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Liu X, Manninen T, Capper AM, Jiang X, Ellison J, Kim Y, Gurler G, Xu D, Ferriero DM. Brain metabolism after therapeutic hypothermia for murine hypoxia-ischemia using hyperpolarized [1- 13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024:e5196. [PMID: 38853759 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a common neurological syndrome in newborns with high mortality and morbidity. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH), which is standard of care for HIE, mitigates brain injury by suppressing anaerobic metabolism. However, more than 40% of HIE neonates have a poor outcome, even after TH. This study aims to provide metabolic biomarkers for predicting the outcomes of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) after TH using hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Postnatal day 10 (P10) mice with HI underwent TH at 1 h and were scanned at 6-8 h (P10), 24 h (P11), 7 days (P17), and 21 days (P31) post-HI on a 14.1-T NMR spectrometer. The metabolic images were collected, and the conversion rate from pyruvate to lactate and the ratio of lactate to pyruvate in the injured left hemisphere (kPL(L) and Lac/Pyr(L), respectively) were calculated at each timepoint. The outcomes of TH were determined by the assessments of brain injury on T2-weighted images and behavioral tests at later timepoint. kPL(L) and Lac/Pyr(L) over time between the good-outcome and poor-outcome groups and across timepoints within groups were analyzed. We found significant differences in temporal trends of kPL(L) and Lac/Pyr(L) between groups. In the good-outcome group, kPL(L) increased until P31 with a significantly higher value at P31 compared with that at P10, while the level of Lac/Pyr(L) at P31 was notably higher than those at all other timepoints. In the poor-outcome group, kPL(L) and Lac/Pyr(L) increased within 24 h. The kPL(L) value at P11 was considerably higher compared with P10. Discrete temporal changes of kPL(L) and Lac/Pyr(L) after TH between the good-outcome and poor-outcome groups were seen as early as 24 h after HI, reflecting various TH effects on brain anaerobic metabolism, which may provide insights for early screening for response to TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tiina Manninen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob Ellison
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Joint UCSF/UC Berkeley Graduate Group in Bioengineering, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gokce Gurler
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Joint UCSF/UC Berkeley Graduate Group in Bioengineering, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Bogner W, Otazo R, Henning A. Accelerated MR spectroscopic imaging-a review of current and emerging techniques. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4314. [PMID: 32399974 PMCID: PMC8244067 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over more than 30 years in vivo MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) has undergone an enormous evolution from theoretical concepts in the early 1980s to the robust imaging technique that it is today. The development of both fast and efficient sampling and reconstruction techniques has played a fundamental role in this process. State-of-the-art MRSI has grown from a slow purely phase-encoded acquisition technique to a method that today combines the benefits of different acceleration techniques. These include shortening of repetition times, spatial-spectral encoding, undersampling of k-space and time domain, and use of spatial-spectral prior knowledge in the reconstruction. In this way in vivo MRSI has considerably advanced in terms of spatial coverage, spatial resolution, acquisition speed, artifact suppression, number of detectable metabolites and quantification precision. Acceleration not only has been the enabling factor in high-resolution whole-brain 1 H-MRSI, but today is also common in non-proton MRSI (31 P, 2 H and 13 C) and applied in many different organs. In this process, MRSI techniques had to constantly adapt, but have also benefitted from the significant increase of magnetic field strength boosting the signal-to-noise ratio along with high gradient fidelity and high-density receive arrays. In combination with recent trends in image reconstruction and much improved computation power, these advances led to a number of novel developments with respect to MRSI acceleration. Today MRSI allows for non-invasive and non-ionizing mapping of the spatial distribution of various metabolites' tissue concentrations in animals or humans, is applied for clinical diagnostics and has been established as an important tool for neuro-scientific and metabolism research. This review highlights the developments of the last five years and puts them into the context of earlier MRSI acceleration techniques. In addition to 1 H-MRSI it also includes other relevant nuclei and is not limited to certain body regions or specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bogner
- High‐Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ricardo Otazo
- Department of Medical PhysicsMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, New YorkUSA
| | - Anke Henning
- Max Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsTübingenGermany
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
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3
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Kupče Ē, Frydman L, Webb AG, Yong JRJ, Claridge TDW. Parallel nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Woitek R, Gallagher FA. The use of hyperpolarised 13C-MRI in clinical body imaging to probe cancer metabolism. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1187-1198. [PMID: 33504974 PMCID: PMC8007617 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancer and includes the Warburg effect, which is exhibited by many tumours. This can be exploited by positron emission tomography (PET) as part of routine clinical cancer imaging. However, an emerging and alternative method to detect altered metabolism is carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following injection of hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate. The technique increases the signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of hyperpolarised 13C-labelled metabolites by several orders of magnitude and facilitates the dynamic, noninvasive imaging of the exchange of 13C-pyruvate to 13C-lactate over time. The method has produced promising preclinical results in the area of oncology and is currently being explored in human imaging studies. The first translational studies have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of the technique in patients with prostate, renal, breast and pancreatic cancer, as well as revealing a successful response to treatment in breast and prostate cancer patients at an earlier stage than multiparametric MRI. This review will focus on the strengths of the technique and its applications in the area of oncological body MRI including noninvasive characterisation of disease aggressiveness, mapping of tumour heterogeneity, and early response assessment. A comparison of hyperpolarised 13C-MRI with state-of-the-art multiparametric MRI is likely to reveal the unique additional information and applications offered by the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Woitek
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Hyperpolarized Carbon ( 13C) MRI of the Kidney: Experimental Protocol. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33476019 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Alterations in renal metabolism are associated with both physiological and pathophysiologic events. The existing noninvasive analytic tools including medical imaging have limited capability for investigating these processes, which potentially limits current understanding of kidney disease and the precision of its clinical diagnosis. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is a new medical imaging modality that can capture changes in the metabolic processing of certain rapidly metabolized substrates, as well as changes in kidney function. Here we describe experimental protocols for renal metabolic [1-13C]pyruvate and functional 13C-urea imaging step-by-step. These methods and protocols are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as the renal metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
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Grist JT, Miller JJ, Zaccagna F, McLean MA, Riemer F, Matys T, Tyler DJ, Laustsen C, Coles AJ, Gallagher FA. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: A novel approach for probing cerebral metabolism in health and neurological disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1137-1147. [PMID: 32153235 PMCID: PMC7238376 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20909045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral metabolism is tightly regulated and fundamental for healthy neurological function. There is increasing evidence that alterations in this metabolism may be a precursor and early biomarker of later stage disease processes. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a powerful tool to non-invasively assess tissue metabolites and has many applications for studying the normal and diseased brain. However, the technique has limitations including low spatial and temporal resolution, difficulties in discriminating overlapping peaks, and challenges in assessing metabolic flux rather than steady-state concentrations. Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging is an emerging clinical technique that may overcome some of these spatial and temporal limitations, providing novel insights into neurometabolism in both health and in pathological processes such as glioma, stroke and multiple sclerosis. This review will explore the growing body of pre-clinical data that demonstrates a potential role for the technique in assessing metabolism in the central nervous system. There are now a number of clinical studies being undertaken in this area and this review will present the emerging clinical data as well as the potential future applications of hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging in the brain, in both clinical and pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Grist
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Tomasz Matys
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, UK
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7
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Topping GJ, Hundshammer C, Nagel L, Grashei M, Aigner M, Skinner JG, Schulte RF, Schilling F. Acquisition strategies for spatially resolved magnetic resonance detection of hyperpolarized nuclei. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 33:221-256. [PMID: 31811491 PMCID: PMC7109201 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is an emerging method in magnetic resonance imaging that allows nuclear spin polarization of gases or liquids to be temporarily enhanced by up to five or six orders of magnitude at clinically relevant field strengths and administered at high concentration to a subject at the time of measurement. This transient gain in signal has enabled the non-invasive detection and imaging of gas ventilation and diffusion in the lungs, perfusion in blood vessels and tissues, and metabolic conversion in cells, animals, and patients. The rapid development of this method is based on advances in polarizer technology, the availability of suitable probe isotopes and molecules, improved MRI hardware and pulse sequence development. Acquisition strategies for hyperpolarized nuclei are not yet standardized and are set up individually at most sites depending on the specific requirements of the probe, the object of interest, and the MRI hardware. This review provides a detailed introduction to spatially resolved detection of hyperpolarized nuclei and summarizes novel and previously established acquisition strategies for different key areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Topping
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Nagel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Aigner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason G Skinner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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8
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Farkash G, Liberman G, Martinho RP, Frydman L. Improving MRI's slice selectivity in the presence of strong, metal-derived inhomogeneities. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 69:71-80. [PMID: 32179096 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop schemes that deliver faithful 2D slices near field heterogeneities of the kind arising from non-ferromagnetic metal implants, with reduced artifacts and shorter scan times. METHODS An excitation scheme relying on cross-term spatio-temporal encoding (xSPEN) was used as basis for developing the new inhomogeneity-insensitive, slice-selective pulse scheme. The resulting Fully refOCUSED cross-term SPatiotemporal ENcoding (FOCUSED-xSPEN) approach involved four adiabatic sweeps. The method was evaluated in silico, in vitro and in vivo using mice models, and compared against a number of existing and of novel alternatives based on both conventional and swept RF pulses, including an analogous method based on LASER's selectivity spatial selectivity. RESULTS Calculations and experiments confirmed that multi-sweep derivatives of xSPEN and LASER can deliver localized excitation profiles, centered at the intended positions and endowed with enhanced immunity to B0 and B1 distortions. This, however, is achieved at the expense of higher SAR than non-swept counterparts. Furthermore, single-shot FOCUSED-xSPEN and LASER profiles covered limited off-resonance ranges. This could be extended to bands covering arbitrary off-resonance values with uniform slice widths, by looping the experiments over a number of scans possessing suitable transmission and reception offsets. CONCLUSIONS A series of novel approaches were introduced to select slices near metals, delivering robustness against Bo and B1+ field inhomogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Farkash
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gilad Liberman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ricardo P Martinho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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9
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Gordon JW, Chen HY, Dwork N, Tang S, Larson PEZ. Fast Imaging for Hyperpolarized MR Metabolic Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 53:686-702. [PMID: 32039520 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI with hyperpolarized carbon-13 agents has created a new type of noninvasive, in vivo metabolic imaging that can be applied in cell, animal, and human studies. The use of 13 C-labeled agents, primarily [1-13 C]pyruvate, enables monitoring of key metabolic pathways with the ability to image substrate and products based on their chemical shift. Over 10 sites worldwide are now performing human studies with this new approach for studies of cancer, heart disease, liver disease, and kidney disease. Hyperpolarized metabolic imaging studies must be performed within several minutes following creation of the hyperpolarized agent due to irreversible decay of the net magnetization back to equilibrium, so fast imaging methods are critical. The imaging methods must include multiple metabolites, separated based on their chemical shift, which are also undergoing rapid metabolic conversion (via label exchange), further exacerbating the challenges of fast imaging. This review describes the state-of-the-art in fast imaging methods for hyperpolarized metabolic imaging. This includes the approach and tradeoffs between three major categories of fast imaging methods-fast spectroscopic imaging, model-based strategies, and metabolite specific imaging-as well additional options of parallel imaging, compressed sensing, tailored RF flip angles, refocused imaging methods, and calibration methods that can improve the scan coverage, speed, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), resolution, and/or robustness of these studies. To date, these approaches have produced extremely promising initial human imaging results. Improvements to fast hyperpolarized metabolic imaging methods will provide better coverage, SNR, resolution, and reproducibility for future human imaging studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Dwork
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shuyu Tang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
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10
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Laustsen C, Lipsø K, Østergaard JA, Nielsen PM, Bertelsen LB, Flyvbjerg A, Pedersen M, Palm F, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH. High Intrarenal Lactate Production Inhibits the Renal Pseudohypoxic Response to Acutely Induced Hypoxia in Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:239-247. [PMID: 31245545 PMCID: PMC6588198 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrarenal hypoxia develops within a few days after the onset of insulinopenic diabetes in an experimental animal model (ie, a model of type-1 diabetes). Although diabetes-induced hypoxia results in increased renal lactate formation, mitochondrial function is well maintained, a condition commonly referred to as pseudohypoxia. However, the metabolic effects of significantly elevated lactate levels remain unclear. We therefore investigated in diabetic animals the response to acute intrarenal hypoxia in the presence of high renal lactate formation to delineate mechanistic pathways and compare these findings to healthy control animals. Hyperpolarized 13C-MRI and blood oxygenation level–dependent 1H-MRI was used to investigate the renal metabolism of [1-13C]pyruvate and oxygenation following acutely altered oxygen content in the breathing gas in a streptozotocin rat model of type-1 diabetes with and without insulin treatment and compared with healthy control rats. The lactate signal in the diabetic kidney was reduced by 12%–16% during hypoxia in diabetic rats irrespective of insulin supplementation. In contrast, healthy controls displayed the well-known Pasteur effect manifested as a 10% increased lactate signal following reduction of oxygen in the inspired air. Reduced expression of the monocarboxyl transporter-4 may account for altered response to hypoxia in diabetes with a high intrarenal pyruvate-to-lactate conversion. Reduced intrarenal lactate formation in response to hypoxia in diabetes shows the existence of a different metabolic phenotype, which is independent of insulin, as insulin supplementation was unable to affect the pyruvate-to-lactate conversion in the diabetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Laustsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Lipsø
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Appel Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Mose Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bonde Bertelsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, The Capital Region of Denmark, Gentofte, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,GE Healthcare, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Zhu Z, Zhu X, Ohliger MA, Tang S, Cao P, Carvajal L, Autry AW, Li Y, Kurhanewicz J, Chang S, Aggarwal R, Munster P, Xu D, Larson PEZ, Vigneron DB, Gordon JW. Coil combination methods for multi-channel hyperpolarized 13C imaging data from human studies. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 301:73-79. [PMID: 30851668 PMCID: PMC7170546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effective coil combination methods for human hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopy multi-channel data had been relatively unexplored. This study implemented and tested several coil combination methods, including (1) the sum-of-squares (SOS), (2) singular value decomposition (SVD), (3) Roemer method by using reference peak area as a sensitivity map (RefPeak), and (4) Roemer method by using ESPIRiT-derived sensitivity map (ESPIRiT). These methods were evaluated by numerical simulation, thermal phantom experiments, and human cancer patient studies. Overall, the SVD, RefPeak, and ESPIRiT methods demonstrated better accuracy and robustness than the SOS method. Extracting complex pyruvate signal provides an easy and excellent approximation of the coil sensitivity map while maintaining valuable phase information of the coil-combined data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Xucheng Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shuyu Tang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lucas Carvajal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam W Autry
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Susan Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pamela Munster
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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12
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Ntziachristos V, Pleitez MA, Aime S, Brindle KM. Emerging Technologies to Image Tissue Metabolism. Cell Metab 2019; 29:518-538. [PMID: 30269982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the implication of altered metabolism in a large spectrum of tissue function and disease, assessment of metabolic processes becomes essential in managing health. In this regard, imaging can play a critical role in allowing observation of biochemical and physiological processes. Nuclear imaging methods, in particular positron emission tomography, have been widely employed for imaging metabolism but are mainly limited by the use of ionizing radiation and the sensing of only one parameter at each scanning session. Observations in healthy individuals or longitudinal studies of disease could markedly benefit from non-ionizing, multi-parameter imaging methods. We therefore focus this review on progress with the non-ionizing radiation methods of MRI, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and emerging optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging. We also briefly discuss the role of nuclear and optical imaging methods for research and clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Miguel A Pleitez
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Silvio Aime
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Old Addenbrooke's Site, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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13
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Vidya Shankar R, Chang JC, Hu HH, Kodibagkar VD. Fast data acquisition techniques in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4046. [PMID: 30637822 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is an important technique for assessing the spatial variation of metabolites in vivo. The long scan times in MRSI limit clinical applicability due to patient discomfort, increased costs, motion artifacts, and limited protocol flexibility. Faster acquisition strategies can address these limitations and could potentially facilitate increased adoption of MRSI into routine clinical protocols with minimal addition to the current anatomical and functional acquisition protocols in terms of imaging time. Not surprisingly, a lot of effort has been devoted to the development of faster MRSI techniques that aim to capture the same underlying metabolic information (relative metabolite peak areas and spatial distribution) as obtained by conventional MRSI, in greatly reduced time. The gain in imaging time results, in some cases, in a loss of signal-to-noise ratio and/or in spatial and spectral blurring. This review examines the current techniques and advances in fast MRSI in two and three spatial dimensions and their applications. This review categorizes the acceleration techniques according to their strategy for acquisition of the k-space. Techniques such as fast/turbo-spin echo MRSI, echo-planar spectroscopic imaging, and non-Cartesian MRSI effectively cover the full k-space in a more efficient manner per TR . On the other hand, techniques such as parallel imaging and compressed sensing acquire fewer k-space points and employ advanced reconstruction algorithms to recreate the spatial-spectral information, which maintains statistical fidelity in test conditions (ie no statistically significant differences on voxel-wise comparisions) with the fully sampled data. The advantages and limitations of each state-of-the-art technique are reviewed in detail, concluding with a note on future directions and challenges in the field of fast spectroscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Vidya Shankar
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - John C Chang
- Banner M D Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Houchun H Hu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Vikram D Kodibagkar
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Farkash G, Markovic S, Novakovic M, Frydman L. Enhanced hyperpolarized chemical shift imaging based on a priori segmented information. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:3080-3093. [PMID: 30652358 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to develop an approach for improving the resolution and sensitivity of hyperpolarized 13 C MRSI based on a priori anatomical information derived from featured, water-based 1 H images. METHODS A reconstruction algorithm exploiting 1 H MRI for the redefinition of the 13 C MRSI anatomies was developed, based on a modification of the spectroscopy with linear algebraic modeling (SLAM) principle. To enhance 13 C spatial resolution and reduce spillover effects without compromising SNR, this model was extended by endowing it with a search allowing smooth variations in the 13 C MR intensity within the targeted regions of interest. RESULTS Experiments were performed in vitro on enzymatic solutions and in vivo on rodents, based on the administration of 13 C-enriched hyperpolarized pyruvate and urea. The spectral images reconstructed for these substrates and from metabolic products based on predefined 1 H anatomical compartments using the new algorithm, compared favorably with those arising from conventional Fourier-based analyses of the same data. The new approach also delivered reliable kinetic 13 C results, for the kind of processes and timescales usually targeted by hyperpolarized MRSI. CONCLUSION A simple, flexible strategy is introduced to boost the sensitivity and resolution provided by hyperpolarized 13 C MRSI, based on readily available 1 H MR information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Farkash
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Stefan Markovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Mihajlo Novakovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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15
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Kjærgaard U, Laustsen C, Nørlinger T, Tougaard RS, Mikkelsen E, Qi H, Bertelsen LB, Jessen N, Stødkilde‐Jørgensen H. Hyperpolarized [1- 13 C] pyruvate as a possible diagnostic tool in liver disease. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13943. [PMID: 30548433 PMCID: PMC6289910 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance in preclinical studies and lately translation to patients provides new detailed in vivo information of metabolic flux in organs. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance based on 13 C enriched pyruvate is performed without ionizing radiation and allows quantification of the pyruvate conversion products: alanine, lactate and bicarbonate in real time. Thus, this methodology has a promising potential for in vivo monitoring of energetic alterations in hepatic diseases. Using 13 C pyruvate, we investigated the metabolism in the porcine liver before and after intravenous injection of glucose. The overall mean lactate to pyruvate ratio increased significantly after the injection of glucose whereas the bicarbonate to pyruvate ratio was unaffected, representative of the levels of pyruvate entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Similarly, alanine to pyruvate ratio did not change. The increased lactate to pyruvate ratio over time showed an exponential correlation with insulin, glucagon and free fatty acids. Together, these data, obtained by hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by blood sampling, indicate a hepatic metabolic shift in glucose utilization following a glucose challenge. Our findings demonstrate the capacity of hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantifying hepatic substrate metabolism in accordance with well-known physiological processes. When combined with concentration of blood insulin, glucagon and free fatty acids in the blood, the results indicate the potential of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a future clinical method for quantification of hepatic substrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Kjærgaard
- MR Research CentreAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | | | | | - Rasmus S. Tougaard
- MR Research CentreAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Department of CardiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Haiyun Qi
- MR Research CentreAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Niels Jessen
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
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16
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Wang J, Hesketh RL, Wright AJ, Brindle KM. Hyperpolarized 13 C spectroscopic imaging using single-shot 3D sequences with unpaired adiabatic refocusing pulses. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e4004. [PMID: 30198124 PMCID: PMC6220795 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized MRI with 13 C-labeled metabolites has enabled metabolic imaging of tumors in vivo. The heterogeneous nature of tumors and the limited lifetime of the hyperpolarization require high resolution, both temporally and spatially. We describe two sequences that make more efficient use of the 13 C polarization than previously described single-shot 3D sequences. With these sequences, the target metabolite resonances were excited using spectral-spatial pulses and the data acquired using spiral readouts from a series of echoes created using a fast-spin-echo sequence employing adiabatic 180° pulses. The third dimension was encoded with blipped gradients applied in an interleaved order to the echo train. Adiabatic inversion pulses applied in the absence of slice selection gradients allowed acquisition of signal from odd echoes, formed by unpaired adiabatic pulses, as well as from even echoes. The sequences were tested on tumor-bearing mice following intravenous injection of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate. [1-13 C] pyruvate and [1-13 C] lactate images were acquired in vivo with a 4 × 4 × 2 cm3 field of view and a 32 × 32 × 16 matrix, leading to a nominal resolution of 1.25 × 1.25 × 1.25 mm3 and an effective resolution of 1.25 × 1.25 × 4.5 mm3 when the z-direction point spread function was taken into account. The acquisition of signal from more echoes also allowed for an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio for resonances with longer T2 relaxation times. The pulse sequences described here produced hyperpolarized 13 C images with improved resolution and signal-to-noise ratio when compared with similar sequences described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazheng Wang
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Richard L. Hesketh
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Alan J. Wright
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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17
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Riis-Vestergaard MJ, Breining P, Pedersen SB, Laustsen C, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Borghammer P, Jessen N, Richelsen B. Evaluation of Active Brown Adipose Tissue by the Use of Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Pyruvate MRI in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092597. [PMID: 30200469 PMCID: PMC6164296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity to increase energy expenditure makes brown adipose tissue (BAT) a putative target for treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity. Presently, investigation of BAT in vivo is mainly performed by fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET)/CT. However, non-radioactive methods that add information on, for example, substrate metabolism are warranted. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (HP-MRI) to determine BAT activity in mice following chronic cold exposure. Cold (6 °C) and thermo-neutral (30 °C) acclimated mice were scanned with HP-MRI for assessment of the interscapular BAT (iBAT) activity. Comparable mice were scanned with the conventional method FDG PET/MRI. Finally, iBAT was evaluated for gene expression and protein levels of the specific thermogenic marker, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Cold exposure increased the thermogenic capacity 3–4 fold (p < 0.05) as measured by UCP1 gene and protein analysis. Furthermore, cold exposure as compared with thermo-neutrality increased iBAT pyruvate metabolism by 5.5-fold determined by HP-MRI which is in good agreement with the 5-fold increment in FDG uptake (p < 0.05) measured by FDG PET/MRI. iBAT activity is detectable in mice using HP-MRI in which potential changes in intracellular metabolism may add useful information to the conventional FDG PET studies. HP-MRI may also be a promising radiation-free tool for repetitive BAT studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ji Riis-Vestergaard
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Peter Breining
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | | | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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18
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Timm KN, Miller JJ, Henry JA, Tyler DJ. Cardiac applications of hyperpolarised magnetic resonance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 106-107:66-87. [PMID: 31047602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death world-wide. It is increasingly recognised that cardiac pathologies show, or may even be caused by, changes in metabolism, leading to impaired cardiac energetics. The heart turns over 15 times its own weight in ATP every day and thus relies heavily on the availability of substrates and on efficient oxidation to generate this ATP. A number of old and emerging drugs that target different aspects of metabolism are showing promising results with regard to improved cardiac outcomes in patients. A non-invasive imaging technique that could assess the role of different aspects of metabolism in heart disease, as well as measure changes in cardiac energetics due to treatment, would be valuable in the routine clinical care of cardiac patients. Hyperpolarised magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging have revolutionised metabolic imaging, allowing real-time metabolic flux assessment in vivo for the first time. In this review we summarise metabolism in the healthy and diseased heart, give an introduction to the hyperpolarisation technique, 'dynamic nuclear polarisation' (DNP), and review the preclinical studies that have thus far explored healthy cardiac metabolism and different models of human heart disease. We furthermore show what advances have been made to translate this technique into the clinic, what technical challenges still remain and what unmet clinical needs and unexplored metabolic substrates still need to be assessed by researchers in this exciting and fast-moving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin N Timm
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - John A Henry
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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19
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Zaccagna F, Grist JT, Deen SS, Woitek R, Lechermann LMT, McLean MA, Basu B, Gallagher FA. Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: a clinical tool for studying tumour metabolism. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170688. [PMID: 29293376 PMCID: PMC6190784 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in tumours is reprogrammed away from oxidative metabolism, even in the presence of oxygen. Non-invasive imaging techniques can probe these alterations in cancer metabolism providing tools to detect tumours and their response to therapy. Although Positron Emission Tomography with (18F)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG PET) is an established clinical tool to probe cancer metabolism, it has poor spatial resolution and soft tissue contrast, utilizes ionizing radiation and only probes glucose uptake and phosphorylation and not further downstream metabolism. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) has the capability to non-invasively detect and distinguish molecules within tissue but has low sensitivity and can only detect selected nuclei. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) is a technique which greatly increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved with MR by significantly increasing nuclear spin polarization and this method has now been translated into human imaging. This review provides a brief overview of this process, also termed Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (HP 13C-MRSI), its applications in preclinical imaging, an outline of the current human trials that are ongoing, as well as future potential applications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Surrin S Deen
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramona Woitek
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mary A McLean
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bristi Basu
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Wang J, Wright AJ, Hesketh RL, Hu D, Brindle KM. A referenceless Nyquist ghost correction workflow for echo planar imaging of hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate and [1- 13 C]lactate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3866. [PMID: 29215773 PMCID: PMC5814908 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-shot echo planar imaging (EPI), which allows an image to be acquired using a single excitation pulse, is used widely for imaging the metabolism of hyperpolarized 13 C-labelled metabolites in vivo as the technique is rapid and minimizes the depletion of the hyperpolarized signal. However, EPI suffers from Nyquist ghosting, which normally is corrected for by acquiring a reference scan. In a dynamic acquisition of a series of images, this results in the sacrifice of a time point if the reference scan involves a full readout train with no phase encoding. This time penalty is negligible if an integrated navigator echo is used, but at the cost of a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a result of prolonged T2 * decay. We describe here a workflow for hyperpolarized 13 C EPI that requires no reference scan. This involves the selection of a ghost-containing background from a 13 C image of a single metabolite at a single time point, the identification of phase correction coefficients that minimize signal in the selected area, and the application of these coefficients to images acquired at all time points and from all metabolites. The workflow was compared in phantom experiments with phase correction using a 13 C reference scan, and yielded similar results in situations with a regular field of view (FOV), a restricted FOV and where there were multiple signal sources. When compared with alternative phase correction methods, the workflow showed an SNR benefit relative to integrated 13 C reference echoes (>15%) or better ghost removal relative to a 1 H reference scan. The residual ghosting in a slightly de-shimmed B0 field was 1.6% using the proposed workflow and 3.8% using a 1 H reference scan. The workflow was implemented with a series of dynamically acquired hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]lactate images in vivo, resulting in images with no observable ghosting and which were quantitatively similar to images corrected using a 13 C reference scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazheng Wang
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Alan J. Wright
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Richard L. Hesketh
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
| | - De‐en Hu
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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21
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Denysenkov V, Terekhov M, Maeder R, Fischer S, Zangos S, Vogl T, Prisner TF. Continuous-flow DNP polarizer for MRI applications at 1.5 T. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44010. [PMID: 28290535 PMCID: PMC5349512 DOI: 10.1038/srep44010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a new hyperpolarization approach for magnetic resonance imaging applications at 1.5 T. Proton signal enhancements of more than 20 were achieved with a newly designed multimode microwave resonator situated inside the bore of the imager and used for Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization of the water proton signal. Different from other approaches in our setup the hyperpolarization is achieved continuously by liquid water flowing through the polarizer under continuous microwave excitation. With an available flow rate of up to 1.5 ml/min, which should be high enough for DNP MR angiography applications in small animals like mice and rats. The hyperpolarized liquid cooled to physiological temperature can be routed by a mechanical switch to a quartz capillary for injection into the blood vessels of the target object. This new approach allows hyperpolarization of protons without the need of an additional magnet and avoids the losses arising from the transfer of the hyperpolarized solution between magnets. The signal-to-noise improvement of this method is demonstrated on two- and three-dimensional phantoms of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Denysenkov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Terekhov
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - R Maeder
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Fischer
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Zangos
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T Vogl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T F Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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22
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Imaging oxygen metabolism with hyperpolarized magnetic resonance: a novel approach for the examination of cardiac and renal function. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160186. [PMID: 27899435 PMCID: PMC5270319 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Every tissue in the body critically depends on meeting its energetic demands with sufficient oxygen supply. Oxygen supply/demand imbalances underlie the diseases that inflict the greatest socio-economic burden globally. The purpose of this review is to examine how hyperpolarized contrast media, used in combination with MR data acquisition methods, may advance our ability to assess oxygen metabolism non-invasively and thus improve management of clinical disease. We first introduce the concept of hyperpolarization and how hyperpolarized contrast media have been practically implemented to achieve translational and clinical research. We will then analyse how incorporating hyperpolarized contrast media could enable realization of unmet technical needs in clinical practice. We will focus on imaging cardiac and renal oxygen metabolism, as both organs have unique physiological demands to satisfy their requirements for tissue oxygenation, their dysfunction plays a fundamental role in society’s most prevalent diseases, and each organ presents unique imaging challenges. It is our aim that this review attracts a multi-disciplinary audience and sparks collaborations that utilize an exciting, emergent technology to advance our ability to treat patients adversely affected by an oxygen supply/demand mismatch.
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23
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Hansen ESS, Kim S, Miller JJ, Geferath M, Morrell G, Laustsen C. Fast Padé Transform Accelerated CSI for Hyperpolarized MRS. Tomography 2016; 2:117-124. [PMID: 28018967 PMCID: PMC5179227 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast Padé transform (FPT) is a method of spectral analysis that can be used to reconstruct nuclear magnetic resonance spectra from truncated free induction decay signals with superior robustness and spectral resolution compared with conventional Fourier analysis. The aim of this study is to show the utility of FPT in reducing of the scan time required for hyperpolarized 13C chemical shift imaging (CSI) without sacrificing the ability to resolve a full spectrum. Simulations, phantom, and in vivo hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate CSI data were processed with FPT and compared with conventional analysis methods. FPT shows improved stability and spectral resolution on truncated data compared with the fast Fourier transform and shows results that are comparable to those of the model-based fitting methods, enabling a reduction in the needed acquisition time in 13C CSI experiments. Using FPT can reduce the readout length in the spectral dimension by 2-6 times in 13C CSI compared with conventional Fourier analysis without sacrificing the spectral resolution. This increased speed is crucial for 13C CSI because T1 relaxation considerably limits the available scan time. In addition, FPT can also yield direct quantification of metabolite concentration without the additional peak analysis required in conventional Fourier analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Szocska Søvsø Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sun Kim
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford Hospital & Clinics, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Marcus Geferath
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Glen Morrell
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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24
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Bretschneider CO, Akbey Ü, Aussenac F, Olsen GL, Feintuch A, Oschkinat H, Frydman L. On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid-State and Dissolution (13) C NMR Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2691-701. [PMID: 27416769 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a versatile option to improve the sensitivity of NMR and MRI. This versatility has elicited interest for overcoming potential limitations of these techniques, including the achievement of solid-state polarization enhancement at ambient conditions, and the maximization of (13) C signal lifetimes for performing in vivo MRI scans. This study explores whether diamond's (13) C behavior in nano- and micro-particles could be used to achieve these ends. The characteristics of diamond's DNP enhancement were analyzed for different magnetic fields, grain sizes, and sample environments ranging from cryogenic to ambient temperatures, in both solution and solid-state experiments. It was found that (13) C NMR signals could be boosted by orders of magnitude in either low- or room-temperature solid-state DNP experiments by utilizing naturally occurring paramagnetic P1 substitutional nitrogen defects. We attribute this behavior to the unusually long electronic/nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times characteristic of diamond, coupled with a time-independent cross-effect-like polarization transfer mechanism facilitated by a matching of the nitrogen-related hyperfine coupling and the (13) C Zeeman splitting. The efficiency of this solid-state polarization process, however, is harder to exploit in dissolution DNP-enhanced MRI contexts. The prospects for utilizing polarized diamond approaching nanoscale dimensions for both solid and solution applications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ümit Akbey
- NMR Supported Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Greg L Olsen
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Akiva Feintuch
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- NMR Supported Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Comment A. Dissolution DNP for in vivo preclinical studies. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 264:39-48. [PMID: 26920829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous polarization enhancement afforded by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can be taken advantage of to perform preclinical in vivo molecular and metabolic imaging. Following the injection of molecules that are hyperpolarized via dissolution DNP, real-time measurements of their biodistribution and metabolic conversion can be recorded. This technology therefore provides a unique and invaluable tool for probing cellular metabolism in vivo in animal models in a noninvasive manner. It gives the opportunity to follow and evaluate disease progression and treatment response without requiring ex vivo destructive tissue assays. Although its considerable potential has now been widely recognized, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance by dissolution DNP remains a challenging method to implement for routine in vivo preclinical measurements. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art technology for preclinical applications and the challenges that need to be addressed to promote it and allow its wider dissemination in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Comment
- General Electric Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire HP8 4SP, United Kingdom; Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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26
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Laustsen C. Hyperpolarized Renal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Potential and Pitfalls. Front Physiol 2016; 7:72. [PMID: 26973539 PMCID: PMC4771722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP) technology has enabled a new paradigm for renal imaging investigations. It allows standard magnetic resonance imaging complementary renal metabolic and functional fingerprints within seconds without the use of ionizing radiation. Increasing evidence supports its utility in preclinical research in which the real-time interrogation of metabolic turnover can aid the physiological and pathophysiological metabolic and functional effects in ex vivo and in vivo models. The method has already been translated to humans, although the clinical value of this technology is unknown. In this paper, I review the potential benefits and pitfalls associated with dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization in preclinical research and its translation to renal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Laustsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Krajewski M, Wespi P, Busch J, Wissmann L, Kwiatkowski G, Steinhauser J, Batel M, Ernst M, Kozerke S. A multisample dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization system for serial injections in small animals. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:904-910. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Krajewski
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical ChemistryETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wespi
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Julia Busch
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wissmann
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Jonas Steinhauser
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Batel
- Laboratory of Physical ChemistryETH Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH Zurich Switzerland
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28
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Solomon E, Nissan N, Schmidt R, Furman-Haran E, Ben-Aharon U, Frydman L. Removing silicone artifacts in diffusion-weighted breast MRI by means of shift-resolved spatiotemporally encoding. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:2064-2071. [PMID: 26096754 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the usefulness of diffusion-weighted spatiotemporally encoded (SPEN) methods to obtain apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps of fibroglandular human breast tissue, in the presence of silicone implants. METHODS Seven healthy volunteers with breast augmentation were scanned at 3 Tesla (T) using customized SPEN sequences yielding separate silicone and water (1) H images in one scan, together with their corresponding diffusion-weightings. RESULTS SPEN's ability to deliver multiple spectrally resolved images in a single scan, coupled to the method's substantial robustness to magnetic field heterogeneities, served to acquire ADC maps that could be freed from contributions that did not belong to fibroglandular tissue. CONCLUSION SPEN-based sequences incorporating spectral discrimination and diffusion-weighting enable the acquisition of reliable ADC maps despite the presence of dominant signals from silicone implants, thereby opening new screening possibilities for the identification of malignancies in breast augmented patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Solomon
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Nissan
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rita Schmidt
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edna Furman-Haran
- Unit of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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29
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Chaumeil MM, Najac C, Ronen SM. Studies of Metabolism Using (13)C MRS of Hyperpolarized Probes. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:1-71. [PMID: 26358901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First described in 2003, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique, combined with (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has since been used in numerous metabolic studies and has become a valuable metabolic imaging method. DNP dramatically increases the level of polarization of (13)C-labeled compounds resulting in an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of over 50,000 fold for the MRS spectrum of hyperpolarized compounds. The high SNR enables rapid real-time detection of metabolism in cells, tissues, and in vivo. This chapter will present a comprehensive review of the DNP approaches that have been used to monitor metabolism in living systems. First, the list of (13)C DNP probes developed to date will be presented, with a particular focus on the most commonly used probe, namely [1-(13)C] pyruvate. In the next four sections, we will then describe the different factors that need to be considered when designing (13)C DNP probes for metabolic studies, conducting in vitro or in vivo hyperpolarized experiments, as well as acquiring, analyzing, and modeling hyperpolarized (13)C data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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30
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Fernández-Valle ME, Martínez-Álvarez R, Molero-Vílchez D, Pardo ZD, Sáez-Barajas E, Herrera A. 2D Ultrafast HMBC 1H,31P: Obtaining Mechanistic Details on the Michaelis–Arbuzov Reaction. J Org Chem 2014; 80:799-805. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502253p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zulay D. Pardo
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sáez-Barajas
- CAI
de RMN y RSE, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Herrera
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CAI
de RMN y RSE, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Kubicki D, Rossini AJ, Purea A, Zagdoun A, Ouari O, Tordo P, Engelke F, Lesage A, Emsley L. Amplifying dynamic nuclear polarization of frozen solutions by incorporating dielectric particles. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15711-8. [PMID: 25285480 PMCID: PMC4671102 DOI: 10.1021/ja5088453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is currently great interest in understanding the limits on NMR signal enhancements provided by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), and in particular if the theoretical maximum enhancements can be achieved. We show that over a 2-fold improvement in cross-effect DNP enhancements can be achieved in MAS experiments on frozen solutions by simply incorporating solid particles into the sample. At 9.4 T and ∼105 K, enhancements up to εH = 515 are obtained in this way, corresponding to 78% of the theoretical maximum. We also underline that degassing of the sample is important to achieve highest enhancements. We link the amplification effect to the dielectric properties of the solid material, which probably gives rise to scattering, diffraction, and amplification of the microwave field in the sample. This is substantiated by simulations of microwave propagation. A reduction in sample heating at a given microwave power also likely occurs due to reduced dielectric loss. Simulations indicate that the microwave field (and thus the DNP enhancement) is inhomogeneous in the sample, and we deduce that in these experiments between 5 and 10% of the solution actually yields the theoretical maximum signal enhancement of 658. The effect is demonstrated for a variety of particles added to both aqueous and organic biradical solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik
J. Kubicki
- Institut
de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), Centre de RMN
à Très Hauts Champs, Université
de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Institut
de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), Centre de RMN
à Très Hauts Champs, Université
de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Armin Purea
- Bruker
Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen, D-76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Alexandre Zagdoun
- Institut
de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), Centre de RMN
à Très Hauts Champs, Université
de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix
Marseille-Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix
Marseille-Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Frank Engelke
- Bruker
Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen, D-76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Anne Lesage
- Institut
de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), Centre de RMN
à Très Hauts Champs, Université
de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut
de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), Centre de RMN
à Très Hauts Champs, Université
de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Sauer G, Nasu D, Tietze D, Gutmann T, Englert S, Avrutina O, Kolmar H, Buntkowsky G. Effective PHIP Labeling of Bioactive Peptides Boosts the Intensity of the NMR Signal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12941-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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33
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Sauer G, Nasu D, Tietze D, Gutmann T, Englert S, Avrutina O, Kolmar H, Buntkowsky G. Effektive Markierung von bioaktiven Peptiden mit PHIP-Markern zur Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit von NMR-Signalen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Suzuki Y, Iida M, Miura I, Inubushi T, Morikawa S. A polymer-based magnetic resonance tracer for visualization of solid tumors by 13C spectroscopic imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102132. [PMID: 25007334 PMCID: PMC4090184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological imaging precedes lesion-specific visualization in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of the superior ability of this technique to depict tissue morphology with excellent spatial and temporal resolutions. To achieve lesion-specific visualization of tumors by MRI, we investigated the availability of a novel polymer-based tracer. Although the 13C nucleus is a candidate for a detection nucleus because of its low background signal in the body, the low magnetic resonance sensitivity of the nucleus needs to be resolved before developing a 13C-based tracer. In order to overcome this problem, we enriched polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible polymer, with 13C atoms. 13C-PEG40,000 (13C-PEG with an average molecular weight of 40 kDa) emitted a single 13C signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio due to its ability to maintain signal sharpness, as was confirmed by in vivo investigation, and displayed a chemical shift sufficiently distinct from that of endogenous fat. 13C-PEG40,000 intravenously injected into mice showed long retention in circulation, leading to its effective accumulation in tumors reflecting the well-known phenomenon that macromolecules accumulate in tumors because of leaky tumor capillaries. These properties of 13C-PEG40,000 allowed visualization of tumors in mice by 13C spectroscopic imaging. These findings suggest that a technique based on 13C-PEG is a promising strategy for tumor detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Suzuki
- Diagnostic Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mitsuru Iida
- Diagnostic Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Iwao Miura
- Pharmaceutical Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiro Inubushi
- Biomedical MR Science Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Morikawa
- Biomedical MR Science Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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