and their co-infection with other respiratory viruses was 30.6%. Rhinovirus (27.6%) was the most common co-infection among all three HCoVs. The overall prevalence of HCoVs tended to be the highest in the winter (40.9%). Patients aged ≥60 years had the highest prevalence of overall HCoVs (39.7%). Given the duration and large sample size, this study from Turkey is one of the largest to date among adults in the literature. These epidemiological data and molecular surveillance of HCoVs have important implications for the control and prevention of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Cagla Sonmezer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Taha Koray Sahin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Enes Erul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Telli Dizman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cagkan Inkaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Alp
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Alp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Serhat Unal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
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Quintero-Martinez JA, Hindy JR, Mahmood M, Gerberi DJ, DeSimone DC, Baddour LM. TEA Clinical Profile of Infective Endocarditis in Patients with Recent COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:16-22. [PMID: 35235813 PMCID: PMC8882249 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can progress to cardiovascular complications which are linked to higher in-hospital mortality rates. Infective endocarditis (IE) can develop in patients with recent COVID-19 infections, however, characterization of IE following COVID-19 infection has been lacking. To better characterize this disease, we performed a systematic review with descriptive analysis of the clinical features and outcomes of these patients. Methods Our search was conducted in 8 databases for all published reports of probable or definite IE in patients with a prior COVID-19 confirmed diagnosis. After ensuring an appropriate inclusion of the articles, we extracted data related to clinical characteristics, modified duke criteria, microbiology, outcomes, and procedures. Results Searches generated a total of 323 published reports, and 20 articles met our inclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 52.2 ± 16.9 years and 76.2% were males. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 8 (38.1%) patients, Enterococcus faecalis in 3 patients (14.3%) and Streptococcus mitis/oralis in 2 (9.5%) patients. The mean time interval between COVID-19 and IE diagnoses was 16.7 ± 15 days. Six (28.6%) patients required critical care due to IE, 7 patients (33.3%) underwent IE-related cardiac surgery and 5 patients (23.8%) died during their IE hospitalization. Conclusions Our systematic review provides a profile of clinical features and outcomes of patients with a prior COVID-19 infection diagnosis who subsequently developed IE. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential that clinicians appreciate the possibility of IE as a unique complication of COVID-19 infection.
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Shahin K, Zhang L, Mehraban MH, Collard JM, Hedayatkhah A, Mansoorianfar M, Soleimani-Delfan A, Wang R. Clinical and experimental bacteriophage studies: Recommendations for possible approaches for standing against SARS-CoV-2. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105442. [PMID: 35151823 PMCID: PMC8830156 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the world faced a serious health challenge, the rapid spreading of a life-threatening viral pneumonia, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of January 2022 WHO statistics shows more than 5.6 million death and about 350 million infection by SARS-CoV-2. One of the life threatening aspects of COVID-19 is secondary infections and reduced efficacy of antibiotics against them. Since the beginning of COVID-19 many researches have been done on identification, treatment, and vaccine development. Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) could offer novel approaches to detect, treat and control COVID-19. Phage therapy and in particular using phage cocktails can be used to control or eliminate the bacterial pathogen as an alternative or complementary therapeutic agent. At the same time, phage interaction with the host immune system can regulate the inflammatory response. In addition, phage display and engineered synthetic phages can be utilized to develop new vaccines and antibodies, stimulate the immune system, and elicit a rapid and well-appropriate defense response. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 new variants like delta and omicron has proved the urgent need for precise, efficient and novel approaches for vaccine development and virus detection techniques in which bacteriophages may be one of the plausible solutions. Therefore, phages with similar morphology and/or genetic content to that of coronaviruses can be used for ecological and epidemiological modeling of SARS-CoV-2 behavior and future generations of coronavirus, and in general new viral pathogens. This article is a comprehensive review/perspective of potential applications of bacteriophages in the fight against the present pandemic and the post-COVID era.
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11
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Jo KJ, Choi SH, Oh CE, Kim H, Choi BS, Jo DS, Park SE. Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Human Coronaviruses-Associated Infections in Children: A Multi-Center Study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:877759. [PMID: 35498812 PMCID: PMC9039334 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.877759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are associated with upper respiratory tract infections. Although studies have analyzed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of HCoV-associated infections, no multi-center studies have been conducted in Korean children. We aimed to describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HCoV-associated infection in children. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of children in whom HCoVs were detected using multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification in five centers from January 2015 to December 2019. RESULTS Overall, 1,096 patients were enrolled. Among them, 654 (59.7%) patients were male. The median age was 1 year [interquartile range (IQR), 0-2 years]. HCoVs were identified mainly in winter (55.9%). HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and HCoOV-NL63 were detected mainly in winter (70.9, 55.8, and 57.4%, respectively), but HCoV-HKU1 was mainly identified in spring (69.7%). HCoV-OC43 (66.0%) was detected most frequently, followed by HCoV-NL63 (33.3%), and HCoV-229E (7.7%). Two different types of HCoVs were co-detected in 18 samples, namely. Alphacoronavirus-betacoronavirus co-infection (n = 13) and, alphacoronavirus-alphacoronavirus co-infection (n = 5). No betacoronavirus-betacoronavirus co-infection was detected. Patients were diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection (41.4%), pneumonia (16.6%), acute bronchiolitis (15.5%), non-specific febrile illness (13.1%), croup (7.3%), and acute gastroenteritis (5.1%). There were 832 (75.9%) hospitalized patients with a median duration of hospitalization of 4 days (IQR, 3-5 days); 108 (9.9%) patients needed supplemental oxygen with 37 (3.4%) needing high-flow nasal cannula or mechanical ventilation. There were no deaths. CONCLUSION HCoV-associated infections exhibit marked seasonality with peaks in winter. Patients with lower respiratory tract infection, a history of prematurity, or underlying chronic diseases may progress to a severe course and may need oxygen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Jin Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Soo-Han Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Chi Eun Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - HyeonA Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bong Seok Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Su Eun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
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12
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Kozak R, Armstrong SM, Salvant E, Ritzker C, Feld J, Biondi MJ, Tsui H. Recognition of Long-COVID-19 Patients in a Canadian Tertiary Hospital Setting: A Retrospective Analysis of Their Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101246. [PMID: 34684195 PMCID: PMC8537802 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A proportion of patients with COVID-19 have symptoms past the acute disease phase, which may affect quality of life. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this "long-COVID-19" syndrome to better diagnose, treat, and prevent it. We reviewed clinical and laboratory characteristics of a COVID-19 cohort in a Toronto, Ontario tertiary care center. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, and patients were classified as "long-COVID-19" or "non-long-COVID-19" using consensus criteria. Of 397 patients who tested positive for COVID-19, 223 met inclusion criteria, and 62 (27%) had long-COVID-19. These patients had a similar age distribution compared to non-long-COVID-19 patients overall but were younger in the admitted long COVID-19 group. The long-COVID-19 group had more inpatients compared to the non-long-COVID-19 group (39% vs. 25%) and more frequent supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation use. However, long-COVID-19 patients did not differ by duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, comorbidities, or values of common laboratory tests ordered. The most frequent symptoms associated with long-COVID-19 were fatigue and weakness, as reported most commonly by the infectious disease, respirology and cardiology disciplines. In conclusion, by retrospective chart review, 27% of COVID-19 patients presenting to a tertiary care center in Toronto, Canada, were found to meet criteria for long-COVID-19. Past medical history and routine laboratory testing at presentation did not predict for long-COVID-19 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kozak
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Biological Science Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (R.K.); (S.M.A.); (E.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Susan M. Armstrong
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Biological Science Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (R.K.); (S.M.A.); (E.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Elsa Salvant
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Biological Science Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (R.K.); (S.M.A.); (E.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudia Ritzker
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Biological Science Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (R.K.); (S.M.A.); (E.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Jordan Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; (J.F.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Mia J. Biondi
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; (J.F.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Hubert Tsui
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Biological Science Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (R.K.); (S.M.A.); (E.S.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +416-480-6100
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13
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Tan HT, Chai BC, Lui YS. Effects of COVID-19 on Substance Use in Singapore. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2021; 15:11782218211030533. [PMID: 34456569 PMCID: PMC8392814 DOI: 10.1177/11782218211030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the impact of COVID-19 on the substance-abuse landscape and climate with particular attention on Singapore’s. Substance-abuse has received the least attention during the COVID-19 outbreak and this pandemic has further sheared the problem’s visibility and the provision of care for this population of sufferers. The authors examine the current literature to look at the access and utility of street drugs due to border closure, the influence of the pandemic on prevailing drug behaviours as well as the effect of social distancing on drug-users. Two case studies are described. The paper serves to illuminate the ever-present problem of substance-abuse even during a viral pandemic and to remind the local government and healthcare system to continue efforts in caring for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Teck Tan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Boon Ceng Chai
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Yit Shiang Lui
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
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14
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Jackson-Thompson BM, Goguet E, Laing ED, Olsen CH, Pollett S, Hollis-Perry KM, Maiolatesi SE, Illinik L, Ramsey KF, Reyes AE, Alcorta Y, Wong MA, Davies J, Ortega O, Parmelee E, Lindrose AR, Moser M, Graydon E, Letizia AG, Duplessis CA, Ganesan A, Pratt KP, Malloy AM, Scott DW, Anderson SK, Snow AL, Dalgard CL, Powers JH, Tribble D, Burgess TH, Broder CC, Mitre E. Prospective Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion (PASS) study: an observational cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in healthcare workers. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:544. [PMID: 34107889 PMCID: PMC8188741 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged pandemic coronavirus (CoV) capable of causing severe respiratory illness. However, a significant number of infected people present as asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic. In this prospective assessment of at-risk healthcare workers (HCWs) we seek to determine whether pre-existing antibody or T cell responses to previous seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) infections affect immunological or clinical responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. METHODS A cohort of 300 healthcare workers, confirmed negative for SARS-CoV-2 exposure upon study entry, will be followed for up to 1 year with monthly serology analysis of IgM and IgG antibodies against the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and the four major seasonal human coronavirus - HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63. Participants will complete monthly questionnaires that ask about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposure risks, and a standardized, validated symptom questionnaire (scoring viral respiratory disease symptoms, intensity and severity) at least twice monthly and any day when any symptoms manifest. SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing will be performed any time participants develop symptoms consistent with COVID-19. For those individuals that seroconvert and/or test positive by SARS-CoV-2 PCR, or receive the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, additional studies of T cell activation and cytokine production in response to SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools and analysis of Natural Killer cell numbers and function will be conducted on that participant's cryopreserved baseline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Following the first year of this study we will further analyze those participants having tested positive for COVID-19, and/or having received an authorized/licensed SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, quarterly (year 2) and semi-annually (years 3 and 4) to investigate immune response longevity. DISCUSSION This study will determine the frequency of asymptomatic and pauci-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of at-risk healthcare workers. Baseline and longitudinal assays will determine the frequency and magnitude of anti-spike glycoprotein antibodies to the seasonal HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63, and may inform whether pre-existing antibodies to these human coronaviruses are associated with altered COVID-19 disease course. Finally, this study will evaluate whether pre-existing immune responses to seasonal HCoVs affect the magnitude and duration of antibody and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, adjusting for demographic covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Jackson-Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Emilie Goguet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cara H Olsen
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA
| | - Simon Pollett
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Santina E Maiolatesi
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Luca Illinik
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen F Ramsey
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Anatalio E Reyes
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Yolanda Alcorta
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Mimi A Wong
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Julian Davies
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Orlando Ortega
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward Parmelee
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa R Lindrose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Moser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Graydon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew G Letizia
- Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen P Pratt
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison M Malloy
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, and The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John H Powers
- Clinical Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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15
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Trevisanuto D, Cavallin F, Cavicchiolo ME, Borellini M, Calgaro S, Baraldi E. Coronavirus infection in neonates: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2021; 106:330-335. [PMID: 32943533 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarise currently reported neonatal cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS A search strategy was designed to retrieve all articles published from 1 December 2019 to 12 May 2020, by combining the terms 'coronavirus' OR 'covid' OR 'SARS-CoV-2') AND ('neonat*' OR 'newborn') in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedRxiv, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review and the WHO COVID-19 database, with no language restrictions. Quality of studies was evaluated by using a specific tool for assessment of case reports and/or case series. RESULTS Twenty-six observational studies (18 case reports and 8 case series) with 44 newborns with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in the final analysis. Studies were mainly from China and Italy. Half of neonates had a documented contact with the infected mother and one out of three infected neonates was admitted from home. Median age at diagnosis was 5 days. One out of four neonates was asymptomatic, and the remaining showed mild symptoms typical of acute respiratory infections and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. The majority of neonates were left in spontaneous breathing (room air) and had good prognosis after a median duration of hospitalisation of 10 days. CONCLUSIONS Most neonates with SARS-CoV-2 infection were asymptomatic or presented mild symptoms, generally were left in spontaneous breathing and had a good prognosis after median 10 days of hospitalisation. Large epidemiological and clinical cohort studies, as well as the implementation of collaborative networks, are needed to improve the understanding of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Trevisanuto
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Martina Borellini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Calgaro
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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16
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Lee N, Smith S, Zelyas N, Klarenbach S, Zapernick L, Bekking C, So H, Yip L, Tipples G, Taylor G, Mubareka S. Burden of noninfluenza respiratory viral infections in adults admitted to hospital: analysis of a multiyear Canadian surveillance cohort from 2 centres. CMAJ 2021; 193:E439-E446. [PMID: 33782171 PMCID: PMC8099164 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.201748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Data on the outcomes of noninfluenza respiratory virus (NIRV) infections among hospitalized adults are lacking. We aimed to study the burden, severity and outcomes of NIRV infections in this population. METHODS: We analyzed pooled patient data from 2 hospital-based respiratory virus surveillance cohorts in 2 regions of Canada during 3 consecutive seasons (2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18; n = 2119). We included patients aged ≥ 18 years who developed influenza-like illness or pneumonia and were hospitalized for management. We included patients confirmed positive for ≥ 1 virus by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays (respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], human rhinovirus/enterovirus (hRV), human coronavirus (hCoV), metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, influenza viruses). We compared patient characteristics, clinical severity conventional outcomes (e.g., hospital length-of stay, 30-day mortality) and ordinal outcomes (5 levels: discharged, receiving convalescent care, acute ward or intensive care unit [ICU] care and death) for patients with NIRV infections and those with influenza. RESULTS: Among 2119 adults who were admitted to hospital, 1156 patients (54.6%) had NIRV infections (hRV 14.9%, RSV 12.9%, hCoV 8.2%) and 963 patients (45.4%) had influenza (n = 963). Patients with NIRVs were younger (mean 66.4 [standard deviation 20.4] yr), and more commonly had immunocompromising conditions (30.3%) and delay in diagnosis (median 4.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 2.0–7.0] days). Overall, 14.6% (12.4%–19.5%) of NIRV infections were acquired in hospital. Admission to ICU (18.2%, median 6.0 [IQR 3.0–13.0] d), hospital length-of-stay (median 5.0 [IQR 2.0–10.0] d) and 30-day mortality (8.4%; RSV 9.5%, hRV 6.6%, hCoV 9.2%) and the ordinal outcomes were similar for patients with NIRV infection and those with influenza. Age > 60 years, immunocompromised state and hospital-acquired viral infection were associated with worse outcomes. The estimated median cost per acute care admission was $6000 (IQR $2000–$16 000). INTERPRETATION: The burden of NIRV infection is substantial in adults admitted to hospital and associated outcomes may be as severe as for influenza, suggesting a need to prioritize therapeutics and vaccines for at-risk people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Nathan Zelyas
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Scott Klarenbach
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Lori Zapernick
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Christian Bekking
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Helen So
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Lily Yip
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Graham Tipples
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Geoff Taylor
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Division of Infectious Disease (Lee, Smith, Zapernick, Taylor), Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Zelyas, Tipples), and Division of Nephrology (Klarenbach, So), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Bekking, Yip, Mubareka); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
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17
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Kim T, Choi H, Shin TR, Ko Y, Park YB, Kim HI, Jang SH, Jung KS, Kim Y, Lee MG, Chung S, Kim CH, Hyun IG, Sim YS. Epidemiology and clinical features of common community human coronavirus disease. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:2288-2299. [PMID: 34012579 PMCID: PMC8107519 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background We would evaluate the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and prognostic factors of patients of all ages admitted with human corona virus (HCoV). Methods This study was retrospectively performed at five university teaching hospitals between 1st January 2018 and 31th March 2020. Routine molecular testing using for multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods was conducted on the respiratory viruses. We assessed the demographics, laboratory findings, and treatment of patients infected with coronavirus. Results There were 807 coronavirus-infected patients from 24,311 patients with respiratory virus PCR test admitted to five hospitals over 27 months. All-cause mortality rates of patients admitted for seasonal HCoV disease were 3.1% in all patients and 10.8% in patients aged ≥18 years. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed in patients aged ≥18 years. After adjusting for other clinical variables, general weakness symptoms [hazard ratio (HR), 2.651; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.147-6.125, P=0.023], National Early Warning Score (NEWS) ≥2 (HR, 5.485; 95% CI, 1.261-23.858, P=0.023), and coronavirus subtype OC43 (HR, 2.500; 95% CI, 1.060-5.897, P=0.036) were significantly associated with death from coronavirus. Conclusions Coronavirus infection can reveal a higher mortality rate in patients of ≥18 than those of <18 years, thus, adult patients require more careful treatment. Furthermore, in adult patients, the factors associated with death from coronavirus include general weakness symptoms, NEWS higher than 2, and OC43 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Rim Shin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yousang Ko
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bum Park
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Il Kim
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hun Jang
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Suck Jung
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youlim Kim
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chungcheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Goo Lee
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chungcheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojie Chung
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongtan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Kim
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongtan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyu Hyun
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongtan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Su Sim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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18
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Gesesew HA, Koye DN, Fetene DM, Woldegiorgis M, Kinfu Y, Geleto AB, Melaku YA, Mohammed H, Alene KA, Awoke MA, Birhanu MM, Gebremedhin AT, Gelaw YA, Shifti DM, Muluneh MD, Tegegne TK, Abrha S, Aregay AF, Ayalew MB, Gebre AK, Gebremariam KT, Gebremedhin T, Gebremichael L, Leshargie CT, Kibret GD, Meazaw MW, Mekonnen AB, Tekle DY, Tesema AG, Tesfay FH, Tesfaye W, Wubishet BL, Dachew BA, Adane AA. Risk factors for COVID-19 infection, disease severity and related deaths in Africa: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044618. [PMID: 33602714 PMCID: PMC7896374 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive evidence on risk factors for transmission, disease severity and COVID-19 related deaths in Africa. DESIGN A systematic review has been conducted to synthesise existing evidence on risk factors affecting COVID-19 outcomes across Africa. DATA SOURCES Data were systematically searched from MEDLINE, Scopus, MedRxiv and BioRxiv. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies for review were included if they were published in English and reported at least one risk factor and/or one health outcome. We included all relevant literature published up until 11 August 2020. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We performed a systematic narrative synthesis to describe the available studies for each outcome. Data were extracted using a standardised Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction form. RESULTS Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria of which four were exclusively on Africa and the remaining 11 papers had a global focus with some data from Africa. Higher rates of infection in Africa are associated with high population density, urbanisation, transport connectivity, high volume of tourism and international trade, and high level of economic and political openness. Limited or poor access to healthcare are also associated with higher COVID-19 infection rates. Older people and individuals with chronic conditions such as HIV, tuberculosis and anaemia experience severe forms COVID-19 leading to hospitalisation and death. Similarly, high burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high prevalence of tobacco consumption and low levels of expenditure on health and low levels of global health security score contribute to COVID-19 related deaths. CONCLUSIONS Demographic, institutional, ecological, health system and politico-economic factors influenced the spectrum of COVID-19 infection, severity and death. We recommend multidisciplinary and integrated approaches to mitigate the identified factors and strengthen effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailay Abrha Gesesew
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Scool of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Digsu Negese Koye
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital and Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Yohannes Kinfu
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- College of Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayele Bali Geleto
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Adama Melaku
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hassen Mohammed
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mamaru Ayenew Awoke
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mulugeta Molla Birhanu
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Saint Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Population Child Health Research Group, School of Women's & Children's Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Desalegn Markos Shifti
- Saint Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Muluken Dessalegn Muluneh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, New South Wales, Australia
- Amref Health Africa in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teketo Kassaw Tegegne
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Abrha
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Atsede Fantahun Aregay
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Biset Ayalew
- Department of Pharmacy, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abadi Kahsu Gebre
- School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam
- Scool of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tesfaye Gebremedhin
- Canberra School of Politics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lemlem Gebremichael
- Department of Pharmacology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cheru Tesema Leshargie
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Getiye Dejenu Kibret
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maereg Wagnew Meazaw
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alemayehu Berhane Mekonnen
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dejen Yemane Tekle
- Scool of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema
- Scool of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fisaha Haile Tesfay
- Scool of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- School of Health and Social development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wubshet Tesfaye
- Health research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Befikadu Legesse Wubishet
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Berihun Assefa Dachew
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Akilew Awoke Adane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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Laing ED, Sterling SL, Richard SA, Epsi NJ, Coggins S, Samuels EC, Phogat S, Yan L, Moreno N, Coles CL, Drew M, Mehalko J, English CE, Merritt S, Mende K, Munster VJ, de Wit E, Chung KK, Millar EV, Tribble DR, Simons MP, Pollett SD, Agan BK, Esposito D, Lanteri C, Clifton GT, Mitre E, Burgess TH, Broder CC. Antigen-based multiplex strategies to discriminate SARS-CoV-2 natural and vaccine induced immunity from seasonal human coronavirus humoral responses. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.10.21251518. [PMID: 33594376 PMCID: PMC7885935 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.10.21251518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays remain critical for community and hospital-based SARS-CoV-2 sero-surveillance. With the rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, such assays must be able to distinguish vaccine from natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and related human coronaviruses. Here, we developed and implemented multiplex microsphere-based immunoassay strategies for COVD-19 antibody studies that incorporates spike protein trimers of SARS-CoV-2 and the endemic seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV), enabling high throughout measurement of pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies. We varied SARS-CoV-2 antigen compositions within the multiplex assay, allowing direct comparisons of the effects of spike protein, receptor-binding domain protein (RBD) and nucleocapsid protein (NP) based SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection. Multiplex immunoassay performance characteristics are antigen-dependent, and sensitivities and specificities range 92-99% and 94-100%, respectively, for human subject samples collected as early as 7-10 days from symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2 spike and RBD had a strong correlative relationship for the detection of IgG. Correlation between detectable IgG reactive with spike and NP also had strong relationship, however, several PCR-positive and spike IgG-positive serum samples were NP IgG-negative. This spike and NP multiplex immunoassay has the potential to be useful for differentiation between vaccination and natural infection induced antibody responses. We also assessed the induction of de novo SARS-CoV-2 IgG cross reactions with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV spike proteins. Furthermore, multiplex immunoassays that incorporate spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs will permit investigations into the influence of HCoV antibodies on COVID-19 clinical outcomes and SARS-CoV-2 antibody durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Spencer L. Sterling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stephanie A. Richard
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nusrat J. Epsi
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Si’Ana Coggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Emily C. Samuels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Shreshta Phogat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nicole Moreno
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian L. Coles
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Drew
- Protein Expression Laboratory, National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Mehalko
- Protein Expression Laboratory, National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Caroline E. English
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott Merritt
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katrin Mende
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kevin K. Chung
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eugene V. Millar
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R. Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P. Simons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon D. Pollett
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte Lanteri
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H. Burgess
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Sumbul B, Sumbul HE, Okyay RA, Gülümsek E, Şahin AR, Boral B, Koçyiğit BF, Alfishawy M, Gold J, Tasdogan AM. Is there a link between pre-existing antibodies acquired due to childhood vaccinations or past infections and COVID-19? A case control study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10910. [PMID: 33614298 PMCID: PMC7879941 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence indicating that children are less affected from COVID-19. Some authors speculate that childhood vaccinations may provide some cross-protection against COVID-19. In this study, our aim was to compare the circulating antibody titers for multiple childhood vaccine antigens, as an indicator of the state of immune memory between patients with COVID-19 and healthy controls, with a specific aim to identify the association between disease severity and antibody titrations which may indicate a protective function related to vaccine or disease induced memory. Methods This study is a case-control study including 53 patients with COVID-19 and 40 healthy volunteers. COVID-19 severity was divided into three groups: asymptomatic, mild and severe. We measured the same set of antibody titers for vaccine antigens, and a set of biochemical and infection markers, in both the case and control groups. Results Rubella (p = 0.003), pneumococcus (p = 0.002), and Bordetella pertussis (p < 0.0001) titers were found to be significantly lower in the case group than the control group. There was a significant decline in pneumococcus titers with severity of disease (p = 0.021) and a significant association with disease severity for Bordetella pertussis titers (p = 0.014) among COVID patients. Levels of AST, procalcitonin, ferritin and D-dimer significantly increased with the disease severity. Discussion Our study supports the hypothesis that pre-existing immune memory, as monitored using circulating antibodies, acquired from childhood vaccinations, or past infections confer some protection against COVID-19. Randomized controlled studies are needed to support a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Sumbul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Erdem Sumbul
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Azim Okyay
- Department of Public Health, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Gülümsek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Rıza Şahin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Baris Boral
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Burhan Fatih Koçyiğit
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Mostafa Alfishawy
- Infectious Diseases Consultants and Academic Researchers of Egypt (IDCARE), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Alİ Muhittin Tasdogan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Turkey
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21
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Umnuaypornlert A, Kanchanasurakit S, Lucero-Prisno DEIII, Saokaew S. Smoking and risk of negative outcomes among COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:09. [PMID: 33551713 PMCID: PMC7857247 DOI: 10.18332/tid/132411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 has major effects on the clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes among patients, producing severe symptoms and death. Smoking has been reported as one of the factors that increases severity and mortality rate among COVID-19 patients. However, the effect of smoking on such medical outcomes is still controversial. This study conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis (SR/MA) on the association between smoking and negative outcomes among COVID-19 patients. METHODS Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar, were systematically searched from the initiation of the database until 12 December 2020. All relevant studies about smoking and COVID-19 were screened using a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the methodological quality of eligible articles. Random meta-analyses were conducted to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs). Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot, Begg's test and Egger's test. RESULTS A total of 1248 studies were retrieved and reviewed. A total of 40 studies were finally included for meta-analysis. Both current smoking and former smoking significantly increase the risk of disease severity (OR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.16-2.15, p=0.004; and OR=2.48; 95% CI: 1.64-3.77, p<0.001; respectively) with moderate appearance of heterogeneity. Similarly, current smoking and former smoking also significantly increase the risk of death (OR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.12-1.62, p=0.002; and OR=2.58; 95% CI: 2.15-3.09, p<0.001; respectively) with moderate appearance of heterogeneity. There was no evidence of publication bias, which was tested by the funnel plot, Begg's test and Egger's test. CONCLUSIONS Smoking, even current smoking or former smoking, significantly increases the risk of COVID-19 severity and death. Further causational studies on this association and ascertianing the underlying mechanisms of this relation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinat Umnuaypornlert
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Sukrit Kanchanasurakit
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care, Department of Pharmacy, Phrae Hospital, Phrae, Thailand
| | - Don Eliseo III Lucero-Prisno
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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22
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Rawson TM, Moore LSP, Zhu N, Ranganathan N, Skolimowska K, Gilchrist M, Satta G, Cooke G, Holmes A. Bacterial and Fungal Coinfection in Individuals With Coronavirus: A Rapid Review To Support COVID-19 Antimicrobial Prescribing. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:2459-2468. [PMID: 32358954 PMCID: PMC7197596 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 173.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore and describe the current literature surrounding bacterial/fungal coinfection in patients with coronavirus infection. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched using broad-based search criteria relating to coronavirus and bacterial coinfection. Articles presenting clinical data for patients with coronavirus infection (defined as SARS-1, MERS, SARS-CoV-2, and other coronavirus) and bacterial/fungal coinfection reported in English, Mandarin, or Italian were included. Data describing bacterial/fungal coinfections, treatments, and outcomes were extracted. Secondary analysis of studies reporting antimicrobial prescribing in SARS-CoV-2 even in absence of coinfection was performed. RESULTS 1007 abstracts were identified. Eighteen full texts reporting bacterial/fungal coinfection were included. Most studies did not identify or report bacterial/fungal coinfection (85/140; 61%). Nine of 18 (50%) studies reported on COVID-19, 5/18 (28%) on SARS-1, 1/18 (6%) on MERS, and 3/18 (17%) on other coronaviruses. For COVID-19, 62/806 (8%) patients were reported as experiencing bacterial/fungal coinfection during hospital admission. Secondary analysis demonstrated wide use of broad-spectrum antibacterials, despite a paucity of evidence for bacterial coinfection. On secondary analysis, 1450/2010 (72%) of patients reported received antimicrobial therapy. No antimicrobial stewardship interventions were described. For non-COVID-19 cases, bacterial/fungal coinfection was reported in 89/815 (11%) of patients. Broad-spectrum antibiotic use was reported. CONCLUSIONS Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus-associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal coinfection. Generation of prospective evidence to support development of antimicrobial policy and appropriate stewardship interventions specific for the COVID-19 pandemic is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Rawson
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom
| | - Luke S P Moore
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Zhu
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nishanthy Ranganathan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keira Skolimowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Gilchrist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Satta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Cooke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, MacFadden DR, Soucy JPR, Daneman N. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1622-1629. [PMID: 32711058 PMCID: PMC7832079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 891] [Impact Index Per Article: 222.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial co-pathogens are commonly identified in viral respiratory infections and are important causes of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of bacterial infection in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is not well understood. AIMS To determine the prevalence of bacterial co-infection (at presentation) and secondary infection (after presentation) in patients with COVID-19. SOURCES We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, OVID Epub and EMBASE databases for English language literature from 2019 to April 16, 2020. Studies were included if they (a) evaluated patients with confirmed COVID-19 and (b) reported the prevalence of acute bacterial infection. CONTENT Data were extracted by a single reviewer and cross-checked by a second reviewer. The main outcome was the proportion of COVID-19 patients with an acute bacterial infection. Any bacteria detected from non-respiratory-tract or non-bloodstream sources were excluded. Of 1308 studies screened, 24 were eligible and included in the rapid review representing 3338 patients with COVID-19 evaluated for acute bacterial infection. In the meta-analysis, bacterial co-infection (estimated on presentation) was identified in 3.5% of patients (95%CI 0.4-6.7%) and secondary bacterial infection in 14.3% of patients (95%CI 9.6-18.9%). The overall proportion of COVID-19 patients with bacterial infection was 6.9% (95%CI 4.3-9.5%). Bacterial infection was more common in critically ill patients (8.1%, 95%CI 2.3-13.8%). The majority of patients with COVID-19 received antibiotics (71.9%, 95%CI 56.1 to 87.7%). IMPLICATIONS Bacterial co-infection is relatively infrequent in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The majority of these patients may not require empirical antibacterial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Langford
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; Hotel Dieu Shaver Health and Rehabilitation Centre, ON, Canada.
| | - Miranda So
- Sinai Health-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, ON, Canada
| | | | - Valerie Leung
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; Toronto East Health Network, Michael Garron Hospital, ON Canada
| | | | | | - Jean-Paul R Soucy
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nick Daneman
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; ICES (formerly Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), ON, Canada
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24
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Laing E, Sterling S, Richard S, Epsi N, Phogat S, Samuels E, Yan L, Moreno N, Coles C, Drew M, Mehalko J, English C, Merritt S, Mende K, Chung K, Clifton G, Munster V, de Wit E, Tribble D, Agan B, Esposito D, Lanteri C, Mitre E, Burgess T, Broder C. A betacoronavirus multiplex microsphere immunoassay detects early SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and antibody cross reactions. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020:rs.3.rs-105768. [PMID: 33269345 PMCID: PMC7709164 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-105768/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays remain critical for community and hospital-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Here, we developed and applied a multiplex microsphere-based immunoassay (MMIA) for COVD-19 antibody studies that incorporates spike protein trimers of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and the seasonal human betacoronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, that enables measurement of off-target pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies. The MMIA performances characteristics are: 98% sensitive and 100% specific for human subject samples collected as early as 10 days from symptom onset. The MMIA permitted the simultaneous identification of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and the induction of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody cross reactions to SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. Further, synchronous increases of HCoV-OC43 IgG antibody levels was detected with SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in a subset of subjects for whom early infection sera were available prior to their SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion, suggestive of an HCoV-OC43 memory response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nusrat Epsi
- Uniformed Services University/Henry M. Jackson Foundation
| | | | - Emily Samuels
- Uniformed Services University/Henry M. Jackson Foundation
| | - Lianying Yan
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Nicole Moreno
- Uniformed Services University/Henry M. Jackson Foundation
| | | | - Matthew Drew
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | | | | | - Scott Merritt
- Uniformed Services University/Henry M. Jackson Foundation/Brooke Army Medical Center
| | - Katrin Mende
- Uniformed Services University/Henry M. Jackson Foundation/Brooke Army Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Emmie de Wit
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Brian Agan
- Uniformed Services University/Henry M. Jackson Foundation
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25
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Cimolai N. Complicating Infections Associated with Common Endemic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses. Health Secur 2020; 19:195-208. [PMID: 33186086 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2020.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1 are endemic human respiratory coronaviruses that typically cause mild to moderate upper respiratory infections, similar to the common cold. They also may cause simple and complicated lower respiratory infections, otitis media, asthma exacerbations, gastroenteritis, and a few systemic complications. These viruses are usually seasonal (with winter dominance) and affect nearly all age groups. The seasonal and annual variation in virus prevalence has implications for understanding the concept of acquired immunity and its persistence or diminution. Coronaviruses generally have outbreak potential in susceptible populations of any age, particularly in patients with comorbidities, who tend to have increased clinical disease. These 4 coronaviruses are often found in the context of what appears to be coinfection with other pathogens, but especially other viruses. If coronaviruses are not specifically tested for, the sole detection of a viral copathogen would suggest the pathogen is the causative agent, when a coronavirus may be culpable, or both. The detection of these viruses in circumstances where respiratory viruses are generally sought in clinical samples is, therefore, justified. These pathogens can be chronically shed from the respiratory tract, which is more likely to occur among immunocompromised and complicated patients. These viruses share the potential for genetic drift. The genome is among the largest of RNA viruses, and the capability of these viruses to further change is likely underestimated. Given the potential disease among humans, it is justified to search for effective antiviral chemotherapy for these viruses and to consider uses in niche situations should effective therapy be defined. Whereas SARS-CoV-2 may follow the epidemiological pattern of SARS-CoV and extinguish slowly over time, there is yet concern that SARS-CoV-2 may establish itself as an endemic human respiratory coronavirus similar to OC43, 2299E, NL63, and HKU1. Until sufficient data are acquired to better understand the potential of SARS-CoV-2, continued work on antiviral therapy and vaccination is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Nevio Cimolai, MD, FRCPC, is a Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia; he is also Medical Staff, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia; both in Vancouver, Canada
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26
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Laing ED, Sterling SL, Richard SA, Phogat S, Samuels EC, Epsi NJ, Yan L, Moreno N, Coles C, Mehalko J, Drew M, English C, Chung KK, Clifton GT, Munster VJ, de Wit E, Tribble D, Agan BK, Esposito D, Lanteri C, Mitre E, Burgess TH, Broder CC. A betacoronavirus multiplex microsphere immunoassay detects early SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and controls for pre-existing seasonal human coronavirus antibody cross-reactivity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.10.14.20207050. [PMID: 33083807 PMCID: PMC7574255 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.14.20207050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With growing concern of persistent or multiple waves of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, sensitive and specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays remain critical for community and hospital-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Here, we describe the development and application of a multiplex microsphere-based immunoassay (MMIA) for COVD-19 antibody studies, utilizing serum samples from non-human primate SARS-CoV-2 infection models, an archived human sera bank and subjects enrolled at five U.S. military hospitals. The MMIA incorporates prefusion stabilized spike glycoprotein trimers of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and the seasonal human coronaviruses HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, into a multiplexing system that enables simultaneous measurement of off-target pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies. We report the sensitivity and specificity performances for this assay strategy at 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity for subject samples collected as early as 10 days after the onset of symptoms. In archival sera collected prior to 2019 and serum samples from subjects PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2, we detected seroprevalence of 72% and 98% for HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-0C43, respectively. Requiring only 1.25 μL of sera, this approach permitted the simultaneous identification of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and polyclonal SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody responses to SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, further demonstrating the presence of conserved epitopes in the spike glycoprotein of zoonotic betacoronaviruses. Application of this serology assay in observational studies with serum samples collected from subjects before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection will permit an investigation of the influences of HCoV-induced antibodies on COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Spencer L. Sterling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stephanie A. Richard
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Shreshta Phogat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Emily C. Samuels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nusrat J. Epsi
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nicole Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Christian Coles
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jennifer Mehalko
- Protein Expression Laboratory, National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Drew
- Protein Expression Laboratory, National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Caroline English
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kevin K. Chung
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - David Tribble
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte Lanteri
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H. Burgess
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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27
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Laing ED, Sterling SL, Richard SA, Phogat S, Samuels EC, Epsi NJ, Yan L, Moreno N, Coles C, Mehalko J, Drew M, English C, Chung KK, Clifton GT, Munster V, de Wit E, Tribble D, Agan B, Esposito D, Lanteri C, Mitre E, Burgess TH, Broder CC. A betacoronavirus multiplex microsphere immunoassay detects early SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and controls for pre-existing seasonal human coronavirus antibody cross-reactivity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 33083807 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.21.20108985v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
With growing concern of persistent or multiple waves of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, sensitive and specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays remain critical for community and hospital-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Here, we describe the development and application of a multiplex microsphere-based immunoassay (MMIA) for COVD-19 antibody studies, utilizing serum samples from non-human primate SARS-CoV-2 infection models, an archived human sera bank and subjects enrolled at five U.S. military hospitals. The MMIA incorporates prefusion stabilized spike glycoprotein trimers of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and the seasonal human coronaviruses HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, into a multiplexing system that enables simultaneous measurement of off-target pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies. We report the sensitivity and specificity performances for this assay strategy at 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity for subject samples collected as early as 10 days after the onset of symptoms. In archival sera collected prior to 2019 and serum samples from subjects PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2, we detected seroprevalence of 72% and 98% for HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-0C43, respectively. Requiring only 1.25 uL of sera, this approach permitted the simultaneous identification of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and polyclonal SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody responses to SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, further demonstrating the presence of conserved epitopes in the spike glycoprotein of zoonotic betacoronaviruses. Application of this serology assay in observational studies with serum samples collected from subjects before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection will permit an investigation of the influences of HCoV-induced antibodies on COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
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28
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Mallow PJ, Belk KW, Topmiller M, Hooker EA. Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients by Risk Factors: Results from a United States Hospital Claims Database. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2020; 7:165-174. [PMID: 33043063 PMCID: PMC7539762 DOI: 10.36469/jheor.2020.17331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to quantify the role of the number of Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) risk factors on in-hospital mortality. The secondary objective was to assess the associated hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) bed utilization, and ICU LOS with the number of CDC risk factors. METHODS A retrospective cohort study consisting of all hospitalizations with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis discharged between March 15, 2020 and April 30, 2020 was conducted. Data was obtained from 276 acute care hospitals across the United States. Cohorts were identified based upon the number of the CDC COVID-19 risk factors. Multivariable regression modeling was performed to assess outcomes and utilization. The odds ratio (OR) and incidence rate ratio (IRR) were reported. RESULTS Compared with patients with no CDC risk factors, patients with risk factors were significantly more likely to die during the hospitalization: One risk factor (OR 2.08, 95% CI, 1.60-2.70; P < 0.001), two risk factors (OR 2.63, 95% CI, 2.00-3.47; P < 0.001), and three or more risk factors (OR 3.49, 95% CI, 2.53-4.80; P < 0.001). The presence of CDC risk factors was associated with increased ICU utilization, longer ICU LOS, and longer hospital LOS compared to those with no risk factors. Patients with hypertension (OR 0.77, 95% CI, 0.70-0.86; P < 0.001) and those administered statins were less likely to die (OR 0.54, 95% CI, 0.49-0.60; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Quantifying the role of CDC risk factors upon admission may improve risk stratification and identification of patients who may require closer monitoring and more intensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Mallow
- Xavier University, Department of Health Services Administration, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Michael Topmiller
- HealthLandscape, LLC; American Academy of Family Physicians, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Edmond A. Hooker
- Xavier University, Department of Health Services Administration, Cincinnati, OH
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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29
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Ramos-Martínez A, Fernández-Cruz A, Domínguez F, Forteza A, Cobo M, Sánchez-Romero I, Asensio A. Hospital-acquired infective endocarditis during Covid-19 pandemic. Infect Prev Pract 2020; 2:100080. [PMID: 34316565 PMCID: PMC7391975 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID pandemic has had a major impact on healthcare in hospitals, including the diagnosis and treatment of infections. Hospital-acquired infective endocarditis (HAIE) is a severe complication of medical procedures that has shown a progressive increase in recent years. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the incidence of HAIE during the first two months of the epidemic (March-April 2020) was higher than previously observed and to describe the clinical characteristics of these cases. The probability of the studied event (HAIE) during the study period was calculated by Poisson distribution. RESULTS Four cases of HAIE were diagnosed in our institution during the study period. The incidence of HAIE during the study period was 2/patient-month and 0.3/patient-month during the same calender months in the previous 5 years (p=0.033). Two cases presented during admission for COVID-19 with pulmonary involvement treated with methylprednisolone and tocilizumab. The other two cases were admitted to the hospital during the epidemic. All cases underwent central venous and urinary catheterization during admission. The etiology of HAIE was Enterococcus faecalis (2 cases), Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans (one case each). A source of infection was identified in three cases (central venous catheter, peripheral venous catheter, sternal wound infection, respectively). One patient was operated on. Two patients died during hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of HAIE during COVID-19 pandemic in our institution was higher than usual. In order to reduce the risk of this serious infection, optimal catheter care and early treatment of every local infection should be prioritized during coronavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ramos-Martínez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas (Medicina Interna), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Cruz
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas (Medicina Interna), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Domínguez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Forteza
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardíaca, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cobo
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez-Romero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Asensio
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Mallow PJ, Jones M. When Second Best Might Be the Best: Using Hospitalization Data to Monitor the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic. Front Public Health 2020; 8:348. [PMID: 32754567 PMCID: PMC7365841 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Mallow
- Department of Health Services Administration, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter J. Mallow
| | - Michael Jones
- Department of Economics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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31
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Epidemiology and Clinical Symptoms Related to Seasonal Coronavirus Identified in Patients with Acute Respiratory Infections Consulting in Primary Care over Six Influenza Seasons (2014-2020) in France. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060630. [PMID: 32532138 PMCID: PMC7354536 DOI: 10.3390/v12060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently debate about human coronavirus (HCoV) seasonality and pathogenicity, as epidemiological data are scarce. Here, we provide epidemiological and clinical features of HCoV patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) examined in primary care general practice. We also describe HCoV seasonality over six influenza surveillance seasons (week 40 to 15 of each season) from the period 2014/2015 to 2019/2020 in Corsica (France). A sample of patients of all ages presenting for consultation for influenza-like illness (ILI) or ARI was included by physicians of the French Sentinelles Network during this period. Nasopharyngeal samples were tested for the presence of 21 respiratory pathogens by real-time RT-PCR. Among the 1389 ILI/ARI patients, 105 were positive for at least one HCoV (7.5%). On an annual basis, HCoVs circulated from week 48 (November) to weeks 14–15 (May) and peaked in week 6 (February). Overall, among the HCoV-positive patients detected in this study, HCoV-OC43 was the most commonly detected virus, followed by HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-229E. The HCoV detection rates varied significantly with age (p = 0.00005), with the age group 0–14 years accounting for 28.6% (n = 30) of HCoV-positive patients. Fever and malaise were less frequent in HCoV patients than in influenza patients, while sore throat, dyspnoea, rhinorrhoea, and conjunctivitis were more associated with HCoV positivity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that HCoV subtypes appear in ARI/ILI patients seen in general practice, with characteristic outbreak patterns primarily in winter. This study also identified symptoms associated with HCoVs in patients with ARI/ILI. Further studies with representative samples should be conducted to provide additional insights into the epidemiology and clinical features of HCoVs.
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