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Wang H, Nie Y, Sun Z, He Y, Yang J. Serum amyloid P component: Structure, biological activity, and application in diagnosis and treatment of immune-associated diseases. Mol Immunol 2024; 172:1-8. [PMID: 38850776 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a member the innate immune humoral arm and participated in various processes, including the innate immune responses, tissue remodeling, and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Remarkably, SAP is a highly versatile immunomodulatory factor that can serve as a drug target for treating amyloid diseases and reduce inflammation, fibrosis degree, and respiratory disease. In this review, we focus on the biological activities of SAP and its application in different systemic immune-associated diseases. First, we reviewed the regulatory effects of SAP on innate immune cells and possible mechanisms. Second, we emphasized SAP as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for immune-associated diseases, including the neuropsychiatric disorders. Third, we presented several recommendations for regulating SAP in immune cell function and potential areas for future research. Some authorities consider SAP to be a pattern recognition molecule that plays multiple roles in the innate immune system and inflammation. Developing therapeutics that target SAP or its associated signaling pathways may be a promising strategy for treating immune-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yadan Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Jiang Y, Han C, Gong H, Chen J, Tang B, Yang M, Qin Q, Wei S. Berberine inhibits SGIV replication by suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109522. [PMID: 38548190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is one of the major infectious diseases responsible for high mortality and huge economic losses in the grouper aquaculture industry. Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring plant alkaloid, is a phytochemical having a variety of biological properties, such as antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, we used an in vitro model based on Western blot, ROS fluorescence probe, and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) to examine the antiviral qualities of BBR against SGIV. The outcomes demonstrated that varying BBR concentrations could significantly inhibit the replication of SGIV. In addition, BBR greatly inhibited the production of genes associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines in SGIV-infected or SGIV-uninfected GS cells based on qRT-PCR data. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that BBR suppressed the expression of the promoter activity of NF-κB and NF-κB-p65 protein. Additionally, BBR reduced the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, JNK, and p38. Furthermore, BBR also inhibits SGIV-induced ROS production by upregulating the expression of antioxidant-related genes. In conclusion, BBR is a viable therapy option for SGIV infection due to its antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengzong Han
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hannan Gong
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiatao Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Biao Tang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
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Fabrizi F, Nardelli L, Regalia A, Zanoni F, Castellano G. Are Kidneys Affected by SARS-CoV-2 Infection? An Updated Review on COVID-19-Associated AKI. Pathogens 2024; 13:325. [PMID: 38668280 PMCID: PMC11054118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human kidneys are an important target of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and many renal abnormalities have been found in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, including proteinuria, hematuria, and acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury is now considered a common complication of COVID-19, and the epidemiology of AKI in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients continues to be controversial. AIM AND METHODS We have carried out a narrative review to evaluate the frequency and risk factors for AKI among patients hospitalized due to COVID-19, and the latest surveys on this topic have been included. The mechanisms by which AKI occurs in COVID-19 patients have also been reviewed. RESULTS Multiple risk factors for the development of AKI in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified; these have been classified in various groups (management and background factors, among others). SARS-CoV-2 targets the kidneys by indirect activity, but SARS-CoV-2 infects tubular epithelial cells and podocytes. We retrieved 24 reports (n = 502,593 unique patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection) and found an incidence of AKI of 31.8% (range, 0.5% to 56.9%). Only a minority (n = 2) of studies had a prospective design. We found that the AKI risk was greater in SARS-CoV-2 patients who underwent in-hospital deaths vs. those who survived; the summary estimate of the unadjusted RR of AKI was 2.63 (95% CI, 2.37; 2.93) (random-effects model). A stratified analysis showed that the incidence of AKI was greater in those reports where the frequency of COVID-19-positive patients having comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and advanced age) was high. The unadjusted relative risk (aRR) of AKI was greater in SARS-CoV-2 patients who underwent ICU admission vs. those who did not; the pooled estimate of AKI risk was 2.64 (95% CI, 1.96; 3.56) according to the random-effects model. CONCLUSIONS AKI is a common complication of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, and some comorbidities are important risk factors for it. The direct activity of the virus on the kidneys has been mentioned in the pathogenesis of AKI in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Further studies are ongoing in order to identify the mechanisms underlying the kidney injury in this population. The role of AKI on survival in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is another area of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fabrizi
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.N.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
| | - Luca Nardelli
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.N.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University School of Medicine, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Regalia
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.N.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
| | - Francesca Zanoni
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.N.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.N.); (A.R.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University School of Medicine, 20122 Milan, Italy
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de Oliveira LA, de Morais IRB, Barbosa MDS, Beutinger Marchioro S, Leite Machado LOC, Ferreira Marques M, da Silva Ferreira T, de Almeida GB, de Oliveira Barbosa D, Leite Torres AJ, Simionatto S. Immune Response to an Inactivated Vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 (CoronaVac) in an Indigenous Brazilian Population: A Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:402. [PMID: 38675784 PMCID: PMC11053429 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the adaptive immune responses to the CoronaVac vaccine are known, their dynamics in indigenous communities remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech Life Sciences, 2021 NCT05225285, Beijing, China), in immunized Brazilian indigenous individuals. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study on indigenous Brazilian people between February 2021 and June 2021. Analyses of immune responses were carried out before (T1) and after a vaccination schedule was completed (T2). Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS We initially included 328 patients; among them, 120 (36.6%) had no SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from 106 patients during follow-up visits, of which 91 samples were analyzed by immunophenotyping assay to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T-cell response. Post-vaccination, the levels of memory B-cells and Natural Killer T-lymphocytes increased. Bororó village residents, females, and Terena ethnic group members had higher levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies post-vaccination, whereas alcohol and tobacco users had lower concentrations. CONCLUSIONS To our best knowledge, this was the first comprehensive assessment of antibody and T-cell responses against CoronaVac vaccination in indigenous patients. Our findings showed that antibody response and T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 were present in most patients following the vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Albuquerque de Oliveira
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Isa Rita Brito de Morais
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Marcelo dos Santos Barbosa
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Silvana Beutinger Marchioro
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Layla Oliveira Campos Leite Machado
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Michele Ferreira Marques
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Tiago da Silva Ferreira
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Gabriel Barroso de Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Dyjaene de Oliveira Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Alex José Leite Torres
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS. Regulatory role of miRNAs in the human immune and inflammatory response during the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2526. [PMID: 38446531 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
miRNAs are single-stranded ncRNAs that act as regulators of different human body processes. Several miRNAs have been noted to control the human immune and inflammatory response during severe acute respiratory infection syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Similarly, many miRNAs were upregulated and downregulated during different respiratory virus infections. Here, an attempt has been made to capture the regulatory role of miRNAs in the human immune and inflammatory response during the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. Firstly, the role of miRNAs has been depicted in the human immune and inflammatory response during the infection of SARS-CoV-2. In this direction, several significant points have been discussed about SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as the role of miRNAs in human innate immune response; miRNAs and its regulation of granulocytes; the role of miRNAs in macrophage activation and polarisation; miRNAs and neutrophil extracellular trap formation; miRNA-related inflammatory response; and miRNAs association in adaptive immunity. Secondly, the miRNAs landscape has been depicted during human respiratory virus infections such as human coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, rhinovirus, and human metapneumovirus. The article will provide more understanding of the miRNA-controlled mechanism of the immune and inflammatory response during COVID-19, which will help more therapeutics discoveries to fight against the future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Dewi IP, Dachriyanus, Aldi Y, Ismail NH, Hefni D, Susanti M, Putra PP, Wahyuni FS. Comprehensive studies of the anti-inflammatory effect of tetraprenyltoluquinone, a quinone from Garcinia cowa Roxb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117381. [PMID: 37967776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Garcinia cowa Roxb. is called asam kandis in West Sumatra. This plant contains several quinone compounds, including tetraprenyltoluquinone (TPTQ). The bioactivity of this compound has been tested as an anticancer agent. However, reports regarding its anti-inflammatory effects are still limited, especially against coronavirus disease (Covid-19). AIM OF THE STUDY This study explores the anti-inflammatory effect of TPTQ in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In silico testing used the Gnina application, opened via Google Colab. The TPTQ structure was docked with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) protein (PDB: 2RAM). In vitro testing began with testing the cytotoxicity of TPTQ against Raw 264.7 cells, using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. A phagocytic activity test was carried out using the neutral red uptake method, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion tests were carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. In vivo, tests were carried out on mice by determining cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+), natural killer cell (NK cell), and IL-6 parameters, using the ELISA method. RESULTS TPTQ has a lower binding energy than the native ligand and occupies the same active site as the native ligand. TPTQ decreased the phagocytosis index and secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α experimentally in vitro. TPTQ showed significant downregulation of CD8+ and slightly decreased NK cells and IL-6 secretion in vivo. CONCLUSION The potent inhibitory effect of TPTQ on the immune response suggests that TPTQ can be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent, especially in the treatment of Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Puspa Dewi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Akademi Farmasi Prayoga, Padang, 25111, Indonesia
| | - Dachriyanus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
| | - Yufri Aldi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, UiTM Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dira Hefni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
| | - Meri Susanti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
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Parsania M, Khorrami SMS, Hasanzad M, Parsania N, Nagozir S, Mokhtari N, Habibabadi HM, Ghaziasadi A, Soltani S, Jafarpour A, Pakzad R, Jazayeri SM. Association of polymorphisms in TLR3 and TLR7 genes with susceptibility to COVID-19 among Iranian population: a retrospective case-control study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2024; 16:114-123. [PMID: 38682063 PMCID: PMC11055434 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v16i1.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Host genetic changes like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are one of the main factors influencing susceptibility to viral infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between the host SNP of Toll-Like Receptor3 (TLR3) and Toll-Like Receptor7 (TLR7) genes involved in the immune system and susceptibility to COVID-19 in a sample of the Iranian population. Materials and Methods This retrospective case-control study evaluated 244 hospitalized COVID-19 patients as the case group and 156 suspected COVID-19 patients with mild signs as the control group. The genomic DNA of patients was genotyped for TLR7 (rs179008 and rs179009) and TLR3 (rs3775291 and rs3775296) SNPs using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results A significant association between rs179008 SNP in the TLR7 gene and the susceptibility of COVID-19 was found between case and control groups. The AT genotype (Heterozygous) of TLR7 rs179008 A>T polymorphism showed a significant association with a 2.261-fold increased odds of COVID-19 (P=0.003; adjusted OR: 2.261; 99% CI: 1.117-4.575). In addition, a significant association between TC genotype of TLR7 rs179009 T>C polymorphism and increased odds of COVID-19 (P<0.0001; adjusted OR: 6.818; 99% CI: 3.149-14.134) were determined. The polymorphism frequency of TLR3 rs3775291 and rs3775296 genotypes were not significantly different between the case and control groups (P> 0.004167). Conclusion SNPs in TLR7 rs179008 and rs179009 genotypes are considered host genetic factors that could be influenced individual susceptibility to COVID-19. The SNPs in TLR3 (rs3775296 and rs3775291) showed no significant association with COVID-19 in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Parsania
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mandana Hasanzad
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Parsania
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Nagozir
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Mokhtari
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Ghaziasadi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jafarpour
- Amir-al-Momenin Medical and Educational Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Joudaki N, Ghafouri S, Bavarsad K, Farhadi F, Nasab MA, Afzalzadeh S, Moradzadegan H, Kahyesh RS. Evaluation of antibody titers in COVID-19 patients with cerebral or pulmonary symptoms and mild symptoms. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2024; 16:124-131. [PMID: 38682065 PMCID: PMC11055446 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v16i1.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives This study aimed to compare the production of antibodies in three different groups of patients with COVID-19. These groups included patients with pulmonary and cerebral symptoms, as well as those with mild symptoms. Materials and Methods Blood samples were collected from 80 patients admitted to COVID-19-specific hospitals. The patients had various forms of SARS-CoV-2 disease, including those with pulmonary symptoms, brain involvement, and those with positive PCR test results but mild symptoms. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to determine the levels of IgM and IgG antibody titers. Results The levels of IgM and IgG antibody production differed significantly between groups of patients experiencing pulmonary symptoms and cerebral symptoms, with mild symptom patients also showing differences (P=0.0068), (P=0.0487), (P<0.0001), and (P=0.0120), respectively. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between IgM antibody secretion and age or pulmonary involvement (P=0.1959). However, there was a direct and significant relationship between age and brain involvement (P=0.0317). Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that the risk of central nervous system involvement increases with age and that older people have lower antibody levels than younger people. Consequently, strengthening the immune systems of people over the age of 78 during this pandemic through vaccination and nutrition is very effective in reducing mortality in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Joudaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kowsar Bavarsad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farbod Farhadi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Abbasi Nasab
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sara Afzalzadeh
- Department of Infectios Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Moradzadegan
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi Kahyesh
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Zaidi AK, Singh RB, A A Rizvi S, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Palladino N. COVID-19 pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 202:67-112. [PMID: 38237991 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves a complex interplay between host factors and the SARS-CoV-2 virus, leading to a multitude of clinical manifestations beyond the respiratory system. This chapter provides an overview of the risk factors, genetic predisposition, and multisystem manifestations of COVID-19, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that contribute to extrapulmonary manifestations. The chapter discusses the direct invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into various organs as well as the indirect mechanisms such as dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), immune response dysfunctions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, endothelial damage, and immunothrombosis. Furthermore, the multisystem manifestations of COVID-19 across different organ systems, including the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, nervous, endocrine and metabolic, ophthalmic, ear-nose-throat, reproductive, hematopoietic, and immune systems are discussed in detail. Each system exhibits unique manifestations that contribute to the complexity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Population, Policy and Practice, Greater Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Syed A A Rizvi
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, Florida, United States.
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Founder and President, Associazione Naso Sano, Ringgold Institution ID 567754, San Mariano, Italy.
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Hoseinnezhad T, Soltani N, Ziarati S, Behboudi E, Mousavi MJ. The role of HLA genetic variants in COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and mortality: A global review. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25005. [PMID: 38251811 PMCID: PMC10829690 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound global impact, with variations in susceptibility, severity, and mortality rates across different regions. While many factors can contribute to the spread and impact of the disease, specifically human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic variants have emerged as potential contributors to COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS In this comprehensive narrative review, we conducted a thorough literature search to identify relevant studies investigating the association between HLA genetic variants and COVID-19 outcomes. Additionally, we analyzed allelic frequency data from diverse populations to assess differences in COVID-19 incidence and severity. RESULTS Our review provides insights into the immunological mechanisms involving HLA-mediated responses to COVID-19 and highlights potential research directions and therapeutic interventions. We found evidence suggesting that certain HLA alleles, such as HLA-A02, may confer a lower risk of COVID-19, while others, like HLA-C04, may increase the risk of severe symptoms and mortality. Furthermore, our analysis of allele frequency distributions revealed significant variations among different populations. CONCLUSION Considering host genetic variations, particularly HLA genetic variants, is crucial for understanding COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. These findings have implications for personalized treatment and interventions based on an individual's genetic profile. However, further research is needed to unravel the precise mechanisms underlying the observed associations and explore the potential for targeted therapies or preventive measures based on HLA genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Hoseinnezhad
- Student Research CommitteeBushehr University of Medical SciencesBushehrIran
- Department of Hematology, School of Para‐MedicineBushehr University of Medical SciencesBushehrIran
| | - Nasrin Soltani
- Student Research CommitteeBushehr University of Medical SciencesBushehrIran
- Department of Hematology, School of Para‐MedicineBushehr University of Medical SciencesBushehrIran
| | - Sarina Ziarati
- Student Research CommitteeBushehr University of Medical SciencesBushehrIran
| | - Emad Behboudi
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesKhoy University of Medical SciencesKhoyIran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, School of Para‐MedicineBushehr University of Medical SciencesBushehrIran
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11
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Siles N, Schuler M, Maguire C, Amengor D, Nguyen A, Wilen R, Rogers J, Bazzi S, Caslin B, DiPasquale C, Abigania M, Olson E, Creaturo J, Hurley K, Triplett TA, Rousseau JF, Strakowski SM, Wylie D, Maynard J, Ehrlich LIR, Melamed E. SARS-CoV-2 Humoral Immune Responses in Convalescent Individuals Over 12 Months Reveal Severity-Dependent Antibody Dynamics. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.05.23299462. [PMID: 38106077 PMCID: PMC10723498 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.23299462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the kinetics and longevity of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to informing strategies toward reducing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reinfections, and improving vaccination and therapy approaches. Methods We evaluated antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), and receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike in 98 convalescent participants who experienced asymptomatic, mild, moderate or severe COVID-19 disease and in 17 non-vaccinated, non-infected controls, using four different antibody assays. Participants were sampled longitudinally at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-SARS-CoV-2 positive PCR test. Findings Increasing acute COVID-19 disease severity correlated with higher anti-N and anti-RBD antibody titers throughout 12 months post-infection. Anti-N and anti-RBD titers declined over time in all participants, with the exception of increased anti-RBD titers post-vaccination, and the decay rates were faster in hospitalized compared to non-hospitalized participants. <50% of participants retained anti-N titers above control levels at 12 months, with non-hospitalized participants falling below control levels sooner. Nearly all hospitalized and non-hospitalized participants maintained anti-RBD titers above controls for up to 12 months, suggesting longevity of protection against severe reinfections. Nonetheless, by 6 months, few participants retained >50% of their 1-month anti-N or anti-RBD titers. Vaccine-induced increases in anti-RBD titers were greater in non-hospitalized relative to hospitalized participants. Early convalescent antibody titers correlated with age, but no association was observed between Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) status or acute steroid treatment and convalescent antibody titers. Interpretation Hospitalized participants developed higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers relative to non-hospitalized participants, a difference that persisted throughout 12 months, despite the faster decline in titers in hospitalized participants. In both groups, while anti-N titers fell below control levels for at least half of the participants, anti-RBD titers remained above control levels for almost all participants over 12 months, demonstrating generation of long-lived antibody responses known to correlate with protection from severe disease across COVID-19 severities. Overall, our findings contribute to the evolving understanding of COVID-19 antibody dynamics. Funding Austin Public Health, NIAAA, Babson Diagnostics, Dell Medical School Startup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Siles
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Maisey Schuler
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Cole Maguire
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Dzifa Amengor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Annalee Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Rebecca Wilen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jacob Rogers
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sam Bazzi
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Blaine Caslin
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Janelle Creaturo
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kerin Hurley
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Dell Seton Medical Center at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Todd A Triplett
- Department of Oncology Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Immunotherapeutics & Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Justin F Rousseau
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephen M Strakowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Dennis Wylie
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas
| | - Jennifer Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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12
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Li D, Cao W, Zhou Q, Wu X, Song X, Qin H. COVID-19 and primary wound healing: A new insights and advance. Int Wound J 2023; 20:4422-4428. [PMID: 37488776 PMCID: PMC10681437 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the outbreak and pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a huge number of people died of it. Apart from lung injuries, multiple organs have been confirmed to be impaired. In COVID-19 time, primary wound healing processes always prolong, however, its possible underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, to overcome this clinical problem, clarifying its underlying mechanisms clearly is necessary and urgently needed. In this review, we summarized that COVID-19 can prolong primary wound healing by inducing excessive inflammation and oxidative stress, disturbing immune system and haematological system, as well as influencing the functions and viability of epidermal stem cells (ESCs). Otherwise, we summarized that the strict control measures of blocking up COVID-19 pandemic can also have side effects on primary wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Li
- Department of OphthalmologyJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Wenjie Cao
- Department of OphthalmologyJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of OphthalmologyJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of OphthalmologyJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiayun Song
- Department of OphthalmologyJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Haofang Qin
- Department of OphthalmologyJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
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13
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Yousefbeigi S, Marsusi F. Structural insights into ACE2 interactions and immune activation of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants: an in-silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37982275 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2283158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The initial interaction between COVID-19 and the human body involves the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Likewise, the spike protein can engage with immune-related proteins, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and pulmonary surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D), thereby triggering immune responses. In this study, we utilize computational methods to investigate the interactions between the spike protein and TLRs (specifically TLR2 and TLR4), as well as (SP-A) and (SP-D). The study is conducted on four variants of concern (VOC) to differentiate and identify common virus behaviours. An assessment of the structural stability of various variants indicates slight changes attributed to mutations, yet overall structural integrity remains preserved. Our findings reveal the spike protein's ability to bind with TLR4 and TLR2, prompting immune activation. In addition, our in-silico results reveal almost similar docking scores and therefore affinity for both ACE2-spike and TLR4-spike complexes. We demonstrate that even minor changes due to mutations in all variants, surfactant A and D proteins can function as inhibitors against the spike in all variants, hindering the ACE2-RBD interaction.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Yousefbeigi
- Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Marsusi
- Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Sabbatino F, Pagliano P, Sellitto C, Stefanelli B, Corbi G, Manzo V, De Bellis E, Liguori L, Salzano FA, Pepe S, Filippelli A, Conti V. Different Prognostic Role of Soluble PD-L1 in the Course of Severe and Non-Severe COVID-19. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6812. [PMID: 37959277 PMCID: PMC10649852 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the link between COVID-19 and patient immune characteristics is crucial. We previously demonstrated that high levels of the soluble Programmed Death-Ligand1 (sPD-L1) at the beginning of the infection correlated with low lymphocyte number and high C-reactive protein (CRP), longer length of stay (LOS), and death. This study investigated whether sPD-L1 can be a prognosis biomarker during COVID-19. Severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients were enrolled at the University Hospital of Salerno. During hospitalization, at admission, and after 12-14 days, patients' data were collected, and sPD-L1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The peripheral lymphocyte number negatively correlated with the time of negativization (p = 0.006), length of stay (LOS) (p = 0.032), and CRP (p = 0.004), while sPD-L1 positively correlated with LOS (p = 0.015). Patients with increased sPD-L1 and lymphocyte number showed a shorter LOS than those with decreased sPD-L1 and lymphocyte number (p = 0.038) and those with increased sPD-L1 and decreased lymphocyte number (p = 0.025). Moreover, patients with increased sPD-L1 and decreased CRP had a shorter LOS than those with increased sPD-L1 and CRP (p = 0.034) and those with decreased sPD-L1 and CRP (p = 0.048). In conclusion, while at an early phase of COVID-19, sPD-L1 promotes an immune escape, later, it might act to dampen an excessive immune response, proving its role in COVID-19 prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sabbatino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
- Oncology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Carmine Sellitto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Berenice Stefanelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Manzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Emanuela De Bellis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
| | - Luigi Liguori
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesco Antonio Salzano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
- Otolaryngology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefano Pepe
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
- Oncology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona University Hospital, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Valeria Conti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (F.S.); (P.P.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.M.); (E.D.B.); (F.A.S.); (S.P.); (A.F.); (V.C.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
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15
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Favaro R, Formai A, Pavia G, Gargiulo L, Avagliano J, Valenti M, Facheris P, Salsano B, Latorre RV, Bellinato F, Gisondi P, Narcisi A, Costanzo A. The impact of biologic therapy for moderate-to-severe psoriasis on the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Br J Dermatol 2023; 189:635-637. [PMID: 37463513 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Biologic therapy for moderate-to-severe psoriasis with anti-IL-23 and anti-IL-17 does not reduce the humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses after COVID infection or vaccination; on the contrary, anti-IL-23 treatment was associated with a higher level of specific IgG following vaccination. In contrast, conventional therapies and TNF-α blockade reduce the production of specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Favaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Formai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Gargiulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Avagliano
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Valenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Facheris
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Salsano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Roberta V Latorre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellinato
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Gisondi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Narcisi
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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16
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Yang YF, Singh S. Pharmacogenomic Landscape of Ivermectin and Selective Antioxidants: Exploring Gene Interplay in the Context of Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15471. [PMID: 37895148 PMCID: PMC10607042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread panic and fear among the global population. As such, repurposing drugs are being used as viable therapeutic options due to the limited effective treatments for Long COVID symptoms. Ivermectin is one of the emerging repurposed drugs that has been shown effective to have antiviral effects in clinical trials. In addition, antioxidant compounds are also gaining attention due to their capabilities of reducing inflammation and severity of symptoms. Due to the absence of knowledge in pharmacogenomics and modes of actions in the human body for these compounds, this study aims to provide a pharmacogenomic profile for the combination of ivermectin and six selected antioxidants (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), curcumin, sesamin, anthocyanins, quercetin, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)) as potentially effective regimens for long COVID symptoms. Results showed that there were 12 interacting genes found among the ivermectin, 6 antioxidants, and COVID-19. For network pharmacology, the 12 common interacting genes/proteins had the highest associations with Pertussis pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and colorectal cancer in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Disease analyses also revealed that the top three relevant diseases with COVID-19 infections were diabetes mellitus, ischemia, reperfusion injury. We also identified 6 potential target microRNAs (miRNAs) of the 12 commonly curated genes used as molecular biomarkers for COVID-19 treatments. The established pharmacogenomic network, disease analyses, and identified miRNAs could facilitate developments of effective regimens for chronic sequelae of COVID-19 especially in this post-pandemic era. However, further studies and clinical trials are needed to substantiate the effectiveness and dosages for COVID-19 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fei Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Sher Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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17
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Rizvi NB, Farooq H, Khan QA, Rana MZ, Zaffar S, Shahid M, Hussain N. Comparative Analysis of IgG Antibody Titers Induced by Three Different SARS-COV-2 Vaccines in Healthy Adults of Pakistan. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:373. [PMID: 37845469 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In order to control this disease, different effective vaccines have been developed. This study is an attempt to determine the strength and duration of immunogenicity of various established vaccines. This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted to compare the efficacy of three different vaccines; Pfizer BNT 162b2, Sinovac, and CanSino, respectively, after a duration of 3 months, in the healthy adult population of Pakistan. In this study 371 healthy participants (aged 12-25 years) of both genders (male and females) were enrolled. The blood sample was drawn 90 days after the complete vaccination process. The humoral response (IgG) was analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) method with Roche Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S analyzer kit. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics version 22 and P < 0.05 was considered significant. The mean antibody titer in Pfizer-group was 12,536.35 U/mL, followed by 5168.68 U/mL in the Sinovac group and 4284.32 U/mL in the CanSino group. The Pfizer-group showed gender-specific significant differences, with higher antibody levels in males (P = 0.006) as compared to Sinovac and Cansino groups. The Mean IgG antibody levels of the Pfizer-vaccinated group were significantly higher than the Sinovac-vaccinated group and the CanSino-vaccinated group (P = 0.000, each). However, the mean difference between the Sinovac-vaccinated group and the CanSino-vaccinated group was not significant. Vaccine-induced seropositivity was found in the whole cohort. The mRNA-based vaccine produced the highest immune response, and thus, it is recommended for future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayab Batool Rizvi
- Center for Clinical and Nutritional Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Hassam Farooq
- Center for Clinical and Nutritional Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser Alam Khan
- Chemical Pathology Department Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sehrish Zaffar
- Pharmacology Department Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Centers for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Tayal S, Bhatnagar S. Role of molecular mimicry in the SARS-CoV-2-human interactome for pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases: An update to ImitateDB. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 106:107919. [PMID: 37463554 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Mimicry of host proteins is a strategy employed by pathogens to hijack host functions. Domain and motif mimicry was explored in the experimental and predicted SARS-CoV-2-human interactome. The host first interactor proteins were also added to capture the continuum of the interactions. The domains and motifs of the proteins were annotated using NCBI CD Search and ScanProsite, respectively. Host and pathogen proteins with a common host interactor and similar domain/motif constitute a mimicry pair indicating global structural similarity (domain mimicry pair; DMP) or local sequence similarity (motif mimicry pair; MMP). 593 DMPs and 7,02,472 MMPs were determined. AAA, DEXDc and Macro domains were frequent among DMPs whereas glycosylation, myristoylation and RGD motifs were abundant among MMP. The proteins involved in mimicry were visualised as a SARS-CoV-2 mimicry interaction network. The host proteins were enriched in multiple CVD pathways indicating the role of mimicry in COVID-19 associated CVDs. Bridging nodes were identified as potential drug targets. Approved antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory drugs are proposed for repurposing against COVID-19 associated CVDs. The SARS-CoV-2 mimicry data has been updated in ImitateDB (http://imitatedb.sblab-nsit.net/SARSCoV2Mimicry). Determination of key mechanisms, proteins, pathways, drug targets and repurposing candidates is critical for developing therapeutics for SARS CoV-2 associated CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Tayal
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India.
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19
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Huh G, Oh Y, Jeon Y, Kang KS, Kim SN, Jung SH, Kim SH, Kim YJ. Insampaedok-San Extract Exerts an Immune-Enhancing Effect through NF- κB p65 Pathway Activation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5458504. [PMID: 37780486 PMCID: PMC10541303 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5458504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Insampaedok-san (IS) has traditionally been prescribed as a medication for cold-related symptoms in Northeast Asia, including Korea and China. In this study, we focused on elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory activity of IS water extract (ISE) in macrophages. ISE significantly enhanced the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by increasing the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner. ISE, which consists of many herbs, contains a large number of active compounds whose pharmacological targets and mechanisms are complicated. Therefore, network pharmacology analysis was used to predict the potential key components, targets, and mechanisms of ISE as immunomodulators. Subsequently, the network pharmacology results were validated experimentally. Seven key components were identified through HPLC-QTOF-MS. As predicted by the network pharmacology analysis, ISE increased the mRNA expression of Tnf and Il6. Furthermore, ISE increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of the p65 subunit of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In contrast, rapamycin, an NF-κB inhibitor, suppressed the ISE-induced mRNA expression of Tnf and Il6. In conclusion, ISE is an immune activator that can elevate the production of NO, PGE2, and proinflammatory cytokines mediated by NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuwon Huh
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngse Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsic Jeon
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Nam Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Jung
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
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20
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Akbarian S, Sheikhi M, Khedri P, Baharifar N, Khalaf Shamsabadi F, Davidi MR, Khazaei HA, Assarian H, Sheikhi A. The correlation between humoral immune responses and severity of clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e158. [PMID: 37694396 PMCID: PMC10548535 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic persists with global repercussions. Initial COVID-19 symptoms encompass pneumonia, fever, myalgia, and fatigue. The human immune system produces IgM and IgG antibodies in response to SARS-CoV-2. Despite previous research, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between clinical manifestations and humoral immune responses remains elusive. This study aims to scrutinize this association. 134 COVID-19 patients were enrolled, and stratified into mild, moderate, and severe symptom groups. Serum IgM and IgG levels were assessed thrice at one-month intervals using ELISA. The findings reveal significant elevation in serum IgG levels in moderate compared to mild cases (P < 0.001). Additionally, IgG production was significantly heightened in severe cases compared to both mild (P < 0.0001) and moderate (P < 0.05) groups. IgM and IgG levels peaked initially and diminished over time. While anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are expected to confer protection, the direct correlation between IgG levels and symptom severity may arise from delayed immune activation, resulting in an intense antibody response in severe cases. Given evidence linking delayed immune function with a dysregulated innate immune response, comprehensive data collection should encompass not only serum IgG and IgM, but also early measurement of type I interferons at symptom onset. This could provide a more thorough understanding of COVID-19 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Akbarian
- Department of Microbiology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sheikhi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kazeroon Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Parichehr Khedri
- Department of Microbiology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
| | - Narges Baharifar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | | | | | - Hossein Ali Khazaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamidali Assarian
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Assarian Pathobiology Lab, Dezful, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
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21
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Bassanello M, Geppini R, Bonsembiante E, Coli U, Farencena A, D’Aquino M, Gambaro A, Buja A, Baldovin T. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the close contacts in a small rural area in the Veneto Region (NE-Italy): past evidence for future scenarios. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1223109. [PMID: 37732097 PMCID: PMC10507707 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1223109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the first pandemic phase of COVID-19, an epidemiological study, named First survey, was conducted on the population of a small rural area in northern Italy. In spring 2020, the results showed how a prolonged lockdown slowed down the spread of the virus. Methods After contacting positive First Survey subjects and their families, those who decided to join voluntarily underwent a blood test to assess the presence of qualitative lgG about 2 months after the previous one. This was to determine if IgG persisted in individuals who tested positive in the First Survey as well as to assess the antibody status of their close family members, to determine if they were unintentionally infected. Results Based on serological analysis, 35.1% of the samples contained blood IgG. In subjects who tested positive during the First Survey, 62.5% remained IgG positive more than 2 months later. Among family members who were exposed to a positive relative, 23.7% were infected. Linear regression analysis showed that the presence of an infected person within a household resulted in the infection spreading to the others, but not excessively. Induced isolation extinguished the infection regardless of the extent of the contagion (intra-family or extra-family). Micro-outbreaks of SARS-Cov-2 infection which arose in the same household from extra-familial infections played a decisive role on the statistical significance of IgG-positive subjects (p < 0.001). Discussion The study reveal 52.6% of the IgG-positive subjects in the Second Survey came from the First Survey and 47.4% were family members previously in contact with positive subjects. Data suggest that there have been undiagnosed patients feeding the spread of the virus since the beginning of the pandemic. In conclusion, for future pandemics, it will be necessary: i) to ensure the rapid isolation of symptomatic patients and the early identification of their close contacts, ii) to carry out the maximum number of tests in the shortest possible time, both on symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, and iii) to implement information campaigns to make people aware of their risks, and implement clear, non-conflicting communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bassanello
- Emergency and Health Department, Monastier di Treviso Hospital, Treviso, Italy
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ruggero Geppini
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Coli
- Health Department, Monastier di Treviso Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Aldo Farencena
- Laboratory and Microbiology Monastier di Treviso Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessandra Buja
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tatjana Baldovin
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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22
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Uddin N, Acter T, Rashid MH, Chowdhury AI, Jahan EA. Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic by strengthening immunity as a nonpharmaceutical intervention: A major public health challenge. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1562. [PMID: 37720166 PMCID: PMC10500053 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The global Coronavirus-2 outbreak has emerged as a significant threat to majority of individuals around the world. The most effective solution for addressing this viral outbreak is through vaccination. Simultaneously, the virus's mutation capabilities pose a potential risk to the effectiveness of both vaccines and, in certain instances, newly developed drugs. Conversely, the human body's immune system exhibits a robust ability to combat viral outbreaks with substantial confidence, as evidenced by the ratio of fatalities to affected individuals worldwide. Hence, an alternative strategy to mitigate this pandemic could involve enhancing the immune system's resilience. Methods The research objective of the review is to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the role of inflammation and immunity in COVID-19. The pertinent literature concerning immune system functions, the impact of inflammation against viruses like SARS-CoV-2, and the connection between nutritional interventions, inflammation, and immunity was systematically explored. Results Enhancing immune function involves mitigating the impact of key factors that negatively influence the immune response. Strengthening the immune system against emerging diseases can be achieved through nonpharmaceutical measures such as maintaining a balanced nutrition, engaging in regular exercise, ensuring adequate sleep, and managing stress. Conclusion This review aims to convey the significance of and provide recommendations for immune-strengthening strategies amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizam Uddin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Faculty of Allied Health ScienceDaffodil International UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Thamina Acter
- Department of Mathematical and Physical SciencesEast West UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Harun‐Ar Rashid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Faculty of Allied Health ScienceDaffodil International UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Akibul Islam Chowdhury
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Faculty of Allied Health ScienceDaffodil International UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Effat Ara Jahan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Faculty of Allied Health ScienceDaffodil International UniversityDhakaBangladesh
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23
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Zhai S, Zhao P, Xie Y, Ma J. Dynamical behavior mechanism in the network of interaction between group behavior and virus propagation. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2023; 33:093134. [PMID: 37748482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a complex network of interaction between human behavior and virus transmission, in which group synchronous behavior influences cure rates. The study examines the influence of individual group behavior on virus transmission, the reciprocal influence of virus transmission on individual group behavior, and the effects of evolving network structures on cluster synchronization. It also analyzes the conditions necessary for virus extinction or the occurrence of a pandemic, as well as the conditions for achieving individual group synchronization. The paper provides discriminant conditions to distinguish between aggregation behavior and virus extinction. The proposed model effectively captures the phenomenon of resurgence observed in many viruses. The conclusions drawn are rigorously validated through simulations conducted under various conditions, confirming the validity and reliability of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Zhai
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Penglei Zhao
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Yongtao Xie
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
- Department of Physics, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
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24
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Pereira PDC, Diniz DG, da Costa ER, Magalhães NGDM, da Silva ADJF, Leite JGS, Almeida NIP, Cunha KDN, de Melo MAD, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz JAP, Brites D, Anthony DC, Diniz CWP, Guerreiro-Diniz C. Genes, inflammatory response, tolerance, and resistance to virus infections in migratory birds, bats, and rodents. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239572. [PMID: 37711609 PMCID: PMC10497949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Normally, the host immunological response to viral infection is coordinated to restore homeostasis and protect the individual from possible tissue damage. The two major approaches are adopted by the host to deal with the pathogen: resistance or tolerance. The nature of the responses often differs between species and between individuals of the same species. Resistance includes innate and adaptive immune responses to control virus replication. Disease tolerance relies on the immune response allowing the coexistence of infections in the host with minimal or no clinical signs, while maintaining sufficient viral replication for transmission. Here, we compared the virome of bats, rodents and migratory birds and the molecular mechanisms underlying symptomatic and asymptomatic disease progression. We also explore the influence of the host physiology and environmental influences on RNA virus expression and how it impacts on the whole brain transcriptome of seemingly healthy semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) and spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius). Three time points throughout the year were selected to understand the importance of longitudinal surveys in the characterization of the virome. We finally revisited evidence that upstream and downstream regulation of the inflammatory response is, respectively, associated with resistance and tolerance to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Douglas Corrêa Pereira
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Seção de Hepatologia, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Ramos da Costa
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nara Gyzely de Morais Magalhães
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Jesus Falcão da Silva
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gizele Sousa Leite
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Natan Ibraim Pires Almeida
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Kelle de Nazaré Cunha
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mauro André Damasceno de Melo
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Picanço Diniz
- Seção de Hepatologia, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Guerreiro-Diniz
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
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25
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Mishra AS, Varadarajan B, Sathish S, Roy S. Withaferin A for COVID-19: a Network Pharmacology Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:4983-4994. [PMID: 37129739 PMCID: PMC10152032 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a global challenge as there are very few treatment options available. This has proved to impact several physiological implications like immunological injury, myocardial infarction, micro-thrombus formation, neurological complications and multi-organ dysfunction. A combination therapy or a systems pharmacology approach can be adopted to fight against COVID-19. Here, we have proposed withaferin A as a system pharmacophore employing molecular docking strategy using AutoDock Vina and utilising different bioinformatics tools like PharmMapper, STRING database and PANTHER Pathway enrichment analysis. Docking results show that withaferin A exhibits a significant binding affinity with P2Y12 receptor, vitamin D-binding protein and annexin A5, hence implying that it could play a role in anti-thrombosis. Protein-protein interaction network showed its importance in innate immune system. Results also show that this molecule may have significant potential to modulate T cell activation too. Text mining results showed association of STAT3 with withaferin A. Our studies propose that withaferin A might also conquer the cytokine storm via STAT3. This study concludes that two strong targets of withaferin A, i.e. vitamin D-binding protein and STAT3, have been identified and that withaferin A can be used as a system pharmacophore for drug development in order to combat COVID-associated complicacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashasmita S Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | | | - Srayaa Sathish
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Sujata Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India.
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26
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Shrestha B, Mahat R. Emergence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis While Recovering From COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e44398. [PMID: 37779797 PMCID: PMC10540490 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 can have different presentations; from asymptomatic to multiorgan involvement. This case report is of an elderly gentleman, with known comorbidities of chronic obstructive airway disease and alcoholic liver disease on treatment. He presented with a history of increasing dyspnea and cough for a few days which was present after cold symptoms, and was admitted for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Later, while he was recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia, his respiratory symptoms worsened. After a thorough evaluation, his sputum smear was positive for acid-fast bacilli and also rifampicin sensitive on GeneXpert assay. With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, he recovered from both acute conditions and was sent home on the twentieth day of admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Shrestha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Karuna Hospital, Kathmandu, NPL
| | - Ravi Mahat
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Karuna Hospital, Kathmandu, NPL
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27
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Dubbs SB, Falat C, Rosenblatt L. Immune-based Therapies-What the Emergency Physician Needs to Know. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:569-582. [PMID: 37394260 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a treatment modality that has a broad and rapidly growing range of applications to treat both chronic and acute diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, cancer, and COVID-19. Emergency physicians must be aware of the breadth of applications and be able to consider the effects of immunotherapies when patients on these treatments present to the hospital. This article provides a review of the mechanisms of action, indications for use, and potential complications of immunotherapy treatments that are relevant in the emergency care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Dubbs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Cheyenne Falat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lauren Rosenblatt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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28
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Roslan M, Mohd Nisfu FR, Arzmi MH, Abdul Wahab R, Zainuddin N. Antibody Response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Vaccines in Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:8-24. [PMID: 37655145 PMCID: PMC10467589 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibit memory immunity acquired during natural infection. However, a decline in immunity after infection renders these individuals vulnerable to re-infection, in addition to a higher risk of infection with new variants. This systematic review examined related studies to elucidate the antibody response in these infected individuals after messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccination. Hence, the focus of this review was to ascertain differences in the concentration of binding and neutralising antibodies of previously infected individuals in comparison to those of infection-naïve individuals after administration of two doses of mRNA vaccination through available case-control and cohort studies. Positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test or detectable anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies at the baseline in included studies showed categorisation of infected and uninfected individuals. This review utilised three online databases: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane with the following keywords: (COVID-19 OR 'Coronavirus Disease 2019' OR SARS-CoV-2) AND Immun* AND (Pfizer OR BioNTech OR BNT162b2 OR Comirnaty OR Moderna OR mRNA-1273) from January 2019 to July 2021. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) 2020 guidelines and assessment based on the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT), we included 13 related qualified papers of observational studies discerning the binding and neutralising antibody concentrations of infected and uninfected individuals after administration of mRNA vaccines, such as the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine. The mRNA vaccines induced robust binding and neutralising antibody responses in both groups. However, infected individuals showed induction of higher antibody responses in a shorter time compared to uninfected individuals. Hence, a single dose of mRNA vaccination for infected individuals may be sufficient to reach the same level of antibody concentration as that observed in uninfected individuals after receiving two doses of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madihah Roslan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Farah Ratulfazira Mohd Nisfu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
- International Medical School, Management and Science University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norafiza Zainuddin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
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29
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Razi O, Teixeira AM, Tartibian B, Zamani N, Knechtle B. Respiratory issues in patients with multiple sclerosis as a risk factor during SARS-CoV-2 infection: a potential role for exercise. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:1533-1559. [PMID: 36411399 PMCID: PMC9684932 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with cytokine storm and is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia problems. The respiratory system is a place of inappropriate activation of the immune system in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), and this may cause damage to the lung and worsen both MS and infections.The concerns for patients with multiple sclerosis are because of an enhance risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The MS patients pose challenges in this pandemic situation, because of the regulatory defect of autoreactivity of the immune system and neurological and respiratory tract symptoms. In this review, we first indicate respiratory issues associated with both diseases. Then, the main mechanisms inducing lung damages and also impairing the respiratory muscles in individuals with both diseases is discussed. At the end, the leading role of physical exercise on mitigating respiratory issues inducing mechanisms is meticulously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Tolmacheva AS, Onvumere MK, Sedykh SE, Timofeeva AM, Nevinsky GA. Catalase Activity of IgGs of Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10081. [PMID: 37373231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, leads to various manifestations of the post-COVID syndrome, including diabetes, heart and kidney disease, thrombosis, neurological and autoimmune diseases and, therefore, remains, so far, a significant public health problem. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to the hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing adverse effects on oxygen transfer efficiency, iron homeostasis, and erythrocytes deformation, contributing to thrombus formation. In this work, the relative catalase activity of the serum IgGs of patients recovered from COVID-19, healthy volunteers vaccinated with Sputnik V, vaccinated with Sputnik V after recovering from COVID-19, and conditionally healthy donors were analyzed for the first time. Previous reports show that along with canonical antioxidant enzymes, the antibodies of mammals with superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities are involved in controlling reactive oxygen species levels. We here show that the IgGs from patients who recovered from COVID-19 had the highest catalase activity, and this was statistically significantly higher each compared to the healthy donors (1.9-fold), healthy volunteers vaccinated with Sputnik V (1.4-fold), and patients vaccinated after recovering from COVID-19 (2.1-fold). These data indicate that COVID-19 infection may stimulate the production of antibodies that degrade hydrogen peroxide, which is harmful at elevated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Tolmacheva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Margarita K Onvumere
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey E Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna M Timofeeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Zebeaman M, Tadesse MG, Bachheti RK, Bachheti A, Gebeyhu R, Chaubey KK. Plants and Plant-Derived Molecules as Natural Immunomodulators. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7711297. [PMID: 37313550 PMCID: PMC10260316 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7711297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background. Nowadays, the immunomodulatory properties of plants have been studied extensively with greater interest due to increasing awareness and combating the severity of immunomodulatory diseases. Scope and Approach. This paper highlights the efficacy of the available literature evidence on natural immunomodulators of plant origin and synthetic ones. In addition, several aspects of plants and their phytoconstituents responsible for immunomodulation have been discussed. Moreover, this review also discusses the mechanism involved in immunomodulation. Key Findings. One hundred fifty medicinal immunomodulatory plants are currently identified to find novel immunomodulatory drugs. Of these plants, the plant family Asteraceae also takes the first rank by offering 18 plant species (12%). Similarly of the plants studied so far, 40% belong to the Asteraceae family. Echinacea purpurea of this family is most known for its immunostimulating activity. The most prominent immune-active bioactive molecules are polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Also, eight plant bioactive immunomodulators were checked for clinical trials and found in the market. These are six immunosuppressants, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, colchicine, capsaicin, and andrographolide, and two immunostimulants, curcumin and genistein. Nowadays, there are a lot of polyherbal traditional medicinal products sold in the market and claimed to their immunomodulators. However, much work is still needed to find more active immunomodulatory agents. The mechanism by which immunomodulatory medicinal plant exert their effect is through the induction of cytokines and phagocyte cells and the inhibition of iNOS, PGE, and COX-2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Zebeaman
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, College of Applied Science, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Getachew Tadesse
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Bioprocess, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rakesh Kumar Bachheti
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, College of Applied Science, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Bioprocess, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Archana Bachheti
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, 248002 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rahel Gebeyhu
- Microbiology Department, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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Reinfeld S. Can bupropion treat COVID-19-induced brain fog? A case series. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 38:189-191. [PMID: 36165510 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19-induced neurocognitive complications that include brain fog have affected a large portion of individuals who survived COVID-19. These symptoms can include inattention, mental fatigue, forgetfulness, amotivation, and distractibility. This can cause significant anxiety and depression, which may worsen disease progression. To date, there are no known specific treatments that target COVID-19-related brain fog. Here, two patients are presented that develop symptoms of brain fog that persisted after they recovered from an acute COVID-19 infection. Both had memory impairment, mental exhaustion, and inattention with associated depressed mood. They were given bupropion extended release and though varied with dosing and time to resolution, they recovered dramatically. The dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor is known to have effects on the brain that may treat symptoms of brain fog including blocking hippocampal cell loss, increased neural activity in the cingulate cortex, and decreasing proinflammatory cytokines. Bupropion may be a possible option for those suffering from this growing and debilitating post-COVID-19 complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Reinfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Ahmadi S, Bazargan M, Elahi R, Esmaeilzadeh A. Immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); molecular approaches. Mol Immunol 2023; 156:10-19. [PMID: 36857806 PMCID: PMC9684099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, a new betacoronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused an outbreak at the Wuhan seafood market in China. The disease was further named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the disease to be a pandemic, as more cases were reported globally. SARS-CoV-2, like many other viruses, employs diverse strategies to elude the host immune response and/or counter immune responses. The infection outcome mainly depends on interactions between the virus and the host immune system. Inhibiting IFN production, blocking IFN signaling, enhancing IFN resistance, and hijacking the host's translation machinery to expedite the production of viral proteins are among the main immune evasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 also downregulates the expression of MHC-I on infected cells, which is an additional immune-evasion mechanism of this virus. Moreover, antigenic modifications to the spike (S) protein, such as deletions, insertions, and also substitutions are essential for resistance to SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. This review assesses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host immune response and cellular and molecular approaches used by SARS-CoV-2 for immune evasion. Understanding the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion is essential since it can improve the development of novel antiviral treatment options as well as vaccination methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ahmadi
- Virology Research Center, The National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Allergy and Immunology Subspecialty Lab, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Bazargan
- Virology Research Center, The National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Allergy and Immunology Subspecialty Lab, Tehran, Iran,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Sahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- M.D., School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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The paradigm of prophylactic viral outbreaks measures by microbial biosurfactants. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:575-587. [PMID: 36840992 PMCID: PMC9940476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic confirmed the incompetence of countries across the world to deal with a global public health emergency. Although the recent advent of vaccines is an important prophylactic measure, effective clinical therapy for SARS-Cov-2 is yet to be discovered. With the increasing mortality rate, research has been focused on understanding the pathogenic mechanism and clinical parameters to comprehend COVID-19 infection and propose new avenues for naturally occurring molecules with novel therapeutic properties to alleviate the current situation. In accordance with recent clinical studies and SARS-CoV-2 infection markers, cytokine storm and oxidative stress are entwined pathogenic processes in COVID-19 progression. Lately, Biosurfactants (BSs) have been studied as one of the most advanced biomolecules of microbial origin with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral properties, antiadhesive, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this review inspects available literature and proposes biosurfactants with these properties to be encouraged for their extensive study in dealing with the current pandemic as new pharmaceutics in the prevention and control of viral spread, treating the symptoms developed after the incubation period through different therapeutic approaches and playing a potential drug delivery model.
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Baghban R, Ghasemian A, Mahmoodi S. Nucleic acid-based vaccine platforms against the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:150. [PMID: 36995507 PMCID: PMC10062302 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has infected 673,010,496 patients and caused the death of 6,854,959 cases globally until today. Enormous efforts have been made to develop fundamentally different COVID-19 vaccine platforms. Nucleic acid-based vaccines consisting of mRNA and DNA vaccines (third-generation vaccines) have been promising in terms of rapid and convenient production and efficient provocation of immune responses against the COVID-19. Several DNA-based (ZyCoV-D, INO-4800, AG0302-COVID19, and GX-19N) and mRNA-based (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ARCoV) approved vaccine platforms have been utilized for the COVID-19 prevention. mRNA vaccines are at the forefront of all platforms for COVID-19 prevention. However, these vaccines have lower stability, while DNA vaccines are needed with higher doses to stimulate the immune responses. Intracellular delivery of nucleic acid-based vaccines and their adverse events needs further research. Considering re-emergence of the COVID-19 variants of concern, vaccine reassessment and the development of polyvalent vaccines, or pan-coronavirus strategies, is essential for effective infection prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayyeh Baghban
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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36
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Modaresi MA, Shirani E. Mucociliary clearance affected by mucus-periciliary interface stimulations using analytical solution during cough and sneeze. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2023; 138:201. [PMID: 36883183 PMCID: PMC9983542 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of mucus velocity variations under different conditions including viscosity variation and boundary conditions is useful to develop mucosal-based medical treatments. This paper deals with the analytical investigation of mucus-periciliary velocities under mucus-periciliary interface movements and mucus viscosity variations. The results for mucus velocity show that there is no difference between the two cases under the free-slip condition. Therefore, power-law mucus can be substituted with a high viscosity Newtonian fluid since the upper boundary of the mucus layer is exposed to the free-slip condition. However, when the upper boundary of the mucus layer is under nonzero shear stress levels, including cough or sneeze, the assumption of a high viscosity Newtonian mucus layer is invalid. Moreover, mucus viscosity variations are investigated for both Newtonian and power-law mucus layers under sneeze and cough to propose a mucosal-based medical treatment. The results indicate by varying mucus viscosity up to a critical value, the direction of mucus movement changes. The critical values of viscosity in sneezing and coughing for Newtonian and power-law mucus layers are 10-4 and 5 × 10-5 and 0.0263 and 006.024 m2 s-1, respectively. Therefore, the pathogen entry into the respiratory system can be prevented by varying mucus viscosity during sneeze and cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Modaresi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 8415683111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - E. Shirani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, P.O. Box 8415683111, Isfahan, Iran
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Sendagire H, Kiwuwa S, Dhamani A, Akugizibwe R, Lwasa Y, Bukenya A, Mukasa HK, Kakeeto P, Nankinga Z, Bbosa G, Babirye J, Nankabirwa H, Nabadda S. Staging of COVID-19 disease; using selected laboratory profiles for prediction, prevention and management of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa-review. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:1-15. [PMID: 37545952 PMCID: PMC10398495 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many uncertainties on the future management of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in Africa. By July 2021, Africa had lagged behind the rest of the world in Covid-19 vaccines uptake, accounting for just 1.6% of doses administered globally. During that time COVID 19 was causing an average death rate of 2.6% in Africa, surpassing the then global average of 2.2%. There were no clear therapeutic guidelines, yet inappropriate and unnecessary treatments may have led to unwanted adverse events such as worsening of hyperglycemia and precipitating of ketoacidosis in administration of steroid therapy. in order to provide evidence-based policy guidelines, we examined peer-reviewed published articles in PubMed on COVID 19, or up-to date data, we focused our search on publications from 1st May 2020 to 15th July, 2021. For each of the studies, we extracted data on pathophysiology, selected clinical chemistry and immunological tests, clinical staging and treatment. Our review reports a gross unmet need for vaccination, inadequate laboratory capacity for immunological tests and the assessment of individual immune status, clinical staging and prediction of disease severity. We recommend selected laboratory tools in the assessment of individual immune status, prediction of disease severity and determination of the exact timing for suitable therapy, especially in individuals with co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Sendagire
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda
- National Health Laboratory and Diagnostics Services, Ministry of Health, Uganda
| | - Steven Kiwuwa
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ali Dhamani
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Yasin Lwasa
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Bukenya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Godfrey Bbosa
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Juliet Babirye
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Susan Nabadda
- National Health Laboratory and Diagnostics Services, Ministry of Health, Uganda
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Ehtesabi H, Afzalpour E. Smartphone-based corona virus detection using saliva: A mini-review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14380. [PMID: 36919087 PMCID: PMC9991337 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During the ongoing worldwide epidemic, SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions of individuals and taken the lives of numerous victims. It is clear that early detection of infected individuals, especially asymptomatic carriers, is possible with the development of innovative analytical tools for rapid identification of COVID-19 present in nasopharyngeal swabs, serum, and saliva. The saliva, as a diagnostic sample, can be easily collected by the patient with almost no discomfort and needs specialized healthcare personnel to manage, which reduces the risks for the operator. Moreover, smartphone-based sensing systems are one of the most attractive techniques that can speed up the detection time of COVID-19 agents without the need for professional staff and clinical centers. In this review, recent advances in precise salivary-based SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis using smartphones via viral RNA detection, antibody identification, and viral antigen identification were summarized. Finally, the conclusion and future perspective of this field are described in brief.
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Akram N, Saeed F, Afzaal M, Shah YA, Qamar A, Faisal Z, Ghani S, Ateeq H, Akhtar MN, Tufail T, Hussain M, Asghar A, Rasheed A, Jbawi EA. Gut microbiota and synbiotic foods: Unveiling the relationship in COVID-19 perspective. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1166-1177. [PMID: 36911846 PMCID: PMC10002946 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread across the globe and is causing widespread disaster. The impact of gut microbiota on lung disease has been widely documented. Diet, environment, and genetics all play a role in shaping the gut microbiota, which can influence the immune system. Improving the gut microbiota profile through customized diet, nutrition, and supplementation has been shown to boost immunity, which could be one of the preventative methods for reducing the impact of various diseases. Poor nutritional status is frequently linked to inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which can affect the immune system. This review emphasizes the necessity of maintaining an adequate level of important nutrients to effectively minimize inflammation and oxidative stress, moreover to strengthen the immune system during the COVID-19 severity. Furthermore, the purpose of this review is to present information and viewpoints on the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics as adjuvants for microbiota modification and its effects on COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Akram
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Aiza Qamar
- Department of Nutrition and Health PromotionUniversity of Home Economics LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Zargham Faisal
- Institute of Food Science and NutritionBahauddin Zakariya University MultanMultanPakistan
| | - Samia Ghani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGovernment College University FaisalabadPunjabPakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Tabassum Tufail
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Aasma Asghar
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ammara Rasheed
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
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Impact of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection on Immunoglobulin-IgG Cross-Reactivity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030552. [PMID: 36992136 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a considerable threat to public health and global economies. SARS-CoV-2 has largely affected a vast world population and was declared a COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, with a substantial surge of SARS-CoV-2 infection affecting all aspects of the virus’ natural course of infection and immunity. The cross-reactivity between the different coronaviruses is still a knowledge gap in the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study aimed to investigate the impact of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viral infections on immunoglobulin-IgG cross-reactivity. Our retrospective cohort study hypothesized the possible reactivation of immunity in individuals with a history of infection to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) when infected with SARS-CoV-2. The total number of participants included was 34; among them, 22 (64.7%) were males, and 12 (35.29%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 40.3 ± 12.9 years. This study compared immunoglobulin (IgG) levels against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV across various groups with various histories of infection. The results showed that a reactive borderline IgG against both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in participants with past infection to both viruses was 40% compared with 37.5% among those with past infection with MERS-CoV alone. Our study results establish that individuals infected with both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV showed higher MERS-CoV IgG levels compared with those of individuals infected previously with MERS-CoV alone and compared with those of individuals in the control. The results further highlight cross-adaptive immunity between MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Our study concludes that individuals with previous infections with both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed significantly higher MERS-CoV IgG levels compared with those of individuals infected only with MERS-CoV and compared with those of individuals in the control, suggesting cross-adaptive immunity between MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
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Wasiluk T, Sredzinska M, Rogowska A, Zebrowska A, Boczkowska-Radziwon B, Stasiak-Barmuta A, Radziwon P. Analysis of the IgG subclass profile and IgG sum-total discrepancy in COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors: A single-centre prospective cohort study. Transfus Apher Sci 2023; 62:103527. [PMID: 36038476 PMCID: PMC9417371 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although IgG1 and IgG3 have been shown to be the dominant subclasses in the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, little is known about the distribution of IgG subclasses during the recovery phase of COVID-19. The aim of the study was to analyze the profile of IgG subclasses in COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors. METHODS A total of 36 convalescent plasma donors were included in the analysis. IgG and IgG subclass levels were measured using a nephelometric assay in plasma samples obtained directly from the plasma container. RESULTS Although there was no significant difference in the concentration of IgG subclasses between the study and control groups, the contribution of IgG1 to the total IgG pool between the study and control groups was statistically significant (p = 0.0478). In addition, there was a discrepancy between the total IgG and IgG sum values in the study group, exceeding 15 % in 19,4 % of samples (n = 7), while in the control group no samples with a sum/ total IgG difference > 15 % were observed. CONCLUSIONS The selective affinity of the IgG1 subclass for the polyclonal anti-IgG reagent may interfere with the determination of total IgG and should be considered when interpreting the results of enzyme immunoassays DATA AVAILABILITY: The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasiluk
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Anna Rogowska
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Stasiak-Barmuta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, Poland,Department of Hematology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Mardi N, Haiaty S, Rahbarghazi R, Mobarak H, Milani M, Zarebkohan A, Nouri M. Exosomal transmission of viruses, a two-edged biological sword. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:19. [PMID: 36691072 PMCID: PMC9868521 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common belief, most viruses can egress from the host cells as single particles and transmit to uninfected cells. Emerging data have revealed en bloc viral transmission as lipid bilayer-cloaked particles via extracellular vesicles especially exosomes (Exo). The supporting membrane can be originated from multivesicular bodies during intra-luminal vesicle formation and autophagic response. Exo are nano-sized particles, ranging from 40-200 nm, with the ability to harbor several types of signaling molecules from donor to acceptor cells in a paracrine manner, resulting in the modulation of specific signaling reactions in target cells. The phenomenon of Exo biogenesis consists of multiple and complex biological steps with the participation of diverse constituents and molecular pathways. Due to similarities between Exo biogenesis and virus replication and the existence of shared pathways, it is thought that viruses can hijack the Exo biogenesis machinery to spread and evade immune cells. To this end, Exo can transmit complete virions (as single units or aggregates), separate viral components, and naked genetic materials. The current review article aims to scrutinize challenges and opportunities related to the exosomal delivery of viruses in terms of viral infections and public health. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mardi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanya Haiaty
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Mobarak
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Milani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Lino RDS, Silva MSDP, de Jesus DS, de Macedo RC, Lagares LS, dos Santos FNA, de Almeida LAB, Bomfim ES, dos Santos CPC. Molecular aspects of COVID-19 and its relationship with obesity and physical activity: a narrative review. SAO PAULO MED J 2023; 141:78-86. [PMID: 36102458 PMCID: PMC9808989 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2021.1038.r1.06072022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has several mechanisms of action related to inflammatory responses, especially in individuals diagnosed with obesity. This hyperinflammatory clinical profile resulting from the association between obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be attenuated by regular physical activity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the consequences of physical inactivity and physical activity on COVID-19 in patients with obesity. DESIGN AND SETTING Narrative review at the Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health in Salvador, Brazil. METHODS We searched evidence on the association of COVID-19 with physical activity and obesity using the following keywords: "covid-19," "physical activity," and "obesity". The databases used were MEDLINE (PubMed), ScienceDirect, and Virtual Health Library. Studies published from 2019 to 2021 and available in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included. The final search was conducted on September 26, 2021. RESULTS We identified 661 studies in the database, among which 71 were considered for inclusion in the narrative review of the molecular aspects of COVID-19 and its relationship with physical activity and obesity. CONCLUSION This literature review enabled the perception of the relationship between the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 and obesity. Regular physical activity had various benefits for the inflammatory condition of the studied population, highlighting moderate-intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon de Souza Lino
- BSc. Physical Education Professional, Research Group on Metabolic Diseases, Physical Exercise and Health Technologies, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Mariana Sousa de Pina Silva
- Undergraduate Student, Research Group on Metabolic Diseases, Physical Exercise, and Health Technologies, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Daniel Simões de Jesus
- PhD. Assistant Professor, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Colares de Macedo
- Undergraduate Student, Research Group on Metabolic Diseases, Physical Exercise and Health Technologies, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Laura Souza Lagares
- BSc. Physical Education Professional, Research Group on Metabolic Diseases, Physical Exercise and Health Technologies, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Felipe Nunes Almeida dos Santos
- BSc. Physical Education Professional, Research Group on Metabolic Diseases, Physical Exercise and Health Technologies, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Bastos de Almeida
- MSc. Assistant Professor, Laboratory of Physical Activity, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana (BA), Brazil
| | - Eric Simas Bomfim
- BSc. Physical Education Professional, Research Group on Metabolic Diseases, Physical Exercise and Health Technologies, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Clarcson Plácido Conceição dos Santos
- PhD. Assistant Professor, Research Group on Metabolic Diseases, Physical Exercise and Health Technologies, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador (BA), Brazil
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Castoldi RC, de Ângelo JC, Pereira TT, Dias RM, Negrão FJ. Relationship between physical exercise and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): systematic review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023; 19:55-67. [PMID: 36643608 PMCID: PMC9825126 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV virus is a precursor to the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) and has caused millions of deaths worldwide. Although exercise can be a non-pharmacological means for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, the effects on COVID-19 patients are not yet completely clear. Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical exercise and symptoms caused by COVID-19. Methods The present systematic review was sent for evaluation and received the PROSPERO registration protocol-CRD42021257475. The search for studies related to health and physical exercise was carried out in the following databases; the "National Library in Medicine MEDLINE-Ovid", "Embase", "Web of Science", "SportDiscus-Ebsco", and "Scopus". Results Ten articles were included in the systematic review and the findings demonstrated the protective effects of physical exercise in patients with COVID-19. These effects were observed both in symptoms and in the period of hospitalization. In addition, the results show that the benefits of physical exercise seem to collaborate both in an individual manner and as an alternative to drug therapy. Finally, it was possible to verify the effect of physical exercise on variables, such as quality of life, cardiorespiratory capacity, and immunological biomarkers, and on the symptoms of the new Coronavirus. Conclusions It is possible to conclude that physical exercise can be a component for the treatment of COVID-19. In addition, it could help to reduce the symptoms and severity of COVID-19, and may be considered as an adjunct to drug therapy in patients contaminated with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Chacon Castoldi
- grid.412335.20000 0004 0388 2432Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-UFGD, Rua João Rosa Góes, 1761 Vila Progresso, Dourados, 79825070 Brazil ,grid.412352.30000 0001 2163 5978Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul–UFMS, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cristina de Ângelo
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Teixeira Pereira
- grid.442132.20000 0001 2111 5825Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco-UCDB, Campo Grande, Brazil ,Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso Do Sul-UEMS, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Martins Dias
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Postgraduate Program in Medicine (Cardiology), Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Juliano Negrão
- grid.412335.20000 0004 0388 2432Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-UFGD, Rua João Rosa Góes, 1761 Vila Progresso, Dourados, 79825070 Brazil
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Khalaf QA, Rasool KH, Naji EN. Evaluation of IL-6 and IL-17A gene polymorphisms in Iraqi patients infected with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hum Antibodies 2023; 31:35-44. [PMID: 37458031 DOI: 10.3233/hab-230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with COVID-19, diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) increases the risk of hospitalization and death. Patients who have IL-6 and IL-17A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are more likely to have severe COVID-19. This study aims to determine whether SNPs of the IL-6 gene at rs1800795 (G > C) and the IL-17A gene at rs2275913 (G > A) are associated with COVID-19 and T2DM in the Iraqi population. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-four people were divided into 4 groups as follows: six patients with severe COVID-19 and T2DM were placed in Group 1 as "G1", six patients with COVID-19 but no T2DM were placed in Group 2 as "G2", and six patients with T2DM were placed in Group 3 as "G3". There were also six healthy controls included in each group. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the target genes after genomic DNA from the blood samples was extracted. Sanger sequencing was used to find the SNPs in both the forward and reverse directions for each sample. RESULTS In the case of IL-6 SNP at rs1800795, the GG genotype was more common in "G3", the CC genotype was less common in all patient groups than in controls, and the GC allele was more common in "G2" than in the control group. In comparison to the controls, the three patient groups showed lower frequencies of the C allele and higher frequencies of the G allele. Regarding IL-17A gene polymorphism, the AA and GA genotypes were more prevalent in "G2" and "G3", respectively. The GG genotype and G allele frequency dropped in all patient groups compared to the control group, whereas the A allele frequency increased in all patient groups. CONCLUSIONS The IL-6 gene at rs1800795 (G/C) and the IL-17A gene at rs2275913 (G/A) loci were associated with COVID-19 and T2DM in Iraqi population.
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Arjmand B, Alavi-Moghadam S, Sarvari M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rezazadeh- Mafi A, Arjmand R, Nikandish M, Nasli‐Esfahani E, Larijani B. Critical roles of cytokine storm and bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:171-206. [PMID: 36600055 PMCID: PMC9812357 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been a shocking disaster for healthcare systems worldwide since December 2019. This virus can affect all systems of the body and its symptoms vary from a simple upper respiratory infection to fatal complications including end-organ damage. On the other hand, the normal immune system plays a pivotal role in the recovery of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. However, occasionally, exaggerated immune system inflammation and an excessive synthesis of cytokines, known as a "cytokine storm," can deteriorate the patient's clinical condition. Secondary bacterial co-infection is another problem in COVID-19 which affects the prognosis of patients. Although there are a few studies about this complication, they suggest not using antibiotics commonly, especially broad-spectrum ones. During this pandemic, various approaches and therapeutics were introduced for treating COVID-19 patients. However, available treatments are not helpful enough, especially for complicated cases. Hence, in this era, cell therapy and regenerative medicine will create new opportunities. Therefore, the therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stem cells, especially their antimicrobial activity, will help us understand how to treat COVID-19. Herein, mesenchymal stem cells may stop the immune system from becoming overactive in COVID-19 patients. On the other side, the stem cells' capacity for repair could encourage natural healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Cancer Control Center (MACSA), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ahmad Rezazadeh- Mafi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasta Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nikandish
- AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA-CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli‐Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kurnia D, Putri SA, Tumilaar SG, Zainuddin A, Dharsono HDA, Amin MF. In silico Study of Antiviral Activity of Polyphenol Compounds from Ocimum basilicum by Molecular Docking, ADMET, and Drug-Likeness Analysis. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2023; 16:37-47. [PMID: 37131997 PMCID: PMC10149097 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s403175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a disease that has mild to severe effects on patients, which can even lead to death. One of the enzymes that act as DNA replication is the main protease, which becomes the main target in the inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In finding effective drugs against this virus, Ocimum basilicum is a potential herbal plant because it has been tested to have high phytochemical content and bioactivity. Apigenin-7-glucuronide, dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside, and aesculetin are polyphenolic compounds found in Ocimum basilicum. Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanism of inhibition of the three polyphenolic compounds in Ocimum basilicum against the main protease and to predict pharmacokinetic activity and the drug-likeness of a compound using the Lipinski Rule of Five. Patients and Methods The method used is to predict the molecular docking inhibition mechanism using Autodock 4.0 tools and use pkcsm and protox online web server to analyze ADMET and Drug-likeness. Results The binding affinity for apigenin-7-glucuronide was -8.77 Kcal/mol, dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside was -8.96 Kcal/mol, and aesculetin was -5.79 Kcal/mol. Then, the inhibition constant values were 375.81 nM, 270.09 nM, and 57.11 µM, respectively. Apigenin-7-glucuronide and dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside bind to the main protease enzymes on the active sites of CYS145 and HIS41, while aesculetin only binds to the active sites of CYS145. On ADMET analysis, these three compounds met the predicted pharmacokinetic parameters, although there are some specific parameters that must be considered especially for aesculetin compounds. Meanwhile, on drug-likeness analysis, apigenin-7-glucuronide and dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside compounds have one violation and aesculetin have no violation. Conclusion Based on the data obtained, Apigenin-7-glucuronide and dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside are compounds that have more potential to have an antiviral effect on the main protease enzyme than aesculetin. Based on pharmacokinetic parameters and drug-likeness, three compounds can be used as lead compounds for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Dikdik Kurnia, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel/Fax +62-22-7794391, Email
| | - Salsabila Aqila Putri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sefren Geiner Tumilaar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Zainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Dian Adhita Dharsono
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Meiny Faudah Amin
- Dental Conservation, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Mazoteras-Pardo V, Losa-Iglesias ME, Casado-Hernández I, Calvo-Lobo C, Morales-Ponce Á, Medrano-Soriano A, Coco-Villanueva S, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R. Indoor air quality in a training centre used for sports practice. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15298. [PMID: 37151296 PMCID: PMC10158773 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the measures for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was the mass closure of gyms. This measure leads us to determine the differences between indoor and outdoor air quality. That is why the objective of this study was to analyse the indoor air quality of a sports centre catering to small groups and rehabilitation. Methods The study was conducted in a single training centre, where 26 measurements were taken in two spaces (indoors and outdoors). The air quality index, temperature, relative humidity, total volatile compounds, carbon monoxide, ozone, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter were measured indoors and outdoors using the same protocol and equipment. These measurements were taken twice, once in the morning and once in the afternoon, with all measurements made at the same time, 10 am and 6 pm, respectively. Additionally, four determinations of each variable were collected during each shift, and the number of people who had trained in the room and the number of trainers were counted. Results In the different variables analysed, the results show that CO2 and RH levels are higher indoors than outdoors in both measurement shifts. Temperatures are higher outside than inside and, in the evening, than in the morning. TVOC, AQI and PM show less variation, although they are higher outdoors in the morning. CO is highest indoors. HCHO levels are almost negligible and do not vary significantly, except for a slight increase in the afternoon outside. Ozone levels are not significant. All the variables showed practically perfect reliability in all the measurements, except for ozone measured outside in the morning. On the other hand, the variables exhibit variations between indoors and outdoors during the morning and afternoon, except for the three types of PM. Also, the data show that all the main variables measured inside the sports training centre are similar between morning and afternoon. However, outside, temperature, relative humidity and HCHO levels show significant differences between morning and afternoon while no differences are observed for the other variables. Conclusion The indoor air quality of the training centre assessed was good and met current regulations; some of its components even exhibited better levels than fresh air. This article is the first to measure indoor air quality in a sports training centre catering to rehabilitation and small groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mazoteras-Pardo
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing of Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Casado-Hernández
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Calvo-Lobo
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Morales-Ponce
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Medrano-Soriano
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Coco-Villanueva
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Modaresi MA. Numerical investigation of mucociliary clearance using power law and thixotropic mucus layers under discrete and continuous cilia motion. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:253-269. [PMID: 36222949 PMCID: PMC9553636 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mucus layer movement inside the airway system is an important phenomenon as the first defensive mechanism against pathogens. This research deals with the mucus velocity variations inside the nasal cavity using two different power law and thixotropic mucus layers. The cilia movement is replaced with four cyclic velocity profiles at the lower boundary of the mucus layer, while the upper boundary is exposed to the free-slip condition. The effects of boundary conditions and different fluid parameters are evaluated on the mucus flow. Furthermore, the replacement of power law and thixotropic mucus layers with a high viscous Newtonian mucus is examined under the free-slip condition at the mucus upper boundary. The adaptation rate is used as the criteria for replacing fluids instead of each other. The results show the mucus flow has enough time to adjust the changes from the lower boundary and the recovery stroke does not affect the mucus velocity in the effective stroke. Moreover, it is observed that the mucus flow variations are the same under the influence of recovery, breakdown, and breakdown exponent parameters. However, the effects of the exponent parameter on the mucus flow are more than the other two parameters in the recovery stroke. It is concluded that the assumption for replacing the power law mucus with a high viscous Newtonian one is acceptable. However, this assumption leads to the maximum error of 98.5% for thixotropic mucus in the recovery stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Modaresi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-143, Tehran, Iran.
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Body fat percentage is independently and inversely associated with serum antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19224. [PMID: 36357408 PMCID: PMC9648460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is widely considered the most effective preventative strategy to protect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. An individual's exercise habits, and physical fitness have been shown to impact the immune response following vaccination using traditional vaccine platforms, but their effects are not well characterized following administration of newer vaccination technology (mRNA vaccines). We investigated these effects on the magnitude of antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination while accounting for known covariates (age, sex, time since vaccination, and the type of vaccine administered). Adults of varying fitness levels (18-65 years; N = 50) who had received either the Moderna or Pfizer SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine between 2 weeks and 6 months prior, completed health history and physical activity questionnaires, had their blood drawn, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength assessed. Multiple linear regressions assessed the effect of percent body fat, hand grip strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity levels on the magnitude of receptor binding domain protein (RBD) and spike protein subunit 1 (S1) and 2 (S2) while accounting for known covariates. Body fat percentage was inversely associated with the magnitude of S1 (p = 0.006, β = - 366.56), RBD (p = 0.003, β = - 249.30), and S2 (p = 0.106, β = - 190.08) antibodies present in the serum following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Given the increasing number of infections, variants, and the known waning effects of vaccination, future mRNA vaccinations such as boosters are encouraged to sustain immunity; reducing excess body fat may improve the efficacy of these vaccinations.
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