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Maffia P, Mauro C, Case A, Kemper C. Canonical and non-canonical roles of complement in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-024-01016-y. [PMID: 38600367 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, and atherosclerosis is the major contributor to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Immune responses have a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with the complement system being an acknowledged contributor. Chronic activation of liver-derived and serum-circulating canonical complement sustains endothelial inflammation and innate immune cell activation, and deposition of complement activation fragments on inflamed endothelial cells is a hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. However, increasing evidence indicates that liver-independent, cell-autonomous and non-canonical complement activities are underappreciated contributors to atherosclerosis. Furthermore, complement activation can also have atheroprotective properties. These specific detrimental or beneficial contributions of the complement system to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are dictated by the location of complement activation and engagement of its canonical versus non-canonical functions in a temporal fashion during atherosclerosis progression. In this Review, we summarize the classical and the emerging non-classical roles of the complement system in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discuss potential strategies for therapeutic modulation of complement for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Maffia
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance (ARUA) & The Guild, Accra, Ghana
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ayden Case
- Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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de Oliveira GP, Welsh JA, Pinckney B, Palu CC, Lu S, Zimmerman A, Barbosa RH, Sahu P, Noshin M, Gummuluru S, Tigges J, Jones JC, Ivanov AR, Ghiran IC. Human red blood cells release microvesicles with distinct sizes and protein composition that alter neutrophil phagocytosis. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e107. [PMID: 37942280 PMCID: PMC10629908 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells and tissues into biofluids, involved in cell-cell communication. In humans, circulating red blood cells (RBCs), represent the most common cell-type in the body, generating daily large numbers of microvesicles. In vitro, RBC vesiculation can be mimicked by stimulating RBCs with calcium ionophores, such as ionomycin and A23187. The fate of microvesicles released during in vivo aging of RBCs and their interactions with circulating cells is hitherto unknown. Using SEC plus DEG isolation methods, we have found that human RBCs generate microvesicles with two distinct sizes, densities, and protein composition, identified by flow cytometry, and MRPS, and further validated by immune TEM. Furthermore, proteomic analysis revealed that RBC-derived microvesicles (RBC-MVs) are enriched in proteins with important functions in ion channel regulation, calcium homeostasis, and vesicular transport, such as of sorcin, stomatin, annexin A7, and RAB proteins. Cryo-electron microscopy identified two separate pathways of RBC-MV-neutrophil interaction, direct fusion with the plasma membrane and internalization, respectively. Functionally, RBC-MVs decrease neutrophil ability to phagocytose E. coli but do not affect their survival at 24 hrs. This work brings new insights regarding the complexity of the RBC-MVs biogenesis, as well as their possible role in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getulio Pereira de Oliveira
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyBarnett Institute of Chemical & Biological AnalysisNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Brandy Pinckney
- Nano Flow Core FacilityBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Shulin Lu
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alan Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyBarnett Institute of Chemical & Biological AnalysisNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Raquel Hora Barbosa
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Parul Sahu
- Department of AnesthesiaBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Maeesha Noshin
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of MicrobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - John Tigges
- Nano Flow Core FacilityBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jennifer Clare Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyBarnett Institute of Chemical & Biological AnalysisNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ionita C. Ghiran
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of AnesthesiaBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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3
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Gregory CD. Hijacking homeostasis: Regulation of the tumor microenvironment by apoptosis. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:100-127. [PMID: 37553811 PMCID: PMC10952466 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancers are genetically driven, rogue tissues which generate dysfunctional, obdurate organs by hijacking normal, homeostatic programs. Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved regulated cell death program and a profoundly important homeostatic mechanism that is common (alongside tumor cell proliferation) in actively growing cancers, as well as in tumors responding to cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. Although well known for its cell-autonomous tumor-suppressive qualities, apoptosis harbors pro-oncogenic properties which are deployed through non-cell-autonomous mechanisms and which generally remain poorly defined. Here, the roles of apoptosis in tumor biology are reviewed, with particular focus on the secreted and fragmentation products of apoptotic tumor cells and their effects on tumor-associated macrophages, key supportive cells in the aberrant homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment. Historical aspects of cell loss in tumor growth kinetics are considered and the impact (and potential impact) on tumor growth of apoptotic-cell clearance (efferocytosis) as well as released soluble and extracellular vesicle-associated factors are discussed from the perspectives of inflammation, tissue repair, and regeneration programs. An "apoptosis-centric" view is proposed in which dying tumor cells provide an important platform for intricate intercellular communication networks in growing cancers. The perspective has implications for future research and for improving cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarterEdinburghUK
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Xing Y, Zhang D, Fang L, Wang J, Liu C, Wu D, Liu X, Wang X, Min W. Complement in Human Brain Health: Potential of Dietary Food in Relation to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods 2023; 12:3580. [PMID: 37835232 PMCID: PMC10572247 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement pathway is a major component of the innate immune system, which is critical for recognizing and clearing pathogens that rapidly react to defend the body against external pathogens. Many components of this pathway are expressed throughout the brain and play a beneficial role in synaptic pruning in the developing central nervous system (CNS). However, excessive complement-mediated synaptic pruning in the aging or injured brain may play a contributing role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Complement Component 1q (C1q), an initiating recognition molecule of the classical complement pathway, can interact with a variety of ligands and perform a range of functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the CNS. This review considers the function and immunomodulatory mechanisms of C1q; the emerging role of C1q on synaptic pruning in developing, aging, or pathological CNS; the relevance of C1q; the complement pathway to neurodegenerative diseases; and, finally, it summarizes the foods with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases via C1q and complement pathway and highlights the need for further research to clarify these roles. This paper aims to provide references for the subsequent study of food functions related to C1q, complement, neurodegenerative diseases, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Dingwen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Chunlei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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5
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Huntoon K, Lee D, Dong S, Antony A, Kim BYS, Jiang W. Targeting phagocytosis to enhance antitumor immunity. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:650-665. [PMID: 37150626 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with metastatic or treatment-resistant cancer have experienced improved outcomes after immunotherapy that targets adaptive immune checkpoints. However, innate immune checkpoints, which can hinder the detection and clearance of malignant cells, are also crucial in tumor-mediated immune escape and may also serve as targets in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of immune evasion by cancer cells via disruption of phagocytic clearance, and the potential effects of blocking phagocytosis checkpoints on the activation of antitumor immune responses. We propose that a more effective combination immunotherapy strategy could be to exploit tumor-intrinsic processes that inhibit key innate immune surveillance processes, such as phagocytosis, and incorporate both innate and adaptive immune responses for treating patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Huntoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - DaeYong Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shiyan Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abin Antony
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Kyllesbech C, Trier N, Mughal F, Hansen P, Holmström M, El Fassi D, Hasselbalch H, Skov V, Kjær L, Andersen M, Ciplys E, Slibinskas R, Frederiksen J, Højrup P, Houen G. Antibodies to calnexin and mutated calreticulin are common in human sera. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103380. [PMID: 36738659 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Calreticulin is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, which is involved in protein folding and in peptide loading of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules together with its homolog calnexin. Mutated calreticulin is associated with a group of hemopoietic disorders, especially myeloproliferative neoplasms. Currently only the cellular immune response to mutated calreticulin has been described, although preliminary findings have indicated that antibodies to mutated calreticulin are not specific for myeloproliferative disorders. These findings have prompted us to characterize the humoral immune response to mutated calreticulin and its chaperone homologue calnexin. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed sera from myeloproliferative neoplasm patients, healthy donors and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients for the occurrence of autoantibodies to wild type and mutated calreticulin forms and to calnexin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Antibodies to mutated calreticulin and calnexin were present at similar levels in serum samples of myeloproliferative neoplasm and multiple sclerosis patients as well as healthy donors. Moreover, a high correlation between antibodies to mutated calreticulin and calnexin was seen for all patient and control groups. Epitope binding studies indicated that cross-reactive antibodies bound to a three-dimensional epitope encompassing a short linear sequence in the C-terminal of mutated calreticulin and calnexin. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings indicate that calreticulin mutations may be common and not necessarily lead to onset of myeloproliferative neoplasm, possibly due to elimination of cells with mutations. This, in turn, may suggest that additional molecular changes may be required for development of myeloproliferative neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kyllesbech
- Department of Neurology, Valdemar Hansens vej 23, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Denmark
| | - N Trier
- Department of Neurology, Valdemar Hansens vej 23, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - F Mughal
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - P Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - M Holmström
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 25C, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D El Fassi
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - H Hasselbalch
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Sygehusvej 10, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - V Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Sygehusvej 10, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - L Kjær
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Sygehusvej 10, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - M Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Ciplys
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Vilnius, Sauletékio al. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - R Slibinskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Vilnius, Sauletékio al. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - J Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology, Valdemar Hansens vej 23, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - P Højrup
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Denmark
| | - G Houen
- Department of Neurology, Valdemar Hansens vej 23, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Denmark.
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7
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Dufour S, Tacnet-Delorme P, Kleman JP, Glushonkov O, Thielens N, Bourgeois D, Frachet P. Nanoscale imaging of CD47 informs how plasma membrane modifications shape apoptotic cell recognition. Commun Biol 2023; 6:207. [PMID: 36813842 PMCID: PMC9947010 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 recognized by its macrophage receptor SIRPα serves as a "don't eat-me" signal protecting viable cells from phagocytosis. How this is abrogated by apoptosis-induced changes in the plasma membrane, concomitantly with exposure of phosphatidylserine and calreticulin "eat-me" signals, is not well understood. Using STORM imaging and single-particle tracking, we interrogate how the distribution of these molecules on the cell surface correlates with plasma membrane alteration, SIRPα binding, and cell engulfment by macrophages. Apoptosis induces calreticulin clustering into blebs and CD47 mobility. Modulation of integrin affinity impacts CD47 mobility on the plasma membrane but not the SIRPα binding, whereas CD47/SIRPα interaction is suppressed by cholesterol destabilization. SIRPα no longer recognizes CD47 localized on apoptotic blebs. Overall, the data suggest that disorganization of the lipid bilayer at the plasma membrane, by inducing inaccessibility of CD47 possibly due to a conformational change, is central to the phagocytosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Dufour
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale Tacnet-Delorme
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Kleman
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Oleksandr Glushonkov
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole Thielens
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Bourgeois
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Frachet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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8
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Serrano-Quintero A, Sequeda-Juárez A, Pérez-Hernández CA, Sosa-Delgado SM, Mendez-Tenorio A, Ramón-Gallegos E. Immunogenic analysis of epitope-based vaccine candidate induced by photodynamic therapy in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103174. [PMID: 36602069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to treat tumors through selective cytotoxic effects. PDT induces damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) expression, which can cause an immunogenic death cell (IDC). In this study we identified potential immunogenic epitopes generated by PDT on triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). METHODS MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to PDT using ALA (160 µg/mL)/630 nm at 8 J/cm2. Membrane proteins were extracted and separated by 2D PAGE. Proteins overexpressed were identified by LC-MS/MS and analyzed in silico through a peptide-HLA docking in order to identify the epitopes with more immunogenicity and antigenicity properties, as well as lower allergenicity and toxicity activity. The selected peptides were evaluated in response to macrophage activation and cytokine release by flow cytometry. RESULTS Differential proteins were overexpressed in the cells treated with PDT. A group of 16 peptides were identified from them, established in a rigorous selection by measuring antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity in silico. The final selection was based on molecular dynamics, where 2 peptides showed the highest stability regarding to the RMSD value. These peptides were obtained from the proteins calreticulin and HSP90. The cytokine analysis evidenced macrophage activation by the releasing of TNF. CONCLUSION Two peptides were identified from calreticulin and HSP90; proteins induced by PDT in MDA-MB-231 cells. Both epitopes showed immunogenic potential as a peptide-based vaccine for triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Serrano-Quintero
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda. Manuel Stampa, Col. Zacatenco. Alcaldia Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Sequeda-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda. Manuel Stampa, Col. Zacatenco. Alcaldia Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - C Angélica Pérez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda. Manuel Stampa, Col. Zacatenco. Alcaldia Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - Sara M Sosa-Delgado
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda. Manuel Stampa, Col. Zacatenco. Alcaldia Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Mendez-Tenorio
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biotecnología Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Eva Ramón-Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda. Manuel Stampa, Col. Zacatenco. Alcaldia Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico.
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9
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Membrane Bound CRT Fragment Accelerates Tumor Growth of Melanoma B16 Cell In Vivo through Promoting M2 Polarization via TLR4. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4626813. [PMID: 36249426 PMCID: PMC9560857 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4626813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a major calcium-binding luminal resident protein on the endoplasmic reticulum that can also be released extracellular as well as anchored on surface of cells. Previously, we demonstrated that soluble recombinant CRT fragment 39-272 (CRT/39-272) exhibited potent immunostimulatory effects as well as immunoregulation effects on immune cells. Here, we constructed stable B16 melanoma cell lines expressing recombinant CRT/39-272 on the membrane (B16-tmCRT/39-272) to investigate the roles of cell surface CRT on tumor progression. We found that B16-tmCRT/39-272 cells subcutaneously inoculated into C57BL/6 mice exhibited stronger tumorigenicity than the B16-EGFP control cells. The tumor associated macrophages infiltrated in tumors were mainly M2 phenotype. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were also expanded more in bearing mice. Consistent with the in vivo results, B16-tmCRT/39-272 promoted macrophage polarization toward F4/80+CD206+ M2 macrophages and promoted transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) secretion in vitro, which could promote naïve CD4+T cell differentiation into Tregs. These results imply that the tmCRT/39-272 could accelerate tumor development by enhancing M2 macrophage polarization to induce TGF-β secretion, and then promoted Treg differentiation in the tumor microenvironment. Our data may provide useful clues for better understanding of the potentiating roles of CRT in tumorigenesis.
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10
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Sullivan KE. The yin and the yang of early classical pathway complement disorders. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:151-160. [PMID: 35648651 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical pathway of the complement cascade has been recognized as a key activation arm, partnering with the lectin activation arm and the alternative pathway to cleave C3 and initiate the assembly of the terminal components. While deficiencies of classical pathway components have been recognized since 1966, only recently have gain-of-function variants been described for some of these proteins. Loss-of-function variants in C1, C4, and C2 are most often associated with lupus and systemic infections with encapsulated bacteria. C3 deficiency varies slightly from this phenotypic class with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and infection as the dominant phenotypes. The gain-of- function variants recently described for C1r and C1s lead to periodontal Ehlers Danlos syndrome, a surprisingly structural phenotype. Gain-of-function in C3 and C2 are associated with endothelial manifestations including hemolytic uremic syndrome and vasculitis with C2 gain-of-function variants thus far having been reported in patients with a C3 glomerulopathy. This review will discuss the loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes and place them within the larger context of complement deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Reid KM, Kitchener EJA, Butler CA, Cockram TOJ, Brown GC. Brain Cells Release Calreticulin That Attracts and Activates Microglia, and Inhibits Amyloid Beta Aggregation and Neurotoxicity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859686. [PMID: 35514983 PMCID: PMC9065406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is a chaperone, normally found in the endoplasmic reticulum, but can be released by macrophages into the extracellular medium. It is also found in cerebrospinal fluid bound to amyloid beta (Aβ). We investigated whether brain cells release calreticulin, and whether extracellular calreticulin had any effects on microglia and neurons relevant to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We found that microglia release nanomolar levels of calreticulin when inflammatory-activated with lipopolysaccharide, when endoplasmic reticulum stress was induced by tunicamycin, or when cell death was induced by staurosporine, and that neurons release calreticulin when crushed. Addition of nanomolar levels of extracellular calreticulin was found to chemoattract microglia, and activate microglia to release cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. Calreticulin blocked Aβ fibrillization and modified Aβ oligomerization, as measured by thioflavin T fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Extracellular calreticulin also altered microglial morphology and proliferation, and prevented Aβ-induced neuronal loss in primary neuron-glial cultures. Thus, calreticulin is released by microglia and neurons, and acts: as an alarmin to recruit and activate microglia, as an extracellular chaperone to prevent Aβ aggregation, and as a neuroprotectant against Aβ neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Jorge AM, Lao T, Kim R, Licciardi S, El Khoury J, Luster AD, Means TK, Ramirez-Ortiz ZG. SCARF1-Induced Efferocytosis Plays an Immunomodulatory Role in Humans, and Autoantibodies Targeting SCARF1 Are Produced in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:955-967. [PMID: 35082161 PMCID: PMC8852219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in the clearance of cellular debris is a major pathogenic factor in the emergence of autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that mice deficient for scavenger receptor class F member 1 (SCARF1) develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease with symptoms similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including a pronounced accumulation of apoptotic cells (ACs). Therefore, we hypothesized that SCARF1 will be important for clearance of ACs and maintenance of self-tolerance in humans, and that dysregulation of this process could contribute to SLE. In this article, we show that SCARF1 is highly expressed on phagocytic cells, where it functions as an efferocytosis receptor. In healthy individuals, we discovered that engagement of SCARF1 by ACs on BDCA1+ dendritic cells initiates an IL-10 anti-inflammatory response mediated by the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3. Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in SCARF1 expression in samples of patients with SLE compared with healthy donor samples. However, we detected anti-SCARF1 autoantibodies in 26% of patients with SLE, which was associated with dsDNA Ab positivity. Furthermore, our data show a direct correlation of the levels of anti-SCARF1 in the serum and defects in the removal of ACs. Depletion of Ig restores efferocytosis in SLE serum, suggesting that defects in the removal of ACs are partially mediated by SCARF1 pathogenic autoantibodies. Our data demonstrate that human SCARF1 is an AC receptor in dendritic cells and plays a role in maintaining tolerance and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Jorge
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Taotao Lao
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Samantha Licciardi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Terry K Means
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Autoimmunity Cluster, Immunology & Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zaida G Ramirez-Ortiz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and
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13
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Cyclophilin A Impairs Efferocytosis and Accelerates Atherosclerosis by Overexpressing CD 47 and Down-Regulating Calreticulin. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123598. [PMID: 34944106 PMCID: PMC8700718 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of efferocytosis in apoptotic macrophages is a known determinant of the severity of atherosclerosis and the vulnerability of plaques to rupture. The precise mechanisms involved in impaired efferocytosis are unclear. Given the well-recognized role of the inflammatory cytokine cyclophilin A (Cyp A) in modulating several atherogenic mechanisms in high-glucose primed monocytes, we investigated the role of Cyp A in macrophage efferocytosis. The efficiency of efferocytosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages grown in vitro and primed with cyclophilin A was assessed using flow cytometry and confocal assays. Cholesterol content in cells was measured using cell-based cholesterol efflux assay. Proteomic analysis and bioinformatics tools were employed to decipher the link between cyclophilin A and the known ligand receptors involved in efferocytosis. Cyclophilin A was found to impair efferocytosis in apoptotic macrophages by reducing ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux in foam cells derived from macrophages. Cyclophilin A-primed macrophages showed an increase in expression of the don’t-eat-me signal CD 47 and a decrease in the expression of the eat-me signal, calreticulin. Phagocytosis was restored upon silencing of cyclophilin A. New Zealand white rabbits were fed a high-fat diet, and lesions in their aortae were analyzed histologically for evidence of atherosclerosis and the expression of Cyp A, CD 47 and calreticulin, the ligand receptor involved in efferocytosis. Gene and protein expressions in aortae and macrophages were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Cyclophilin A, via its effects on the expression of CD 47 and calreticulin, impairs efferocytosis in apoptotic macrophages. Together with its impact on cholesterol efflux from macrophages, these effects can amplify other mechanisms of Cyp A in accelerating the progression of atherosclerosis.
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14
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Cockram TOJ, Dundee JM, Popescu AS, Brown GC. The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629979. [PMID: 34177884 PMCID: PMC8220072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian phagocytes can phagocytose (i.e. eat) other mammalian cells in the body if they display certain signals, and this phagocytosis plays fundamental roles in development, cell turnover, tissue homeostasis and disease prevention. To phagocytose the correct cells, phagocytes must discriminate which cells to eat using a 'phagocytic code' - a set of over 50 known phagocytic signals determining whether a cell is eaten or not - comprising find-me signals, eat-me signals, don't-eat-me signals and opsonins. Most opsonins require binding to eat-me signals - for example, the opsonins galectin-3, calreticulin and C1q bind asialoglycan eat-me signals on target cells - to induce phagocytosis. Some proteins act as 'self-opsonins', while others are 'negative opsonins' or 'phagocyte suppressants', inhibiting phagocytosis. We review known phagocytic signals here, both established and novel, and how they integrate to regulate phagocytosis of several mammalian targets - including excess cells in development, senescent and aged cells, infected cells, cancer cells, dead or dying cells, cell debris and neuronal synapses. Understanding the phagocytic code, and how it goes wrong, may enable novel therapies for multiple pathologies with too much or too little phagocytosis, such as: infectious disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disease, cardiovascular disease, ageing and auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Zheng C, Sui B, Zhang X, Hu J, Chen J, Liu J, Wu D, Ye Q, Xiang L, Qiu X, Liu S, Deng Z, Zhou J, Liu S, Shi S, Jin Y. Apoptotic vesicles restore liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract type 2 diabetes. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12109. [PMID: 34084287 PMCID: PMC8144839 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a naturally occurring process generating plenty of apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), but the feature, fate and function of apoVs remain largely unknown. Notably, as an appealing source for cell therapy, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergo necessary apoptosis and release apoVs during therapeutic application. In this study, we characterized and used MSC‐derived apoVs to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice, and we found that apoVs were efferocytosed by macrophages and functionally modulated liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract T2D. We showed that apoVs can induce macrophage reprogramming at the transcription level in an efferocytosis‐dependent manner, leading to inhibition of macrophage accumulation and transformation of macrophages towards an anti‐inflammation phenotype in T2D liver. At the molecular level, we discovered that calreticulin (CRT) was exposed on the surface of apoVs to act as a critical ‘eat‐me’ signal mediating apoV efferocytosis and macrophage regulatory effects. Importantly, we demonstrated that CRT‐mediated efferocytosis of MSC‐derived apoVs contributes to T2D therapy with alleviation of T2D phenotypes including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. These findings uncover that functional efferocytosis of apoVs restores liver macrophage homeostasis and ameliorates T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Bingdong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jiachen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Di Wu
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Qingyuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lei Xiang
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xinyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Songtao Shi
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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16
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Kanduła Z, Lewandowski K. Calreticulin – a multifaced protein. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a highly conserved multi-function protein that primarily localizes within
the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It participates in various processes in the cells,
including glycoprotein chaperoning, regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, antigen processing and
presentation for adaptive immune response, cell adhesion/migration, cell proliferation, immunogenic
cell death, gene expression and RNA stability. The role of CALR in the assembly,
retrieval and cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules is well known. A fraction of
the total cellular CALR is localized in the cytosol, following its retro-translocation from the
ER. In the cell stress conditions, CALR is also expressed on the cell surface via an interaction
with phosphatidylserine localized on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. The abovementioned
mechanism is relevant for the recognition of the cells, as well as immunogenicity
and phagocytic uptake of proapoptotic and apoptotic cells.
Lastly, the presence of CALR exon 9 gene mutations was confirmed in patients with myeloproliferative
neoplasms. Their presence results in an abnormal CALR structure due to the
loss of its ER-retention sequence, CALR extra-ER localisation, the formation of a complex
with thrombopoietin receptor, and oncogenic transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. It
is also known that CALR exon 9 mutants are highly immunogenic and induce T cell response.
Despite this fact, CALR mutant positive hematopoietic cells emerge. The last phenomenon is
probably the result of the inhibition of phagocytosis of the cancer cells exposing CALR mutant
protein by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kanduła
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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17
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Regulation of phospholipid dynamics in brain. Neurosci Res 2021; 167:30-37. [PMID: 33476682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed at the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is exclusively located in the inner leaflet of the cell membrane while phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and glycolipids are mainly located in the outer leaflet of the membrane. However, this asymmetry is disrupted in various physiological situations, and PtdSer is exposed on the cell surface. In platelets, exposed PtdSer functions as a scaffold for the coagulation reaction, while in dead cells, exposed PtdSer serves as an "Eat-me" signal for efferocytosis. In the developing brain, synaptic connections are over-formed during the fetal period, but about half of the neurons are removed by apoptosis, and synaptic and dendritic compartments of living neurons are also removed by phagocytes. During these processes, glial cells such as microglia and astrocyte engulf unwanted dead cells and compartments in living cells using several phagocytic receptors, recognizing PtdSer by direct binding or an indirect way using secreted molecules. Based on recent findings, we will discuss how the compartments in living neurons are eliminated for the neuronal circuit plasticity.
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18
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Koo J, Hayashi M, Verneris MR, Lee-Sherick AB. Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Pediatric Sarcoma Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581107. [PMID: 33381449 PMCID: PMC7769312 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For many pediatric sarcoma patients, multi-modal therapy including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery is sufficient to cure their disease. However, event-free and overall survival rates for patients with more advanced disease are grim, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Within many pediatric sarcomas, the normal immune response, including recognition and destruction of cancer cells, is lost due to the highly immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this setting, tumor cells evade immune detection and capitalize on the immune suppressed microenvironment, leading to unchecked proliferation and metastasis. Recent preclinical and clinical approaches are aimed at understanding this immune suppressive microenvironment and employing cancer immunotherapy in an attempt to overcome this, by renewing the ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. While there are several factors that drive the attenuation of immune responses in the sarcoma TME, one of the most remarkable are tumor associated macrophage (TAMs). TAMs suppress immune cytolytic function, promote tumor growth and metastases, and are generally associated with a poor prognosis in most pediatric sarcoma subtypes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying TAM-facilitated immune evasion and tumorigenesis and discuss the potential therapeutic application of TAM-focused drugs in the treatment of pediatric sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Koo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Masanori Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael R Verneris
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alisa B Lee-Sherick
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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Fouët G, Bally I, Signor L, Häußermann K, Thielens NM, Rossi V, Gaboriaud C. Headless C1q: a new molecular tool to decipher its collagen-like functions. FEBS J 2020; 288:2030-2041. [PMID: 32869492 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complement component C1q, a soluble defense collagen, is the recognition protein of the classical complement pathway. C1q is able to recognize and interact with multiple targets and, via the subsequent activation of its cognate serine proteases C1r and C1s, initiates the complement cascade. C1q is made up of six ABC heterotrimers each containing two different functional regions, an N-terminal collagen-like region (CLR) and a C-terminal globular region (GR). These heterotrimers assemble via their N-terminal regions, resulting in the characteristic 'bouquet-like' shape of C1q with an N-terminal bundle of collagen fibers with six diverging stems each exhibiting a C-terminal globular head. The GRs are responsible for the versatile recognition of multiple C1q targets, whereas the CLRs trigger immune response through interacting with several cellular or soluble partners. We report here the generation of the first recombinant form of human C1q without its recognition globular heads. The noncollagenous domain 2 (nc2) of type IX collagen has been substituted for the C1q GR in order to control the correct registering of the collagen triple helices of C1q chains A, B, and C. The resulting CLR_nc2 recombinant protein produced in stably transfected EXPI293 mammalian cells was correctly assembled and folded, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry, mass photometry, and electron microscopy experiments. Its interaction properties were investigated using surface plasmon resonance analysis with known CLR ligands: the tetramer of C1r and C1s dimers and MBL-associated protein MAp44. Comparison with the interaction properties of native serum-derived C1q and CLR revealed that recombinant CLR_nc2 retains C1q CLR functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Bally
- CEA, CNRS, IBS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Luca Signor
- CEA, CNRS, IBS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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20
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Membrane-Associated Heat Shock Proteins in Oncology: From Basic Research to New Theranostic Targets. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051263. [PMID: 32443761 PMCID: PMC7290778 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a large family of conserved proteins acting as molecular chaperones that play a key role in intracellular protein homeostasis, regulation of apoptosis, and protection from various stress factors (including hypoxia, thermal stress, oxidative stress). Apart from their intracellular localization, members of different HSP families such as small HSPs, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90 have been found to be localized on the plasma membrane of malignantly transformed cells. In the current article, the role of membrane-associated molecular chaperones in normal and tumor cells is comprehensively reviewed with implications of these proteins as plausible targets for cancer therapy and diagnostics.
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21
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SUN M, YANG G, ZHAO Y, QU F. Screening of Aptamer for Breast Cancer Biomarker Calreticulin and Its Application to Detection of Serum and Recognition of Breast Cancer Cell. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a pleiotropic and highly conserved molecule that is mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, CRT has gained special interest for its functions outside the endoplasmic reticulum where it has immunomodulatory properties. CRT translocation to the cell membrane serves as an "eat me" signal and promotes efferocytosis of apoptotic cells and cancer cell removal with completely opposite outcomes. Efferocytosis results in a silenced immune response and homeostasis, while removal of dying cancer cells brought about by anthracycline treatment, ionizing-irradiation or photodynamic therapy results in immunogenic cell death with activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, CRT impacts phagocyte activation and cytokine production. The effects of CRT on cytokine production depend on its conformation, species specificity, degree of oligomerization and/or glycosylation, as well as its cellular localization and the molecular partners involved. The controversial roles of CRT in cancer progression and the possible role of the CALR gene mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms are also addressed. The release of CRT and its influence on the different cells involved during efferocytosis and immunogenic cell death points to additional roles of CRT besides merely acting as an "eat me" signal during apoptosis. Understanding the contribution of CRT in physiological and pathological processes could give us some insight into the potential of CRT as a therapeutic target.
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23
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Wicker-Planquart C, Dufour S, Tacnet-Delorme P, Bally I, Delneste Y, Frachet P, Housset D, Thielens NM. Molecular and Cellular Interactions of Scavenger Receptor SR-F1 With Complement C1q Provide Insights Into Its Role in the Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:544. [PMID: 32296440 PMCID: PMC7137648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor SR-F1 binds to and mediates the internalization of a wide range of ligands, and is involved in several immunological processes. We produced recombinant SR-F1 ectodomain and fragments deleted from the last 2 or 5 C-terminal epidermal growth factor-like modules and investigated their role in the binding of acetylated low density lipoprotein (AcLDL), complement C1q, and calreticulin (CRT). C1q measured affinity was in the 100 nM range and C1q interaction occurs via its collagen-like region. We identified two different binding regions on SR-F1: the N-terminal moiety interacts with C1q and CRT whereas the C-terminal moiety binds AcLDL. The role of SR-F1 N-linked glycans was also tested by mutating each of the three glycosylated asparagines. The three mutants retained binding activities for both AcLDL and C1q. A stable THP-1 cell line overexpressing SR-F1 was generated and C1q was shown to bind more strongly to the surface of SR-F1 overexpressing macrophages, with C1q/SR-F1 colocalization observed in some membrane areas. We also observed a higher level of CRT internalization for THP-1 SR-F1 cells. Increasing SR-F1 negatively modulated the uptake of apoptotic cells. Indeed, THP-1 cells overexpressing SR-F1 displayed a lower phagocytic capacity as compared with mock-transfected cells, which could be partially restored by addition of C1q in the extracellular milieu. Our data shed some light on the role of SR-F1 in efferocytosis, through its capacity to bind C1q and CRT, two proteins involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samy Dufour
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Isabelle Bally
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Département d'Immunologie Allergologie, Angers, France
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Herr DR, Yam TYA, Tan WSD, Koh SS, Wong WSF, Ong WY, Chayaburakul K. Ultrastructural Characteristics of DHA-Induced Pyroptosis. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:293-303. [PMID: 31902115 PMCID: PMC7230060 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that respond to bioactive lipids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Low micromolar concentrations of DHA typically promote anti-inflammatory functions of microglia, but higher concentrations result in a form of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death known as pyroptosis. This study used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the morphological characteristics of pyroptosis in BV-2 microglial cells following exposure to 200 µM DHA. Vehicle-treated cells are characterized by extended processes, spine-like projections or 0.4 to 5.2 µm in length, and numerous extracellular vesicles (EVs) tethered to the surface of the plasma membrane. In contrast to vehicle-treated cells, gross abnormalities are observed after treating cells with 200 µM DHA for 4 h. These include the appearance of numerous pits or pores of varying sizes across the cell surface, structural collapse and flattening of the cell shape. Moreover, EVs and spines were lost following DHA treatment, possibly due to release from the cell surface. The membrane pores appear after DHA treatment initially measured ~ 30 nm, consistent with the previously reported gasdermin D (GSDMD) pore complexes. Complete collapse of cytoplasmic organization and loss of nuclear envelope integrity were also observed in DHA-treated cells. These processes are morphologically distinct from the changes that occur during cisplatin-induced apoptosis, such as the appearance of apoptotic bodies and tightly packed organelles, and the maintenance of EVs and nuclear envelope integrity. Cumulatively, this study provides a systematic description of the ultrastructural characteristics of DHA-induced pyroptosis, including distinguishing features that differentiate this process from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
| | - Ting Yu Amelia Yam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Wan Shun Daniel Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Sally Shuxian Koh
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Wai Shiu Fred Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.,Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise, National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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25
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Horst AK, Tiegs G, Diehl L. Contribution of Macrophage Efferocytosis to Liver Homeostasis and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2670. [PMID: 31798592 PMCID: PMC6868070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells is pivotal for both maintaining tissue homeostasis and returning to homeostasis after tissue injury as part of the regenerative resolution response. The liver is known for its capacity to remove aged and damaged cells from the circulation and can serve as a graveyard for effector T cells. In particular Kupffer cells are active phagocytic cells, but during hepatic inflammatory responses incoming neutrophils and monocytes may contribute to pro-inflammatory damage. To stimulate resolution of such inflammation, myeloid cell function can change, via sensing of environmental changes in the inflammatory milieu. Also, the removal of apoptotic cells via efferocytosis and the signaling pathways that are activated in macrophages/phagocytes upon their engulfment of apoptotic cells are important for a return to tissue homeostasis. Here, we will discuss, how efferocytosis mechanisms in hepatic macrophages/phagocytes may regulate tissue homeostasis and be involved in tissue regeneration in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kristina Horst
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda Diehl
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Casals C, García-Fojeda B, Minutti CM. Soluble defense collagens: Sweeping up immune threats. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Serrano-Del Valle A, Anel A, Naval J, Marzo I. Immunogenic Cell Death and Immunotherapy of Multiple Myeloma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 31041312 PMCID: PMC6476910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, immunotherapy has demonstrated a prominent clinical efficacy in a wide variety of human tumors. For many years, apoptosis has been considered a non-immunogenic or tolerogenic process whereas necrosis or necroptosis has long been acknowledged to play a key role in inflammation and immune-related processes. However, the new concept of “immunogenic cell death” (ICD) has challenged this traditional view and has granted apoptosis with immunogenic abilities. This paradigm shift offers clear implications in designing novel anti-cancer therapeutic approaches. To date, several screening studies have been carried out to discover bona fide ICD inducers and reveal the inherent capacity of a wide variety of drugs to induce cell death-associated exposure of danger signals and to bring about in vivo anti-cancer immune responses. Recent shreds of evidence place ER stress at the core of all the scenarios where ICD occur. Furthermore, ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have emerged as important targets in different human cancers. Notably, in multiple myeloma (MM), a lethal plasma cell disorder, the elevated production of immunoglobulins leaves these cells heavily reliant on the survival arm of the UPR. For that reason, drugs that disrupt ER homeostasis and engage ER stress-associated cell death, such as proteasome inhibitors, which are currently used for the treatment of MM, as well as novel ER stressors are intended to be promising therapeutic agents in MM. This not only holds true for their capacity to induce cell death, but also to their potential ability to activate the immunogenic arm of the ER stress response, with the ensuing exposure of danger signals. We provide here an overview of the up-to-date knowledge regarding the cell death mechanisms involved in situations of ER stress with a special focus on the connections with the drug-induced ER stress pathways that evoke ICD. We will also discuss how this could assist in optimizing and developing better immunotherapeutic approaches, especially in MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Anel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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28
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Investigation of the interaction between calreticulin and immunoglobulin G by capillary electrophoresis and computer modeling. Talanta 2019; 195:587-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Proteomic analysis of neutrophils in ANCA-associated vasculitis reveals a dysregulation in proteinase 3-associated proteins such as annexin-A1 involved in apoptotic cell clearance. Kidney Int 2019; 96:397-408. [PMID: 31142442 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an autoimmune vasculitis associated with anti-neutrophil-cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against proteinase 3 leading to kidney damage. Neutrophils from those patients have increased expression of membrane proteinase 3 during apoptosis. Here we examined whether neutrophils from patients with GPA have dysregulated protein expressions associated with apoptosis. A global proteomic analysis was performed comparing neutrophils from patients with GPA, with healthy individuals under basal conditions and during apoptosis. At disease onset, the cytosolic proteome of neutrophils of patients with GPA before treatment was significantly different from healthy controls, and this dysregulation was more pronounced following ex vivo apoptosis. Proteins involved in cell death/survival were altered in neutrophils of patients with GPA. Several proteins identified were PR3-binding partners involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells, namely calreticulin, annexin-A1 and phospholipid scramblase 1. These proteins form a platform at the membrane of apoptotic neutrophils in patients with GPA but not healthy individuals and this was associated with the clinical presentation of GPA. Thus, our study shows that neutrophils from patients with GPA have an intrinsic dysregulation in proteins involved in apoptotic cell clearance, which could contribute to the unabated inflammation and autoimmunity in GPA. Hence, harnessing these dysregulated pathways could lead to novel biomarkers and targeted therapeutic opportunities to treat kidney disease.
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30
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Pandya UM, Egbuta C, Abdullah Norman TM, Chiang CYE, Wiersma VR, Panchal RG, Bremer E, Eggleton P, Gold LI. The Biophysical Interaction of the Danger-Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) Calreticulin with the Pattern-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Lipopolysaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020408. [PMID: 30669362 PMCID: PMC6359024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein, calreticulin (CRT), is essential for proper glycoprotein folding and maintaining cellular calcium homeostasis. During ER stress, CRT is overexpressed as part of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In addition, CRT can be released as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that may interact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during the innate immune response. One such PAMP is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall. In this report, we show that recombinant and native human placental CRT strongly interacts with LPS in solution, solid phase, and the surface of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, LPS induces oilgomerization of CRT with a disappearance of the monomeric form. The application of recombinant CRT (rCRT) to size exclusion and anion exchange chromatography shows an atypical heterogeneous elution profile, indicating that LPS affects the conformation and ionic charge of CRT. Interestingly, LPS bound to CRT is detected in sera of bronchiectasis patients with chronic bacterial infections. By ELISA, rCRT dose-dependently bound to solid phase LPS via the N- and C-domain globular head region of CRT and the C-domain alone. The specific interaction of CRT with LPS may be important in PAMP innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati M Pandya
- New York University School of Medicine--Langone Health, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Translational Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Chinaza Egbuta
- New York University School of Medicine--Langone Health, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Translational Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | - Chih-Yuan Edward Chiang
- Target Discovery and Experimental Microbiology Department, Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- Target Discovery and Experimental Microbiology Department, Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul Eggleton
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, Devon UK.
- UCB Pharma, Slough SL1 3WE, UK.
| | - Leslie I Gold
- New York University School of Medicine--Langone Health, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Translational Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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31
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Chen M, Ding M, Li Y, Zhong X, Liu S, Guo Z, Yin X, Fu S, Ye J. The complement component 1 q (C1q) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Functional characterization in host defense against bacterial infection and effect on cytokine response in macrophages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:98-108. [PMID: 29890197 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement component 1q (C1q) is the initial protein of the classical complement pathway and plays an important role in immune response against bacterial infection. In this study, the full-length of C1q subcomponent A, B and C chain genes (C1qA, C1qB and C1qC) were identified and characterized from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Molecular characterization of these three C1q subcomponents (OnC1qs) harbored conserved amino acids through analyses of multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree, which were homologous to other teleost species. Expression analysis revealed that the OnC1qs were highly expressed in liver. After the in vivo challenges of Streptococcus agalactiae and LPS, the mRNA expressions of OnC1qs were significantly up-regulated in liver. Meanwhile, the concentration variation of OnC1qs at the protein level from tilapia serum after challenge with S. agalactiae were measured by a competitive-inhibition ELISA. In addition, the up-regulation expressions of OnC1qs were also demonstrated in head kidney adherent leukocytes and the cell culture medium in vitro stimulation with S. agalactiae, Aeromonas hydrophila and LPS, respectively. Moreover, the recombinant OnC1qs enhanced expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in head kidney adherent leukocytes, and were able to bind both heat-aggregated mouse IgG and IgM. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that OnC1qs might be involved in host defense against bacterial infection in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Mingmei Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Shengli Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Health and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510631, PR China.
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32
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Abstract
Within the course of a single minute, millions of cells in the human body will undergo programmed cell death in response to physiological or pathological cues. The diminished energetic capacity of an apoptotic cell renders the cell incapable of sustaining plasma membrane integrity. Under these circumstances, intracellular contents that might leak into the surrounding tissue microenvironment, a process referred to as secondary necrosis, could induce inflammation and tissue damage. Remarkably, in most cases of physiologically rendered apoptotic cell death, inflammation is avoided because a mechanism to swiftly remove apoptotic cells from the tissue prior to their secondary necrosis becomes activated. This mechanism, referred to as efferocytosis, uses phagocytes to precisely identify and engulf neighboring apoptotic cells. In doing so, efferocytosis mantains tissue homeostasis that would otherwise be disrupted by normal cellular turnover and exacerbated further when the burden of apoptotic cells becomes elevated due to disease or insult. Efferocytosis also supports the resolution of inflammation, restoring tissue homesostasis. The importance of efferocytosis in health and disease underlies the increasing research efforts to understand the mechanisms by which efferocytosis occurs, and how a failure in the efferocytic machinery contributes to diseases, or conversely, how cancers effectively use the existing efferocytic machinery to generate a tumor-tolerant, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We discuss herein the molecular mechanisms of efferocytosis, how the process of efferocytosis might support a tumor ‘wound healing’ phenotype, and efforts to target efferocytosis as an adjunct to existing tumor treatments.
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33
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Katschke KJ, Xi H, Cox C, Truong T, Malato Y, Lee WP, McKenzie B, Arceo R, Tao J, Rangell L, Reichelt M, Diehl L, Elstrott J, Weimer RM, van Lookeren Campagne M. Classical and alternative complement activation on photoreceptor outer segments drives monocyte-dependent retinal atrophy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7348. [PMID: 29743491 PMCID: PMC5943270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA), the advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is characterized by progressive loss of retinal pigment epithelium cells and photoreceptors in the setting of characteristic extracellular deposits and remains a serious unmet medical need. While genetic predisposition to AMD is dominated by polymorphisms in complement genes, it remains unclear how complement activation contributes to retinal atrophy. Here we demonstrate that complement is activated on photoreceptor outer segments (POS) in the retina peripheral to atrophic lesions associated with GA. When exposed to human serum following outer blood-retinal barrier breakdown, POS act as potent activators of the classical and alternative complement pathway. In mouse models of retinal degeneration, classical and alternative pathway complement activation on photoreceptors contributed to the loss of photoreceptor function. This was dependent on C5a-mediated recruitment of peripheral blood monocytes but independent of resident microglia. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of both classical and alternative complement C3 and C5 convertases was required to reduce progressive degeneration of photoreceptor rods and cones. Our study implicates systemic classical and alternative complement proteins and peripheral blood monocytes as critical effectors of localized retinal degeneration with potential relevance for the contribution of complement activation to GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Katschke
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hongkang Xi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christian Cox
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tom Truong
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yann Malato
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Brent McKenzie
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rommel Arceo
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jianhua Tao
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Linda Rangell
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lauri Diehl
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Justin Elstrott
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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34
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Tacnet-Delorme P, Gabillet J, Chatfield S, Thieblemont N, Frachet P, Witko-Sarsat V. Proteinase 3 Interferes With C1q-Mediated Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:818. [PMID: 29755460 PMCID: PMC5932363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is the autoantigen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, an autoimmune necrotizing vasculitis associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). Moreover, PR3 is a serine protease whose membrane expression can potentiate inflammatory diseases such as ANCA-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis. During apoptosis, PR3 is co-externalized with phosphatidylserine (PS) and is known to modulate the clearance of apoptotic cells through a calreticulin (CRT)-dependent mechanism. The complement protein C1q is one mediator of efferocytosis, the clearance of altered self-cells, particularly apoptotic cells. Since PR3 and C1q are both involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells and immune response modulation and share certain common ligands (i.e., CRT and PS), we examined their possible interaction. We demonstrated that C1q binding was increased on apoptotic rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells that expressed PR3, and we demonstrated the direct interaction between purified C1q and PR3 molecules as shown by surface plasmon resonance. To better understand the functional consequence of this partnership, we tested C1q-dependent phagocytosis of the RBL cell line expressing PR3 and showed that PR3 impaired C1q enhancement of apoptotic cell uptake. These findings shed new light on the respective roles of C1q and PR3 in the elimination of apoptotic cells and suggest a novel potential axis to explore in autoimmune diseases characterized by a defect in apoptotic cell clearance and in the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Gabillet
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Simon Chatfield
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, LABEX Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Thieblemont
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, LABEX Inflamex, Paris, France
| | | | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, LABEX Inflamex, Paris, France
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35
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Davies SP, Reynolds GM, Stamataki Z. Clearance of Apoptotic Cells by Tissue Epithelia: A Putative Role for Hepatocytes in Liver Efferocytosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:44. [PMID: 29422896 PMCID: PMC5790054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic substances and microbial or food-derived antigens continuously challenge the liver, which is tasked with their safe neutralization. This vital organ is also important for the removal of apoptotic immune cells during inflammation and has been previously described as a “graveyard” for dying lymphocytes. The clearance of apoptotic and necrotic cells is known as efferocytosis and is a critical liver function to maintain tissue homeostasis. Much of the research into this form of immunological control has focused on Kupffer cells, the liver-resident macrophages. However, hepatocytes (and other liver resident cells) are competent efferocytes and comprise 80% of the liver mass. Little is known regarding the mechanisms of apoptotic and necrotic cell capture by epithelia, which lack key receptors that mediate phagocytosis in macrophages. Herein, we discuss recent developments that increased our understanding of efferocytosis in tissues, with a special focus on the liver parenchyma. We discuss the impact of efferocytosis in health and in inflammation, highlighting the role of phagocytic epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Davies
- Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gary M Reynolds
- Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Liver Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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36
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Belime A, Gravel E, Brenet S, Ancelet S, Caneiro C, Hou Y, Thielens N, Doris E, Ling WL. Mode of PEG Coverage on Carbon Nanotubes Affects Binding of Innate Immune Protein C1q. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:757-763. [PMID: 28915042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of nanoparticles with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is used in biomedicine to increase the circulation time of the particles after intravenous injection. Here, we study the interaction of PEG-covered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with the serum complement protein C1q. Besides being the target-recognizing unit of the initiating complex for the classical pathway of complement in our innate immune system, C1q is involved in a range of important physiological processes. We modified the surface of multiwalled CNTs with covalently grafted PEG and physically adsorbed PEG. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the interaction of these PEG-coated CNTs with C1q. We found abundant C1q coverage on the PEG-grafted CNTs but not on the CNTs with adsorbed PEG. We tested the ability of these CNTs to activate the complement system using in vitro complement activation assays. None of the CNTs studied activated the C1q-dependent classical complement pathway. These findings are pertinent to the safe design and novel biomedical applications of PEGylated CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Belime
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Brenet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Ancelet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Yanxia Hou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole Thielens
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Doris
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Osman R, Tacnet-Delorme P, Kleman JP, Millet A, Frachet P. Calreticulin Release at an Early Stage of Death Modulates the Clearance by Macrophages of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1034. [PMID: 28878781 PMCID: PMC5572343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a well-known “eat-me” signal harbored by dying cells participating in their recognition by phagocytes. CRT is also recognized to deeply impact the immune response to altered self-cells. In this study, we focus on the role of the newly exposed CRT following cell death induction. We show that if CRT increases at the outer face of the plasma membrane and is well recognized by C1q even when phosphatidylserine is not yet detected, CRT is also released in the surrounding milieu and is able to interact with phagocytes. We observed that exogenous CRT is endocytosed by THP1 macrophages through macropinocytosis and that internalization is associated with a particular phenotype characterized by an increase of cell spreading and migration, an upregulation of CD14, an increase of interleukin-8 release, and a decrease of early apoptotic cell uptake. Importantly, CRT-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype was confirmed on human monocytes-derived macrophages by the overexpression of CD40 and CD274, and we found that monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to CRT display a peculiar polarization notably associated with a downregulation of the histocompatibility complex of class II molecules hampering its description through the classical M1/M2 dichotomy. Altogether our results highlight the role of soluble CRT with strong possible consequences on the macrophage-mediated immune response to dying cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Osman
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Immune Response to Pathogens and Altered Self (IRPAS) Group, Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale Tacnet-Delorme
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Immune Response to Pathogens and Altered Self (IRPAS) Group, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Kleman
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Immune Response to Pathogens and Altered Self (IRPAS) Group, Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Millet
- ATIP/Avenir Team Mechanobiology, Immunity and Cancer INSERM U1205, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Frachet
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Immune Response to Pathogens and Altered Self (IRPAS) Group, Grenoble, France
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38
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Wang J, Gao ZP, Qin S, Liu CB, Zou LL. Calreticulin is an effective immunologic adjuvant to tumor-associated antigens. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3399-3406. [PMID: 29042925 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key molecule involved in cell recognition, calreticulin (CRT) may be expressed on the surface of (pre-) apoptotic cells and provide the signal that is recognized by dendritic cells (DCs) or other antigen presenting cells (APCs), which results in phagocytosis. Within the APCs, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) may be subsequently presented to T lymphocytes, which triggers a specific antitumor immune response. It has been hypothesized that CRT is able to act as the immunologic adjuvant and translocate itself and TAAs to the cell surface and induce a specific antitumor immune response. In the present study, CRT was demonstrated to translocate itself and mucin 1 (MUC1), a breast cancer antigen, to the surface of 4T1 cells and the MUC1-CRT-coated cells were able to induce apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. When DCs were infected with adenovirus containing MUC1-CRT, an increase in T cell proliferation and cytokine production was exhibited. These results suggest that CRT may act as an immunologic adjuvant with MUC1 and induce a strong immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Translational Neuroscience and Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Peng Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Chang Bai Liu
- Translational Neuroscience and Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Li Li Zou
- Translational Neuroscience and Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
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39
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Abstract
Recognition and removal of apoptotic and necrotic cells must be efficient and highly controlled to avoid excessive inflammation and autoimmune responses to self. The complement system, a crucial part of innate immunity, plays an important role in this process. Thus, apoptotic and necrotic cells are recognized by complement initiators such as C1q, mannose binding lectin, ficolins, and properdin. This triggers complement activation and opsonization of cells with fragments of C3b, which enhances phagocytosis and thus ensures silent removal. Importantly, the process is tightly controlled by the binding of complement inhibitors C4b-binding protein and factor H, which attenuates late steps of complement activation and inflammation. Furthermore, factor H becomes actively internalized by apoptotic cells, where it catalyzes the cleavage of intracellular C3 to C3b. The intracellularly derived C3b additionally opsonizes the cell surface further supporting safe and fast clearance and thereby aids to prevent autoimmunity. Internalized factor H also binds nucleosomes and directs monocytes into production of anti-inflammatory cytokines upon phagocytosis of such complexes. Disturbances in the complement-mediated clearance of dying cells result in persistence of autoantigens and development of autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, and may also be involved in development of age-related macula degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Martin
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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40
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Thielens NM, Tedesco F, Bohlson SS, Gaboriaud C, Tenner AJ. C1q: A fresh look upon an old molecule. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:73-83. [PMID: 28601358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Originally discovered as part of C1, the initiation component of the classical complement pathway, it is now appreciated that C1q regulates a variety of cellular processes independent of complement activation. C1q is a complex glycoprotein assembled from 18 polypeptide chains, with a C-terminal globular head region that mediates recognition of diverse molecular structures, and an N-terminal collagen-like tail that mediates immune effector mechanisms. C1q mediates a variety of immunoregulatory functions considered important in the prevention of autoimmunity such as the enhancement of phagocytosis, regulation of cytokine production by antigen presenting cells, and subsequent alteration in T-lymphocyte maturation. Furthermore, recent advances indicate additional roles for C1q in diverse physiologic and pathologic processes including pregnancy, tissue repair, and cancer. Finally, C1q is emerging as a critical component of neuronal network refinement and homeostatic regulation within the central nervous system. This review summarizes the classical functions of C1q and reviews novel discoveries within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Tedesco
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Complement is a major contributor to inflammation and graft injury. This system is especially important in ischemia-reperfusion injury/delayed graft function as well as in acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). The latter is increasingly recognized as a major cause of late graft loss, for which we have few effective therapies. C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) regulates several pathways which contribute to both acute and chronic graft injuries. However, C1-INH spares the alternative pathway and the membrane attack complex (C5–9) so innate antibacterial defenses remain intact. Plasma-derived C1-INH has been used to treat hereditary angioedema for more than 30 years with excellent safety. Studies with C1-INH in transplant recipients are limited, but have not revealed any unique toxicity or serious adverse events attributed to the protein. Extensive data from animal and ex vivo models suggest that C1-INH ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury. Initial clinical studies suggest this effect may allow transplantation of donor organs which are now discarded because the risk of primary graft dysfunction is considered too great. Although the incidence of severe early AMR is declining, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that complement is an important mediator of chronic AMR, a major cause of late graft loss. Thus, C1-INH may also be helpful in preserving function of established grafts. Early clinical studies in transplantation suggest significant beneficial effects of C1-INH with minimal toxicity. Recent results encourage continued investigation of this already-available therapeutic agent.
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42
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Complement and thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1001-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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43
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McGaha TL, Karlsson MCI. Apoptotic cell responses in the splenic marginal zone: a paradigm for immunologic reactions to apoptotic antigens with implications for autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:26-43. [PMID: 26683143 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells drive innate regulatory responses that result in tolerogenic immunity. This is a critical aspect of cell physiology as apoptotic cells expose potentially dangerous nuclear antigens on the surface in apoptotic blebs, and failure in their recognition, phagocytosis, or destruction can cause dramatic autoimmunity in experimental models and is linked to development and progression of systemic pathology in human. The marginal zone is a specialized splenic environment that serves as a transitional site from circulation to peripheral lymphoid structures. The marginal zone serves a key role in trapping of particulates and initiation of innate responses against systemic microbial pathogens. However in recent years, it has become clear the marginal zone is also important for initiation of immune tolerance to apoptotic cells, driving a coordinated response involving multiple phagocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Recent reports linking defects in splenic macrophage function to systemic lupus erythematosus in a manner analogous to marginal zone macrophages in lupus-prone mice provide an impetus to better understand the mechanistic basis of the apoptotic cell response in the marginal zone and its general applicability to apoptotic cell-driven tolerance at other tissue sites. In this review, we discuss immune responses to apoptotic cells in the spleen in general and the marginal zone in particular, the relationship of these responses to autoimmune disease, and comparisons to apoptotic cell immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Abstract
C1q, historically viewed as the initiating component of the classical complement pathway, also exhibits a variety of complement-independent activities in both innate and acquired immunity. Recent studies focusing on C1q's suppressive role in the immune system have provided new insight into how abnormal C1q expression and bioactivity may contribute to autoimmunity. In particular, molecular networks involving C1q interactions with cell surface receptors and other ligands are emerging as mechanisms involved in C1q's modulation of immunity. Here, we discuss the role of C1q in controlling immune cell function, including recently elucidated mechanisms of action, and suggest how these processes are critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis under steady-state conditions and in preventing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsun Son
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Frances Santiago-Schwarz
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
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45
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Oku K, Amengual O, Hisada R, Ohmura K, Nakagawa I, Watanabe T, Bohgaki T, Horita T, Yasuda S, Atsumi T. Autoantibodies against a complement component 1 q subcomponent contribute to complement activation and recurrent thrombosis/pregnancy morbidity in anti-phospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:1403-11. [PMID: 27084309 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and significance of the autoantibodies against complement component 1 q subcomponent (C1q) in patients with APS. METHODS In all, 40 consecutive primary APS patients, 42 patients with non-SLE CTDs and 20 SLE patients negative for aPL were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. Refractory APS was defined as a clinical status of recurring thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity during adequate secondary prophylaxis. An ELISA was used to measure serum levels of anti-C1q antibodies and anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a). RESULTS Anti-C1q antibodies were found in 36% (15/42) and 2.5% (1/40) of primary APS patients and controls, respectively. Among primary APS patients, anti-C1q antibody titres were significantly correlated with serum C4a levels (P = 0.013). Neither the prevalence nor the titre of anti-C1q antibodies was associated with any specific clinical manifestations of APS, nor titres of aPL. Refractory APS patients (n = 10) had a higher prevalence of anti-C1q antibodies (9/10 vs 6/32, P = 0.01) than APS patients without recurrence (n = 32). CONCLUSION Anti-C1q antibodies are associated with complement activation in APS and may contribute to the pathogenesis, particularly in refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Oku
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Olga Amengual
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Hisada
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ohmura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ikuma Nakagawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Horita
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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46
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Wijeyesakere SJ, Bedi SK, Huynh D, Raghavan M. The C-Terminal Acidic Region of Calreticulin Mediates Phosphatidylserine Binding and Apoptotic Cell Phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3896-3909. [PMID: 27036911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is a calcium-binding chaperone that is normally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calreticulin is detectable on the surface of apoptotic cells under some apoptosis-inducing conditions, where it promotes the phagocytosis and immunogenicity of dying cells. However, the precise mechanism by which calreticulin, a soluble protein, localizes to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of dying cells is unknown, as are the molecular mechanisms that are relevant to calreticulin-induced cellular phagocytosis. Calreticulin comprises three distinct structural domains: a globular domain, an extended arm-like P-domain, and a C-terminal acidic region containing multiple low-affinity calcium binding sites. We show that calreticulin, via its C-terminal acidic region, preferentially interacts with phosphatidylserine (PS) compared with other phospholipids and that this interaction is calcium dependent. Additionally, exogenous calreticulin binds apoptotic cells via a higher-affinity calcium-dependent mode that is acidic region dependent. Exogenous calreticulin also binds live cells, including macrophages, via a second, lower-affinity P-domain and globular domain-dependent, but calcium-independent binding mode that likely involves its generic polypeptide binding site. Truncation constructs lacking the acidic region or arm-like P-domain of calreticulin are impaired in their abilities to induce apoptotic cell phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages. Taken together, the results of this investigation provide the first molecular insights into the phospholipid binding site of calreticulin as a key anchor point for the cell surface expression of calreticulin on apoptotic cells. These findings also support a role for calreticulin as a PS-bridging molecule that cooperates with other PS-binding factors to promote the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukhmani Kaur Bedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor MI 48109
| | - David Huynh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor MI 48109
| | - Malini Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor MI 48109
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47
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Bevers EM, Williamson PL. Getting to the Outer Leaflet: Physiology of Phosphatidylserine Exposure at the Plasma Membrane. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:605-45. [PMID: 26936867 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a major component of membrane bilayers whose change in distribution between inner and outer leaflets is an important physiological signal. Normally, members of the type IV P-type ATPases spend metabolic energy to create an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids between the two leaflets, with PS confined to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet. On occasion, membrane enzymes, known as scramblases, are activated to facilitate transbilayer migration of lipids, including PS. Recently, two proteins required for such randomization have been identified: TMEM16F, a scramblase regulated by elevated intracellular Ca(2+), and XKR8, a caspase-sensitive protein required for PS exposure in apoptotic cells. Once exposed at the cell surface, PS regulates biochemical reactions involved in blood coagulation, and bone mineralization, and also regulates a variety of cell-cell interactions. Exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, PS controls their recognition and engulfment by other cells. This process is exploited by parasites to invade their host, and in specialized form is used to maintain photoreceptors in the eye and modify synaptic connections in the brain. This review discusses what is known about the mechanism of PS exposure at the surface of the plasma membrane of cells, how actors in the extracellular milieu sense surface exposed PS, and how this recognition is translated to downstream consequences of PS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard M Bevers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick L Williamson
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
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48
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Eggleton P, Bremer E, Dudek E, Michalak M. Calreticulin, a therapeutic target? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1137-47. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1164695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Moreau C, Bally I, Chouquet A, Bottazzi B, Ghebrehiwet B, Gaboriaud C, Thielens N. Structural and Functional Characterization of a Single-Chain Form of the Recognition Domain of Complement Protein C1q. Front Immunol 2016; 7:79. [PMID: 26973654 PMCID: PMC4774423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement C1q is a soluble pattern recognition molecule comprising six heterotrimeric subunits assembled from three polypeptide chains (A–C). Each heterotrimer forms a collagen-like stem prolonged by a globular recognition domain. These recognition domains sense a wide variety of ligands, including pathogens and altered-self components. Ligand recognition is either direct or mediated by immunoglobulins or pentraxins. Multivalent binding of C1q to its targets triggers immune effector mechanisms mediated via its collagen-like stems. The induced immune response includes activation of the classical complement pathway and enhancement of the phagocytosis of the recognized target. We report here, the first production of a single-chain recombinant form of human C1q globular region (C1q-scGR). The three monomers have been linked in tandem to generate a single continuous polypeptide, based on a strategy previously used for adiponectin, a protein structurally related to C1q. The resulting C1q-scGR protein was produced at high yield in stably transfected 293-F mammalian cells. Recombinant C1q-scGR was correctly folded, as demonstrated by its X-ray crystal structure solved at a resolution of 1.35 Å. Its interaction properties were assessed by surface plasmon resonance analysis using the following physiological C1q ligands: the receptor for C1q globular heads, the long pentraxin PTX3, calreticulin, and heparin. The 3D structure and the binding properties of C1q-scGR were similar to those of the three-chain fragment generated by collagenase digestion of serum-derived C1q. Comparison of the interaction properties of the fragments with those of native C1q provided insights into the avidity component associated with the hexameric assembly of C1q. The interest of this functional recombinant form of the recognition domains of C1q in basic research and its potential biomedical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Moreau
- IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France; IBS, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Bally
- IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France; IBS, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Chouquet
- IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France; IBS, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Humanitas Research Hospital , Rozzano , Italy
| | | | - Christine Gaboriaud
- IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France; IBS, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole Thielens
- IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France; IBS, CEA, Grenoble, France
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50
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Kouser L, Madhukaran SP, Shastri A, Saraon A, Ferluga J, Al-Mozaini M, Kishore U. Emerging and Novel Functions of Complement Protein C1q. Front Immunol 2015; 6:317. [PMID: 26175731 PMCID: PMC4484229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement protein C1q, the recognition molecule of the classical pathway, performs a diverse range of complement and non-complement functions. It can bind various ligands derived from self, non-self, and altered self and modulate the functions of immune and non-immune cells including dendritic cells and microglia. C1q involvement in the clearance of apoptotic cells and subsequent B cell tolerance is more established now. Recent evidence appears to suggest that C1q plays an important role in pregnancy where its deficiency and dysregulation can have adverse effects, leading to preeclampsia, missed abortion, miscarriage or spontaneous loss, and various infections. C1q is also produced locally in the central nervous system, and has a protective role against pathogens and possible inflammatory functions while interacting with aggregated proteins leading to neurodegenerative diseases. C1q role in synaptic pruning, and thus CNS development, its anti-cancer effects as an immune surveillance molecule, and possibly in aging are currently areas of extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kouser
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Shanmuga Priyaa Madhukaran
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK ; Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences , Secunderabad , India
| | - Abhishek Shastri
- St. Ann's Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole , UK
| | - Anuvinder Saraon
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Janez Ferluga
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
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