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Chen K, Li Y, Zhou C, Wang Y, Zalán Z, Cai T. Inhibitory effects of chlorophyll pigments on the bioaccessibility of β-carotene: Influence of chlorophyll structure and oil matrix. Food Chem 2024; 451:139457. [PMID: 38703726 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophylls and β-carotene are fat-soluble phytochemicals in daily diets, while their bioaccessibility interaction remains unknown. Eight dietary chlorophylls and their derivatives (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, pheophytin b, chlorophyllide a, chlorophyllide b, pheophorbide a, pheophorbide b) were combined with β-carotene in six different oil matrices (corn oil, coconut oil, medium-chain triglycerides, peanut oil, olive oil and fish oil) and were subjected to in vitro digestion. Generally, chlorophylls significantly decreased β-carotene bioaccessibility by competitive incorporation into micelles. Dephytylated chlorophylls had a greater inhibitory effect on the micellarization and bioaccessibility of β-carotene compared to phytylated chlorophylls. In their co-digestion system, olive oil group exhibited the smallest particle size and biggest zeta potential in both digesta and micelles. For chlorophylls, the phytol group and their levels are key factors, which was also buttressed by the mice model where additional supplementation of pheophorbide a significantly hindered the accumulation of β-carotene and retinoids compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; China-Hungary Cooperative Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Yunchang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Chunjie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, No. 1, Chunlan 2nd Road, Yubei District, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Yuankai Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zsolt Zalán
- China-Hungary Cooperative Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food Science and Technology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Buda Campus, Villányi str. 29-43, Budapest H-1118, Hungary
| | - Tian Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; China-Hungary Cooperative Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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2
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Chen T, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Fan L, Liu Z. Study on Quality Changes of Kelp Gel Edible Granules during Storage. Foods 2024; 13:2267. [PMID: 39063351 PMCID: PMC11275401 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The kelp gel edible granules developed utilizing the gel properties of alginate are prone to quality deterioration if improperly stored during the storage process. This study comprehensively investigated the quality changes of kelp gel edible granules stored at 4 °C and 25 °C by evaluating indicators such as total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, pH, relaxation time, color difference, appearance, texture characteristics, gel strength, and sensory scoring. The results showed that during the storage at 4 °C, the total bacterial count remained within the national standard range, the hardness and chewiness increased, the gel strength first increased and then decreased, the partial exudation of the bound water in the product occurred, and the sensory score slightly decreased, with an overall minor change in quality. During the storage at 25 °C, significant quality changes were observed, with the total bacterial count exceeding the national standard on the 20th day; additionally, the hardness, chewiness, and gel strength all initially increased and then decreased, both the bound water and the restrained water in the product exuded, the moisture stability decreased, and the sensory score significantly decreased between 16 to 20 days. The spoilage of the product was characterized by a significant water loss, reduction in volume, color change from bright green to dark yellow-brown, and a distinct smell of decaying algae. No coliform bacteria was detected in all products during the storage period. In summary, the shelf life endpoint of the product stored at 25 °C is 16 days, and the shelf life of the product stored at 4 °C is greater than 20 days. Storage at 4 °C can better maintain product quality, extend the shelf life, and effectively maintain the overall color of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry Technology, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (T.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry Technology, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (T.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jicheng Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Lin’ao Fan
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry Technology, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (T.C.); (Y.W.)
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Yang Z, Li F, Shen S, Wang X, Nihmot Ibrahim A, Zheng H, Zhang J, Ji X, Liao X, Zhang Y. Natural chlorophyll: a review of analysis methods, health benefits, and stabilization strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38795062 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2356259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is a natural pigment, widely distributed ranging from photosynthetic prokaryotes to higher plants, with an annual yield of up to 1.2 billion tons worldwide. Five types of Chls are observed in nature, that can be distinguished and identified using spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Chl is also used in the food industry owing to its bioactivities, including obesity prevention, inflammation reduction, viral infection inhibition, anticancer effects, anti-oxidation, and immunostimulatory properties. It has great potential of being applied as a colorant and dietary supplement in the food industry. However, Chl is unstable under various enzymatic, acidic, heat, and light conditions, which limit its application. Although some strategies, such as aggregation with other food components, microencapsulation, and metal cation replacement, have been proposed to overcome these limitations, they are still not enough to facilitate its widespread application. Therefore, stabilization strategies and bioactivities of Chl need to be expected to expand its application in various fields, thereby aiding in the sustainable development of mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotian Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, PR China
| | - Fangwei Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Suxia Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ajibola Nihmot Ibrahim
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongli Zheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinghao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, PR China
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Agarry IE, Ding D, Li Y, Jin Z, Deng H, Hu J, Cai T, Kan J, Chen K. In vitro bioaccessibility evaluation of chlorophyll pigments in single and binary carriers. Food Chem 2023; 415:135757. [PMID: 36854242 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll was extracted and microencapsulated using different carrier agents. Subsequently, in vitro digestion was performed, and the bioaccessibility of chlorophyll in the different encapsulation systems was carried out. The zeta potential, particle size, and PDI were significantly modified after the micellarization of digested microcapsules. I-W-Chl presented with the highest total chlorophyll recovery and micellarization rate of 54% and 43%, respectively. In the aqueous micellar fraction, the different encapsulation systems had total chlorophylls, pheophytins, and pheophorbides ranging from 13 to 49%, 42 - 77%, and 3 - 22% respectively. The bioaccessibility of total chlorophyll pigment ranging from 7% to 20% is given in the following order: I-W-Chl > WPI-Chl > Z-Chl > Ca-Chl > SCChlV > SCChlC. The result established in this study shows that the carrier agent type could inhibit or mediate the bioaccessibility of chlorophyll with the potential to be an efficient delivery system for health promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Emiezi Agarry
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2. Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; China-Hungary Cooperative Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Desheng Ding
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2. Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yunchang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2. Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zihan Jin
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2. Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Huiling Deng
- Chongqing Chongke Inspection & Testing Co., Ltd, Building B, No. 2, Yangliu Road, 14 North New Area, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Jiang Hu
- Chongqing Chongke Inspection & Testing Co., Ltd, Building B, No. 2, Yangliu Road, 14 North New Area, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Tian Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 2. Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2. Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; China-Hungary Cooperative Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2. Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; China-Hungary Cooperative Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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5
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Martins T, Barros AN, Rosa E, Antunes L. Enhancing Health Benefits through Chlorophylls and Chlorophyll-Rich Agro-Food: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5344. [PMID: 37513218 PMCID: PMC10384064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls play a crucial role in photosynthesis and are abundantly found in green fruits and vegetables that form an integral part of our diet. Although limited, existing studies suggest that these photosynthetic pigments and their derivatives possess therapeutic properties. These bioactive molecules exhibit a wide range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, anti-cancer, and anti-obesogenic activities. However, it is unfortunate that leafy materials and fruit peels often go to waste in the food supply chain, contributing to the prevailing issue of food waste in modern societies. Nevertheless, these overlooked materials contain valuable bioactive compounds, including chlorophylls, which offer significant health benefits. Consequently, exploring the potential of these discarded resources, such as utilizing them as functional food ingredients, aligns with the principles of a circular economy and presents exciting opportunities for exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Martins
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Novo Barros
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rosa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Antunes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Jin Z, Emiezi Agarry I, Li Y, Ding D, Cai T, Chen K. In vitro bioaccessibility evaluation of pheophytins in gelatin/polysaccharides carrier. Food Chem 2023; 408:135252. [PMID: 36566541 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The type of carrier agent could impact pheophytin stability and bioaccessibility. Hence, it is important to have an elaborate understanding on the extent and type of pheophytin transformation during in vitro digestion of microcapsules. Four kinds of protein/polysaccharides complex were used to fabricate pheophytin microcapsules and investigated for pigments bioaccessibility. With different carriers, pheophytin pigments showed new characteristics influencing particle size and zeta potential during in vitro digestion. Pheophytin b was widely transformed to pheophorbide b, confirming pheophorbidation of the b series in proper condition. No 151-hydroxy lactone chlorophyll or pheophytin derivatives were detected, indicating some protective effect of microencapsulation. Pheophytins loaded in gelatin-pectin complex exhibited a relatively higher recovery rate, micellarization rate, and bioaccessibility index. The result presented in this study shows that the type of carrier agent could initiate the removal of phytyl groups in pheophytins and also inhibit or mediate their bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Jin
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Israel Emiezi Agarry
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yunchang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Desheng Ding
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Tian Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Ghosh S, Sarkar T, Chakraborty R, Shariati MA, Simal-Gandara J. Nature's palette: An emerging frontier for coloring dairy products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1508-1552. [PMID: 36066466 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2117785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Consumers all across the world are looking for the most delectable and appealing foods, while also demanding products that are safer, more nutritious, and healthier. Substitution of synthetic colorants with natural colorants has piqued consumer and market interest in recent years. Due to increasing demand, extensive research has been conducted to find natural and safe food additives, such as natural pigments, that may have health benefits. Natural colorants are made up of a variety of pigments, many of which have significant biological potential. Because of the promising health advantages, natural colorants are gaining immense interest in the dairy industry. This review goes over the use of various natural colorants in dairy products which can provide desirable color as well as positive health impacts. The purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth look into the field of food (natural or synthetic) colorants applied in dairy products as well as their potential health benefits, safety, general trends, and future prospects in food science and technology. In this paper, we listed a plethora of applications of natural colorants in various milk-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Ghosh
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda, India
| | - Runu Chakraborty
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Research Department, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Scientific Research, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, E32004, Spain
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Guidance for formulating ingredients/products from Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis considering carotenoid and chlorophyll bioaccessibility and cellular uptake. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Effect of Dietary Laminaria digitata with Carbohydrases on Broiler Production Performance and Meat Quality, Lipid Profile, and Mineral Composition. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12081007. [PMID: 35454252 PMCID: PMC9025196 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Seaweeds represent promising alternatives to unsustainable conventional feed sources, such as cereals, incorporated in poultry diets. Brown macroalgae (e.g., Laminaria digitata) correspond to the largest cultured algal biomass worldwide and are rich in bioactive polysaccharides, minerals, and antioxidant pigments. However, their utilization as feed ingredients is limited due to the presence of an intricate gel-forming cell wall composed of indigestible carbohydrates, mainly alginate and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides. Therefore, supplementation with carbohydrate-active enzymes is required to disrupt the cell wall and allow seaweed nutrients to be digested and absorbed in poultry gut. The present study aimed to evaluate if the dietary inclusion of 15% L. digitata, supplemented or not with carbohydrases, could improve the nutritional value of poultry meat without impairing growth performance of broiler chickens. The results show that L. digitata increases antioxidant pigments and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat, thus improving meat nutritional and health values. On the other hand, feeding algae at a high incorporation level impaired growth performance. Feed enzymatic supplementation had only residual effects, although alginate lyase decreased intestinal viscosity caused by dietary L. digitata with potential benefits for broiler digestibility. Abstract We hypothesized that dietary inclusion of 15% Laminaria digitata, supplemented or not with carbohydrases, could improve the nutritional value of poultry meat without impairing animal growth performance. A total of 120 22-day old broilers were fed the following dietary treatments (n = 10) for 14 days: cereal-based diet (control); control diet with 15% L. digitata (LA); LA diet with 0.005% Rovabio® Excel AP (LAR); LA diet with 0.01% alginate lyase (LAE). Final body weight was lower and feed conversion ratio higher with LA diet than with the control. The ileal viscosity increased with LA and LAR diets relative to control but without differences between LAE and control. The pH of thigh meat was higher, and the redness value of breast was lower with LA diet than with control. Meat overall acceptability was positively scored for all treatments. The γ-tocopherol decreased, whereas total chlorophylls and carotenoids increased in meat with alga diets relative to control. The percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and accumulation of bromine and iodine in meat increased with alga diets compared with control. Feeding 15% of L. digitata to broilers impaired growth performance but enhanced meat quality by increasing antioxidant pigments, with beneficial effects on n-3 PUFA and iodine.
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Akepach P, Ribeiro-Filho N, Wattanakul J, Darwish R, Gedi MA, Gray DA. Bioaccessibility of carotenoids (β-carotene and lutein) from intact and disrupted microalgae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Vegetable phytochemicals: An update on extraction and analysis techniques. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Wang YT, Yang CH, Huang KS, Shaw JF. Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081115. [PMID: 34439782 PMCID: PMC8392590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllides can be found in photosynthetic organisms. Generally, chlorophyllides have a-, b-, c-, d-, and f-type derivatives, and all chlorophyllides have a tetrapyrrole structure with a Mg ion at the center and a fifth isocyclic pentanone. Chlorophyllide a can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a, divinyl chlorophyllide a, or chlorophyll. In addition, chlorophyllide a can be transformed into chlorophyllide b, chlorophyllide d, or chlorophyllide f. Chlorophyllide c can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a or divinyl protochlorophyllide a. Chlorophyllides have been extensively used in food, medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, chlorophyllides exhibit many biological activities, such as anti-growth, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipathogenic, and antiproliferative activity. The photosensitivity of chlorophyllides that is applied in mercury electrodes and sensors were discussed. This article is the first detailed review dedicated specifically to chlorophyllides. Thus, this review aims to describe the definition of chlorophyllides, biosynthetic routes of chlorophyllides, purification of chlorophyllides, and applications of chlorophyllides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 106214, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
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Lin L, Asghar S, Huang L, Hu Z, Ping Q, Chen Z, Shao F, Xiao Y. Preparation and evaluation of oral self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of Chlorophyll. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:857-866. [PMID: 33650446 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1892746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed at improving the water solubility and oral bioavailability of Chl by self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (Chl-SMEDDS). METHODS Compatibility experiments, pseudo-ternary phase diagram and central composite design were used to optimize the formulation. The selected systems were further evaluated for physical characteristics, including particle size, zeta potential, and appearance. The stability, in vitro dispersion test, and in vivo intestinal perfusion experiments were used to evaluate the SMEDDS. RESULTS The optimal composition of Chl-SMEDDS included: Labrafil M 1944 CS (35%), kolliphor RH 40 (46%), Transcutol HP (19%) and 60 mg/g Chl. The appearance of water emulsified Chl-SMEDDS was green and transparent. The particle size, ζ-potential, and transmission electron microscopy studies showed that spherical globules of Chl-SMEDDS with a size of about 22.82 ± 1.29 nm and a negative surface charge of -24.21 ± 3.45 mV were obtained. Chl-SMEDDS could remain stable at 25 °C and 4 °C for at least 6 months. The dispersion test showed that Chl-SMEDDS dispersed spontaneously to form microemulsion after disintegration of capsule shell and 90% drug dispersed in just 30 min in pH 1.2 HCl without any drug precipitation during the test period. In vivo intestinal perfusion experiment revealed that the main absorption site for Chl-SMEDDS was duodenum. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that SMEDDS formulation could be an effective strategy for the oral administration of Chl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Sajid Asghar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ziyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qineng Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Pucci C, Martinelli C, Degl'Innocenti A, Desii A, De Pasquale D, Ciofani G. Light-Activated Biomedical Applications of Chlorophyll Derivatives. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100181. [PMID: 34212510 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles are the basis of essential physiological functions in most living organisms. These compounds represent the basic scaffold of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls, among others. Chlorophyll derivatives, obtained by the natural or artificial degradation of chlorophylls, present unique properties, holding great potential in the scientific and medical fields. Indeed, they can act as cancer-preventing agents, antimutagens, apoptosis inducers, efficient antioxidants, as well as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory molecules. Moreover, thanks to their peculiar optical properties, they can be exploited as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and as vision enhancers. Most of these molecules, however, are highly hydrophobic and poorly soluble in biological fluids, and may display undesired toxicity due to accumulation in healthy tissues. The advent of nanomedicine has prompted the development of nanoparticles acting as carriers for chlorophyll derivatives, facilitating their targeted administration with demonstrated applicability in diagnosis and therapy. In this review, the chemical and physical properties of chlorophyll derivatives that justify their usage in the biomedical field, with particular regard to light-activated dynamics are described. Their role as antioxidants and photoactive agents are discussed, introducing the most recent nanomedical applications and focusing on inorganic and organic nanocarriers exploited in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pucci
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Degl'Innocenti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
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15
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Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S, Beirne N, Freeman J, Berger A, Gao S. Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. ALGAL RES 2021; 57:102331. [PMID: 34026476 PMCID: PMC8128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Reynolds
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Michael Huesemann
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Scott Edmundson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Amy Sims
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sherry Cady
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Beirne
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Adam Berger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
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16
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Murador DC, De Souza Mesquita LM, Neves BV, Braga AR, Martins PL, Zepka LQ, De Rosso VV. Bioaccessibility and cellular uptake by Caco-2 cells of carotenoids and chlorophylls from orange peels: A comparison between conventional and ionic liquid mediated extractions. Food Chem 2021; 339:127818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Acharya J, Gautam S, Neupane P, Niroula A. Pigments, ascorbic acid, and total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacities of beet ( Beta vulgaris) microgreens during growth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1955924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Acharya
- Department of Food Technology, Nagarik College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Sonila Gautam
- Department of Food Technology, Nagarik College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Prakshya Neupane
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Nepal
| | - Anuj Niroula
- Department of Food Technology, Nagarik College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
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18
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Differentiated Caco-2 cell models in food-intestine interaction study: Current applications and future trends. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Fernandes AS, Nascimento TC, Pinheiro PN, de Rosso VV, de Menezes CR, Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ. Insights on the intestinal absorption of chlorophyll series from microalgae. Food Res Int 2020; 140:110031. [PMID: 33648259 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility and subsequent uptake by Caco-2 human intestinal cells of chlorophyll pigments from Scenedesmus obliquus were determined for the first time. In order to evaluate the impact of different types of the matrix on bioaccessibility of chlorophyll from microalgae, three different products were evaluated: isolated chlorophyll extract (ICE); wet ultrasonicated biomass (WUB); and whole dried biomass (WDB). The samples were submitted to in vitro digestion model according to the INFOGEST protocol, and Caco-2 cells determined the intestinal uptake. Chlorophyll pigments were determined by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. A total of ten chlorophyll pigments (8,318.48 µg g-1) were separated in S. obliquus biomass, with chlorophyll a (3,507.76 µg g-1) and pheophytin a' (1,598.09 µg g-1) the major ones. After in vitro digestion, all tested products showed bioaccessible chlorophylls. However, the total bioaccessibility results were as follows: ICE (33.45%), WUB (2.65%), WDB (0.33%). Five compounds were bioaccessible in ICE, three in WUB, and one in WDB. The hydroxypheophytin a showed the highest bioaccessibility (212%) in ICE, while pheophytin a' in WUB (11%) and WDB (2%). As a result, bioavailability estimates of ICE using the Caco-2 cell showed hydroxypheophytin a (102.53%), followed by pheophytin a' (64.69%) as the chlorophyll pigments most abundant in intestinal cells. In summary, from a nutritional perspective, these three types of the matrix (WDB, WUB, and ICE) influence the promotion of chlorophyll bioaccessibility. In this way, the data suggest that chlorophylls bioaccessibility from ICE is greater than that in WDB and WUB. Therefore, ICE should be considered a product that provides bioavailable chlorophyll and could be the best choice, such as ingredients in the development of functional foods chlorophyll-based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrêssa S Fernandes
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Tatiele C Nascimento
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Pricila N Pinheiro
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Veridiana V de Rosso
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Santos 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Cristiano R de Menezes
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Leila Q Zepka
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5021, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
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20
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Hayes M, Ferruzzi MG. Update on the bioavailability and chemopreventative mechanisms of dietary chlorophyll derivatives. Nutr Res 2020; 81:19-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Sultana R, Alashi AM, Islam K, Saifullah M, Haque CE, Aluko RE. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant properties of water-soluble extracts obtained from Bangladesh vegetables. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13357. [PMID: 32627224 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of some Bangladesh vegetables using fruits of ash gourd, bitter gourd, brinjal, okra, ridge gourd, snake gourd, and leaves of Indian spinach, kangkong, and stem amaranth. Proximate composition showed that the dried extracts were composed mainly of crude protein (14.6%-46.7%) and non-fibre carbohydrates (26.4%-53.5%). With the exception of stem amaranth, all the extracts had >40% DPPH radical scavenging ability at 0.5 mg/ml. In contrast metal chelation was lower, except in Indian spinach with ~46%. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was highest for the kangkong (10.9 mM Fe3+ reduced), which is similar to the 9.9 mM for butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). All the extracts suppressed linoleic acid oxidation better than BHT within the first 5 days of the incubation period. We conclude that the Indian spinach, kangkong, and okra could be considered as the most promising sources of antioxidant compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Vegetables are commonly consumed as part of a regular diet but the high water and fiber contents usually mean that large quantities are required to provide long-term health benefits. Therefore, in this work, aqueous extracts of nine Bangladesh vegetables were prepared to provide a more concentrated form of nutrients and bioactive compounds. The extracts had strong nutritional value based on the high contents of crude protein, potassium, iron, and non-fibre carbohydrates. The high content of polyphenolic compounds in the extracts can also provide health benefits, which was demonstrated through strong free radical scavenging, metal chelation, ferric iron reduction, and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. These vegetable extracts have the potential to be used as sources of bioactive compounds to prevent or treat non-communicable diseases that are associated with high oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Adeola M Alashi
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Khaleda Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saifullah
- Natural Resources Management Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - C Emdad Haque
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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22
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Pérez-Gálvez A, Viera I, Roca M. Carotenoids and Chlorophylls as Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E505. [PMID: 32526968 PMCID: PMC7346216 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are natural pigments that are present in our daily diet, especially with the increasing tendency towards more natural and healthy behaviors among consumers. As disturbed antioxidant homeostasis capacities seem to be implicated in the progress of different pathologies, the antioxidant properties of both groups of lipophilic compounds have been studied. The objective of this review was to analyze the state-of-the-art advances in this field. We conducted a systematic bibliographic search (Web of Science™ and Scopus®), followed by a comprehensive and critical description of the results, with special emphasis on highly cited and more recently published research. In addition to an evaluative description of the methodologies, this review discussed different approaches used to obtain a physiological perspective, from in vitro studies to in vivo assays using oxidative biomarkers. From a chemical viewpoint, many studies have demonstrated how a pigment's structure influences its antioxidant response and the underlying mechanisms. The major outcome is that this knowledge is essential for interpreting new data in a metabolic networks context in the search for more direct applications to health. A promising era is coming where the term "antioxidant" is understood in terms of its broadest significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (A.P.-G.); (I.V.)
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23
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Variation in Lipid Components from 15 Species of Tropical and Temperate Seaweeds. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110630. [PMID: 31698797 PMCID: PMC6891767 DOI: 10.3390/md17110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the variation in lipid components from 15 species of seaweeds belonging to the Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Rhodophyta phyla collected in tropical (Indonesia) and temperate (Japan) areas. Analyses were performed of multiple components, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and alpha tocopherol (α-Toc). Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid contents varied among phyla, but not with the sampling location. Chl a and b were the major chlorophylls in Chlorophyta. Chl a and Chl c were the main chlorophylls in Ochrophyta, while Chl a was the dominant chlorophylls in Rhodophyta. β-Carotene and fucoxanthin were detected as major seaweed carotenoids. The former was present in all species in a variety of ranges, while the latter was mainly found in Ochrophyta and in small quantities in Rhodophyta, but not in Chlorophyta. The total lipids (TL) content and fatty acids composition were strongly affected by sampling location. The TL and n-3 PUFAs levels tended to be higher in temperate seaweeds compared with those in tropical seaweeds. The major n-3 PUFAs in different phyla, namely, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) in Ochrophyta, α-linolenic acid (ALA) and SDA in Chlorophyta, and EPA in Rhodophyta, accumulated in temperate seaweeds. Chlorophylls, their derivatives, and carotenoids are known to have health benefits, such as antioxidant activities, while n-3 PUFAs are known to be essential nutrients that positively influence human nutrition and health. Therefore, seaweed lipids could be used as a source of ingredients with health benefits for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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24
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Alternative environmental friendly process for dehydration of edible Undaria pinnatifida brown seaweed by microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Chen K, Roca M. Cooking effects on bioaccessibility of chlorophyll pigments of the main edible seaweeds. Food Chem 2019; 295:101-109. [PMID: 31174738 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Edible seaweeds are highly consumed food with a rich chlorophyll profile. Although seaweeds are mainly cooked ingested, the influence of cooking on the chlorophyll bioaccessibility remains unknown. In this research, cooked Nori, Sea Lettuce and Kombu were subjected to an in vitro digestion and following micellarization investigations. The processing of red seaweed does not affect the chlorophyll recovery, while cooking green and brown seaweeds implies an important increase in chlorophyll recovery after in vitro digestion. In this line, while cooking affects negatively the micellarization rate of chlorophyll derivatives in Nori and Kombu, it does not modify the micellarization in Sea Lettuce. Generally, the chlorophyll bioaccessibility of microwaved seaweeds is always higher than that of boiled ones. However, cooking improves the chlorophyll bioaccessibility in brown seaweeds, while decreases in red seaweeds. In conclusion, the characteristics of food matrix are the determinant factor on the chlorophyll bioaccessibility of cooked seaweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
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26
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Ganesan AR, Tiwari U, Rajauria G. Seaweed nutraceuticals and their therapeutic role in disease prevention. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Freitas S, Silva NG, Sousa ML, Ribeiro T, Rosa F, Leão PN, Vasconcelos V, Reis MA, Urbatzka R. Chlorophyll Derivatives from Marine Cyanobacteria with Lipid-Reducing Activities. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040229. [PMID: 30999602 PMCID: PMC6520785 DOI: 10.3390/md17040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms, particularly cyanobacteria, are important resources for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites for the treatment of human diseases. In this study, a bioassay-guided approach was used to discover metabolites with lipid-reducing activity. Two chlorophyll derivatives were successfully isolated, the previously described 132-hydroxy-pheophytin a (1) and the new compound 132-hydroxy-pheofarnesin a (2). The structure elucidation of the new compound 2 was established based on one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant neutral lipid-reducing activity in the zebrafish Nile red fat metabolism assay after 48 h of exposure with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 8.9 ± 0.4 µM for 1 and 15.5 ± 1.3 µM for 2. Both compounds additionally reduced neutral lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 multicellular spheroids of murine preadipocytes. Molecular profiling of mRNA expression of some target genes was evaluated for the higher potent compound 1, which indicated altered peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mRNA expression. Lipolysis was not affected. Different food materials (Spirulina, Chlorella, spinach, and cabbage) were evaluated for the presence of 1, and the cyanobacterium Spirulina, with GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status for human consumption, contained high amounts of 1. In summary, known and novel chlorophyll derivatives were discovered from marine cyanobacteria with relevant lipid-reducing activities, which in the future may be developed into nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- FCUP, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo, Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Natália Gonçalves Silva
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Lígia Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Ribeiro
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Rosa
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Pedro N Leão
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- FCUP, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo, Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Alves Reis
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Ralph Urbatzka
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- FCUP, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo, Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Niroula A, Khatri S, Timilsina R, Khadka D, Khadka A, Ojha P. Profile of chlorophylls and carotenoids of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) microgreens. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:2758-2763. [PMID: 31168157 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of cereal microgreens is increasing because of increased consumer's interest in healthier products. Chlorophyll (Chl) and Carotenoids (Car) are suggested to correlate with health promoting components like phenolics and antioxidant potential of the plant-part. They also play role against clinical conditions like thalassemia and hemolytic anemia and reduce the risk of some chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases and age-related eye diseases. This study was carried out for the comprehensive profiling of Chl and Car in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) micro-greens between 7 and 16 days on dry basis. Chl and Car content strongly correlated with the number of days of growth. Significantly high correlations existed among Chl a, Chl b, total Chl and total Car with concomitant Chl a/b and Chl/Car ratios. The peaks for the rate of accumulation of pigments were between 7-10 days on wheat and 10-13 days on barley. The maximum content of Chl and Car were 616.63 ± 18.45 mg/100 g DM and 54.80 ± 1.72 mg/100 g DM on day 16 and statistically not significant to variety of grain. The Chl level was slightly lower than Chl rich vegetables like kale and comparable to spinach and Car level was comparable to carrots, which is higher than most of the daily consumable fruits and vegetables. Further cell-based or in vivo studies of cereal microgreens could be considered to draw more valuable information related to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Niroula
- 1Department of Food Technology, National College of Food Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.,2Department of Food Technology, Nagarik College, Tribhuvan University, Gaindakot, Nepal
| | - Sagar Khatri
- 1Department of Food Technology, National College of Food Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rashika Timilsina
- 1Department of Food Technology, National College of Food Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dinesh Khadka
- 1Department of Food Technology, National College of Food Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Pravin Ojha
- 4Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Food Research Division, Lalitpur, Nepal
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29
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Zhang ZH, Peng H, Ma H, Zeng XA. Effect of inlet air drying temperatures on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of whey protein isolate-kale leaves chlorophyll (WPI-CH) microcapsules. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Although there is no legal and clear definition of the term “natural food colorant”, the market trends, and consequently industrial and commercial interest, have turned to foods with added natural pigments. This progressive substitution of artificial colorants has faced chemical complications with some colors, with a lack of stable green hues being one of them. Several strategies have been applied for green color stabilization in processed foods, from the formation of metallochlorophylls to the microencapsulation of green pigments. However, at present, the utilization of green coloring foodstuffs, which are considered an ingredient in the EU, seems to be the more successful solution for the market. Besides those topics, the present review aims to clarify the current confusion between the different chlorophyll compounds that form part of the authorized green food colorants. In this sense, legislations from different countries are compared. Finally, and in line with current concerns, the knowledge gathered so far in relation to the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of all green natural food colorants is reviewed.
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31
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Chen K, Roca M. Cooking effects on chlorophyll profile of the main edible seaweeds. Food Chem 2018; 266:368-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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32
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Viera I, Chen K, Ríos JJ, Benito I, Pérez-Gálvez A, Roca M. First-Pass Metabolism of Chlorophylls in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800562. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Viera
- Food Phytochemistry Department; Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC),; 41013 Sevilla Spain
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - José J. Ríos
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry; Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC); 41013 Sevilla Spain
| | - Itziar Benito
- Laboratory Animal Services; University Hospital Virgen Macarena (HUVM); E-41009 Sevilla Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department; Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC),; 41013 Sevilla Spain
| | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department; Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC),; 41013 Sevilla Spain
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