Glycemic, inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to different high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial

Oxidative stress and pediatric diabetic cardiovascular complications: emerging research and clinical applications

The prevalence and incidence of diabetes in pediatrics have dramatically increased over the last three decades. Comparatively, pediatric diabetes has faster pancreatic β-cells decline and early progression to complications compared with adult diabetes. Therefore, diabetic complications are a major concern in children and adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes has detrimental effects on the macro- and microvascular systems, resulting in cardiovascular diseases, leading causes of morbidity and mortality in youth with diabetes. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in developing cardiovascular complications in the context of pediatric diabetes. In pediatric patients with diabetes, several factors can contribute to the development of excess reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, including nutritional deficiencies, puberty, environmental exposures, and metabolic disorders such as obesity and high blood pressure. The present study aims to raise awareness of diabetic cardiovascular complications in children and adolescents with diabetes and the role of oxidative stress and their molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications. In addition, some novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of diabetic cardiovascular complications in the pediatric populations are highlighted. In summary, children and adolescents with diabetes no matter type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 1 diabetes (T2D), have many features similar to those in adults with same kinds of diabetes, but also have many their own features distinct from adults. By developing targeted therapies and preventive measures, healthcare providers can better address the rising incidence of diabetes-related complications in children and adolescents.

The impact of high-intensity interval training on insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and muscle function in a PCOS rat model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders . This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on insulin resistance, oxidative stress, soleus muscle function, and myokine levels in a PCOS rat model. Female rats were assigned to four groups: Control, PCOS, PCOS+Exercise, and Exercise (n=15 each). PCOS was induced by subcutaneous administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 3 weeks, and exercise groups underwent HIIT for 12 weeks. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum oxidative stress markers, hormone levels (FSH, LH), soleus myokine expression, and muscle function were analyzed. Results showed that the PCOS group exhibited increased blood pressure and insulin resistance compared to controls, with a significant reduction in FSH and LH levels in the PCOS+Exercise group. Exercise improved insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin resistance in the PCOS+Exercise group. Serum oxidative stress markers did not differ significantly between groups. Soleus muscle IL-6 levels were significantly reduced in the PCOS+Exercise group. Histological analysis revealed a larger cross-sectional area of the soleus muscle in the PCOS+Exercise group compared to the PCOS group, suggesting improved muscle morphology. Furthermore, exercise improved the functional capacity of soleus muscles, as evidenced by weightlifting performance. These findings indicate that HIIT has beneficial effects on insulin resistance, reproductive hormone levels in PCOS. Exercise also shows potential in slowing oocyte loss and improving follicle health, highlighting its role as a therapeutic intervention for reproductive health in PCOS. This study suggests that HIIT could be a beneficial approach for managing PCOS, and further research is needed to better understand its underlying mechanisms and potential long-term benefits.

High-intensity functional training modulates oxidative stress and improves physical performance in adolescent male soccer players: a randomized controlled trial

While regular exercise training is known to decrease oxidative stress (OS) and enhance antioxidant functions in adults, limited data exist on OS responses in the pediatric population. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on oxidative stress and physical performance in adolescent soccer players. In this randomized controlled trial, 20 well-trained adolescent soccer players were divided into HIFT (n = 10) and moderate-intensity soccer technical training (MITT, n = 10) groups. Both groups trained for 8 weeks (3 days/week). Oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, 8-OHDG, H2O2, GPx, CAT) and physical performance (VO2peak, vertical jump height [VJH], maximal explosive power [MEP]) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Repeated measure mixed ANOVA (2 × 2) with a significance level of P < 0.05 was used to determine differences between and within subjects. The main effect of interaction was significant for VO2peak, VJH and MEP (P < 0.05). The main effect of interaction was not significant for CAT, 8-OHDG, GPx, H2O2 and MDA (P > 0.05). Following intervention, VO2peak and VJH performance in the HIFT were significantly higher than MITT (P < 0.05). MDA and H2O2 in the HIFT decreased significantly (P < 0.05), but no significant changes were observed in the MITT (P > 0.05). CAT activity decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while GPx activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups. 8-OHDG did not show significant changes in both groups (P > 0.05). Eight weeks of HIFT did not cause greater OS compared to MITT, while could improve physical performance parameters. These findings suggest that HIFT is a viable and time-efficient training strategy for enhancing athletic performance in youth sports. Trial registration: The present study was a randomized controlled trial (registration number: IRCT20190530043762N1, 25/09/2019, Iran).

Effect of resistance training on inflammatory markers in middle-aged and older adults: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of resistance training on pro-inflammatory cytokines c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL 6), and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α) in middle-aged and elderly individuals.

METHODS

The retrieval period for the Web of Science and other large electronic databases is set by default to March 2022. Both included and excluded researchers are independent examination literature on the impact of resistance exercise on markers of inflammation in the elderly. The physical medical care Evidence Database scale (Physical Therapy Evidence Database, PEDro) was used to evaluate the research quality, and Revmen 5.3 was used to end the index analysis.

RESULTS

After a total of four rounds of elimination, 12 items were eventually included. The total sample size for the research was 388 persons. Resistance training substantially reduced CRP levels in middle-aged and older individuals, with SMD = -0.56 and 95 % confidence interval ([-0.78, -0.34], P < 0.00001, correspondingly. Resistance training can successfully lower IL6 concentrations in middle-aged and older adults, although the combined impact is not substantial. SMD = -0.25, 95 % CI [-0.54, 0.04]; P = 0.09. TNF- concentrations did not alter significantly following resistance exercise in middle-aged and older adults. The overall effect was SMD = -0.07, with a 95 % confidence interval [-0.37, 0.23], while P = 0.64.

CONCLUSION

Resistance training reduces CRP, IL6, and TNF-α levels among middle-aged and elderly people. However, it has no significant anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-α. Resistance exercise at a moderate level for 3 times / week with a duration of 6-12 weeks or 16-32 weeks, significantly reduced CRP levels. This work contributing to exploring the resistance training program for the elderly to reduce inflammatory markers, and further, providing suggestions for the elderly to participate in resistance training and reduce the concentration of inflammatory markers.

Effects of HIIT Interventions on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Glycemic Parameters in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic control, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a promising exercise modality with potential benefits for both aspects in this population.

OBJECTIVES

The primary aim was to investigate the effects of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM. The secondary aim was to examine the most effective HIIT protocol for cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

Two major electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed) were searched up to February 2024.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES

Randomized and non-randomized trials involving adult patients with T1DM, free of complications and other diseases examining the effects of HIIT (HIIT pre vs. post; HIIT vs. control group or HIIT vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters were included.

RESULTS

A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness following HIIT interventions (pre vs. post) in patients with T1DM (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16 to 1, p = 0.01). Furthermore, HIIT (pre vs. post) was associated with significant improvements in 24-h mean glucose control (SMD = - 0.44, 95% CI = - 0.81 to - 0.06, p = 0.02), but the results (pre vs. post) failed to identify significant improvements in fasting glucose (SMD = - 0.26, 95% CI = - 0.78 to 0.24, p = 0.3) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values (SMD = - 0.28, 95% CI = - 0.61 to 0.05, p = 0.1). However, in comparison with a control group, HIIT showed significantly favorable effects on HbA1C (SMD = - 0.74, 95% CI = - 1.35 to - 0.14, p = 0.02). Finally, the meta-regression analysis did not find any moderating effect of any HIIT characteristics (i.e., intervention duration, session duration, work time, rest time, number of bouts, and intensity) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters.

CONCLUSION

Our systematic review and meta-analysis show that T1DM patients who performed a HIIT intervention significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced their 24-h mean glucose levels, but not their HbA1C and fasting glucose. These findings support the application of HIIT interventions in T1DM patients. However, the guidelines for the most effective protocol remain unclear; hence, future studies are needed.

Modulation of the Cardiovascular Risk in Type 1 Diabetic Rats by Endurance Training in Combination with the Prebiotic Xylooligosaccharide

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a major etiological factor in heart failure in diabetic patients, characterized by mitochondrial oxidative metabolism dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, and marked glycogen elevation. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of endurance training and prebiotic xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on the activity of key oxidative enzymes, myocardial collagen, and glycogen distribution as well as some serum biochemical risk markers in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 36) were divided into four diabetic groups (n = 9): sedentary diabetic rats on a normal diet (SDN), trained diabetic rats on a normal diet (TDN), trained diabetic rats on a normal diet with an XOS supplement (TD-XOS), and sedentary diabetic rats with an XOS supplement (SD-XOS). The results show that aerobic training managed to increase the enzyme activity of respiratory Complex I and II and the lactate dehydrogenase in the cardiomyocytes of the diabetic rats. Furthermore, the combination of exercise and XOS significantly decreased the collagen and glycogen content. No significant effects on blood pressure, heart rate or markers of inflammation were detected. These results demonstrate the beneficial effects of exercise, alone or in combination with XOS, on the cardiac mitochondrial enzymology and histopathology of diabetic rats.

The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on autoimmune diseases: A 20-year systematic review

BACKGROUND

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise may be an underlying factor in improving several autoimmune diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence on the role of exercise training in mitigating inflammation in adolescents and adults with autoimmune disease.

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were systematically reviewed for related studies published between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2023. All randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions with autoimmune disease study participants that evaluated inflammation-related biomarkers were included. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise scale and Cochrane bias risk tool.

RESULTS

A total of 14,565 records were identified. After screening the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 87 were eligible for the systematic review. These studies were conducted in 25 different countries and included a total of 2779 participants (patients with autoimmune disease, in exercise or control groups). Overall, the evidence suggests that inflammation-related markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α were reduced by regular exercise interventions. Regular exercise interventions combined with multiple exercise modes were associated with greater benefits.

CONCLUSION

Regular exercise training by patients with autoimmune disease exerts an anti-inflammatory influence. This systematic review provides support for the promotion and development of clinical exercise intervention programs for patients with autoimmune disease. Most patients with autoimmune disease can safely adopt moderate exercise training protocols, but changes in inflammation biomarkers will be modest at best. Acute exercise interventions are ineffective or even modestly but transiently pro-inflammatory.

The Effects of Resistance Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and Insulin Resistance Development in Female Rodents with Type 1 Diabetes

The etiology of insulin resistance (IR) development in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains unclear; however, impaired skeletal muscle metabolism may play a role. While IR development has been established in male T1DM rodents, female rodents have yet to be examined in this context. Resistance exercise training (RT) has been shown to improve IR and is associated with a lower risk of hypoglycemia onset in T1DM compared to aerobic exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RT on IR development in female T1DM rodents. Forty Sprague Dawley eight-week-old female rats were divided into four groups: control sedentary (CS; n = 10), control trained (CT; n = 10), T1DM sedentary (DS; n = 10), and T1DM trained (DT; n = 10). Multiple low-dose streptozotocin injections were used to induce T1DM. Blood glucose levels were maintained in the 4-9 mmol/l range with intensive insulin therapy. CT and DT underwent weighted ladder climbing 5 days/week for six weeks. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were conducted on all animals following the six-week period. Results demonstrate that DS animals exhibited significantly increased weekly blood glucose measures compared to all groups including DT (p < 0.0001), despite similar insulin dosage levels. This was concomitant with a significant increase in insulin-adjusted area under the curve following IVGTT in DS (p < 0.05), indicative of a reduction in insulin sensitivity. Both DT and DS exhibited greater serum insulin concentrations compared to CT and CS (p < 0.05). DS animals also exhibited significantly greater glycogen content in white gastrocnemius muscle compared to CS and DT (p < 0.05), whereas DT and DS animals exhibited greater p-Akt: Akt ratio in the white vastus lateralis muscle and citrate synthase activity in the red vastus lateralis muscle compared to CS and CT (p < 0.05). These results indicate that female rodents with T1DM develop poor glycemic control and IR which can be attenuated with RT, possibly related to differences in intramyocellular glycogen content.

Effects of resistance training on heat shock response (HSR), HSP70 expression, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolism in middle-aged people

Resistance training (RT) can increase the heat shock response (HSR) in the elderly. As middle-aged subjects already suffer physiological declines related to aging, it is hypothesized that RT may increase the HSR in these people. To assess the effects of resistance training on heat shock response, intra and extracellular HSP70, oxidative stress, inflammation, body composition, and metabolism in middle-aged subjects. Sixteen volunteers (40 - 59 years) were allocated to two groups: the trained group (n = 7), which performed 12 weeks of RT; and the physically inactive-control group (n = 9), which did not perform any type of exercise. The RT program consisted of 9 whole-body exercises (using standard gym equipment) and functional exercises, carried out 3 times/week. Before and after the intervention, body composition, muscle mass, strength, functional capacity, and blood sample measurements (lipid profile, glucose, insulin, oxidative damage, TNF-α, the HSR, HSP70 expression in leukocytes, and HSP72 in plasma) were performed. The HSR analysis demonstrated that this response is maintained at normal levels in middle-aged people and that RT did not cause any improvement. Also, RT increases muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity. Despite no additional changes of RT on the antioxidant defenses (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and reductase) or inflammation, lipid peroxidation was diminished by RT (group x time interaction, p = 0.009), indicating that other antioxidant defenses may be improved after RT. HSR is preserved in middle-aged subjects without metabolic complications. In addition, RT reduces lipid peroxidation and can retard muscle mass and strength loss related to the aging process.

Longitudinal associations of physical activity with inflammatory markers in US adults with and without type 1 diabetes

AIMS

To investigate the longitudinal associations of different levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with C-reactive protein (CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and fibrinogen.

METHODS

We conducted longitudinal analyses with data from the Coronary Artery Calcification in T1D (CACTI) cohort, which included individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 563) and without diabetes mellitus (non-DM, n = 692) with ∼ 3 years follow-up. Individuals were divided into groups to perform two analyses: 1) those who performed any MVPA and those who were sedentary (0 mins/week) and 2) those who performed 1-149 mins/week, ≥150 mins/week, or who were sedentary. Mixed effect models with an unstructured covariance structure were applied.

RESULTS

Compared to sedentary individuals, any MVPA was associated with a -2.96 % decrease in fibrinogen (p-value = 0.0043) and a -11.23 % decrease in PAI-1 (p-value = 0.0007) in combined analyses. Stratified analyses found 1-149 mins/week and ≥ 150 mins/week were associated with significant decreases in fibrinogen, -5.31 % and -3.44 %, respectively, in those with T1D. Both the non-DM and T1D groups had significant decreases in PAI-1 associated with ≥ 150 mins/week (-9.11 % and -16.96 %, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight that meeting ≥ 150 mins/week of MVPA is inversely associated with inflammatory markers linked with increased CVD risk.

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Commonalities, Differences and the Importance of Exercise and Nutrition

Diabetes mellitus represents a group of physiological dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting directly from insulin resistance (in the case of type 2 diabetes mellitus-T2DM), inadequate insulin secretion/production, or excessive glucagon secretion (in type 1 diabetes mellitus-T1DM) [...].

Effect of concurrent resistance-aerobic training on inflammatory factors and growth hormones in children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Exercise training is a major factor in controlling type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children. The present study aimed to assess the effect of concurrent resistance-aerobic training on selected inflammatory factors and hormones related to blood glucose homeostasis in children with T1DM.

METHODS

In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 40 children (with the mean age of 11.11 ± 2.29 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental (N = 20) or control group (N = 20). They underwent a 16-week training program, composed of concurrent resistance-aerobic training performed intermittently for 60 min three times a week. Before and after training, blood samples were analyzed for glucose homeostasis, selected inflammatory factors, and growth factors. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in IBM SPSS version 22.

RESULTS

The exercise training intervention reduced fasting blood sugar index (P = 0.002) and glycosylated hemoglobin significantly (P = 0.003). The growth hormone levels were increased significantly only in the experimental group (P = 0.037), whereas no significant difference was noted in the insulin-like growth factor-1 (P = 0.712). It was also found that interleukin-1β and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not change in the experimental or control group as compared to the pretest (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

As it was shown, it seems that concurrent resistance-aerobic training may improve blood glucose homeostasis and growth hormone. Therefore, these findings may suggest the benefit from exercise training of moderate intensity in children with T1DM. Besides, we recommend undertaking further clinical trials to determine if the exercise training was effective.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials under the code IRCT20150531022498N30: https://en.irct.ir/trial/41031 . Registered on July 26, 2019. All experiments on the participants were following the Declaration of Helsinki.

A Role for Advanced Glycation End Products in Molecular Ageing

Ageing is a composite process that involves numerous changes at the cellular, tissue, organ and whole-body levels. These changes result in decreased functioning of the organism and the development of certain conditions, which ultimately lead to an increased risk of death. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a family of compounds with a diverse chemical nature. They are the products of non-enzymatic reactions between reducing sugars and proteins, lipids or nucleic acids and are synthesised in high amounts in both physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulation of these molecules increases the level of damage to tissue/organs structures (immune elements, connective tissue, brain, pancreatic beta cells, nephrons, and muscles), which consequently triggers the development of age-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular and kidney disorders. Irrespective of the role of AGEs in the initiation or progression of chronic disorders, a reduction in their levels would certainly provide health benefits. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of AGEs in these areas. Moreover, we provide examples of lifestyle interventions, such as caloric restriction or physical activities, that may modulate AGE formation and accumulation and help to promote healthy ageing.

Exercise interventions for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review with practical recommendations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic endocrine disease that results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing β cells, which can lead to microvascular (e.g., retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy) and macro-vascular complications (e.g., coronary arterial disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and heart failure) as a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia. Despite the widely available and compelling evidence that regular exercise is an efficient strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease and to improve functional capacity and psychological well-being in people with T1DM, over 60% of individuals with T1DM do not exercise regularly. It is, therefore, crucial to devise approaches to motivate patients with T1DM to exercise, to adhere to a training program, and to inform them of its specific characteristics (e.g., exercise mode, intensity, volume, and frequency). Moreover, given the metabolic alterations that occur during acute bouts of exercise in T1DM patients, exercise prescription in this population should be carefully analyzed to maximize its benefits and to reduce its potential risks.

The high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation can positively regulate the autophagy pathway in myocardial cells of STZ-induced diabetic rats

OBJECTIVE

Targeting autophagy is a new therapeutic strategy for the complications of diabetes,such as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). During diabetes, increased or insufficient autophagic activity causes aberrations in cellular homeostasis. Regarding the conflicting and unclear results regarding the effect of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on the expression of genes associated to autophagy, this study aimed to assess whether 4-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation are able to influence the expression of autophagy-related genes in myocardial cells of diabetic rats.

METHODS

In an experimental design, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: non-diabetic control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetes + HIIT (D + HIIT), and diabetes + curcumin (D + CU). After HIIT program and curcumin treatment, the genes expression of autophagy pathway were assessed in the myocardium by real-time PCR Tanique.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the expression levels of ATG1, Beclin1, ATG5, and LAMP-2 genes were significantly reduced in the DC group compared to the NC group (p < 0.001). Following 4-week HIIT, the expression of Beclin1, ATG-5, and LAMP-2 improved considerably compared to the DC group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.05, respectively). In addition, after 4 weeks of curcumin supplementation, the expression levels of ATG-5 and Beclin-1 were significantly improved compared to the DC group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively). It seems HIIT and curcumin supplementation can be an effective approach for inducing autophagy and improving cardiac function in DCM rats.However, HIIT seems more effective than curcumin in this regard.

Insights into Manganese Superoxide Dismutase and Human Diseases

Redox equilibria and the modulation of redox signalling play crucial roles in physiological processes. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupts the body's antioxidant defence, compromising redox homeostasis and increasing oxidative stress, leading to the development of several diseases. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a principal antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage by converting superoxide anion radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen in mitochondria. Systematic studies have demonstrated that MnSOD plays an indispensable role in multiple diseases. This review focuses on preclinical evidence that describes the mechanisms of MnSOD in diseases accompanied with an imbalanced redox status, including fibrotic diseases, inflammation, diabetes, vascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The potential therapeutic effects of MnSOD activators and MnSOD mimetics are also discussed. Targeting this specific superoxide anion radical scavenger may be a clinically beneficial strategy, and understanding the therapeutic role of MnSOD may provide a positive insight into preventing and treating related diseases.

The Influence of Lifestyle and Treatment on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetes

Diabetes is considered a new pandemic of the modern world, and the number of sufferers is steadily increasing. Sustained hyperglycemia promotes the production of free radicals and leads to persistent, low-grade inflammation. Oxidative stress causes mitochondrial destruction, which along with activation of the hexosamine pathway, nuclear factor-κB (Nf-κb), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-jun NH2 terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) or toll-like receptors (TLRs), leads to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. However, there is also the protective mechanism that counteracts oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes, mitophagy, which is a mitochondrial autophagy. An important part of the strategy to control diabetes is to lead a healthy lifestyle based on, among other things, regular physical activity, giving up smoking, eating a balanced diet containing ingredients with antioxidant potential, including vegetables and fruits, and using hypoglycemic pharmacotherapy. Tobacco smoke is a recognized modifiable risk factor for many diseases including diabetes, and it has been shown that the risk of the disease increases in proportion to the intensity of smoking. Physical activity as another component of therapy can effectively reduce glucose fluctuations, and high intensity interval exercise appears to have the most beneficial effect. A proper diet not only increases cellular sensitivity to insulin, but is also able to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Pharmacotherapy for diabetes can also affect oxidative stress and inflammation. Some oral drugs, such as metformin, pioglitazone, vildagliptin, liraglutide, and exenatide, cause a reduction in markers of oxidative stress and/or inflammation, while the new drug Imeglimin reverses pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. In studies of sitagliptin, vildagliptin and exenatide, beneficial effects on oxidative stress and inflammation were achieved by, among other things, reducing glycemic excursions. For insulin therapy, no corresponding correlation was observed. Insulin did not reduce oxidative stress parameters. There was no correlation between glucose variability and oxidative stress in patients on insulin therapy. The data used in this study were obtained by searching PubMed online databases, taking into account recent studies.

Protective Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) against Vascular Dysfunction in Hyperglycemic Rats

Background

Hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with the inability of endothelial cells to maintain homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Regular exercise may be considered as an effective and low-cost nonpharmacological tool for improving vascular function, though there is no agreement on the best type of exercise.

Objectives

To determine how high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) may prevent endothelial dysfunction under hyperglycemic conditions, and to compare these two interventions.

Method

Twenty-four eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: healthy nonexercising control (C), hyperglycemic control (HG-C), hyperglycemic + HIIT (HG-IT), and hyperglycemic + MICT (HG-CT). Hyperglycemia was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin. Hyperglycemic animals were subjected to HIIT or MICT protocols six days a week for six weeks. Decapitation was performed the day after the exercise protocols were completed. The ascending aorta (until the abdominal artery) was examined. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the glucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) levels. A colorimetric assay was used to measure superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to measure the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to histologically analyze the aortas.

Results

There was a significantly higher level of GLP-1 and lower expression of RAGE, NF-κB, and TNFα in the HG-IT and HG-CT group compared to the HG-C group. Microscopic examination of aortic tissue showed a better tissue arrangement in both treatment groups than in the HG-C group. Except for the MDA level, there were no significant differences in any of the measured parameters between the HG-IT and HG-CT groups.

Conclusion

Under hyperglycemic conditions, both HIIT and MICT have a protective role against endothelial dysfunction.

The Resistance Exercise in Already Active Diabetic Individuals (READI) Randomised Clinical Trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the incremental impact of resistance training on HbA1c, fitness, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in aerobically-active people with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Resistance Exercise in Already-active Diabetic Individuals (READI) trial (NCT00410436) was a four-centre randomized parallel-group trial. After a 5-week run-in period with diabetes management optimization, 131 aerobically-active individuals with type 1 diabetes were randomized to resistance exercise (n = 71, intervention - INT) or control (n = 60, CON) for 22 additional weeks. Both groups maintained their aerobic activities and were provided dietary counselling throughout. Exercise training was three times per week at community-based facilities. The primary outcome was HbA1c, and secondary outcomes included fitness (peak oxygen consumption, muscle strength), body composition (anthropometrics, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography) and cardiometabolic risk markers (lipids, apolipoproteins). Assessors were blinded to group allocation.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in HbA1c change between INT and CON. Declines in HbA1c [INT: 7.75 ± 0.10% (61.2 ± 1.1 mmol/mol) to 7.55 ± 0.10% (59 ± 1.1 mmol/mol); CON: 7.70 ± 0.11% (60.7 ± 1.2 mmol/mol) to 7.57 ± 0.11% (59.6 ± 1.3 mmol/mol); intergroup difference in change -0.07 [95% CI -0.31, 0.18]. Waist circumference decreased more in INT than CON after six months (p = 0.02). Muscular strength increased more in INT than in CON (p < 0.001). There were no intergroup differences in hypoglycemia or any other variables.

CONCLUSIONS

Adding resistance training did not impact glycemia, but it increased strength and reduced waist circumference, in aerobically active individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Association of HbA1c with VO2max in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between glycemic control (HbA1c) and functional capacity (VO2max) in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). A systematic literature search was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ISI Web of Knowledge for publications from January 1950 until July 2020. Randomized and observational controlled trials with a minimum number of three participants were included if cardio-pulmonary exercise tests to determine VO2max and HbA1c measurement has been performed. Pooled mean values were estimated for VO2max and HbA1c and weighted Pearson correlation and meta-regression were performed to assess the association between these parameters. We included 187 studies with a total of 3278 individuals with T1DM. The pooled mean HbA1c value was 8.1% (95%CI; 7.9−8.3%), and relative VO2max was 38.5 mL/min/kg (37.3−39.6). The pooled mean VO2max was significantly lower (36.9 vs. 40.7, p = 0.001) in studies reporting a mean HbA1c > 7.5% compared to studies with a mean HbA1c ≤ 7.5%. Weighted Pearson correlation coefficient was r = −0.19 (p < 0.001) between VO2max and HbA1c. Meta-regression adjusted for age and sex showed a significant decrease of −0.94 mL/min/kg in VO2max per HbA1c increase of 1% (p = 0.024). In conclusion, we were able to determine a statistically significant correlation between HbA1c and VO2max in individuals with T1DM. However, as the correlation was only weak, the association of HbA1c and VO2max might not be of clinical relevance in individuals with T1DM.

Effects of exercise modalities on decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension

This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on blood pressure and endothelial blood markers. We also correlated post-exercise blood pressure response with baseline cardiovascular parameters in middle-aged patients with hypertension. This cross-sectional study randomized 54 volunteers into the aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 27; 45.6 ± 7.7 years) or dynamic resistance exercise group (RG, n = 27; 45.8 ± 8.4 years). Blood marker evaluation, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, resting blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), flow-mediated dilatation monitoring, and body composition evaluation were carried out. Exercise sessions were performed to evaluate post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and endothelial marker responses, in addition to post-exercise ABPM (ABPMex). This study is an arm of the study which was approved by the local ethics committee (No. 69373217.3.0000.5347) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03282942). The AG performed walking/running at 60% of the reserve heart rate, while the RG performed 10 exercises with two sets of 15-20 repetitions. The mean 24 h ABPM and ABPMex values showed no significant statistical differences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure hypotension after aerobic and dynamic resistance were -10.59 ± 5.24/-6.15 ± 6.41 mmHg and -5.56 ± 7.61/-6.20 ± 8.25 mmHg, respectively. For an up-to-7 h assessment of resting pressure, there was a positive effect in the aerobic group. The concentrations of nitrites/nitrates (NOx) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) did not change during hypotension. Moreover, PEH and ABPMex were significantly correlated with baseline health variables. Thus, when middle-aged patients with hypertension perform aerobic or resistance exercise, the NOx/ET-1 pathway does not provide the best explanation for PEH. Finally, we found associations between baseline cardiovascular variables and endothelial vasoconstrictors with PEH.

High Intensity Interval Training reduces hypoglycemic events compared with continuous aerobic training in individuals with type 1 diabetes: HIIT and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes

AIMS

to investigate if a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) protocol improves glycemic control and fitness capacity, compared to traditional moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) exercise.

METHODS

30 sedentary individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 26 healthy controls were assigned to a 3-week HIIT or MICT protocol. Blood glucose levels by continuous glucose monitoring system and fitness status were compared before and after the study period.

RESULTS

During workouts, blood glucose levels remained stable in HIIT exercise (+3.2 ± 16.2 mg/dl (p = 0.43)), while decreased in MICT (-27.1 ± 17.5 mg/dl (p < 0.0001)) exercise. In addition, out of the 9 training sessions, HIIT volunteers needed to take carbohydrate supplements to avoid hypoglycemia in 0.56 ± 0.9 sessions, compared to 1.83 ± 0.5 sessions (p < 0.04) in MICT individuals. In the analysis of blood glucose levels between rest and training days (24h-period), training significantly reduced mean glycemic levels in both groups, but the MICT exercise results in an increase in the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. The response to exercise seems to be attenuated in individuals with T1D, especially in HIIT group.

CONCLUSION

HIIT training results in a greater glycemic stability, with reduction of hypoglycemic episodes.

Effects of exercise training on glycaemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

AbstractThe aim of the study is to evaluate whether exercise interventions are associated with improved glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and to examine its relationship with the characteristics of the intervention (i.e., type, intensity, length, and duration of the sessions). Eligible criteria were randomised controlled trials of youth aged 6-18 years with T1DM, participating in an exercise-based intervention where glycaemic control is measured (i.e., glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c]). Pooled effect sizes (Hedges'g) were calculated using random-effects inverse-variance analyses. Fourteen studies enrolling 509 patients were analysed. Effect size was expressed as Hedges' g to correct for possible small sample bias. Overall, HbA1c levels in the exercise group (g=-0.38 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.66 to -0.11; mean difference [MD]=-0.62%) were reduced compared with the control group. Concurrent training (g=-0.63 95%CI, -1.05 to -0.21), high-intensity exercise (g=-0.43 95%CI, -0.83 to -0.03), interventions ≥24 weeks (g=-0.92 95%CI, -1.44 to -0.40), and sessions ≥60 minutes (g=-0.71 95%CI, -1.05 to -0.08) showed larger changes (MD=-0.66% to 1.30%). In conclusion, our study suggests that programs longer than 24 weeks with at least 60 min/session of high-intensity concurrent exercise may serve as a supportive therapy to metabolic control in youth with T1DM.

Association between physical activity before diagnosis and the presence of clinical remission in type 1 diabetes - InlipoDiab1 study

AIM

To investigate whether physical activity is associated with the occurrence of remission in adults with type 1 diabetes.

METHODS

Ninety nine adult participants with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes were enroled into a prospective, observational study. The participants were advised to exercise 2-3 times a week with moderate intensity for a one-year period. Physical activity was assessed by a self-administrated questionnaire on every fourth visit. We counted the months in which participants fulfiled a partial-remission criteria: HbA1c < 6.5%, C-peptide > 0.5 ng/ml, and daily dose of insulin <0.3 U/kg/day. We assigned the participants to two groups: MORE EFFORT and LESS EFFORT, depending on the median value of physical activity in the studied population.

RESULTS

The occurrence of the remission achieved statistical significance at 6th month with a greater prevalence in MORE EFFORT group (55% vs. 35% p = 0.047). In multivariate logistic regression analysis for the occurrence of remission at 12th month, physical activity before the diagnosis was the only variable that influences the occurrence of the remission (adjusted odds ratios = 3.32 [95% confidence intervals 1.25-8.80]; p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

In adults with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes physical activity before the diagnosis is associated with higher occurrence of remission.

Level of physical activity and gene expression of IL-10 and TNF-α in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes

AIMS

The gene expressions of IL-10 and TNF-α have been identified as important factors of the clinical condition in type I diabetes mellitus (DM1). However, the effect of physical exercise on the expression of these markers is poorly understood. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between the level of physical activity (LPA) and the gene expressions of IL-10 and TNF-α, as the relationship with glycemic control and insulin reserve in children and adolescents with DM1.

METHODS

108 participants (1-23 years), were divided into 4 groups: DM1 with ketoacidosis (KETO) (n = 15); Decompensated DM1 (DM1d) (n = 32); Compensated DM1 (DM1c) (n = 30); and healthy control (C) (n = 30). The level of physical activity (LPA) was classified as low active, active, and very active. So evaluated Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide, and gene expressions of IL-10 and TNF-α.

RESULTS

The increase in the level of physical activity significantly affected the expression of TNF-α in the DMd and C groups. The increase in LPA from low to active reduced the gene expression of IL-10; however, the increase in NAF from active to very active was associated with an increase in IL-10 gene expression. A very active LPA contributes to reducing HbA1c and an increase in C-peptide in the KETO group.

CONCLUSION

The increase in LPA demonstrated a significant effect on the improvement of IL-10 and TNF-α gene expression in the KETO and DMd groups; however, in the KETO group, improvements were also observed in the percentage of HbA1C and C-peptide.

Altered muscle mitochondrial, inflammatory and trophic markers and reduced exercise training adaptations in type 1 diabetes

KEY POINTS

Type 1 diabetes negatively affects skeletal muscle health; however, the effect of structured exercise training on markers of mitochondrial function, inflammation and regeneration is not known. Even though participants with type 1 diabetes and healthy control were comparable for cardiorespiratory fitness (VO₂ max) and muscle strength at baseline, molecular markers related to muscle health were decreased in type 1 diabetes. After training, both groups increased the VO₂ max and muscle strength, however, a larger improvement was achieved by the control group. The training intervention decreased glucose fluctuations and occurrence of hypoglycaemic events in type 1 diabetes, while signs of mild myopathy found in the muscle of participants with type 1 diabetes only partially improved after training Improving muscle health by specific exercise protocols is of considerable clinical interest in therapeutic strategies for improving type 1 diabetes management and prevent or delay long-term complications.

ABSTRACT

Growing evidence of impaired skeletal muscle health in people with type 1 diabetes points toward the presence of a mild myopathy in this population. However, this myopathic condition is not jet well characterised and often overlooked, even though it might affect the whole-body glucose homeostasis and the development of comorbidities. This study aims to compare skeletal muscle adaptations and changes in glycaemic control after 12 weeks of combined resistance and aerobic (COMB) training between people with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls, and whether the impaired muscle health in type 1 diabetes can affect the exercise-induced adaptations. The COMB training intervention increased aerobic capacity and muscle strength in both healthy and type 1 diabetes sedentary participants, although these improvements were higher in the control group. Better glucose control, reduced glycaemic fluctuations and fewer hypoglycaemic events were recorded at Post- compared to Pre-intervention in type 1 diabetes. Analysis of muscle biopsies showed an alteration of muscle markers of mitochondrial functions, inflammation, aging and growth/atrophy compared to the control group. These muscular molecular differences were only partially modified by the COMB training and might explain the reduced exercise adaptation observed in type 1 diabetes. In brief, type 1 diabetes impairs many aspects of skeletal muscle health and might affect the exercise-induced adaptations. Defining the magnitude of diabetic myopathy and the effect of exercise, including longer duration of the intervention, will drive the development of strategies to maximize muscle health in the type 1 diabetes population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Quality of Life, Sleep Quality, Exercise Motivation and Enjoyment in Sedentary People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

(1) Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) people’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is affected by glycemic control. Regular exercise is strongly recommended to these patients due to its cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. However, a large percentage of patients with T1DM people present a sedentary behavior because of the fear of a post-exercise hypoglycemia event, lack of time, lack of motivation and the complicated management of exercise, glycemic and insulin dose interaction. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an efficient and safe methodology since it prevents hypoglycemia and does not require much time, which are the main barriers for this population to doing exercise and increasing physical conditioning. (2) Methods: Nineteen sedentary adults (37 ± 6.5 years) with T1DM, were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of either HIIT (12-16-20 × 30-s intervals interspersed with 1-min rest periods) performed thrice weekly, or to the control group, which did not train. HRQoL, sleep quality, exercise motivation and enjoyment were measured as psychological variables. (4) Results: HRQoL improved in physical and social domains, PF (1.9%); PR (80.3%); GH (16.6); SF (34.1%). Sleep quality improved in the HIIT group by 21.4%. Enjoyment improved by 7% and intrinsic motivation was increased by 13%. (5) Conclusions: We suggest that the 6-week HIIT program used in the present study is safe, since no severe hypoglycemia were reported, and an effective strategy in improving HRQoL, sleep quality, exercise motivation and enjoyment which are important psychological well-being factors in T1DM people.

Association of Novel Advanced Glycation End-Product (AGE10) with Complications of Diabetes as Measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) contribute to vascular complications and organ damage in diabetes. The unique AGE epitope (AGE10) has recently been identified in human serum using synthetic melibiose-derived AGE (MAGE). We aimed at developing ELISA for AGE10 quantification, determining whether AGE10 is present in diabetic patients (n = 82), and evaluating its association with diabetic complications. In a competitive ELISA developed, the reaction of synthetic MAGE with anti-MAGE was inhibited by physiological AGE10 present in serum. In this assay, new murine IgE anti-MAGE monoclonal antibodies, which do not recognize conventional AGEs, a synthetic MAGE used to coat the plate, and LMW-MAGE (low molecular mass MAGE) necessary to plot a standard curve were used. AGE10 was significantly higher in patients with microangiopathy, in whom it depended on treatment, being lower in patients treated with aspirin. AGE10 levels were positively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and negatively with creatinine. As a marker of stage ≥3 chronic kidney disease or microangiopathy, AGE10 displayed moderate overall accuracy (respectively, 69% and 71%) and good sensitivity (82.6% and 83.3%) but poor specificity (58.1% and 57.8%). In conclusion, newly developed immunoassay allows for AGE10 quantification. AGE10 elevation is associated with microangiopathy while its decrease accompanies stage ≥3 chronic kidney disease.

Changes in Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Indicators and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor After Maximum-Intensity Exercise Assessing Aerobic Capacity in Males With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), chronic hyperglycemia causes reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production. Exercise alters the oxidant-antioxidant balance. We evaluated the aerobic capacity and oxidant-antioxidant balance changes after maximum-intensity exercise in T1DM patients. The study involved 30 T1DM participants and 23 controls. The patients' average age was 23.4 ± 5.1 years, with a body mass index of 24.3 ± 3.1 kg m^-2 and with satisfactory glycemic control. Among the controls, the respective values equaled 24.7 ± 2.9 years and 22.9 ± 2.1 kg m^-2. Aerobic capacity was assessed with a treadmill test. Peak minute oxygen uptake was significantly lower in T1DM compared with the controls (44.7 ± 5.7 vs. 56.0 ± 7.3 mL kg^-1 min^-1). The total oxidant capacity measured by total oxidative status/total oxidative capacity (TOS/TOC) equaled 321.5 ± 151 μmol L^-1 before and 380.1 ± 153 μmol L^-1 after exercise in T1DM, and 164.1 ± 75 and 216.6 ± 75 μmol L^-1 in the controls (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). A significant difference in the ratio of total antioxidant status/total antioxidant capacity (TAS/TAC) between the groups after the treadmill test was observed (p < 0.05). Nitrosative stress indicators where significantly higher in the T1DM group both before and after the exercise. In conclusion, diabetic patients demonstrated a lower aerobic capacity. The TOS/TOC and nitrosative stress indicators were significantly higher in T1DM before and after the test.

Predictors of the maximal oxygen consumption in adult patients with type 1 diabetes treated with personal insulin pumps

AIMS/INTRODUCTION

Regular physical activity for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus improves cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) and quality of life. The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical and biochemical features that might be associated with CF in a homogenous group of adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus who are all treated with a personal insulin pump (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We assessed CF in 62 patients (74.2% of whom were men) who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. To determine maximal oxygen consumption, the march-running test on the treadmill was carried out. Two hours before the test, the patients consumed a defined meal covered by a dose of rapid acting insulin analog that was reduced by 25% from their regular dose. Basal insulin infusion was reduced by 50% for an hour. Additionally, the Perceived Stress Scale-10 questionnaire was used to measure the perception of stress.

RESULTS

There was no episode of severe hypoglycemia during or after the test. In the final model, independent predictors of maximal oxygen consumption were sex, body fat percentage, lactate at 20 min after CF test and Perceived Stress Scale-10 score. Of interest, neither short-term (continuous glucose monitoring) nor long-term (glycosylated hemoglobin) metabolic control parameters were predictors of CF.

CONCLUSIONS

In our selected homogenous group of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with personal insulin pumps, higher CF was associated with a lower percentage of body fat, male sex, higher lactate level after the CF test and the Perceived Stress Scale-10 score. The proposed protocol in our cohort proved to be safe with regard to glycemic control.

Inflammatory, antioxidant and glycemic status to different mode of high-intensity training in type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Exercise has traditionally been used and prescribed as an effective and suitable way to treat type 2 diabetics Mellitus (T2DM). In this regard, we compared inflammatory, antioxidant, and glycemic status to different kinds of high-intensity interval training (strength training, HIIT, and HIIT + ST) in patients with T2DM.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Fifty-nine T2DM patients (age = 45-60 yrs) were randomly divided to strength training (ST) (n = 15), high intensity interval training (HIIT) (n = 16), HIIT + ST (n = 15) or served as control (CON) (n = 13) groups. Experimental groups performed three training sessions/week for 12 weeks. Inflammatory, antioxidant, glycemic factors, and anthropometric parameters were evaluated at baseline and after the 12 weeks of interventions. Training HIIT groups significantly improved antioxidant factors, lipid profile, and glycemic parameters (P ≤ 0.05). Interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) significantly decreased in the three training groups. As a result of training, the overall inflammatory and antioxidant status were improved considerably in all three training groups compared to the CON group (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in CRP at the follow-up values between ST and CON groups (P ≤ 0.05). Exercise time and TC were significantly improved in HIIT than in the CON group (P ≤ 0.05). The results showed a significant difference between the HIIT + ST group and the CON group in VO2_peak (P ≤ 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed improvement in inflammatory factors, antioxidants, and glycemic parameters in all training groups regardless of their type. However, for more benefits in T2DM patients, combination exercises can be suggested.

Exercise Training and Neuromuscular Parameters in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to systematically review the literature on the effects of physical training on neuromuscular parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

METHODS

The PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and COCHRANE databases were accessed in September 2020. Clinical trials that evaluated the effects of physical training on neuromuscular parameters (maximum strength, resistance strength, muscle power, muscle quality, and muscle thickness) of patients with T1DM compared with a control group were considered eligible. The results were presented as the standardized mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. Effect size (ES) calculations were performed using the fixed effect method, with α = .05.

RESULTS

Combined training increased the maximum strength levels in individuals with T1DM to a lesser extent than in healthy individuals (ES: 0.363; P = .038). Strength training increased the maximum strength (ES: 1.067; P < .001), as well as combined training (ES: 0.943; P < .001); both compared with aerobic training in patients with T1DM. Strength training increased the maximum strength in a similar magnitude to combined training in patients with T1DM (ES: -0.114; P = .624).

CONCLUSION

Both combined training and strength training represent effective strategies for improving the maximum strength in individuals with T1DM.

Regular swimming exercise improves metabolic syndrome risk factors: a quasi-experimental study

Background

In the past few decades, swimming became one of the most important physical activities within the health system and is considered a practical nonpharmacological approach to managing of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hyperlipidemia, hypertension (HTN), and obesity. The current study aimed to assess the effect of long-term swimming sessions on glycemic and lipidemic parameters, hemodynamic responses, body fat percent, and body mass index for patients with metabolic risk factors from Palestine.

Methods

Forty participants from both genders with T2DM and HTN (aged 52.4 ± 5.5 yrs) agreed to participate in this quasi-experimental study and were divided into two groups. The first group included the participants who performed long-term swimming sessions and the second group served as the control. The first group exercised for 2 h, 3 times/week in 29–33 °C swimming pool temperature for 16 weeks. Simultaneously, the control group did not participate in any exercise and advised them to keep on with their everyday lifestyle. All the obtained metabolic syndrome risk factors data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA analysis of variance (2*2) which was applied to determine the differences according group, time, and interaction.

Results

The results showed that there were statistically significant differences at p < 0.05 in the variables of Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density of Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density of Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TG), Blood Glucose (BG), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Body Mass Index (BMI), and body fat percent according to group, time, and interaction for the experimental group.

Conclusions

The findings of the current study suggested that the regular 16 weeks of swimming sessions could be considered nonpharmacological approaches in managing T2DM and HTN.

Effects of a HIIT Protocol on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population

Cardiovascular complications are important causes of morbidity and mortality of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) people. Regular exercise is strongly recommended to these patients due to its preventive action against this type of disease. However, a large percentage of patients with T1DM people present a sedentary behavior, mainly, because of the fear of a post-exercise hypoglycemia event and lack of time. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an efficient and safe methodology since it prevents hypoglycemia and does not require much time, which are the main barriers for this population to doing exercise and increasing physical conditioning. Nineteen sedentary adults (37 ± 6.5 years) with T1DM were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of either HIIT, 12 bouts first 2 weeks, 16 bouts in weeks 3 and 4, and 20 bouts in the last two weeks x 30-s intervals interspersed with 1-min rest periods, performed thrice weekly or to control group, which did not train. VO2max, body composition, heart rate variability (HRV), and fasting glucose were measured as cardiovascular risk factors. We suggest that the 6-week HIIT program used in the present study is safe since no severe hypoglycemia was reported and is an effective strategy in improving VO2max, body composition, HRV, and fasting glucose, which are important cardiovascular risk factors in T1DM people.

Effect of a HIIT protocol on the lower limb muscle power, ankle dorsiflexion and dynamic balance in a sedentary type 1 diabetes mellitus population: a pilot study

Background

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is commonly associated with premature loss of muscle function, ankle dorsiflexion and dynamic balance. Those impairments, usually, lead to physical functionality deterioration. High-intensity interval training is an efficient and safety methodology since it prevents hypoglycemia and not requires much time, which are the main barriers for this population to practice exercise and increase physical conditioning. We hypothesized that a 6-week HIIT program performed on a cycle ergometer would increase lower limb muscle power, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and dynamic balance without hypoglycemic situations.

Methods

A total of 19 diagnosed T1DM subjects were randomly assigned to HIIT group (n = 11; 6-week HIIT protocol) or Control group (n = 8; no treatment). Lower limb strength was evaluated through velocity execution in squat with three different overloads. Weight bearing lunge test (WBLT) was performed to test ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and Y-Balance test (YBT) was the test conducted to analyze dynamic balance performance.

Results

Velocity in squat improved a 11.3%, 9.4% and 10.1% (p < 0.05) with the 50%, 60% and 70% of their own body mass overload respectively, WBLT performance increased a 10.43% in the right limb and 15.45% in the left limb. YBT showed improvements in all directions (right limb-left limb): Anterior (4.3–6.1%), Posteromedial (1.8–5.2%) and Posterolateral (3.4–4.5%) in HIIT group (p < 0.05), unlike control group that did not experience any significant change in any of the variables (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

A 6-week HIIT program is safe and effective to improve execution velocity in squat movement, a fundamental skill in daily living activities, as well as ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and dynamic balance to reduce foot ulcers, risk falls and functional impairments. HIIT seems an efficient and safety training methodology not only for overcome T1DM barriers for exercising but also for improving functional capacities in T1DM people.

Effects of Exercise on Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

OBJECTIVE

Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the occurrence of insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise on inflammatory factors in patients with T2DM.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted on five databases, Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and EBSCO. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between establishment of the database and November 2020 without restrictions on language were included. Studies evaluated the effects of exercise intervention on inflammatory cytokines in patients with T2DM were selected.

RESULTS

Twenty-three randomized controlled trials (1350 patients) were included in our meta-analysis. Exercise can significantly reduce the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) (MD: -0.79, 95% CI: -1.26 to -0.33, p = 0.0008), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (MD: -2.33, 95% CI: -3.39 to -1.27, p < 0.0001), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (MD: -0.42, 95% CI: -0.60 to -0.24, p < 0.0001) in T2DM patients.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this review suggest that exercise reduces inflammatory cytokines (CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6) in T2DM patients. More studies with high methodological qualities and large sample sizes need to be done to confirm which forms of exercise are most effective.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Partial Crossover

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes and overweight or obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Thirty inactive adults with type 1 diabetes who had BMI ≥25 kg/m² and HbA_1c ≥7.5% were randomized to 12 weeks of either HIIT exercise intervention consisting of 4 × 4-min HIIT (85-95% peak heart rate) performed thrice weekly or usual care control. In a partial crossover design, the control group subsequently performed the 12-week HIIT intervention. The primary end point was the change in HbA_1c from baseline to 12 weeks. Glycemic and cardiometabolic outcomes were measured at 0, 12, and 24 weeks.

RESULTS

Participants were aged 44 ± 10 years with diabetes duration 19 ± 11 years and BMI 30.1 ± 3.1 kg/m². HbA_1c decreased from 8.63 ± 0.66% at baseline to 8.10 ± 1.04% at 12 weeks in the HIIT intervention group (P = 0.01); however, this change was not significantly different from the control group (HIIT -0.53 ± 0.61%, control -0.14 ± 0.48%, P = 0.08). In participants who undertook at least 50% of the prescribed HIIT intervention, the HbA_1c reduction was significantly greater than control (HIIT -0.64 ± 0.64% [n = 9], control -0.14 ± 0.48% [n = 15], P = 0.04). There were no differences in insulin dose, hypoglycemia on continuous glucose monitoring, blood pressure, blood lipids, body weight, or body composition between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, there was no significant reduction in HbA_1c with a 12-week HIIT intervention in adults with type 1 diabetes. However, glycemic control may improve for people who undertake HIIT with greater adherence.

Factors associated with oxidative stress status in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Background Oxidative stress is implicated in both, the onset and the progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). There is accumulated evidence of increased biomarkers of oxidative stress in newly diagnosed, T1DM patients without complications, and in those with advanced disease. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated factors affecting oxidative stress status in pediatric patients with T1DM. Methods Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), total sulfhydryl (SH) groups, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined in 170 children and adolescents with T1DM. Principal component analysis was used to investigate clustering of clinical and laboratory variables associated with elevated oxidative stress and reduced antioxidative defense biomarkers. Results Factor analysis extracted five factors, interpreted as (1) "weight status factor" including age, BMI, waist and hip circumferences; (2) "proatherogenic factor" that included LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides; (3) "metabolic control factor" including glucose and HbA1c; (4) "renal marker factor" with positive loading of urinary albumin excretion rate and negative loading of GFR; and (5) "antiatherogenic factor" that included HDL-cholesterol. High AOPP levels were independently predicted by "proatherogenic" (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.44-3.71; p < 0.001), "metabolic control" (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.35-3.73; p < 0.01), and "renal marker" (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.03-2.65; p < 0.05) factors. "Renal marker factor" was a significant predictor of PAB (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.34-0.81; p < 0.01). Regarding antioxidative defense markers, reduced SH groups were predicted by "proatherogenic factor" (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.34-0.94; p < 0.05), while "weight status factor" predicted lower SOD activity (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.03-2.67; p < 0.05). Conclusions Cardiometabolic risk factors and renal function are associated with oxidative stress in pediatric T1DM patients.

Once-weekly supervised combined training improves neurocognitive and psychobehavioral outcomes in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Background Previous studies investigating the beneficial effects of exercise in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are relatively insufficient compared to studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), due to the fear of hypoglycemia. Recently, several researchers have reported that combined aerobic and resistance exercise prevents hypoglycemia during and after exercise. Furthermore, exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on the psychological status of patients with various diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise in adolescents with T1DM. Methods Thirty-five type 1 diabetic patients were enrolled, and subjects were divided into either an exercise group or a control group. Thirty patients (20 patients in the exercise group, 10 patients in the control group) completed the study. The exercise program was performed for 1 h at a time, once a week, for 12 weeks. Study parameters were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after baseline evaluation. Results Combined aerobic and resistance exercise better controlled the body mass index (BMI), and also improved maximum muscular strength and maximum exercise intensity. On psychological tests, subjects' attention and quality of life showed improving tendency, while their stress and behavioral problems diminished. The number of exercise events increased in the training group, while the daily total insulin dose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level showed no significant changes. Conclusions A 12-week structured exercise program consisting of aerobic and resistance exercises improves cardiovascular, neurocognitive and psychobehavioral functions, and positively helps lifestyle modification in patients with T1DM.

High-intensity interval training modulates male factor infertility through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative mechanisms in infertile men: A randomized controlled trial

The effects of 24 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on markers of male reproductive function in infertile patients were studied. Infertile men (n = 441) were randomized to exercise (EX, n = 221) or non-exercise (NON-EX, n = 220) group. Patients in the EX group performed an interval training (1:1 work:rest ratio) 3 times per week at 75-95% of maximal oxygen consumption, for 24 weeks (VO_2max). Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the seminal plasma, as well as semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation and rates of pregnancy, were measured at baseline, on weeks 12, 24; and 7 and 30 days thereafter during the recovery period. The intervention resulted in decreased seminal levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and markers of oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, and 8-isoprostane) (P < 0.05). The concentrations of seminal antioxidants were unaltered with HIIT intervention. These changes further coincide with promising developments in semen parameters, sperm DNA integrity and rates of pregnancy (P < 0.05). This may indicate that HIIT induced beneficial effects on markers of male reproductive function through decreased oxidative damage and proinflammatory status. Findings highlight the possibility that HIIT may be an effective intervention for male factor infertility and support the need for further human studies.

Acute glycemic responses along 10-week high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes patients

Glycemic fluctuations were compared throughout 10-week high-intensity training protocols in T1DM patients. Differences were compared using the rate of change in glycaemia during exercise (RoC_E). HIIT sessions led to lower RoC_E in most weeks than other training protocols. The occurrence of level 1 hypoglycemia along sessions were similar among interventions.