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Shatz N, Chohan Y, Klionsky DJ. ATG14 and STX18: gatekeepers of lipid droplet degradation and the implications for disease modulation. Autophagy 2024; 20:1697-1699. [PMID: 38735055 PMCID: PMC11262226 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2350739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipophagy, a form of autophagy specific to the degradation of lipid droplets (LDs), plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and metabolic processes. A recent study has identified ATG14 (autophagy related 14) as a molecule that targets LDs and marks them for degradation via lipophagy; a process that is inhibited by the binding of STX18 (syntaxin 18) to ATG14 in mammalian cells. The exact mechanism of regulation of lipophagy, and subsequently of cellular LD levels, is still under investigation; however, dysregulation of this process has been linked to a number of disease phenotypes. An imbalance of lipid levels can result in a wide variety of conditions depending on the cell/tissue type in which they occur. In cells of the retinal pigment epithelium, lipid accumulation can result in dry age-related macular degeneration, in hepatocytes it can result in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases and in neural cells it can result in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Based upon its wide range of implications in diseases, modulation of lipophagy is currently being further investigated for its potential as a treatment for a variety of conditions ranging from viral infection to developmental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Shatz
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yashveer Chohan
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wang Y, Song Y, Xu L, Zhou W, Wang W, Jin Q, Xie Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Wu W, Li H, Liang L, Wang J, Yang Y, Chen X, Ge S, Gao T, Zhang L, Xie M. A Membrane-Targeting Aggregation-Induced Emission Probe for Monitoring Lipid Droplet Dynamics in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309907. [PMID: 38696589 PMCID: PMC11234465 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is the leading cause of irreversible myocardial damage. A pivotal pathogenic factor is ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis, marked by iron overload and lipid peroxidation. However, the impact of lipid droplet (LD) changes on I/R-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis is unclear. In this study, an aggregation-induced emission probe, TPABTBP is developed that is used for imaging dynamic changes in LD during myocardial I/R-induced ferroptosis. TPABTBP exhibits excellent LD-specificity, superior capability for monitoring lipophagy, and remarkable photostability. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and super-resolution fluorescence imaging demonstrate that the TPABTBP is specifically localized to the phospholipid monolayer membrane of LDs. Imaging LDs in cardiomyocytes and myocardial tissue in model mice with MIRI reveals that the LD accumulation level increase in the early reperfusion stage (0-9 h) but decrease in the late reperfusion stage (>24 h) via lipophagy. The inhibition of LD breakdown significantly reduces the lipid peroxidation level in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that chloroquine (CQ), an FDA-approved autophagy modulator, can inhibit ferroptosis, thereby attenuating MIRI in mice. This study describes the dynamic changes in LD during myocardial ischemia injury and suggests a potential therapeutic target for early MIRI intervention.
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Zhang X, Hu Y, Wang W, Ji R, Li Z, Yu W, Wu Z, Xiao Y, Guo T, Qi Z, Wang Y, Zhao C. IRGM/Irgm1 increases autophagy to inhibit activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory injury induced acute liver failure. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:272. [PMID: 38849356 PMCID: PMC11161524 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune-related GTPase M (IRGM) induces autophagy and suppresses inflammation, but its putative role and signaling mechanism remain undefined in the pathogenesis of liver failure. This study aimed to address how IRGM attenuates inflammatory injury by regulating autophagy in liver failure. In this study, a total of 10 patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) and 10 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. Intrahepatic expression of IRGM/Irgm1, NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1), autophagy-related proteins (LC3II, P62), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) were measured. Autophagy was activated by rapamycin (4 mg/kg) in an acute liver failure (ALF) mouse model, which was used to further study the expression of Irgm1, NLRP3 inflammasome, autophagy-related proteins, and inflammatory cytokines using both qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Irgm1 expression was knocked down using Irgm1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AML12 cells to investigate the effects of Irgm1 deletion on autophagy and inflammation. We found that the expression of IRGM and autophagy-related proteins was significantly downregulated while the NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly upregulated in the livers of HBV-ACLF patients and the ALF mouse model (all P < 0.05). Rapamycin-induced autophagy ameliorated intrahepatic NLRP3 inflammasome activation and decreased inflammation and necrosis in the ALF mice. Irgm1 knockdown decreased autophagy and significantly upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in AML12 cells (all P < 0.05). Rapamycin-induced autophagy also protected against hepatocyte injury following LPS stimulation in vitro by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus, IRGM/Irgm1 alleviates inflammation-mediated hepatocyte injury by regulating autophagy. This study provides new insight into potential molecular targets to treat liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ru Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Weiyan Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Zhinian Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Tingyu Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Zeqiang Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Caiyan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
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Meroni M, Longo M, Dongiovanni P. Cardiometabolic risk factors in MASLD patients with HCC: the other side of the coin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1411706. [PMID: 38846491 PMCID: PMC11153718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1411706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) constitutes the commonest cause of chronic liver disorder worldwide, whereby affecting around one third of the global population. This clinical condition may evolve into Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in a predisposed subgroup of patients. The complex pathogenesis of MASLD is severely entangled with obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D), so far so nutritional and lifestyle recommendations may be crucial in influencing the risk of HCC and modifying its prognosis. However, the causative association between HCC onset and the presence of metabolic comorbidities is not completely clarified. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize the main literature findings that correlate the presence of inherited or acquired hyperlipidemia and metabolic risk factors with the increased predisposition towards liver cancer in MASLD patients. Here, we gathered the evidence underlining the relationship between circulating/hepatic lipids, cardiovascular events, metabolic comorbidities and hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, we reported previous studies supporting the impact of triglyceride and/or cholesterol accumulation in generating aberrancies in the intracellular membranes of organelles, oxidative stress, ATP depletion and hepatocyte degeneration, influencing the risk of HCC and its response to therapeutic approaches. Finally, our pursuit was to emphasize the link between HCC and the presence of cardiometabolic abnormalities in our large cohort of histologically-characterized patients affected by MASLD (n=1538), of whom 86 had MASLD-HCC by including unpublished data.
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Yang Y, Qiu W, Xiao J, Sun J, Ren X, Jiang L. Dihydromyricetin ameliorates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance via AMPK/PGC-1α and PPARα-mediated autophagy pathway. J Transl Med 2024; 22:309. [PMID: 38532480 PMCID: PMC10964712 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a flavonoid compound of natural origin, has been identified in high concentrations in ampelopsis grossedentata and has a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological functions, particularly in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. The objective of this research was to examine how DHM affected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its underlying mechanisms involved in the progression of NAFLD in a rat model subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD). Additionally, the study examines the underlying mechanisms in a cellular model of steatohepatitis using palmitic acid (PA)-treated HepG2 cells, with a focus on the potential correlation between autophagy and hepatic insulin resistance (IR) in the progress of NAFLD. METHODS SD rats were exposed to a HFD for a period of eight weeks, followed by a treatment with DHM (at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg·kg-1·d-1) for additional six weeks. The HepG2 cells received a 0.5 mM PA treatment for 24 h, either alone or in conjunction with DHM (10 µM). The histopathological alterations were assessed by the use of Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The quantification of glycogen content and lipid buildup in the liver was conducted by the use of PAS and Oil Red O staining techniques. Serum lipid and liver enzyme levels were also measured. Autophagic vesicle and autolysosome morphology was studied using electron microscopy. RT-qPCR and/or western blotting techniques were used to measure IR- and autophagy-related factors levels. RESULTS The administration of DHM demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating hepatic steatosis, as seen in both in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Moreover, DHM administration significantly increased GLUT2 expression, decreased G6Pase and PEPCK expression, and improved IR in the hepatic tissue of rats fed a HFD and in cells exhibiting steatosis. DHM treatment elevated Beclin 1, ATG 5, and LC3-II levels in hepatic steatosis models, correlating with autolysosome formation. The expression of AMPK levels and its downstream target PGC-1α, and PPARα were decreased in HFD-fed rats and PA-treated hepatocytes, which were reversed through DHM treatment. AMPK/ PGC-1α and PPARα knockdown reduced the impact of DHM on hepatic autophagy, IR and accumulation of hepatic lipid. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that AMPK/ PGC-1α, PPARα-dependent autophagy pathways in the pathophysiology of IR and hepatic steatosis has been shown, suggesting that DHM might potentially serve as a promising treatment option for addressing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Luxia Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery ICU, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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Mahmoudi SK, Tarzemani S, Aghajanzadeh T, Kasravi M, Hatami B, Zali MR, Baghaei K. Exploring the role of genetic variations in NAFLD: implications for disease pathogenesis and precision medicine approaches. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:190. [PMID: 38504356 PMCID: PMC10953212 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases, affecting more than one-quarter of people worldwide. Hepatic steatosis can progress to more severe forms of NAFLD, including NASH and cirrhosis. It also may develop secondary diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Genetic and environmental factors regulate NAFLD incidence and progression, making it a complex disease. The contribution of various environmental risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diet, and sedentary lifestyle, to the exacerbation of liver injury is highly understood. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of genetic variations in the NAFLD occurrence or its deterioration still need to be clarified. Hence, understanding the genetic susceptibility to NAFLD is essential for controlling the course of the disease. The current review discusses genetics' role in the pathological pathways of NAFLD, including lipid and glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, cellular stresses, and immune responses. Additionally, it explains the role of the genetic components in the induction and progression of NAFLD in lean individuals. Finally, it highlights the utility of genetic knowledge in precision medicine for the early diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Kosar Mahmoudi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Shadi Tarzemani
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Taha Aghajanzadeh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Kasravi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Behzad Hatami
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
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Ding X, He X, Tang B, Lan T. Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: future directions and strategies. Chin Med 2024; 19:21. [PMID: 38310315 PMCID: PMC10838467 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used for several centuries for metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). At present, NAFLD has become the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease worldwide and can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, there is still a lack of effective treatment strategies in Western medicine. The development of NAFLD is driven by multiple mechanisms, including genetic factors, insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and adipose tissue dysfunction. Currently, certain drugs, including insulin sensitizers, statins, vitamin E, ursodeoxycholic acid and betaine, are proven to be beneficial for the clinical treatment of NAFLD. Due to its complex pathogenesis, personalized medicine that integrates various mechanisms may provide better benefits to patients with NAFLD. The holistic view and syndrome differentiation of TCM have advantages in treating NAFLD, which are similar to the principles of personalized medicine. In TCM, NAFLD is primarily classified into five types based on clinical experience. It is located in the liver and is closely related to spleen and kidney functions. However, due to the multi-component characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, its application in the treatment of NAFLD has been considerably limited. In this review, we summarize the advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD, drawn from both the Western medicine and TCM perspectives. We highlight that Chinese and Western medicine have complementary advantages and should receive increased attention in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 280 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xu He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 280 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bulang Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 280 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tian Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 280 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China.
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Ren Q, Sun Q, Fu J. Dysfunction of autophagy in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Autophagy 2024; 20:221-241. [PMID: 37700498 PMCID: PMC10813589 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2254191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ACOX1: acyl-CoA oxidase 1; ADH5: alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide; ADIPOQ: adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CRTC2: CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; F2RL1: F2R like trypsin receptor 1; FA: fatty acid; FOXO1: forkhead box O1; GLP1R: glucagon like peptide 1 receptor; GRK2: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2; GTPase: guanosine triphosphatase; HFD: high-fat diet; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; HTRA2: HtrA serine peptidase 2; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; KD: knockdown; KDM6B: lysine demethylase 6B; KO: knockout; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LDs: lipid droplets; Li KO: liver-specific knockout; LSECs: liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP3K5: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5; MED1: mediator complex subunit 1; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NFE2L2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; NOS3: nitric oxide synthase 3; NR1H3: nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3; OA: oleic acid; OE: overexpression; OSBPL8: oxysterol binding protein like 8; PA: palmitic acid; RUBCNL: rubicon like autophagy enhancer; PLIN2: perilipin 2; PLIN3: perilipin 3; PPARA: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; PRKAA2/AMPK: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2; RAB: member RAS oncogene family; RPTOR: regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1; SCD: stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SIRT3: sirtuin 3; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SREBF1: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1;SREBF2: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; TAGs: triacylglycerols; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TP53/p53: tumor protein p53; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VMP1: vacuole membrane protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Nazeer B, Khawar MB, Khalid MU, Hamid SE, Rafiq M, Abbasi MH, Sheikh N, Ali A, Fatima H, Ahmad S. Emerging role of lipophagy in liver disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1-11. [PMID: 36943663 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipophagy is a selective degradation of lipids by a lysosomal-mediated pathway, and dysregulation of lipophagy is linked with the pathological hallmark of many liver diseases. Downregulation of lipophagy in liver cells results in abnormal accumulation of LDs (Lipid droplets) in hepatocytes which is a characteristic feature of several liver pathologies such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Contrarily, upregulation of lipophagy in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is associated with hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Lipid metabolism reprogramming in violent cancer cells contributes to the progression of liver cancer. In this review, we have summarized the recent studies focusing on various components of the lipophagic machinery that can be modulated for their potential role as therapeutic agents against a wide range of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bismillah Nazeer
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Usman Khalid
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Eisha Hamid
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mussarat Rafiq
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hooriya Fatima
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ahmad
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Raza S, Rajak S, Singh R, Zhou J, Sinha RA, Goel A. Cell-type specific role of autophagy in the liver and its implications in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:1272-1283. [PMID: 38192406 PMCID: PMC7615497 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i12.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular degradative process, has emerged as a key regulator of cellular energy production and stress mitigation. Dysregulated autophagy is a common phenomenon observed in several human diseases, and its restoration offers curative advantage. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), more recently renamed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, is a major metabolic liver disease affecting almost 30% of the world population. Unfortunately, NAFLD has no pharmacological therapies available to date. Autophagy regulates several hepatic processes including lipid metabolism, inflammation, cellular integrity and cellular plasticity in both parenchymal (hepatocytes) and non-parenchymal cells (Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells) with a profound impact on NAFLD progression. Understanding cell type-specific autophagy in the liver is essential in order to develop targeted treatments for liver diseases such as NAFLD. Modulating autophagy in specific cell types can have varying effects on liver function and pathology, making it a promising area of research for liver-related disorders. This review aims to summarize our present understanding of cell-type specific effects of autophagy and their implications in developing autophagy centric therapies for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Raza
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Sangam Rajak
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Rajani Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Jin Zhou
- CVMD, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Amit Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226014, India.
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Sinha RA. Autophagy: A Cellular Guardian against Hepatic Lipotoxicity. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:553. [PMID: 36874473 PMCID: PMC7614268 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is a phenomenon of lipid-induced cellular injury in nonadipose tissue. Excess of free saturated fatty acids (SFAs) contributes to hepatic injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has been growing at an unprecedented rate in recent years. SFAs and their derivatives such as ceramides and membrane phospholipids have been shown to induce intrahepatic oxidative damage and ER stress. Autophagy represents a cellular housekeeping mechanism to counter the perturbation in organelle function and activation of stress signals within the cell. Several aspects of autophagy, including lipid droplet assembly, lipophagy, mitophagy, redox signaling and ER-phagy, play a critical role in mounting a strong defense against lipotoxic lipid species within the hepatic cells. This review provides a succinct overview of our current understanding of autophagy-lipotoxicity interaction and its pharmacological and nonpharmacological modulation in treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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12
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Lee KC, Wu PS, Lin HC. Pathogenesis and treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and its fibrosis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:77-98. [PMID: 36226471 PMCID: PMC9845678 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial presentation of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is hepatic steatosis. The dysfunction of lipid metabolism within hepatocytes caused by genetic factors, diet, and insulin resistance causes lipid accumulation. Lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress would further contribute to hepatocyte injury and death, leading to inflammation and immune dysfunction in the liver. During the healing process, the accumulation of an excessive amount of fibrosis might occur while healing. During the development of NASH and liver fibrosis, the gut-liver axis, adipose-liver axis, and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may be dysregulated and impaired. Translocation of bacteria or its end-products entering the liver could activate hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells, exacerbating hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Bile acids regulate glucose and lipid metabolism through Farnesoid X receptors in the liver and intestine. Increased adipose tissue-derived non-esterified fatty acids would aggravate hepatic steatosis. Increased leptin also plays a role in hepatic fibrogenesis, and decreased adiponectin may contribute to hepatic insulin resistance. Moreover, dysregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the liver, adipose, and muscle tissues may impair lipid metabolism. In addition, the RAS may contribute to hepatic fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. The treatment includes lifestyle modification, pharmacological therapy, and non-pharmacological therapy. Currently, weight reduction by lifestyle modification or surgery is the most effective therapy. However, vitamin E, pioglitazone, and obeticholic acid have also been suggested. In this review, we will introduce some new clinical trials and experimental therapies for the treatment of NASH and related fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chuan Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Corresponding author : Kuei-Chuan Lee Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11217, Taiwan Tel: +886 2 2871 2121, Fax: +886 2 2873 9318, E-mail:
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Corresponding author : Kuei-Chuan Lee Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11217, Taiwan Tel: +886 2 2871 2121, Fax: +886 2 2873 9318, E-mail:
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13
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Lin YC, Lin HF, Wu CC, Chen CL, Ni YH. Pathogenic effects of Desulfovibrio in the gut on fatty liver in diet-induced obese mice and children with obesity. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:913-925. [PMID: 35976494 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-022-01909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although we know the key role of gut dysbiosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), it remains unclear what microbe(s) are responsible. This study aims to identify the microbes that cause NAFLD. METHODS C57BL/6JNarl male mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were orally administered Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG plus Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB12 (LGG plus BB12). Their fecal microbiomes identified by 16S rRNA sequencing were correlated with the severity of fatty liver. We then used a human cohort to confirm the role of the microbe(s). The HFD-fed mice were administrated with the identified bacterium, Desulfovibrio. The histopathological changes in the liver and ileum were analyzed. RESULTS Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium improved hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in HFD-fed mice, which was related to the decreased abundance of Desulfovibrio in feces. Further human study confirmed the amount of D. piger in the fecal microbiota of obese children with NAFLD was increased. We then administered D. piger and found aggravated hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in HFD-fed mice. Hepatic expression of CD36 was significantly increased in HFD-fed mice gavaged with D. piger. In HepG2 cells, overexpression of CD36 increased lipid droplets, whereas knockdown of CD36 decreased lipid droplets. HFD-fed mice gavaged with D. piger had a decrease in the villus length, crypt depth, and zonula occludens-1 density in the ileum tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide novel insights into the role of Desulfovibrio dysregulation in NAFLD. Modulation of Desulfovibrio may be a potential target for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Fang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.8, Chung Shan S. Rd., Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan.
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14
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Mehto S, Jena KK, Yadav R, Priyadarsini S, Samal P, Krishna S, Dhar K, Jain A, Chauhan NR, Murmu KC, Bal R, Sahu R, Jaiswal P, Sahoo BS, Patnaik S, Kufer TA, Rusten TE, Chauhan S, Prasad P, Chauhan S. Selective autophagy of RIPosomes maintains innate immune homeostasis during bacterial infection. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111289. [PMID: 36221902 PMCID: PMC9713718 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD1/2-RIPK2 is a key cytosolic signaling complex that activates NF-κB pro-inflammatory response against invading pathogens. However, uncontrolled NF-κB signaling can cause tissue damage leading to chronic diseases. The mechanisms by which the NODs-RIPK2-NF-κB innate immune axis is activated and resolved remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that bacterial infection induces the formation of endogenous RIPK2 oligomers (RIPosomes) that are self-assembling entities that coat the bacteria to induce NF-κB response. Next, we show that autophagy proteins IRGM and p62/SQSTM1 physically interact with NOD1/2, RIPK2 and RIPosomes to promote their selective autophagy and limit NF-κB activation. IRGM suppresses RIPK2-dependent pro-inflammatory programs induced by Shigella and Salmonella. Consistently, the therapeutic inhibition of RIPK2 ameliorates Shigella infection- and DSS-induced gut inflammation in Irgm1 KO mice. This study identifies a unique mechanism where the innate immune proteins and autophagy machinery are recruited together to the bacteria for defense as well as for maintaining immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Mehto
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Kautilya Kumar Jena
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Present address:
Division of Immunology, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Rina Yadav
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadIndia
| | | | - Pallavi Samal
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Sivaram Krishna
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadIndia
| | - Kollori Dhar
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadIndia
| | - Ashish Jain
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Nishant Ranjan Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Krushna C Murmu
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Ramyasingh Bal
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,School of BiotechnologyKIIT UniversityBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Rinku Sahu
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadIndia
| | - Pundrik Jaiswal
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | | | | | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional MedicineUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Punit Prasad
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease BiologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia,CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB)HyderabadIndia
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15
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Pant A, Yao X, Lavedrine A, Viret C, Dockterman J, Chauhan S, Chong-Shan Shi, Manjithaya R, Cadwell K, Kufer TA, Kehrl JH, Coers J, Sibley LD, Faure M, Taylor GA, Chauhan S. Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:438-515. [PMID: 37425656 PMCID: PMC10327624 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that utilizes lysosomes to selectively degrade a variety of intracellular cargo, thus providing quality control over cellular components and maintaining cellular regulatory functions. Autophagy is triggered by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient starvation to microbial infection. Autophagy extensively shapes and modulates the inflammatory response, the concerted action of immune cells, and secreted mediators aimed to eradicate a microbial infection or to heal sterile tissue damage. Here, we first review how autophagy affects innate immune signaling, cell-autonomous immune defense, and adaptive immunity. Then, we discuss the role of non-canonical autophagy in microbial infections and inflammation. Finally, we review how crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation influences infectious, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Pant
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Jake Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chong-Shan Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John H. Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana
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16
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Changotra H, Kaur S, Yadav SS, Gupta GL, Parkash J, Duseja A. ATG5: A central autophagy regulator implicated in various human diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:650-667. [PMID: 36062813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular conserved degradative process, plays a central role in the renewal/recycling of a cell to maintain the homeostasis of nutrients and energy within the cell. ATG5, a key component of autophagy, regulates the formation of the autophagosome, a hallmark of autophagy. ATG5 binds with ATG12 and ATG16L1 resulting in E3 like ligase complex, which is necessary for autophagosome expansion. Available data suggest that ATG5 is indispensable for autophagy and has an imperative role in several essential biological processes. Moreover, ATG5 has also been demonstrated to possess autophagy-independent functions that magnify its significance and therapeutic potential. ATG5 interacts with various molecules for the execution of different processes implicated during physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, ATG5 genetic variants are associated with various ailments. This review discusses various autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent roles of ATG5, highlights its various deleterious genetic variants reported until now, and various studies supporting it as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sargeet Kaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Singh Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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17
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Autophagy Dysregulation in Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A New Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710055. [PMID: 36077452 PMCID: PMC9456355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. To date, there is no FDA-approved treatment, so there is an urgent need to determine its pathophysiology and underlying molecular mechanisms. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that removes damaged organelles and misfolded proteins after cell injury through endoplasmic reticulum stress or starvation, which inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell survival. Recent studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role in removing lipid droplets from hepatocytes. Autophagy has also been reported to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and provide energy for the hepatic stellate cells activation during liver fibrosis. Thyroid hormone, irisin, melatonin, hydrogen sulfide, sulforaphane, DA-1241, vacuole membrane protein 1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, sodium-glucose co-transporter type-2 inhibitors, immunity-related GTPase M, and autophagy-related gene 7 have been reported to ameliorate MAFLD via autophagic induction. Lipid receptor CD36, SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and leucine aminopeptidase 3 play a negative role in the autophagic function. This review summarizes recent advances in the role of autophagy in MAFLD. Autophagy modulates major pathological changes, including hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis, suggesting the potential of modulating autophagy for the treatment of MAFLD.
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18
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Zhang Z, Xun Y, Rong S, Yan L, SoRelle JA, Li X, Tang M, Keller K, Ludwig S, Moresco EMY, Beutler B. Loss of immunity-related GTPase GM4951 leads to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease without obesity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4136. [PMID: 35842425 PMCID: PMC9288484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are well known risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the genetic factors contributing to the development of NAFLD remain poorly understood. Here we describe two semi-dominant allelic missense mutations (Oily and Carboniferous) of Predicted gene 4951 (Gm4951) identified from a forward genetic screen in mice. GM4951 deficient mice developed NAFLD on high fat diet (HFD) with no changes in body weight or glucose metabolism. Moreover, HFD caused a reduction in the level of Gm4951, which in turn promoted the development of NAFLD. Predominantly expressed in hepatocytes, GM4951 was verified as an interferon inducible GTPase. The NAFLD in Gm4951 knockout mice was associated with decreased lipid oxidation in the liver and no defect in hepatic lipid secretion. After lipid loading, hepatocyte GM4951 translocated to lipid droplets (LDs), bringing with it hydroxysteroid 17β-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13), which in the absence of GM4951 did not undergo this translocation. We identified a rare non-obese mouse model of NAFLD caused by GM4951 deficiency and define a critical role for GTPase-mediated translocation in hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Yu Xun
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA ,grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Shunxing Rong
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA ,grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Lijuan Yan
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. SoRelle
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Miao Tang
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Katie Keller
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Eva Marie Y. Moresco
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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19
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Immunity-related GTPase IRGM at the intersection of autophagy, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:785-795. [PMID: 35699756 PMCID: PMC9192921 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) is a GTP-binding protein that regulates selective autophagy including xenophagy and mitophagy. IRGM impacts autophagy by (1) affecting mitochondrial fusion and fission, (2) promoting the co-assembly of ULK1 and Beclin 1, (3) enhancing Beclin 1 interacting partners (AMBRA1, ATG14L1, and UVRAG), (4) interacting with other key proteins (ATG16L1, p62, NOD2, cGAS, TLR3, and RIG-I), and (5) regulating lysosomal biogenesis. IRGM also negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome formation and therefore, maturation of the important pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, impacting inflammation and pyroptosis. Ultimately, this affords protection against chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, ten IRGM polymorphisms (rs4859843, rs4859846, rs4958842, rs4958847, rs1000113, rs10051924, rs10065172, rs11747270, rs13361189, and rs72553867) have been associated with human inflammatory disorders including cancer, which suggests that these genetic variants are functionally relevant to the autophagic and inflammatory responses. The current review contextualizes IRGM, its modulation of autophagy, and inflammation, and emphasizes the role of IRGM as a cross point of immunity and tumorigenesis.
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20
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Park K, Lee MS. Current Status of Autophagy Enhancers in Metabolic Disorders and Other Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:811701. [PMID: 35237600 PMCID: PMC8882819 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.811701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is pivotal in the maintenance of organelle function and intracellular nutrient balance. Besides the role of autophagy in the homeostasis and physiology of the individual tissues and whole organism in vivo, dysregulated autophagy has been incriminated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory or immunological disorders, cancer and aging. Search for autophagy modulators has been widely conducted to amend dysregulation of autophagy or pharmacologically modulate autophagy in those diseases. Current data support the view that autophagy modulation could be a new modality for treatment of metabolic syndrome associated with lipid overload, human-type diabetes characterized by deposition of islet amyloid or other diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, infection and cardiovascular diseases. While clinically available bona fide autophagy modulators have not been developed yet, it is expected that on-going investigation will lead to the development of authentic autophagy modulators that can be safely administered to patients in the near future and will open a new horizon for treatment of incurable or difficult diseases.
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21
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Alwarawrah Y, Danzaki K, Nichols AG, Fee BE, Bock C, Kucera G, Hale LP, Taylor GA, MacIver NJ. Irgm1 regulates metabolism and function in T cell subsets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:850. [PMID: 35039539 PMCID: PMC8763923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity Related GTPases (IRG) are a family of proteins produced during infection that regulate membrane remodeling events in cells, particularly autophagy and mitophagy. The human IRGM gene has been strongly associated with Crohn's disease and other inflammatory diseases through Genome-Wide Association studies. Absence of Irgm1 in mice prompts intestinal inflammation, autoimmunity, and impaired immune control of pathogenic bacteria and protozoa. Although prior work has focused on a prominent role for IRGM/Irgm1 in regulating macrophage function, the work described here addresses a potential role of Irgm1 in regulating the function of mature T cells. Irgm1 was found to be highly expressed in T cells in a manner that varied with the particular T cell subset and increased with activation. Mice with a complete lack of Irgm1, or a conditional lack of Irgm1 specifically in T cells, displayed numerous changes in T cell numbers and function in all subsets examined, including CD4+ (Th1 and Treg) and CD8+ T cells. Related to changes in T cell number, apoptosis was found to be increased in Irgm1-deficient CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Altered T cell metabolism appeared to be a key driver of the phenotypes: Glucose metabolism and glycolysis were increased in Irgm1-deficient CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and muting these effects with glycolytic inhibitors partially restored T cell function and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keiko Danzaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda G Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian E Fee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cheryl Bock
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary Kucera
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura P Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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22
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Zhu X, Xia M, Gao X. Update on genetics and epigenetics in metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2022; 13:20420188221132138. [PMID: 36325500 PMCID: PMC9619279 DOI: 10.1177/20420188221132138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most frequent chronic liver disease worldwide. Metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is suggested to replace the nomenclature of NAFLD. For individuals with metabolic dysfunction, multiple NAFLD-related factors also contribute to the development and progression of MAFLD including genetics and epigenetics. The application of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and exome-wide association study (EWAS) uncovers single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MAFLD. In addition to the classic SNPs in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and GCKR, some new SNPs have been found recently to contribute to the pathogenesis of liver steatosis. Epigenetic factors involving DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs regulations, and RNA methylation also play a critical role in MAFLD. DNA methylation is the most reported epigenetic modification. Developing a non-invasion biomarker to distinguish metabolic steatohepatitis (MASH) or liver fibrosis is ongoing. In this review, we summarized and discussed the latest progress in genetic and epigenetic factors of NAFLD/MAFLD, in order to provide potential clues for MAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Li XY, Liu Z, Li L, Wang HJ, Wang H. TM6SF2 rs58542926 is related to hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and serum lipids both in adults and children: A meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1026901. [PMID: 36353245 PMCID: PMC9637980 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1026901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Findings about the associations between transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) rs58542926 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have not been consistently replicated, particularly in steatosis and fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the associations between the rs58542926T allele and the spectrum of NAFLD and its related metabolic phenotypes. METHODS Systematic literature research was performed to analyse the associations between rs58542926 and the spectrum of NAFLD and its related metabolic phenotypes. A random effects meta-analysis with a dominant genetic model was applied. RESULTS Data from 123,800 individuals across 44 studies were included in the current meta-analysis.rs58542926 T allele was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD in both adults (OR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.40, 1.86) and children (OR=2.87; 95% CI: 1.85, 4.46). Children had a stronger association with NAFLD (P=0.01). rs58542926 T allele was also positively associated with steatosis progression (mean difference=0.22; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.39) and fibrosis stage (OR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.88) in adults. The TM6SF2 rs58542926 T allele was positively associated with ALT in both adults and children (both P<0.01) and only with higher AST in adults (P<0.01). The rs58542926 T allele was negatively associated with serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TGs) in both adults and children (all P<0.01).The serum level of TG was much lower in adults than in children (P<0.01). CONCLUSION TM6SF2 rs58542926 is involved in the entire spectrum of NAFLD and its related metabolic phenotype, and differences in serum lipid levels were observed between adults and children. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42021288163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang,
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24
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Wen X, Yang Y, Klionsky DJ. Moments in autophagy and disease: Past and present. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100966. [PMID: 33931245 PMCID: PMC8548407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, research on autophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, has been advanced by studies in different model organisms, especially in the field of its molecular mechanism and regulation. The malfunction of autophagy is linked to various diseases, among which cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are the major focus. In this review, we cover some other important diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, infectious and inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders, as well as rare diseases, with a hope of providing a more complete understanding of the spectrum of autophagy's role in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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25
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Autophagy plays a double-edged sword role in liver diseases. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 78:9-17. [PMID: 34657993 PMCID: PMC8873123 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a highly evolutionarily conserved process, autophagy can be found in all types of eukaryotic cells. Such a constitutive process maintains cellular homeostasis in a wide variety of cell types through the encapsulation of damaged proteins or organelles into double-membrane vesicles. Autophagy not only simply eliminates materials but also serves as a dynamic recycling system that produces new building blocks and energy for cellular renovation and homeostasis. Previous studies have primarily recognized the role of autophagy in the degradation of dysfunctional proteins and unwanted organelles. However, there are findings of autophagy in physiological and pathological processes. In hepatocytes, autophagy is not only essential for homeostatic functions but also implicated in some diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and hepatic failure. In the present review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and its role in several liver diseases and put forward several new strategies for the treatment of liver disease.
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26
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Meroni M, Longo M, Tria G, Dongiovanni P. Genetics Is of the Essence to Face NAFLD. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1359. [PMID: 34680476 PMCID: PMC8533437 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. It is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia so much so it is considered the hepatic manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome. The NAFLD spectrum extends from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a clinical condition which may progress up to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a complex disease whose pathogenesis is shaped by both environmental and genetic factors. In the last two decades, several heritable modifications in genes influencing hepatic lipid remodeling, and mitochondrial oxidative status have been emerged as predictors of progressive hepatic damage. Among them, the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) p.I148M, the Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) p.E167K and the rs641738 membrane bound-o-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) polymorphisms are considered the most robust modifiers of NAFLD. However, a forefront frontier in the study of NAFLD heritability is to postulate score-based strategy, building polygenic risk scores (PRS), which aggregate the most relevant genetic determinants of NAFLD and biochemical parameters, with the purpose to foresee patients with greater risk of severe NAFLD, guaranteeing the most highly predictive value, the best diagnostic accuracy and the more precise individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Tria
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
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27
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Monson EA, Trenerry AM, Laws JL, Mackenzie JM, Helbig KJ. Lipid droplets and lipid mediators in viral infection and immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa066. [PMID: 33512504 PMCID: PMC8371277 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) contribute to key pathways important for the physiology and pathophysiology of cells. In a homeostatic view, LDs regulate the storage of neutral lipids, protein sequestration, removal of toxic lipids and cellular communication; however, recent advancements in the field show these organelles as essential for various cellular stress response mechanisms, including inflammation and immunity, with LDs acting as hubs that integrate metabolic and inflammatory processes. The accumulation of LDs has become a hallmark of infection, and is often thought to be virally driven; however, recent evidence is pointing to a role for the upregulation of LDs in the production of a successful immune response to viral infection. The fatty acids housed in LDs are also gaining interest due to the role that these lipid species play during viral infection, and their link to the synthesis of bioactive lipid mediators that have been found to have a very complex role in viral infection. This review explores the role of LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators during viral infections and poses a paradigm shift in thinking in the field, whereby LDs may play pivotal roles in protecting the host against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony A Monson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Alice M Trenerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Jay L Laws
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Karla J Helbig
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
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28
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Álvarez-Mercado AI, Rojano-Alfonso C, Micó-Carnero M, Caballeria-Casals A, Peralta C, Casillas-Ramírez A. New Insights Into the Role of Autophagy in Liver Surgery in the Setting of Metabolic Syndrome and Related Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670273. [PMID: 34141709 PMCID: PMC8204012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity is an important component of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of diseases that also includes diabetes and insulin resistance. A combination of these metabolic disorders damages liver function, which manifests as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a common cause of abnormal liver function, and numerous studies have established the enormously deleterious role of hepatic steatosis in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury that inevitably occurs in both liver resection and transplantation. Thus, steatotic livers exhibit a higher frequency of post-surgical complications after hepatectomy, and using liver grafts from donors with NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of post-surgical morbidity and mortality in the recipient. Diabetes, another MetS-related metabolic disorder, also worsens hepatic I/R injury, and similar to NAFLD, diabetes is associated with a poor prognosis after liver surgery. Due to the large increase in the prevalence of MetS, NAFLD, and diabetes, their association is frequent in the population and therefore, in patients requiring liver resection and in potential liver graft donors. This scenario requires advancement in therapies to improve postoperative results in patients suffering from metabolic diseases and undergoing liver surgery; and in this sense, the bases for designing therapeutic strategies are in-depth knowledge about the molecular signaling pathways underlying the effects of MetS-related diseases and I/R injury on liver tissue. A common denominator in all these diseases is autophagy. In fact, in the context of obesity, autophagy is profoundly diminished in hepatocytes and alters mitochondrial functions in the liver. In insulin resistance conditions, there is a suppression of autophagy in the liver, which is associated with the accumulation of lipids, being this is a risk factor for NAFLD. Also, oxidative stress occurring in hepatic I/R injury promotes autophagy. The present review aims to shed some light on the role of autophagy in livers undergoing surgery and also suffering from metabolic diseases, which may lead to the discovery of effective therapeutic targets that could be translated from laboratory to clinical practice, to improve postoperative results of liver surgeries when performed in the presence of one or more metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Álvarez-Mercado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Rojano-Alfonso
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Micó-Carnero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Peralta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araní Casillas-Ramírez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria "Bicentenario 2010", Ciudad Victoria, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales de Matamoros, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros, Mexico
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29
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Loomba R, Friedman SL, Shulman GI. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell 2021; 184:2537-2564. [PMID: 33989548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 272.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. Its more advanced subtype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), connotes progressive liver injury that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we provide an in-depth discussion of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to progressive liver injury, including the metabolic origins of NAFLD, the effect of NAFLD on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, bile acid toxicity, macrophage dysfunction, and hepatic stellate cell activation, and consider the role of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that promote fibrosis progression and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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30
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Jonas W, Schürmann A. Genetic and epigenetic factors determining NAFLD risk. Mol Metab 2020; 50:101111. [PMID: 33160101 PMCID: PMC8324682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is a common chronic liver disease that can progress into more severe stages of NAFLD or promote the development of life-threatening secondary diseases for some of those affected. These include the liver itself (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH; fibrosis and cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma) or other organs such as the vessels and the heart (cardiovascular disease) or the islets of Langerhans (type 2 diabetes). In addition to elevated caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle, genetic and epigenetic predisposition contribute to the development of NAFLD and the secondary diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW We present data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and functional studies in rodents which describe polymorphisms identified in genes relevant for the disease as well as changes caused by altered DNA methylation and gene regulation via specific miRNAs. The review also provides information on the current status of the use of genetic and epigenetic factors as risk markers. MAJOR CONCLUSION With our overview we provide an insight into the genetic and epigenetic landscape of NAFLD and argue about the applicability of currently defined risk scores for risk stratification and conclude that further efforts are needed to make the scores more usable and meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus-Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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31
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From mice to humans: Unravelling the genetic levers of NASH. J Hepatol 2020; 73:749-751. [PMID: 32807574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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32
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Schwerbel K, Kamitz A, Krahmer N, Hallahan N, Jähnert M, Gottmann P, Lebek S, Schallschmidt T, Arends D, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Haltenhof T, Heyd F, Gancheva S, Broman KW, Roden M, Joost HG, Chadt A, Al-Hasani H, Vogel H, Jonas W, Schürmann A. Immunity-related GTPase induces lipophagy to prevent excess hepatic lipid accumulation. J Hepatol 2020; 73:771-782. [PMID: 32376415 PMCID: PMC7957830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Currently, only a few genetic variants explain the heritability of fatty liver disease. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of mouse strains has identified the susceptibility locus Ltg/NZO (liver triglycerides from New Zealand obese [NZO] alleles) on chromosome 18 as associating with increased hepatic triglycerides. Herein, we aimed to identify genomic variants responsible for this association. METHODS Recombinant congenic mice carrying 5.3 Mbp of Ltg/NZO were fed a high-fat diet and characterized for liver fat. Bioinformatic analysis, mRNA profiles and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed to identify genes responsible for the Ltg/NZO phenotype. Candidate genes were manipulated in vivo by injecting specific microRNAs into C57BL/6 mice. Pulldown coupled with mass spectrometry-based proteomics and immunoprecipitation were performed to identify interaction partners of IFGGA2. RESULTS Through positional cloning, we identified 2 immunity-related GTPases (Ifgga2, Ifgga4) that prevent hepatic lipid storage. Expression of both murine genes and the human orthologue IRGM was significantly lower in fatty livers. Accordingly, liver-specific suppression of either Ifgga2 or Ifgga4 led to a 3-4-fold greater increase in hepatic fat content. In the liver of low-fat diet-fed mice, IFGGA2 localized to endosomes/lysosomes, while on a high-fat diet it associated with lipid droplets. Pulldown experiments and proteomics identified the lipase ATGL as a binding partner of IFGGA2 which was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Both proteins partially co-localized with the autophagic marker LC3B. Ifgga2 suppression in hepatocytes reduced the amount of LC3B-II, whereas overexpression of Ifgga2 increased the association of LC3B with lipid droplets and decreased triglyceride storage. CONCLUSION IFGGA2 interacts with ATGL and protects against hepatic steatosis, most likely by enhancing the binding of LC3B to lipid droplets. LAY SUMMARY The genetic basis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease remains incompletely defined. Herein, we identified members of the immunity-related GTPase family in mice and humans that act as regulators of hepatic fat accumulation, with links to autophagy. Overexpression of the gene Ifgga2 was shown to reduce hepatic lipid storage and could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schwerbel
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne Kamitz
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Krahmer
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Hallahan
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Jähnert
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Gottmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Lebek
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Schallschmidt
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Danny Arends
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tom Haltenhof
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Heyd
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofiya Gancheva
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl W Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, WI 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Vogel
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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33
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Shin DW. Lipophagy: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications in Metabolic Disorders. Mol Cells 2020; 43:686-693. [PMID: 32624503 PMCID: PMC7468585 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that breaks down damaged organelles or damaged proteins using intracellular lysosomes. Recent studies have also revealed that various forms of selective autophagy play specific physiological roles under different cellular conditions. Lipid droplets, which are mainly found in adipocytes and hepatocytes, are dynamic organelles that store triglycerides and are critical to health. Lipophagy is a type of selective autophagy that targets lipid droplets and is an essential mechanism for maintaining homeostasis of lipid droplets. However, while processes that regulate lipid droplets such as lipolysis and lipogenesis are relatively well known, the major factors that control lipophagy remain largely unknown. This review introduces the underlying mechanism by which lipophagy is induced and regulated, and the current findings on the major roles of lipophagy in physiological and pathological status. These studies will provide basic insights into the function of lipophagy and may be useful for the development of new therapies for lipophagy dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Shin
- College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
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34
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Jena KK, Mehto S, Nath P, Chauhan NR, Sahu R, Dhar K, Das SK, Kolapalli SP, Murmu KC, Jain A, Krishna S, Sahoo BS, Chattopadhyay S, Rusten TE, Prasad P, Chauhan S, Chauhan S. Autoimmunity gene IRGM suppresses cGAS-STING and RIG-I-MAVS signaling to control interferon response. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50051. [PMID: 32715615 PMCID: PMC7507369 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the type 1 interferon response is extensively connected to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Loss of function of Immunity Related GTPase M (IRGM) has also been associated to several autoimmune diseases, but its mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we found that IRGM is a master negative regulator of the interferon response. Several nucleic acid‐sensing pathways leading to interferon‐stimulated gene expression are highly activated in IRGM knockout mice and human cells. Mechanistically, we show that IRGM interacts with nucleic acid sensor proteins, including cGAS and RIG‐I, and mediates their p62‐dependent autophagic degradation to restrain interferon signaling. Further, IRGM deficiency results in defective mitophagy leading to the accumulation of defunct leaky mitochondria that release cytosolic DAMPs and mtROS. Hence, IRGM deficiency increases not only the levels of the sensors, but also those of the stimuli that trigger the activation of the cGAS‐STING and RIG‐I‐MAVS signaling axes, leading to robust induction of IFN responses. Taken together, this study defines the molecular mechanisms by which IRGM maintains interferon homeostasis and protects from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kautilya Kumar Jena
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhash Mehto
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Parej Nath
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nishant Ranjan Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rinku Sahu
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kollori Dhar
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Krushna C Murmu
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sivaram Krishna
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Punit Prasad
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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35
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Zhu J, Cheng M, Zhao X. A tRNA-derived fragment (tRF-3001b) aggravates the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting autophagy. Life Sci 2020; 257:118125. [PMID: 32702444 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing health problem worldwide. Impaired autophagy has been linked to NAFLD pathogenesis. Whether transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived fragments (tRFs) regulate the progression of NAFLD via autophagy is not clear. Here, we aimed to identify autophagy- or adipogenesis-related tRFs and investigate their roles in NAFLD. METHODS Small RNA sequencing was performed on NAFLD and control mice, and candidate tRFs were validated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The role of a key tRF was investigated using Oil red O staining, western blotting, qRT-PCR and a luciferase reporter assay. KEY FINDINGS In NAFLD mice, the expression of p62 was increased and the ratio of LC3B-II/LC3-I was decreased compared to control mice. We identified nine differentially expressed tRFs, among which tRF-3001b was found to be significantly upregulated in NAFLD mice compared to the control liver tissues. Autophagy was decreased in FA (fatty acids)-induced LO2 cells, while silencing of tRF-3001b significantly abrogated the decrease in autophagy and increase in lipid formation. Moreover, chloroquine (CQ) dramatically abrogated the effect of tRF-3001b inhibition on lipid formation. Mechanistically, tRF-3001b targeted and inhibited the expression of the autophagy-related gene Prkaa1. In vivo, tRF-3001b silencing significantly improved pathology and decreased the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in NAFLD mice, while CQ dramatically abrogated the effect of tRF-3001b deficiency. SIGNIFICANCE tRF-3001b may aggravate the development of NAFLD by inhibiting autophagy via targeting Prkaa1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhu
- Department of infectious disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Mingliang Cheng
- Department of infectious disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xueke Zhao
- Department of infectious disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
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36
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Raimondo G, Saitta C, Lombardo D, Giraudi PJ, Rosso N, Ieni A, Lazzara S, Palmisano S, Bonazza D, Alibrandi A, Navarra G, Tiribelli C, Pollicino T. Occult hepatitis B virus infection predicts non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in severely obese individuals from Italy. Liver Int 2020; 40:1601-1609. [PMID: 32329579 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), which may progress towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) may contribute to hepatic damage in patients with chronic liver disease of different aetiologies (eg HCV, alcohol). However, information on the prevalence and clinical impact of OBI in obese individuals is lacking. The aims of this study were to investigate NASH prevalence and risk factors in obese people who underwent bariatric surgery. METHODS Two-hundred and twenty-six subjects (160 females; mean age 42.9 years ±10.8 SD) without evidence of any further cause of liver disease consecutively underwent bariatric surgery in two Italian liver centers. During surgery, all patients underwent liver biopsy for histological evaluation and molecular studies. Liver DNA extracts were tested for PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7, IRGM polymorphisms and for OBI. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify predictors of NASH. RESULTS Histology showed NASH in 115 (50.9%) and NAFL in 111 cases (49.1%). Twenty-nine/226 (12.8%) cases had OBI, 24 (82.8%) of whom had NASH and 5 (17.2%) NAFL, whereas among the 197 OBI-negative cases, 91 (46.2%) had NASH and 106 (53.8%) NAFL (P = .0002). Multivariate analysis showed that older age (P = .03, OR 1.034), alanine aminotransferase values (P = .005, OR 1.023), insulin resistance/diabetes (P = .02, OR 2.257), TM6SF2 polymorphism (P = .04, OR 3.168) and OBI (P = .004, OR 5.503) were independent predictors of NASH. CONCLUSION NASH is highly prevalent in obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery. OBI is one of the strongest risk factors of NASH in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Saitta
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Lombardo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pablo J Giraudi
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Study Centre, Trieste, Italy
| | - Natalia Rosso
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Study Centre, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lazzara
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Oncological Surgery, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Palmisano
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Study Centre, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Deborah Bonazza
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Department of Economics, Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Navarra
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Oncological Surgery, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Pollicino
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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37
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Taylor GA, Huang HI, Fee BE, Youssef N, Jewell ML, Cantillana V, Schoenborn AA, Rogala AR, Buckley AF, Feng CG, Vallance BA, Gulati AS, Hammer GE. Irgm1-deficiency leads to myeloid dysfunction in colon lamina propria and susceptibility to the intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008553. [PMID: 32453761 PMCID: PMC7274479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IRGM and its mouse orthologue Irgm1 are dynamin-like proteins that regulate vesicular remodeling, intracellular microbial killing, and pathogen immunity. IRGM dysfunction is linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and while it is thought that defective intracellular killing of microbes underscores IBD susceptibility, studies have yet to address how IRGM/Irgm1 regulates immunity to microbes relevant to intestinal inflammation. Here we find that loss of Irgm1 confers marked susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium, a noninvasive intestinal pathogen that models inflammatory responses to intestinal bacteria. Irgm1-deficient mice fail to control C. rodentium outgrowth in the intestine, leading to systemic pathogen spread and host mortality. Surprisingly, susceptibility due to loss of Irgm1 function was not linked to defective intracellular killing of C. rodentium or exaggerated inflammation, but was instead linked to failure to remodel specific colon lamina propria (C-LP) myeloid cells that expand in response to C. rodentium infection and are essential for C. rodentium immunity. Defective immune remodeling was most striking in C-LP monocytes, which were successfully recruited to the infected C-LP, but subsequently underwent apoptosis. Apoptotic susceptibility was induced by C. rodentium infection and was specific to this setting of pathogen infection, and was not apparent in other settings of intestinal inflammation. These studies reveal a novel role for Irgm1 in host defense and suggest that deficiencies in survival and remodeling of C-LP myeloid cells that control inflammatory intestinal bacteria may underpin IBD pathogenesis linked to IRGM dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GAT); (GEH)
| | - Hsin-I Huang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Fee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nourhan Youssef
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Jewell
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Viviana Cantillana
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexi A. Schoenborn
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allison R. Rogala
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anne F. Buckley
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ajay S. Gulati
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gianna E. Hammer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GAT); (GEH)
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38
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Fraiberg M, Elazar Z. Genetic defects of autophagy linked to disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:293-323. [PMID: 32620246 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway responsible for rapid elimination of unwanted cytoplasmic materials in response to stressful conditions. This cytoprotective function is essential for maintenance of cellular homeostasis and is mediated by conserved autophagy-related genes (ATG) and autophagic receptors. Impairment of autophagy frequently results in a wide variety of human pathologies. Recent studies have revealed direct links between diverse diseases and genetic defects of core autophagy genes, autophagy-associated genes, and genes encoding autophagic receptors. Here we provide a general description of autophagy-related genes and their mutations or polymorphisms that play a causative role in specific human disorders or may be risk factors for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana Fraiberg
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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39
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Kang Y, Li Y, Wen H, Zhu J, Zheng J, Feng Z. Prevention of renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by penehyclidine hydrochloride through autophagy activation. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2182-2192. [PMID: 32186764 PMCID: PMC7115187 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) suppresses renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury (IRI); however, the underlying mechanism of action that achieves this function remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of autophagy in PHC‑induced suppression of renal IRI, as well as the involvement of cell proliferation and apoptosis. A rat IRI model and a cellular hypoxia/oxygenation (H/R) model were established; PHC, 3‑methyladenine (3‑MA) and rapamycin (Rapa) were administered to the IRI model rats prior to I/R induction and to H/R cells following reperfusion. Serum creatinine was measured using a biochemistry analyzer, whereas aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) expression levels were detected using ELISA kits. Renal tissue injury was evaluated by histological examination. In addition, microtubule‑associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) expression, autophagosome formation, cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected in the cellular H/R model. The results demonstrated that I/R induced renal injury in IRI model rats, upregulated serum creatinine, ALAT and ASAT expression levels, and increased autophagic processes. In contrast, pretreatment with PHC or Rapa significantly prevented these I/R‑induced changes, whereas the administration of 3‑MA enhanced I/R‑induced injuries through suppressing autophagy. PHC and Rapa increased LC3B and Beclin‑1 expression levels, but decreased sequestome 1 (p62) expression in the cellular H/R model, whereas 3‑MA prevented these PHC‑induced changes. PHC and Rapa promoted proliferation and autophagy in the cellular H/R model; these effects were accompanied by increased expression levels of LC3B and Beclin‑1, and reduced p62 expression levels, whereas these levels were inhibited by 3‑MA. Furthermore, PHC and Rapa inhibited apoptosis in the cellular H/R model through increasing Bcl‑2 expression levels, and suppressing Bax and caspase‑3 expression levels; the opposite effect was induced by 3‑MA. In conclusion, PHC suppressed renal IRI through the induction of autophagy, which in turn promoted proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, P.R. China
| | - Yuebing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Heng Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, P.R. China
| | - Jiangbo Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoming Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, P.R. China
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40
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Grefhorst A, van de Peppel IP, Larsen LE, Jonker JW, Holleboom AG. The Role of Lipophagy in the Development and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601627. [PMID: 33597924 PMCID: PMC7883485 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic (dysfunction) associated liver disease (MAFLD), is, with a global prevalence of 25%, the most common liver disorder worldwide. NAFLD comprises a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually end-stage liver disease. The cause of NAFLD is multifactorial with genetic susceptibility and an unhealthy lifestyle playing a crucial role in its development. Disrupted hepatic lipid homeostasis resulting in hepatic triglyceride accumulation is an hallmark of NAFLD. This disruption is commonly described based on four pathways concerning 1) increased fatty acid influx, 2) increased de novo lipogenesis, 3) reduced triglyceride secretion, and 4) reduced fatty acid oxidation. More recently, lipophagy has also emerged as pathway affecting NAFLD development and progression. Lipophagy is a form of autophagy (i.e. controlled autolysosomal degradation and recycling of cellular components), that controls the breakdown of lipid droplets in the liver. Here we address the role of hepatic lipid homeostasis in NAFLD and specifically review the current literature on lipophagy, describing its underlying mechanism, its role in pathophysiology and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aldo Grefhorst,
| | - Ivo P. van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G. Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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41
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Lin YC, Wu CC, Ni YH. New Perspectives on Genetic Prediction for Pediatric Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:603654. [PMID: 33363067 PMCID: PMC7755886 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.603654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic or recently re-defined metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a spectrum of progressive hepatic disease, has become a public health issue in obese children and adolescents. MAFLD is a complex metabolic disease strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. It is not known why not every obese subject will develop MAFLD. Different ethnic/racial groups display differences in MAFLD prevalence, indicating genetic factor plays a role. In the past two decades, sequence variations in genetic loci, including PNPLA3, TM6SF2, GCKR, MBOAT7, HSD17B13, etc. have been shown to confer susceptibility to MAFLD in children and adults. This review article provides an updated viewpoint of genetic predictors related to pediatric MAFLD. We discuss whether these susceptible genes can be clinically used for risk stratification and personalized care. Understanding human genetics and molecular mechanisms can give important information not only for prediction of risk but also on how to design drugs. In view of current epidemic of MAFLD worldwide, it is necessary to identify which children with MAFLD progress rapidly and need earlier intervention. In the future, a comprehensive analysis of individualized genetic and environmental factors may help assess the risk of children with MAFLD and personalize their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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42
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Pan MH, Zhu SR, Duan WJ, Ma XH, Luo X, Liu B, Kurihara H, Li YF, Chen JX, He RR. "Shanghuo" increases disease susceptibility: Modern significance of an old TCM theory. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 250:112491. [PMID: 31863858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE "Shanghuo", a concept based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, describes a status of Yin-Yang imbalance when Yang overwhelms Yin. The imbalance of Yin-Yang resembles the breaking of homeostasis and manifests by the impaired physiological functions, which leads to the onset, recurrence, and progression of diseases. Since ancient times, Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), such as herbal tea, has been applied as a treatment for "Shanghuo". AIM OF THE STUDY This review is aimed to describe the origin of "Shanghuo" from the Yin-Yang theory in TCM, as well as explore the relevance and correlations between "Shanghuo" and diseases susceptibility from the perspective of modern medicine. We also propose several strategies from CMM to improve the status of "Shanghuo" for the purpose of treating diseases. METHODS Systematic research of articles with keywords including Shanghuo, Yin-Yang, emotional stress and disease susceptibility was done by using the literature databases (Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, CNKI). Related books, PhD and master's dissertations were also researched. Full scientific plant names were validated by "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org). RESULTS To date, a large number of publications have reported research on sub-health status, but studies about the theory or intervention of "Shanghuo" are rarely found. The articles we reviewed indicate that accumulated emotional stress is critical for the cause of "Shanghuo". As a status similar to sub-health, "Shanghuo" is also manifested by impaired physiological functions and decreased nonspecific resistance, which increase susceptibility to various diseases. What's more, some studies highlight the importance of TCM treatment towards "Shanghuo" in maintaining normal physiological functions, such as immunity, lipid metabolism and ROS clearance. CONCLUSIONS Researches on "Shanghuo" and its mechanism are every rare currently and are in need of investigation in the future. Studies on disease susceptibility recently are mostly about susceptible genes that relate to a few parts of people, however, for most of the people, accumulated emotional stress or other stressors is accountable for the susceptibility of diseases. Given that emotional stress plays an important factor in the causation of "Shanghuo", we reviewed the articles about this relevance and discussed the connection of "Shanghuo" with disease susceptibility in a novel perspective. In addition, we have reviewed the disease susceptibility model of restraint stress from its biochemical manifestation to application in CMM assessment. Although it would be a breakthrough in evaluating CMM efficacy of attenuating disease-susceptibility, understanding the comprehensive theory and establishing more models of "Shanghuo" would be required in further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hai Pan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Si-Rui Zhu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jun Duan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, And Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective. Cell 2019; 176:11-42. [PMID: 30633901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1672] [Impact Index Per Article: 334.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy plays a fundamental role in cellular, tissue, and organismal homeostasis and is mediated by evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes. Definitive etiological links exist between mutations in genes that control autophagy and human disease, especially neurodegenerative, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Autophagy selectively targets dysfunctional organelles, intracellular microbes, and pathogenic proteins, and deficiencies in these processes may lead to disease. Moreover, ATG genes have diverse physiologically important roles in other membrane-trafficking and signaling pathways. This Review discusses the biological functions of autophagy genes from the perspective of understanding-and potentially reversing-the pathophysiology of human disease and aging.
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Ren H, Wang D, Zhang L, Kang X, Li Y, Zhou X, Yuan G. Catalpol induces autophagy and attenuates liver steatosis in ob/ob and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9461-9477. [PMID: 31697646 PMCID: PMC6874442 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impaired autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Catalpol (CAT), a bioactive compound from Rehmannia (Di Huang) glutinosa, is known to ameliorate insulin resistance and the histological NAFLD spectrum in obese mice. Here, we investigated the effects of CAT on hepatic steatosis and autophagy in ob/ob and high-fat diet-induced obese mice, as well as in hepatocytes. In ob/ob mice, CAT reduced liver weight, liver triglyceride and cholesterol content, and hepatic lipogenic enzyme levels and increased fatty acid oxidase levels. In addition, CAT administration increased LC3-II levels and decreased SQSTM1/P62 levels in ob/ob mice. Similar effects on hepatic steatosis and autophagy were observed in high-fat diet-induced mice after administration of CAT. Additionally, we found that CAT stimulated AMPK and increased nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in obese mice and hepatocytes. Inhibition of AMPK completely blocked the effects of CAT on TFEB nuclear localization, hepatic autophagy, and liver steatosis. These findings revealed that diminished AMPK/TFEB-dependent autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of liver steatosis in obesity, and that CAT might be a novel therapeutic candidate for treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonang Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yaling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Gang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Kounakis K, Chaniotakis M, Markaki M, Tavernarakis N. Emerging Roles of Lipophagy in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:185. [PMID: 31552248 PMCID: PMC6746960 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term lipophagy is used to describe the autophagic degradation of lipid droplets, the main lipid storage organelles of eukaryotic cells. Ever since its discovery in 2009, lipophagy has emerged as a significant component of lipid metabolism with important implications for organismal health. This review aims to provide a brief summary of our current knowledge on the mechanisms that are responsible for regulating lipophagy and the impact the process has under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kounakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manos Chaniotakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Markaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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46
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Kim S, Kim N, Park S, Jeon Y, Lee J, Yoo SJ, Lee JW, Moon C, Yu SW, Kim EK. Tanycytic TSPO inhibition induces lipophagy to regulate lipid metabolism and improve energy balance. Autophagy 2019; 16:1200-1220. [PMID: 31469345 PMCID: PMC7469491 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1659616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic glial cells named tanycytes, which line the 3rd ventricle (3V), are components of the hypothalamic network that regulates a diverse array of metabolic functions for energy homeostasis. Herein, we report that TSPO (translocator protein), an outer mitochondrial protein, is highly enriched in tanycytes and regulates homeostatic responses to nutrient excess as a potential target for an effective intervention in obesity. Administration of a TSPO ligand, PK11195, into the 3V, and tanycyte-specific deletion of Tspo reduced food intake and elevated energy expenditure, leading to negative energy balance in a high-fat diet challenge. Ablation of tanycytic Tspo elicited AMPK-dependent lipophagy, breaking down lipid droplets into free fatty acids, thereby elevating ATP in a lipid stimulus. Our findings suggest that tanycytic TSPO affects systemic energy balance through macroautophagy/autophagy-regulated lipid metabolism, and highlight the physiological significance of TSPO in hypothalamic lipid sensing and bioenergetics in response to overnutrition. Abbreviations 3V: 3rd ventricle; ACAC: acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase; AGRP: agouti related neuropeptide; AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ARC: arcuate nucleus; Atg: autophagy related; Bafilo: bafilomycin A1; CAMKK2: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CNS: central nervous system; COX4I1: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; FFA: free fatty acid; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; HFD: high-fat diet; ICV: intracerebroventricular; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; LD: lipid droplet; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MBH: mediobasal hypothalamus; ME: median eminence; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NCD: normal chow diet; NEFM/NFM: neurofilament medium; NPY: neuropeptide Y; OL: oleic acid; POMC: pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; Rax: retina and anterior neural fold homeobox; RBFOX3/NeuN: RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 3; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TG: triglyceride; TSPO: translocator protein; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; VCO2: carbon dioxide production; VMH: ventromedial hypothalamus; VO2: oxygen consumption
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Affiliation(s)
- Seolsong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjae Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Pi H, Wang Z, Liu M, Deng P, Yu Z, Zhou Z, Gao F. SCD1 activation impedes foam cell formation by inducing lipophagy in oxLDL-treated human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5259-5269. [PMID: 31119852 PMCID: PMC6652860 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of fat-laden foam cells, which contributes to the fatty streaks in the plaques of atheromas, is an important process in atherosclerosis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are a critical origin of foam cells. However, the mechanisms that underlie VSMC foam cell formation are not yet completely understood. Here, we demonstrated that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) inhibited lipophagy by suppressing lipid droplet (LD)-lysosome fusion and increased VSMC foam cell formation. Moreover, although oxLDL treatment inhibited lysosomal biogenesis, it had no significant effect on lysosomal proteolysis and lysosomal pH. Notably, through TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis and database searching, 94 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 54 were increased and 40 were decreased in the oxLDL group compared with those in the control group. Subsequently, SCD1, a protein of interest, was further investigated. SCD1 levels in the VSMCs were down-regulated by exposure to oxLDL in a time-dependent manner and the interaction between SCD1 and LDs was also disrupted by oxLDL. Importantly, SCD1 overexpression enhanced LD-lysosome fusion, increased lysosomal biogenesis and inhibited VSMC foam cell formation by activating TFEB nuclear translocation and its reporter activity. Modulation of the SCD1/TFEB-mediated lipophagy machinery may offer novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Pi
- School of Aerospace MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Department of Occupational HealthThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Aerospace MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Department of Occupational HealthThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational HealthThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational HealthThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined InjuryThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Aerospace MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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Simon TG, Deng X, Liu CT, Chung RT, Long MT. The immunity-related GTPase M rs13361189 variant does not increase the risk for prevalent or incident steatosis; results from the Framingham Heart Study. Liver Int 2019; 39:1022-1026. [PMID: 30597691 PMCID: PMC6535115 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Emerging data from paediatric populations suggest that variants in the autophagy-governing immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) gene may contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) susceptibility. We examined the relationship between IRGM rs13361189 variants and NAFLD in a community-based cohort of adults. METHODS We included all Framingham Heart Study participants with available data on the IRGM rs13361189 variant, undergoing study-directed computed tomography (CT) scans of the abdomen (2002-2005). Using multivariable linear and logistic regression modelling, we evaluated cross-sectional associations between rs13361189 genotype and hepatic steatosis (HS). Among the subset of participants without baseline HS and who underwent follow-up CT scan between 2008 and 2011, we used multivariable logistic regression modelling to assess the longitudinal relationship between IRGM rs13361189 genotype and risk for incident HS. RESULTS Among 2070 participants (50% women; mean age 51 ± 11 years), 332 (16%) had one copy of the variant rs13361189 variant C allele, while 19 (1%) had the CC genotype. Compared to the TT genotype, there was no increased odds of prevalent HS with the CT or CC genotype (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.93 [95% CI 0.68-128] and 0.86 [95% CI 0.46-1.63], respectively). Among individuals without baseline HS (n = 1052), 19.3% developed incident HS over median 6.1 years. Compared to the TT genotype, neither the CT nor the CC genotype were significantly associated with incident HS (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION In our community-based, longitudinal cohort of Caucasian adults, variants in the autophagy-governing IRGM gene at the rs13361189 locus were not associated with increased prevalent or incident HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey G. Simon
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michelle T. Long
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston MA,Evans Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
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Cai W, Weng DH, Yan P, Lin YT, Dong ZH, Mailamuguli, Yao H. Genetic polymorphisms associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Uyghur population: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:14. [PMID: 30646922 PMCID: PMC6334439 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polymorphisms have been identified to predispose to NAFLD. Here, we accessed the seven polymorphisms of rs1260326, rs780094 in GCKR, rs2954021 near TRIB1, rs2228603 in NCAN, rs58542926 in TM6SF2, rs12137855 near LYPLAL1, and rs10883437 near CPN1 on NAFLD susceptibility in the Uygur population. Material and methods We collected 620 samples (317 NAFLD and 303 controls) for this case-control study. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata Software. Results Our data detected that the rs1260326 (T vs. C: OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.01–1.59) and rs780094 (T vs. C: OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.04–1.63) were significantly associated with the susceptibility to NAFLD in Uygur population. The rs1260326 and rs780094 T/T genotype are significantly associated with soda, egg, and soybean intakes in the consumption group with twice or more in a week. Furthermore, a significant haplotype effect of rs1260326/T- rs780094/T was found (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.62) compared with CC haplotype. An additional meta-analysis using 4352 cases and 10,168 controls established that rs780094 (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.14–1.28) is significantly associated with NAFLD. Finally, among the 4 case-control studies on rs1260326, including 712 NAFLD and 658 controls, significant associations were found in Asian, liver biopsy, adult and pediatric groups. Conclusion Collectively, both our case-control study and meta-analysis confirm a significant association between rs780094 and NAFLD. Additionally, our results suggest Asian-specific, liver biopsy-specific, adult-specific and pediatric-specific associations between the rs1260326 and NAFLD. Moreover, the rs1260326 and rs780094 T/T genotype are significantly associated with food habits, such as soda, egg, and soybean. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0877-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cai
- School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Di-Hua Weng
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yan
- School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, maternal and child health hospital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Hui Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Mailamuguli
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Simon TG, Van Der Sloot KWJ, Chin SB, Joshi AD, Lochhead P, Ananthakrishnan AN, Xavier R, Chung RT, Khalili H. IRGM Gene Variants Modify the Relationship Between Visceral Adipose Tissue and NAFLD in Patients With Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2247-2257. [PMID: 29788077 PMCID: PMC6230523 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly recognized comorbidity in Crohn's disease (CD), but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Autophagy is a highly conserved process regulating innate immunity that contributes to CD susceptibility. Emerging data suggest that variants in the autophagy-governing IRGM gene may contribute to the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic fat. Our objective was to characterize the relationship between VAT, IRGM gene variants, and NAFLD risk in patients with CD. METHODS We included all CD patients in the Prospective Registry in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study at Massachusetts General Hospital (PRISM) without history of alcohol abuse or liver disease. Hepatic fat was quantified by liver attenuation (LA) on computed tomography, with NAFLD defined by the validated liver:spleen (L:S) ratio. NAFLD severity was estimated by the FIB-4 Index and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Using logistic regression modeling, we examined the relationship between VAT, autophagy gene variants, and NAFLD risk. RESULTS Among 462 patients, 52% had NAFLD. Increasing VAT quartile was associated with reduced LA (mean change, -7.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], -10.05 to -4.81; Ptrend < 0.0001). In the fully adjusted model, patients in the highest VAT quartile had a 2.2-fold increased NAFLD risk (95% CI, 1.21 to 4.14; Ptrend = 0.032) and a 4.2-fold increased risk of ALT>upper limit of normal (ULN) (95% CI, 1.19 to 14.76; Ptrend = 0.017). The relationship between VAT and NAFLD was modified by IRGM variants rs4958847 and rs13361189 (Pinteraction = 0.005 and Pinteraction < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In a large CD cohort, VAT was directly associated with prevalent NAFLD, and this relationship was augmented by functionally annotated IRGM variants associated with impaired autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey G Simon
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberley W J Van Der Sloot
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha B Chin
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden,Address correspondence to: Hamed Khalili, MD, MPH, Massachusetts General Hospital, Crohn’s and Colitis Center, 165 Cambridge Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02114 ()
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