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Shim D, Bak Y, Choi HG, Lee S, Park SC. Effects of Panax species and their bioactive components on allergic airway diseases. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:354-365. [PMID: 39036733 PMCID: PMC11258390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax species include Panax ginseng Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L., Panax notoginseng, Panax japonicum, Panax trifolium, and Panax pseudoginseng, which contain bioactive components (BCs) such as ginsenosides and polysaccharides. Recently, growing evidence has revealed the pharmacological effects of Panax species and their BCs on allergic airway diseases (AADs), including allergic asthma (AA) and allergic rhinitis (AR). AADs are characterized by damaged epithelium, sustained acquired immune responses with enforced Th2 responses, allergen-specific IgE production, and enhanced production of histamine and leukotrienes by activated mast cells and basophils. In this review, we summarize how Panax species and their BCs modulate acquired immune responses involving interactions between dendritic cells and T cells, reduce the pro-inflammatory responses of epithelial cells, and reduce allergenic responses from basophils and mast cells in vitro. In addition, we highlight the current understanding of the alleviative effects of Panax species and their BCs against AA and AR in vivo. Moreover, we discuss the unmet needs of research and considerations for the treatment of patients to provide basic scientific knowledge for the treatment of AADs using Panax species and their BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Shim
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Bak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Stasiłowicz-Krzemień A, Gościniak A, Formanowicz D, Cielecka-Piontek J. Natural Guardians: Natural Compounds as Radioprotectors in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6937. [PMID: 39000045 PMCID: PMC11241526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of deaths attributed to it annually. Radiotherapy, a cornerstone in cancer treatment, aims to destroy cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissues. However, the harmful effects of irradiation on normal cells present a formidable obstacle. To mitigate these effects, researchers have explored using radioprotectors and mitigators, including natural compounds derived from secondary plant metabolites. This review outlines the diverse classes of natural compounds, elucidating their roles as protectants of healthy cells. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential of these compounds as radioprotective agents capable of enhancing the body's resilience to radiation therapy. By integrating natural radioprotectors into cancer treatment regimens, clinicians may improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing the adverse effects on healthy tissues. Ongoing research in this area holds promise for developing complementary strategies to optimize radiotherapy efficacy and enhance patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Gościniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Dorota Formanowicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
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3
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Zhou J, Zhang J, Jing P, Lan Y, Cao X, Feng H, Liu X, Liu Q. Ginseng in white and red processed forms: Ginsenosides and cardiac side effects. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1857-1868. [PMID: 38455159 PMCID: PMC10916586 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has long been consumed as a medicinal or functional food in East Asia. It is available as dried white ginseng (WG) and steamed red ginseng (RG), which might differ in ginsenoside profiles. We compared ginsenoside types of RG and WG using UPLC-MS/MS and evaluated how they biologically affected heart of healthy rats by recording electrocardiography, measuring biochemical indicators, analyzing cardiac tissue slides, and Ca2+ signaling pathways. About 25 and 29 ginsenosides were detected in WG and RG, respectively, and the total ginsenoside content of RG contained was nearly 1.8 times higher than that of WG. Among them, ginsenoside Rg4, ginsenoside Rg6, ginsenoside Rh4, ginsenoside Rk1, ginsenoside Rg5, and protopanaxadiol were detected only in RG, while 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2 was detected only in WG. Male SD rats treated by intraperitoneal injection of WG or RG extracts were similar to the control in terms of electrocardiography and heart histology, indicating that both may not significantly affect the rats' myocardial function. However, WG and RG may induce mild cardiac injury resulting in increased cardiac collagen and creatine kinase levels. In addition, upregulated p-CaMKII and PPARδ and downregulated SERCA2a for WG and RG treatments were further associated with increased cardiac contractility. In general, RG had less effect on the heart of healthy rats than WG, which may be due to RG having a high proportion of low-polar ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexin Zhou
- Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Technology Research Center, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture & BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Technology Research Center, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture & BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Pu Jing
- Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Technology Research Center, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture & BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Lan
- Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd.LuzhouSichuanChina
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Zhou JC, Li HL, Zhou Y, Li XT, Yang ZY, Tohda C, Komatsu K, Piao XH, Ge YW. The roles of natural triterpenoid saponins against Alzheimer's disease. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5017-5040. [PMID: 37491018 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The aging of the world population and increasing stress levels in life are the major cause of the increased incidence of neurological disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) creates a huge burden on the lives and health of individuals and has become a big concern for society. Triterpenoid saponins (TS), representative natural product components, have a wide range of pharmacological bioactivities such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antiapoptosis, hormone-like, and gut microbiota regulation. Notably, some natural TS exhibited promising neuroprotective activity that can intervene in AD progress, especially in the early stage. Recently, studies have indicated that TS play a pronounced positive role in the prevention and treatment of AD. This review discusses the recent research on the neuroprotection of TS and proceeds to detail the action mechanisms of TS against AD, hoping to provide a reference for drug development for anti-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Chun Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Tao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-You Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Marine Drugs, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Xiu-Hong Piao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Wei Ge
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yang J, Li Y, Chau CI, Shi J, Chen X, Hu H, Ung COL. Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for cancer-related fatigue: a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials. Chin Med 2023; 18:142. [PMID: 37907925 PMCID: PMC10619240 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is an extremely common and long-term condition that affects the physical and mental health of oncology patients. While the treatment for CRF with western medicine and non-pharmacological therapy remains uncertain and challenging, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has become a trending option for the patients. Based on the findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), this study aims to identify and evaluate the evidence about the efficacy and safety of TCM for CRF. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA literature research guidelines. Seven electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang database were searched to identify RCTs which investigated TCM in the treatment of CRF published since inception to December 2022. RCTs comparing TCM with no treatment, placebo, or pharmacological interventions were considered eligible for this review. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement extensions for Chinese herbal medicine Formulas (CONSORT-CHM) and the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool were used in this review to evaluate the quality and the risk of bias of all included trials. RESULTS A total of 82 RCTs were included in this review, regardless of whether they were published in English or Chinese. After data extraction and results evaluation, 78 trials demonstrated overall efficacy in using TCM for CRF patients compared with the control group, in which 33 trials showed that the efficacy rate was statistically significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). TCM was also shown to be beneficial in improving the scores of relevant scales (e.g., PFS, QoL, TCM syndrome score, other fatigue scales etc.) or physical tests indicators (e.g., cytokines, blood test etc.). The most common herbs found in Chinese medicine were Astragali Radix, Ginseng Radix and Codonopsis Radix. Some TCM products, such as Kangai Injection, Buzhong Yiqi Decoction and Shenqi Fuzheng Injection could provide a reference for medication in this review. A range of non-serious, reversible adverse effects associated with the use of TCM was also reported. However, the result of evaluation showed that none of the trials fully met all the CONSORT-CHM criteria, the quality of included trials was generally poor and the risk of bias was mostly uncertain. CONCLUSION There is some evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of TCM in managing CRF in this systematic review. However, no clear conclusion can be made due to the inadequate reporting of efficacy and adverse reactions. In view of some concerns about the existing evidence after the evaluation, it is essential to standardize the comprehensive identification and efficacy measurement standards, improve the quality of RCTs and conduct more multicomponent therapies to provide an updated reference for CRF patients medication in the future. The protocol of this systematic review has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023413625). [ https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023413625 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Chi Ian Chau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Junnan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Xianwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China.
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China.
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6
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Rivero-Pino F, Casanova AG. Hepatotoxicity due to dietary supplements: state-of-the-art, gaps and perspectives. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:601-610. [PMID: 38062980 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2282415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Food supplements are products intended to complement the normal diet and consist of concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect. Although they are generally considered safe if the manufacturer's recommendations are followed, many of them have shown hepatotoxic properties. This can cause many diseases (e.g. steatohepatitis and cirrhosis) characterized by progressive damage and malfunction of the liver that in the long term can lead to death. A review of the literature was carried out to elucidate which dietary supplements have been associated with cases of hepatotoxicity in recent years, with emphasis on those relevant to the consumer and the new trends (e.g. cannabidiol). It has been reported that the supplements described as hepatotoxic are mainly of botanical origin (e.g. green tea or turmeric) and those used in sports (mainly anabolic androgenic steroids). There is a great variability of compounds described as causing liver damage, although sometimes it is not possible to identify them, because they are contaminants or adulterants of the products. In addition, the prevalence of toxic effects after the administration of supplements is difficult to define due to underreporting and the lack of specific studies. Globally regarding hepatotoxicity of dietary supplements, there is a paucity of well-conducted clinical trials on the efficacy of these compounds and the frequency of related liver damage, as the use of these products is largely uncontrolled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rivero-Pino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfredo G Casanova
- Toxicology Unit, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain
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7
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Li Y, Deng X, Xiong H, Hu Q, Chen Y, Zhang W, Ma X, Zhao Y. Deciphering the toxicity-effect relationship and action patterns of traditional Chinese medicines from a smart data perspective: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1278014. [PMID: 37915415 PMCID: PMC10617680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1278014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Chinese medicine, the primary considerations revolve around toxicity and effect. The clinical goal is to achieve maximize effect while minimizing toxicity. Nevertheless, both clinical and experimental research has revealed a distinct relationship between these two patterns of action in toxic Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM). These TCM often exhibit characteristic "double-sided" or "multi-faceted" features under varying pathological conditions, transitioning between effective and toxic roles. This complexity adds a layer of challenge to unraveling the ultimate objectives of Traditional Chinese medicine. To address this complexity, various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the toxicity and effect of Traditional Chinese Medicines. These hypotheses encompass the magic shrapnel theory for effect, the adverse outcome pathway framework, and the indirect toxic theory for toxicity. This review primarily focuses on high-, medium-, and low-toxicity Traditional Chinese Medicines as listed in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It aims to elucidate the essential intrinsic mechanisms and elements contributing to their toxicity and effectiveness. The critical factors influencing the mechanisms of toxicity and effect are the optimal dosage and duration of TCM administration. However, unraveling the toxic-effect relationships in TCM presents a formidable challenge due to its multi-target and multi-pathway mechanisms of action. We propose the integration of multi-omics technology to comprehensively analyze the fundamental metabolites, mechanisms of action, and toxic effects of TCM. This comprehensive approach can provide valuable insights into the intricate relationship between the effect and toxicity of these TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiling Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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Tang MM, Zhao ST, Li RQ, Hou W. Therapeutic mechanisms of ginseng in coronary heart disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1271029. [PMID: 37854713 PMCID: PMC10579605 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1271029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. It is characterized by myocardial ischemia, which is caused by coronary atherosclerosis. CHD is a significant global health problem with increasing prevalence every year because of significant changes in the lifestyles and diets. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been used in food preparations and traditional medicine for several centuries. Several studies have demonstrated that ginseng improved cardiac function by normalizing blood glucose levels and decreasing blood pressure, oxidative stress, platelet aggregation, and lipid dysregulation in vivo. This review describes the current understanding of the mechanisms by which ginseng alleviates CHD, and provides a reference for the clinical development and application of ginseng as an alternative therapy for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Hou
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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9
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Wang Y, Han Q, Zhang S, Xing X, Sun X. New perspective on the immunomodulatory activity of ginsenosides: Focus on effective therapies for post-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115154. [PMID: 37454595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 700 million confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been reported globally, and 10-60% of patients are expected to exhibit "post-COVID-19 symptoms," which will continue to affect human life and health. In the absence of safer, more specific drugs, current multiple immunotherapies have failed to achieve satisfactory efficacy. Ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, is often used as an immunomodulator and has been used in COVID-19 treatment as a tonic to increase blood oxygen saturation. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. In this review, we summarize the multiple ways in which ginsenosides affect post-COVID-19 symptoms, including inhibition of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor signaling, modulation of chemokine receptors and inflammasome activation, induction of macrophage polarization, effects on Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa-B, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, lymphocytes, intestinal flora, and epigenetic regulation. Ginsenosides affect virus-mediated tissue damage, local or systemic inflammation, immune modulation, and other links, thus alleviating respiratory and pulmonary symptoms, reducing the cardiac burden, protecting the nervous system, and providing new ideas for the rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. Furthermore, we analyzed its role in strengthening body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors from the perspective of ginseng-epidemic disease and highlighted the challenges in clinical applications. However, the benefit of ginsenosides in modulating organismal imbalance post-COVID-19 needs to be further evaluated to better validate the pharmacological mechanisms associated with their traditional efficacy and to determine their role in individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Qin Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
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10
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Moreira J, Machado M, Dias-Teixeira M, Ferraz R, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. The neuroprotective effect of traditional Chinese medicinal plants-A critical review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3208-3237. [PMID: 37655317 PMCID: PMC10465969 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases are increasingly affecting individuals' quality of life, thus increasing their cost to social and health systems. These diseases have overlapping mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, and the available therapies have adverse effects and low efficacy. For neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, the current therapies are not adequate to one-third of the patients, the so-called treatment-resistant patients. So, searching for new treatments is fundamental. Medicinal plants appear as a strong alternative and complement towards new treatment protocols, as they have been used for health purposes for thousands of years. Thus, the main goal of this review is to revisit the neuroprotective potential of some of the most predominant medicinal plants (and one fungus) used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), focusing on their proven mechanisms of action and their chemical compositions, to give clues on how they can be useful against neurodegeneration progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Mariana Machado
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
| | - Mónica Dias-Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
- NICiTeS—Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa 1950-396, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
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11
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Deng W, Liu H, Guo L, Liu Y, Ma Z. Panax ginseng abuse exhibits a pro-inflammatory effect by activating the NF-κB pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2130-2140. [PMID: 37181298 PMCID: PMC10171492 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
P. ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a well-known traditional medicine that has been used for thousands of years to treat diseases. However, "ginseng abuse syndrome" (GAS) often occurs due to an inappropriate use such as high-dose or long-term usage of ginseng; information about what causes GAS and how GAS occurs is still lacking. In this study, the critical components that potentially caused GAS were screened through a step-by-step separation strategy, the pro-inflammatory effects of different extracts on messenger RNA (mRNA) or protein expression levels were evaluated in RAW 264.7 macrophages through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or Western blot, respectively. It was found that high-molecular water-soluble substances (HWSS) significantly increased the expression of cytokines (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein; gel filtration chromatography fraction 1 (GFC-F1) further purified from HWSS showed prominent pro-inflammatory effects by increasing the transcription of cytokines (COX-2, iNOS, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)) as well as the expression of COX-2 and iNOS protein. Moreover, GFC-F1 activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB) (p65 and inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B alpha (IκB-α)) and the p38/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways. On the other hand, the inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC)) reduced GFC-F1-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, while the inhibitors of the MAPK pathways did not. Taken together, GFC-F1 is the potential composition that caused GAS through the production of inflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-кB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and ForestryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hangxiu Liu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and ForestryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaocheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and ForestryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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12
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Fang Y, Lee H, Son S, Oh S, Jo SK, Cho W, Kim MG. Association between Consumption of Dietary Supplements and Chronic Kidney Disease Prevalence: Results of the Korean Nationwide Population-Based Survey. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040822. [PMID: 36839180 PMCID: PMC9967330 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous global market of dietary supplements, the impact of dietary supplements on kidney disease is still unclear. Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2015 to 2017, this study evaluated the association between dietary supplement and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 13,271 Korean adults. Among the dietary supplements, vitamin and mineral intake was the highest at 61.41%, followed by omega-3 fatty acids at 11.85%, and ginseng at 7.99%. The prevalence of CKD was significantly higher in those who consumed amino acids and proteins, ginseng and red ginseng, and herbal medicine (plant extract)-berries than in those who did not. Conversely, patients who consumed probiotic supplements had a significantly lower prevalence of CKD than those who did not. In the population without CKD risk factors or history of CKD, the prevalence of CKD was high in the group consuming ginseng and red ginseng. After adjusting for covariates, the herbal medicine (plant extract)-berry group showed an independent association with CKD incidence. In conclusion, it is suggested that dietary supplements may affect kidney function. Further large-scale cohort studies are required to elucidate the exact effects of each dietary supplement on CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwasun Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Serhim Son
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyung Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-920-5475
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13
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Shin SW, Cho IH. Panax ginseng as a potential therapeutic for neurological disorders associated with COVID-19; Toward targeting inflammasome. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:23-32. [PMID: 36213093 PMCID: PMC9529349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause clinical manifestations of multiple organ damage, including various neurological syndromes. There are currently two oral antiviral drugs-Paxlovid and molnupiravir-that are recognized to treat COVID-19, but there are still no drugs that can specifically fight the challenges of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimolecular complex that can sense heterogeneous pathogen-associated molecular patterns associated with neurological disorders. The NLRP3 activation stimulates the production of caspase-1-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and other cytokines in immune cells. Panax (P.) ginseng is a medicinal plant that has traditionally been widely used to boost immunity and treat various pathological conditions in the nervous system due to its safety and anti-inflammatory/oxidant/viral activities. Several recent reports have indicated that P. ginseng and its active ingredients may regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the nervous system. Therefore, this review article discusses the current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of neurological disorders related to COVID-19 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the possibility of using P. ginseng in a strategy targeting this pathway to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Won Shin
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Hyun Cho
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. D.V.M. & Ph.D. Department of Convergence Medical Science and Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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14
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Method development for the determination of seven ginsenosides in three Panax ginseng reference materials via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:8215-8222. [PMID: 36258086 PMCID: PMC9827472 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of ginsenosides in three Panax ginseng reference materials (RMs). Extraction procedures were optimized to recover neutral and malonyl-ginsenosides using a methanol-water extraction under basic conditions. Optimized mass fragmentation transitions were obtained for the development of a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection method with electrospray ionization in negative and positive ion mode. Mass fraction values were determined for ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1 in the three ginseng materials (rhizomes, extract, and an oral dosage form). Quantitation of these seven compounds was accomplished with 4-methylestradiol and SRM 3389 Ginsenoside Calibration Solution serving as an internal standard (IS) and calibration standards, respectively. Mass fraction values for the seven ginsenosides ranged from 1.27 mg/g to 21.42 mg/g, 3.25 mg/g to 35.81 mg/g, and 0.56 mg/g to 2.51 mg/g for SRM 3384, SRM 3385, and RM 8664, respectively.
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15
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Sahebnasagh A, Eghbali S, Saghafi F, Sureda A, Avan R. Neurohormetic phytochemicals in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:36. [PMID: 35953850 PMCID: PMC9367062 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The world population is progressively ageing, assuming an enormous social and health challenge. As the world ages, neurodegenerative diseases are on the rise. Regarding the progressive nature of these diseases, none of the neurodegenerative diseases are curable at date, and the existing treatments can only help relieve the symptoms or slow the progression. Recently, hormesis has increased attention in the treatment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The concept of hormesis refers to a biphasic dose-response phenomenon, where low levels of the drug or stress exert protective of beneficial effects and high doses deleterious or toxic effects. Neurohormesis, as the adaptive aspect of hormetic dose responses in neurons, has been shown to slow the onset of neurodegenerative diseases and reduce the damages caused by aging, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Hormesis was also observed to modulate anxiety, stress, pain, and the severity of seizure. Thus, neurohormesis can be considered as a potentially innovative approach in the treatment of neurodegenerative and other neurologic disorders. Herbal medicinal products and supplements are often considered health resources with many applications. The hormesis phenomenon in medicinal plants is valuable and several studies have shown that hormetic mechanisms of bioactive compounds can prevent or ameliorate the neurodegenerative pathogenesis in animal models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Moreover, the hormesis activity of phytochemicals has been evaluated in other neurological disorders such as Autism and Huntington’s disease. In this review, the neurohormetic dose–response concept and the possible underlying neuroprotection mechanisms are discussed. Different neurohormetic phytochemicals used for the better management of neurodegenerative diseases, the rationale for using them, and the key findings of their studies are also reviewed.
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16
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Ran X, Dou D, Chen H, Ren G. The correlations of adverse effect and tonifying effect of ginseng medicines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115113. [PMID: 35202711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng has been used for thousands of years, it is described as both a tonic for restoration of strength and a panacea. However, the adverse effect is also reported clinically. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the occurrence of adverse reactions is closely related to warm property of ginseng, which can easily lead to fireness (, in Chinese). Several presumptions indicated that fireness of ginseng may be associated with the pathophysiology of inflammation, imbalance of metabolism, the disorder of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. AIM OF THE STUDY The tonifying effect of ginseng medicines was always focused on with little attention for their adverse effects. We selected red ginseng (RG), ginseng (GS), American ginseng (AG), and ginseng leaves (GL) as typical ginseng medicines to clarify correlations of adverse effect and tonifying effect of ginseng medicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The RG, GS, AG, and GL decoctions were orally administered to rats for 30 days consecutively. The appearance indicators such as saliva secretion, urinary output, fecal moisture, heart rate were determined, and hair condition, nose color were also observed. Furthermore, some biochemical indexes such as IL-6, T3, T4, TSH, ACTH, CORT, Ach, DA, EPI, NE, SP, VIP, cAMP, cGMP, AQP-5, AMPK, and the activity of SOD, GSH-PX, Na+-K+-ATPase were measured by biochemical reagent kits or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The metabolites profile was analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Finally, the diversity of gut microbiota was also analyzed with the 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS The study revealed the tonifying effects of ginseng medicines mainly on exciting nervous system, promoting immunity and antioxidative ability. While, the adverse effects were mainly associated with the abnormal nervous system, thyroid system, adrenal system, and oxidative stress. The GS group showed fireness symptoms, such as vertical and dirty hair, epistaxis, higher rectal temperature, lower salivary secretion, lower urinary output, lower fecal moisture. While the GL group showed the opposite symptoms. The levels of hormones, activities of the antioxidative enzyme, and Na+-K+-ATP enzyme were changed differently. From the second week to the fourth week, the levels of T3, T4, TSH, ACTH, CORT, and the activity of SOD, GSH-PX, Na+-K+-ATP enzymes were first increased, then decreased, and finally recovered to normal levels. We also found that the ginseng medicines mainly adjust the amino acid and TCA cycle metabolism exhibiting their tonifying and adverse effects. Meanwhile, GS and AG can modulate gut microbiota imbalance by increasing the gut microbial diversity as well as selectively promoting some probiotic populations, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time to report the correlations between tonifying effects and adverse effects of four ginseng medicines. The present study demonstrated that the adverse effects of ginseng medicines mostly depended on their dosages, the higher dosage is, the more serious the adverse effects are. The adverse effects of ginseng and ginseng leaves are much more serious than red ginseng and American ginseng. The tendency of water regulation of ginseng and ginseng leaves was opposite may be related to their nature property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoku Ran
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China.
| | - Hongyu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Guoqing Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
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17
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Jiang Y, Zhao Q, Li L, Huang S, Yi S, Hu Z. Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on the Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:806300. [PMID: 35387325 PMCID: PMC8978630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.806300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the health care system developed with the help of clinical trials that are based ideally on the scientific model of regulation. Objective: This systematic health care system relies on some specific unique theories and practical experiences to treat and cure diseases, thus enhancing the public's health. Review Methodology: The current review covers the available literature from 2000 to 2021. The data was collected from journals research articles, published books, thesis, and electronic databases, search engines such as Google Scholar, Elsevier, EBSCO, PMC, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Willey Online Library, Springer Link, and CNKI) searching key terms, cardiovascular disease, traditional Chinese medicines, natural products, and bioactive compounds. Full-length articles and abstracts were screened for the collection of information included in the paper. Results: Clinical trials on the TCM and basic research carried out on its mechanism and nature have led to the application and development of the perfect design of the research techniques, for example, twofold striking in acupuncture that aid in overcoming the limitations and resistances in integrating and applicability of these experiences and trials into the pre-existing biomedical models. Furthermore, TCM has also been utilized from ancient times to treat heart diseases in Asia, particularly in China, and is now used by people in many other areas. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is mainly developed by oxidative stress. Hence antioxidants can be beneficial in treating this particular disease. TCM has a wide variety of antioxidant components. Conclusion: The current review article summarizes the underlying therapeutic property of TCM and its mechanism. It also overviews the evidence of the mechanism of TCM action in CVD prevention by controlling oxidative stress and its signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shumin Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shuai Yi
- Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixi Hu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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18
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Hu J, Jiang J, Liu R, Cheng M, Zhu G, He S, Shi B, Zhao Y, He Z, Yu H, Zhang X, Zheng H, Hua B. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Traditional Medicine Preparations Combined With Chemotherapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:828450. [PMID: 35280766 PMCID: PMC8904728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.828450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional medicine preparations (TMPs) combined with chemotherapy is widely used for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (APC); however, its efficacy and safety are still unclear. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of TMPs combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of APC. Methods A systematic search of eight electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted from inception to October 15, 2021. Tumor response was identified as primary outcome, whereas quality of life (QoL), cancer biomarkers, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were identified as secondary outcomes. Quality of the evidence for each outcome was evaluated by GRADE profiler. Results In total, 31 RCTs involving 1,989 individuals were included. This meta-analysis showed that TMPs combined with chemotherapy significantly improved the objective response rate (ORR) (RR=1.64, 95% CI [1.43 to 1.88], p <0.00001), disease control rate (DCR) (RR=1.29, 95% CI [1.21 to 1.38], p <0.00001), and QoL (continuous data: SMD=0.81, 95% CI [0.44 to 1.18], p <0.0001, dichotomous data: RR=1.44, 95% CI [1.22 to 1.70], p<0.0001), compared to those with chemotherapy alone. In addition, the combined treatment group also had lower levels of CA19-9 (SMD=-0.46, 95% CI [-0.90 to -0.02], p=0.04) and CEA (SMD=-0.55, 95% CI [-0.93 to -0.17], p=0.004). Moreover, TMPs reduced the ADRs during chemotherapy. Conclusion This systematic review suggests that TMPs combined with chemotherapy might be a potential option to enhance therapeutic effects and reduce ADRs during the treatment of APC. However, more high-quality randomized controlled trials with more participants are needed. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=209825, identifier PROSPERO Number: CRD42021264938.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juling Jiang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shulin He
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Shi
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongning He
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huibo Yu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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A novel strategy for the discovery and validation of allergic component and its action mechanism in Red Ginseng. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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The Intricate Web of Fatigue in Women. WOMEN 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/women1040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern woman has taken her rightful place in society as a worker, a caregiver, a mother, and a world citizen. However, along with the privileges of these roles comes the great cost of stress and resultant exhaustion and fatigue. Psychosocial, physical, cultural, and disease-related realms of stress act as strands of a web that serve to bind and hinder women with chronic stress. New areas of research, such as exercise intervention, improved social programs (e.g., childcare), and supplementation are constantly evaluated for effectiveness alongside traditional remedies such as exercise. This review will highlight some of the key issues regarding stress in women and explore reports of new treatment modalities in light of the specific requirements of the modern woman.
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21
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Dai X, Zhu R, Chen B, Xia B, Ye Z, Zhao D, Gao S, Orekhov AN, Zhang D, Wang L, Guo S. A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and antidiabetic effect of Ginseng. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 92:153717. [PMID: 34583224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Ginseng, one of the well-known medicinal herbs, has been used in the management of diabetes and its complications for more than 1000 years. PURPOSE The aim of this review is devoted to summarize the phytochemistry and pharmacokinetics of Ginseng, and provide evidence for the antidiabetic effects of Ginseng and its ingredients as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS For the purpose of this review, the following databases were consulted: the PubMed Database (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (http://www.cnki.net), National Science and Technology Library (http://www.nstl.gov.cn/), Wanfang Data (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/) and the Web of Science Database (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). RESULTS Ginseng exhibits glucose-lowering effects in different diabetic animal models. In addition, Ginseng may prevent the development of diabetic complications, including liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis and others. The main ingredients of Ginseng include ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The underlying mechanisms whereby this herb exerts antidiabetic activities may be attributed to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including IRS1/PI3K/AKT, LKB1/AMPK/FoxO1, AGEs/RAGE, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, PPARδ/STAT3, cAMP/PKA/CERB and HIF-1α/VEGF, etc. The pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides provide valuable information on therapeutic efficacy of Ginseng in diabetes. Although Ginseng is well-tolerated, dietary consumption of this herb should follow the doctors' advice. CONCLUSION Ginseng may offer an alternative strategy in protection against diabetes and its complications through the regulations of the multi-targets via various signaling pathways. Efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms with strictly-controlled animal models, combined with well-designed clinical trials and pharmacokinetic evaluation, will be important subjects of the further investigations and weigh in translational value of this herb in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yage Liu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuan Dai
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bingke Xia
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zimengwei Ye
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Department of Scientific Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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22
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Oesch F, Oesch-Bartlomowicz B, Efferth T. Toxicity as prime selection criterion among SARS-active herbal medications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153476. [PMID: 33593628 PMCID: PMC7840405 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present here a new selection criterion for prioritizing research on efficacious drugs for the fight against COVID-19: the relative toxicity versus safety of herbal medications, which were effective against SARS in the 2002/2003 epidemic. We rank these medicines according to their toxicity versus safety as basis for preferential rapid research on their potential in the treatment of COVID-19. The data demonstrate that from toxicological information nothing speaks against immediate investigation on, followed by rapid implementation of Lonicera japonica, Morus alba, Forsythia suspensa, and Codonopsis spec. for treatment of COVID-19 patients. Glycyrrhiza spec. and Panax ginseng are ranked in second priority and ephedrine-free Herba Ephedrae extract in third priority (followed by several drugs in lower preferences). Rapid research on their efficacy in the therapy - as well as safety under the specific circumstances of COVID-19 - followed by equally rapid implementation will provide substantial advantages to Public Health including immediate availability, enlargement of medicinal possibilities, in cases where other means are not successful (non-responders), not tolerated (sensitive individuals) or just not available (as is presently the case) and thus minimize sufferings and save lives. Moreover, their moderate costs and convenient oral application are especially advantageous for underprivileged populations in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Komagamine J, Kaminaga M, Omori T, Tatsumi S. The use of Kampo medications that may cause heart failure in hospitalized acute heart failure patients in a Japanese hospital. J Gen Fam Med 2021; 22:141-147. [PMID: 33977010 PMCID: PMC8090841 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Kampo medications (Japanese traditional herbal medications) is common in Japan. However, some Kampo medications may cause heart failure. Given that the incidence of heart failure has increased in past decades, investigating the prevalence of the use of Kampo medications that may cause heart failure in patients with acute heart failure is important. METHOD A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. All 437 consecutive hospitalized patients with acute heart failure from April 2017 to October 2019 were included. The primary outcome was the use of Kampo medications, including ephedra, licorice, aconite, or ginseng, which were defined as those that may cause heart failure. The causality between these medications and the index of acute heart failure was determined by clinical pharmacists based on the Naranjo criteria. RESULTS The mean patient age was 81.1 years old, and 199 (54.5%) were women. Kampo medications that may cause heart failure were used in 30 patients (6.9%), and in four of these patients, acute heart failure was judged to be caused by Kampo medications. In the multivariable analysis, the number of non-Kampo medications used regularly (OR 1.13) and female sex (OR 2.23) were the only independent predictive factors for the use of Kampo medications that may cause heart failure. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of acute heart failure patients in Japanese hospitals use Kampo medications that may cause heart failure. Further study is warranted to investigate the causal link between the incidence of acute heart failure and the use of these herbal medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Komagamine
- Department of Internal Medicine National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Center Utsunomiya Japan
| | - Miho Kaminaga
- Department of Pharmacy National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Center Utsunomiya Japan
| | - Toshikazu Omori
- Department of Pharmacy National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Center Utsunomiya Japan
| | - Shinpei Tatsumi
- Department of Pharmacy National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Center Utsunomiya Japan
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Luong Huynh D, Nguyen NH, Nguyen CT. Pharmacological properties of ginsenosides in inflammation-derived cancers. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3329-3340. [PMID: 33900512 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is commonly used as an herbal medicine for improvement of life quality. It is also used as a supplemental medication with anti-cancer drugs to enhance chemotherapy efficacy and shows some beneficial effects. Ginsenosides, also known as saponins, are the major active pharmacological compounds found in ginseng and have been extensively using in treatment of not only cancers but also the other inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, acute lung injury, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. The anti-cancer activities of ginsengs and ginsenosides in different types of cancers have been well studied experimentally and clinically. The major anti-cancer mechanisms of ginseng compounds include inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis as well as induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Herein, we review and summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacological effects of ginsengs and ginseng-derived compounds in the treatment of cancers. Moreover, the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) by which ginsengs and ginsenosides modulate the immune response in cancer diseases as well as ginsengs-drugs interaction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Luong Huynh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Thach Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Marmitt DJ, Shahrajabian MH. Plant species used in Brazil and Asia regions with toxic properties. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4703-4726. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diorge Jônatas Marmitt
- Post‐graduate Program in Biotechnology Taquari Valley University – Univates Lajeado RS Brazil
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Sarhene M, Ni JY, Duncan ES, Liu Z, Li S, Zhang J, Guo R, Gao S, Gao X, Fan G. Ginsenosides for cardiovascular diseases; update on pre-clinical and clinical evidence, pharmacological effects and the mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105481. [PMID: 33549726 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of death worldwide, accounting for almost 31% of the global mortality annually. Several preclinical studies have indicated that ginseng and the major bioactive ingredient (ginsenosides) can modulate several CVDs through diverse mechanisms. However, there is paucity in the translation of such experiments into clinical arena for cardiovascular ailments due to lack of conclusive specific pathways through which these activities are initiated and lack of larger, long-term well-structured clinical trials. Therefore, this review elaborates on current pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in the cardiovascular system and provides some insights into the safety, toxicity, and synergistic effects in human trials. The review concludes that before ginseng, ginsenosides and their preparations could be utilized in the clinical treatment of CVDs, there should be more preclinical studies in larger animals (like the guinea pig, rabbit, dog, and monkey) to find the specific dosages, address the toxicity, safety and synergistic effects with other conventional drugs. This could lead to the initiation of large-scale, long-term well-structured randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trials to test whether treatment is effective for a longer period and test the efficacy against other conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sarhene
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jing Yu Ni
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Esi Sophia Duncan
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Sheng Li
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Rui Guo
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shan Gao
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Ichim MC, de Boer HJ. A Review of Authenticity and Authentication of Commercial Ginseng Herbal Medicines and Food Supplements. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:612071. [PMID: 33505315 PMCID: PMC7832030 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.612071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng traditional medicines and food supplements are the globally top selling herbal products. Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius and Panax notoginseng are the main commercial ginseng species in herbal medicine. Prices of ginseng products vary widely based on the species, quality, and purity of the used ginseng, and this provides a strong driver for intentional adulteration. Our systematic literature search has reviewed the authenticity results of 507 ginseng-containing commercial herbal products sold in 12 countries scattered across six continents. The analysis of the botanical and chemical identity of all these products shows that 76% are authentic while 24% were reported as adulterated. The number of commercial products as well as the percentage of adulteration varies significantly between continents, being highest in South America (100%) and Australia (75%), and lower in Europe (35%), North America (23%), Asia (21%) and Africa (0%). At a national level, from the five countries for which more than 10 products have been successfully authenticated, the highest percentage of adulterated ginseng products were purchased from Taiwan (49%), followed by Italy (37%), China (21%), and USA (12%), while all products bought in South Korea were reported to be authentic. In most cases, labeled Panax species were substituted with other Panax species, but substitution of ginseng root, the medicinally recommended plant part, with leaves, stems or flowers was also reported. Efficient and practical authentication using biomarkers to distinguish the main ginseng varieties and secondary metabolite spectra for age determination are essential to combat adulteration in the global marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- “Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
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28
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Ghavami A, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Hojati Kermani MA, Zare M, Amani R. Benefits and harms of ginseng supplementation on liver function? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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30
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Li Y, Wang Y, Piao X, Zheng P, Zhang H, Pang S, Qu Z, Wang Y. Changes of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in fresh and processed ginsengs. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2068-2075. [PMID: 32328273 PMCID: PMC7174236 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The study estimated changes of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde (5-HMF) in different ginseng products with different temperatures and time pretreatment. Heat treatment was performed at various temperatures for 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, and 3.00 hr, respectively. Ultrasonic extraction and reflux extraction were used to evaluate the extraction rate and different solvents (such as 80% methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and an extraction with both dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvents) using two extraction methods (liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction) to remove matrix interference. An ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS) method was used for quantitative and changing analysis of 5-HMF in different ginseng samples. The results indicated that the content of 5-HMF increased dramatically with heating temperature and time, and the 5-HMF in the ginseng samples ranged from 0.01 to 112.32 g/kg protein. The highest value was observed in the honey-added ginseng samples with the highest amount of addition and highest temperature treatment, and the lowest value was found in the fresh ginseng samples. These results implied that 5-HMF may be as an indicator to estimate the honey addition level and heat treatment degree during the processing of ginseng products, and the content of 5-HMF is a promising parameter to evaluate the quality of products (ginseng). The production and regulation of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products (PHMRPs)-5-HMF in ginseng manufacture will provide an important reference for safe ginseng processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and PlantsChinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunJilinChina
| | - Yufang Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and PlantsChinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunJilinChina
| | - Xiangmin Piao
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and PlantsChinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunJilinChina
| | - Peihe Zheng
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and PlantsChinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunJilinChina
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and PlantsChinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunJilinChina
| | - Shifeng Pang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and PlantsChinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunJilinChina
| | - Zhengyi Qu
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and PlantsChinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunJilinChina
| | - Yingping Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and PlantsChinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunJilinChina
- College of Chinese Medicinal MaterialsJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunJilinChina
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Ratan ZA, Haidere MF, Hong YH, Park SH, Lee JO, Lee J, Cho JY. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:199-210. [PMID: 33841000 PMCID: PMC8020288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used as a traditional herb in Asian countries for thousands of years. It contains a large number of active ingredients including steroidal saponins, protopanaxadiols, and protopanaxatriols, collectively known as ginsenosides. In the last few decades, the antioxidative and anticancer effects of ginseng, in addition to its effects on improving immunity, energy and sexuality, and combating cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurological diseases, have been studied in both basic and clinical research. Ginseng could be a valuable resource for future drug development; however, further higher quality evidence is required. Moreover, ginseng may have drug interactions although the available evidence suggests it is a relatively safe product. This article reviews the bioactive compounds, global distribution, and therapeutic potential of plants in the genus Panax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Faisal Haidere
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oog Lee
- Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Bio-Inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:871-883. [PMID: 31407196 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used as an herbal nutritional supplement in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan, and Vietnam for several millennia. Most studies have focused on the role of ginseng on anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Recently, modulator activities of ginseng on the immune responses during pathogenic bacterial and viral infections and beneficial effects of ginseng in infectious diseases have been elucidated. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed the potential of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Re, Rd, Rh2 for treatment of several infectious diseases. The molecular mechanisms of these effects mainly involve inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10), apoptotic pathway (bcl-2, bcl-xL), PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, JAK2/STAT5, NF-κB pathway, and the inflammasome. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng in the immune responses during the infections and its bioactivities on the prevention of infectious diseases as well as its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of ginseng as an anti-bacterial and anti-viral medication and vaccine adjuvant will be discussed as well.
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Banga S, Kumar V, Suri S, Kaushal M, Prasad R, Kaur S. Nutraceutical Potential of Diet Drinks: A Critical Review on Components, Health Effects, and Consumer Safety. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:272-286. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1642811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Banga
- Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sheenam Suri
- Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Manisha Kaushal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rasane Prasad
- Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Ham SW, Kim JK, Jeon HY, Kim EJ, Jin X, Eun K, Park CG, Lee SY, Seo S, Kim JY, Choi SH, Hong N, Lee YY, Kim H. Korean Red ginseng extract inhibits glioblastoma propagation by blocking the Wnt signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:393-400. [PMID: 30878548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Korean Red ginseng extract (RG) is one of the most widely used traditional health functional food in Asia, which invigorates immunity and vital energy. RG have been suggested to inhibit proliferation, invasion, and inflammation in several cancer cell lines. Correspondingly, clinical studies have raised the possibility that RG could augment therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients. However, little is known about the anti-cancer effects of RG in glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive brain tumor for which effective therapeutic regimens need to be developed. AIM OF THIS STUDY Here, we assessed the in vivo and in vitro anti-cancer properties of RG in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model and GBM stem cell (GSC) line. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-cancer effects of RG in patient-derived GBM xenograft mice with and without combined concurrent chemo- and radiation therapy (CCRT). Furthermore, we verified the in vitro effects of RG on the proliferation, cell death, and stem cell-like self-renewal capacity of cancer cells. Finally, we investigated the signaling pathway affected by RG, via which its anti-cancer effects were mediated. RESULTS When combined with CCRT, RG impeded GBM progression by reducing cancer cell proliferation and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1)-positive immune cell recruitment. The anti-cancer effects of RG were mediated by Rg3 and Rh2 ginsenosides. Rg3 promoted cell death while Rh2 did not. Furthermore, both Rg3 and Rh2 reduced cell viability and self-renewal capacity of GSCs by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. CONCLUSION Therefore, our observations imply that RG could be applied to the GBM patients in parallel with CCRT to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Won Ham
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyum Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiong Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Eun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- Korea Ginseng Corporation, Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Parlakpinar H, Ozhan O, Ermis N, Vardi N, Cigremis Y, Tanriverdi LH, Colak C, Acet A. Acute and Subacute Effects of Low Versus High Doses of Standardized Panax ginseng Extract on the Heart: An Experimental Study. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 19:306-320. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kozik TM, Carey MG, Bhattacharyya M, Chien W, Charos GS, Connolly TF, Hickman MC, Schmidt S, Pelter MM. Cardiovascular responses to ENERGY drinks in a healthy population during eXercise: The C-Energy-X Study. J Electrocardiol 2018; 51:S1-S5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Jung Y, Kim K, Bian Y, Ngo T, Bae ON, Lim KM, Chung JH. Ginsenoside Rg3 disrupts actin-cytoskeletal integrity leading to contractile dysfunction and apoptotic cell death in vascular smooth muscle. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:645-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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38
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Li Y, Liu X, Meng L, Wang Y. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of furosine in fresh and processed ginsengs. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:21-26. [PMID: 29348718 PMCID: PMC5766691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Furosine (ɛ-N-2-furoylmethyl-L-lysine, FML) is an amino acid derivative, which is considered to be an important indicator of the extent of damage (deteriorating the quality of amino acid and proteins due to a blockage of lysine and a decrease in the digestibility of proteins) during the early stages of the Maillard reaction. In addition, FML has been proven to be harmful because it is closely related to a variety of diseases such as diabetes. The qualitative analysis of FML in fresh and processed ginsengs was confirmed using HPLC-MS. Methods An ion-pair reversed-phase LC method was used for the quantitative analysis of FML in various ginseng samples. Results The contents of FML in the ginseng samples were 3.35–42.28 g/kg protein. The lowest value was observed in the freshly collected ginseng samples, and the highest value was found in the black ginseng concentrate. Heat treatment and honey addition significantly increased the FML content from 3.35 g/kg protein to 42.28 g/kg protein. Conclusion These results indicate that FML is a promising indicator to estimate the heat treatment degree and honey addition level during the manufacture of ginseng products. The FML content is also an important parameter to identity the quality of ginseng products. In addition, the generation and regulation of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products-FML in ginseng processing was also investigated, providing a solid theoretical foundation and valuable reference for safe ginseng processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- Flight Training Base, Air Force Aviation University, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Meng
- Jilin Province Science and Technology Department, Changchun, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
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González Arbeláez LF, Ciocci Pardo A, Fantinelli JC, Schinella GR, Mosca SM, Ríos JL. Cardioprotection and natural polyphenols: an update of clinical and experimental studies. Food Funct 2018; 9:6129-6145. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms involved in ischemia–reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F. González Arbeláez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- CCT-CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Alejandro Ciocci Pardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- CCT-CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Juliana C. Fantinelli
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- CCT-CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Guillermo R. Schinella
- Cátedra de Farmacología Básica
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Susana M. Mosca
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- CCT-CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - José-Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia
- Facultat de Farmàcia
- Universitat de València
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
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40
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Xiu Y, Li X, Sun X, Xiao D, Miao R, Zhao H, Liu S. Simultaneous determination and difference evaluation of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots cultivated in different areas and ages by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode combined with multivariate statistical analysis. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:508-516. [PMID: 31700257 PMCID: PMC6823800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides are not only the principal bioactive components but also the important indexes to the quality assessment of Panax ginseng Meyer. Their contents in cultivated ginseng vary with the growth environment and age. The present study aimed at evaluating the significant difference between 36 cultivated ginseng of different cultivation areas and ages based on the simultaneously determined contents of 14 ginsenosides. Methods A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) method was developed and used in the multiple reaction–monitoring (MRM) mode (HPLC-MRM/MS) for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis, was applied to discriminate ginseng samples of various cultivation areas and ages and to discover the differentially accumulated ginsenoside markers. Results The developed HPLC-MRM/MS method was validated to be precise, accurate, stable, sensitive, and repeatable for the simultaneous determination of 14 ginsenosides. It was found that the 3- and 5-yr-old ginseng samples were differentiated distinctly by all means of multivariate statistical analysis, whereas the 4-yr-old samples exhibited similarity to either 3- or 5-yr-old samples in the contents of ginsenosides. Among the 14 detected ginsenosides, Rg1, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, 20(S)-Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, and Rb3 were identified as potential markers for the differentiation of cultivation ages. In addition, the 5-yr-old samples were able to be classified in cultivation area based on the contents of ginsenosides, whereas the 3- and 4-yr-old samples showed little differences in cultivation area. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the HPLC-MRM/MS method combined with multivariate statistical analysis provides deep insight into the accumulation characteristics of ginsenosides and could be used to differentiate ginseng that are cultivated in different areas and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuli Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Miao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Huanxi Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Pourroy B, Letellier C, Helvig A, Chanet B, De Crozals F, Alessandra C. Development of a rapid risk evaluation tool for herbs/drugs interactions in cancer patients: a multicentric experience in south of France. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2017; 26. [DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Pourroy
- Oncopharma Unit; Department of Pharmacy; La Timone University Teaching Hospital; Marseille France
| | - C. Letellier
- Department of Pharmacy; Clairval Private Hospital; Marseille France
| | - A. Helvig
- Department of Pharmacy; Paoli Calmettes Cancer Center; Marseille France
| | - B. Chanet
- Department of Pharmacy; Sainte Catherine Cancer Center; Avignon France
| | - F. De Crozals
- Department of Pharmacy; Sainte Catherine Cancer Center; Avignon France
| | - C. Alessandra
- Department of Pharmacy; Sainte Musse Intercommunal Hospital Center; Toulon France
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Wang L, Zhang F, Cao Z, Xiao Y, Li S, Yu B, Qi J. Ginsenoside F2 induces the release of mediators associated with Anaphylactoid reactions. Fitoterapia 2017; 121:223-228. [PMID: 28734737 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the allergenicity of ginsenosides, as main active components in ginseng, has attracted much attention. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd. have been reported to induce anaphylactoid reaction. In this study, the allergenicity of a series of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) type ginsenosides, including Rb1, Rd., F2, Compound K and 20(S)-PPD, was evaluated in rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 (RBL2H3) cells. As a result, 20(S)-PPD had no effect on the mast cell degranulation, but other components showed anaphylactoid potential to different extent. The allergenicity was stronger and stronger according to the order "Rb1, Rd., F2, Compound K". Then, F2 was further verified in RBL-2H3 cells, mouse peritoneal mast cells (MPMCs), Laboratory of Allergic Disease 2 (LAD2) human mast cells in vitro and mice in vivo. Results showed that F2 could induce a significant increase of histamine release and translocation of phosphatidylserine in RBL-2H3 cells. F2 also increased β-hexosaminidase release and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of MPMCs and LAD2 cells. In addition, histamine level in serum of mice was elevated dose-dependently. Our study revealed the potential structure-allergenicity relationship of 20(S)-PPD type ginsenosides and first verified the allergenicity of ginsenoside F2. This study could guide the establishment of quality standards for safe application of ginsenoside-containing preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Department of preparation, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, PLA, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Suxia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Boyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Jin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Gao Y, Chu S, Zhang Z, Chen N. Hepataprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 - A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:178-183. [PMID: 28427912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng has been used as efficient tonic and for the treatment of various diseases including hepatic disorders. Ginseng saponins, also known as ginsenosides, are principal constituents and have been treated to be responsible for disparate ginseng health benefits. The current review mainly focuses on ginsenoside Rg1, a compound isolated from traditional Chinese herbal medicine Panax ginseng Meyer. AIMS To summary the hepataprotective effects and related mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1, we conclude this review by combining the literature and our own researches. METHODS As evidenced, we organized the pharmacological function of ginsenoside Rg1 by searching the pubmed. It has been deeply studied and summarized in the field of neurobiology, however, in this paper we described the pharmacological function of Rg1 in liver related to antioxidative stress and anti-inflammation. R&D: Individual ginsenoside could be used since it shows a wide array of beneficial functions in the regulation and disorders of acute and chronic hepatotoxicity, hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in various pathways and different mechanisms. Of note, the antioxidant hepatic protection of ginsenoside Rg1 is mainly through the induction of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The multi-target actions of Rg1 substantiates it as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of hepatic impairment in different factors induced liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
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Kozik TM, Shah S, Bhattacharyya M, Franklin TT, Connolly TF, Chien W, Charos GS, Pelter MM. Cardiovascular responses to energy drinks in a healthy population: The C-energy study. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:1205-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Lee YM, Yoon H, Park HM, Song BC, Yeum KJ. Implications of red Panax ginseng in oxidative stress associated chronic diseases. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:113-119. [PMID: 28413314 PMCID: PMC5386131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The steaming process of Panax ginseng has been reported to increase its major known bioactive components, ginsenosides, and, therefore, its biological properties as compared to regular Panax ginseng. Biological functions of red Panax ginseng attenuating pro-oxidant environments associated with chronic diseases are of particular interest, since oxidative stress can be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Additionally, proper utilization of various biomarkers for evaluating antioxidant activities in natural products, such as ginseng, can also be important to providing validity to their activities. Thus, studies on the effects of red ginseng against various diseases as determined in cell lines, animal models, and humans were reviewed, along with applied biomarkers for verifying such effects. Limitations and future considerations of studying red ginseng were been discussed. Although further clinical studies are warranted, red ginseng appears to be beneficial for attenuating disease-associated symptoms via its antioxidant activities, as well as for preventing oxidative stress-associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Haelim Yoon
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Park
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Byeng Chun Song
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
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