1
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Moxley-Paquette V, Pellizzari J, Lane D, Steiner K, Costa PM, Wolff WW, Lysak DH, Ghosh Biswas R, Downey K, Ronda K, Soong R, Zverev D, De Castro P, Frei T, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, Graf S, Gloor S, Schmidig D, Kuemmerle R, Kuehn T, Busse F, Haberer N, Domaszewicz J, Scatena R, Lacerda A, Nashman B, Anders J, Utz M, Simpson AJ. Exploration of Materials for Three-Dimensional NMR Microcoil Production via CNC Micromilling and Laser Etching. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13588-13597. [PMID: 39116295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The excellent versatility of 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) micromilling has led to its application for prototyping NMR microcoils tailored to mass-limited samples (reducing development time and cost). However, vibrations during 5-axis milling can hinder the creation of complex 3D volume microcoils (i.e., solenoids and saddle coils). To address these limitations, a high-resolution NSCNC ELARA 4-axis milling machine was developed with the extra precision required for making complex 3D volume microcoils. Upon investigating the performance of resonators made with various copper-coated dielectrics, resonators with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) provided the best SNR/line shape. Thus, complex 1.7 mm microcoil designs were machined from Cu-coated PMMA. A milled 6.4 mm solenoid also provided 6.6× the total carbon signal for a 13C-labeled broccoli seed compared to a commercial inverse 5 mm NMR probe (demonstrating potential for larger coil designs). However, the manufacture of coils <1.7 mm with copper-coated PMMA rods was challenging as ∼0.5 mm of remaining PMMA was needed to retain their structural integrity. To manufacture smaller microcoils, both a solenoid and saddle coil (both with 1 mm O.D., 0.1 mm thick walls) were etched from Cu-coated glass capillaries using a UV picosecond laser that was mounted onto an NSCNC 5-axis MiRA7L. Both resonators showed excellent signal and identified a wide range of metabolites in a 13C-labeled algae extract, while the solenoid was further tested on two copepod egg sacs (∼4 μg of total sample). In summary, the flexibility to prototype complex microcoils in-house allows laboratories to tailor microcoils to specific mass-limited samples while avoiding the costs of cleanrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jacob Pellizzari
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katrina Steiner
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Peter M Costa
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - William W Wolff
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kiera Ronda
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dmitri Zverev
- NSCNC Manufacturing LTD, 19358 96 Ave, Unit 150, Surrey, British Colombia V4N 4C1, Canada
| | - Peter De Castro
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Simon Gloor
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Haberer
- Aidlab, 651 N., Broad St., Suite 201, Middletown, Delaware 19709, United States
| | - Jakub Domaszewicz
- Aidlab, 651 N., Broad St., Suite 201, Middletown, Delaware 19709, United States
| | - Ryan Scatena
- Thermal Conductive Bonding Inc., 6210 88th Street, Sacramento, California 95828, United States
| | - Andressa Lacerda
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Ben Nashman
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Jens Anders
- University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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2
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Barker S, Dagys L, Levitt MH, Utz M. Efficient Parahydrogen-Induced 13C Hyperpolarization on a Microfluidic Device. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18379-18386. [PMID: 38916928 PMCID: PMC11240250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
We show the direct production and detection of 13C-hyperpolarized fumarate by parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) in a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (LoC) device and achieve 8.5% 13C polarization. This is the first demonstration of 13C-hyperpolarization of a metabolite by PHIP in a microfluidic device. LoC technology allows the culture of mammalian cells in a highly controlled environment, providing an important tool for the life sciences. In-situ preparation of hyperpolarized metabolites greatly enhances the ability to quantify metabolic processes in such systems by microfluidic NMR. PHIP of 1H nuclei has been successfully implemented in microfluidic systems, with mass sensitivities in the range of pmol/s. However, metabolic NMR requires high-yield production of hyperpolarized metabolites with longer spin life times than is possible with 1H. This can be achieved by transfer of the polarization onto 13C nuclei, which exhibit much longer T1 relaxation times. We report an improved microfluidic PHIP device, optimized using a finite element model, that enables the direct and efficient production of 13C-hyperpolarized fumarate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia
J. Barker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Laurynas Dagys
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
| | - Malcolm H. Levitt
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Utz
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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3
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Liang J, Davoodi H, Wadhwa S, Badilita V, Korvink JG. Broadband stripline Lenz lens achieves 11 × NMR signal enhancement. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1645. [PMID: 38238376 PMCID: PMC10796323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A Lenz lens is an electrically passive conductive element that, when placed in a time-varying magnetic field, acts as a magnetic flux concentrator or a magnetic lens. In the realm of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Lenz lenses have been exploited as electrically passive metallic radiofrequency interposers placed between a sample and a tuned or untuned NMR detector in order to focus the [Formula: see text]-field of the detector onto a smaller sample space. Here we explore a novel embodiment of the Lenz lens, which acts as a non-resonant stripline interposer, i.e., the [Formula: see text]-field acts along the longitudinal volume of a sample container, such as a capillary or other microfluidic channel that is coincident with the axis of the stripline. The almost vanishing self-resonance of the stripline Lenz lens, at frequencies relevant for NMR, leads to a desirable [Formula: see text]-field amplitude that is nearly perfectly uniform across the sample and hence lacking a characteristic sinusoidal modal shape. The action of Lenz' law ensures that no stray [Formula: see text]-field is found outside of the stripline's active volume. Because the stripline Lenz lens does not rely on its own geometry to achieve resonance, its frequency response is thus widely broadband for field enhancements up to a factor of 11, with only the external driving resonator properties governing the overall resonant behaviour. We explore the use of the stripline Lenz lens with a sub-nanolitre sample volume, readily detecting 4 isotopes with resonances ranging from 125.76 to 500 MHz. The concept holds potential for the NMR study of thin films, small biological samples, as well as the in situ study of battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Liang
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Vlad Badilita
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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4
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Moxley-Paquette V, Lane D, Steiner K, Downey K, Costa PM, Lysak DH, Ronda K, Soong R, Zverev D, De Castro P, Frei T, Stuessi J, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, Graf S, Gloor S, Schmidig D, Kuemmerle R, Kuehn T, Busse F, Utz M, Lacerda A, Nashman B, Albert L, Anders J, Simpson AJ. Development of Low-Magnetic Susceptibility Microcoils via 5-Axis Machining for Analysis of Biological and Environmental Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13932-13940. [PMID: 37676066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In environmental research, it is critical to understand how toxins impact invertebrate eggs and egg banks, which, due to their tiny size, are very challenging to study by conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Microcoil technology has been extensively utilized to enhance the mass-sensitivity of NMR. In a previous study, 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) micromilling (shown to be a viable alternative to traditional microcoil production methods) was used to create a prototype copper slotted-tube resonator (STR). Despite the excellent limit of detection (LOD) of the resonator, the quality of the line shape was very poor due to the magnetic susceptibility of the copper resonator itself. This is best solved using magnetic susceptibility-matched materials. In this study, approaches are investigated that improve the susceptibility while retaining the versatility of coil milling. One method involves machining STRs from various copper/aluminum alloys, while the other involves machining ones from an aluminum 2011 alloy and electroplating them with copper. In all cases, combining copper and aluminum to produce resonators resulted in improved line shape and SNR compared to pure copper resonators due to their reduced magnetic susceptibility. However, the copper-plated aluminum resonators showed optimal performance from the devices tested. The enhanced LOD of these STRs allowed for the first 1H-13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) of a single intact 13C-labeled Daphnia magna egg (∼4 μg total biomass). This is a key step toward future screening programs that aim to elucidate the toxic processes in aquatic eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katrina Steiner
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Peter M Costa
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kiera Ronda
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dimitri Zverev
- NSCNC Manufacturing LTD, 1515 Broadway Street Unit 607, Port Coquitlam, British Columbia V3C 6M2, Canada
| | - Peter De Castro
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Stuessi
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Simon Gloor
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Andressa Lacerda
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1A8Canada
| | - Ben Nashman
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1A8Canada
| | - Larry Albert
- ACI Alloys, Inc, 1458 Seareel Place, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors,University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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5
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Gomez MV, Baas S, Velders AH. Multinuclear 1D and 2D NMR with 19F-Photo-CIDNP hyperpolarization in a microfluidic chip with untuned microcoil. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3885. [PMID: 37391397 PMCID: PMC10313780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a most powerful molecular characterization and quantification technique, yet two major persistent factors limit its more wide-spread applications: poor sensitivity, and intricate complex and expensive hardware required for sophisticated experiments. Here we show NMR with a single planar-spiral microcoil in an untuned circuit with hyperpolarization option and capability to execute complex experiments addressing simultaneously up to three different nuclides. A microfluidic NMR-chip in which the 25 nL detection volume can be efficiently illuminated with laser-diode light enhances the sensitivity by orders of magnitude via photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP), allowing rapid detection of samples in the lower picomole range (normalized limit of detection at 600 MHz, nLODf,600, of 0.01 nmol Hz1/2). The chip is equipped with a single planar microcoil operating in an untuned circuit that allows different Larmor frequencies to be addressed simultaneously, permitting advanced hetero-, di- and trinuclear, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Here we show NMR chips with photo-CIDNP and broadband capabilities addressing two of the major limiting factors of NMR, by enhancing sensitivity as well as reducing cost and hardware complexity; the performance is compared to state-of-the-art instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Gomez
- IRICA, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Sander Baas
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, 6700 EK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- IRICA, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, 6700 EK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Jenne A, von der Ecken S, Moxley-Paquette V, Soong R, Swyer I, Bastawrous M, Busse F, Bermel W, Schmidig D, Kuehn T, Kuemmerle R, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, Graf S, Frei T, Monette M, Wheeler AR, Simpson AJ. Integrated Digital Microfluidics NMR Spectroscopy: A Key Step toward Automated In Vivo Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5858-5866. [PMID: 36996326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity testing is currently undergoing a paradigm shift from examining apical end points such as death, to monitoring sub-lethal toxicity in vivo. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a key platform in this endeavor. A proof-of-principle study is presented which directly interfaces NMR with digital microfluidics (DMF). DMF is a "lab on a chip" method allowing for the movement, mixing, splitting, and dispensing of μL-sized droplets. The goal is for DMF to supply oxygenated water to keep the organisms alive while NMR detects metabolomic changes. Here, both vertical and horizontal NMR coil configurations are compared. While a horizontal configuration is ideal for DMF, NMR performance was found to be sub-par and instead, a vertical-optimized single-sided stripline showed most promise. In this configuration, three organisms were monitored in vivo using 1H-13C 2D NMR. Without support from DMF droplet exchange, the organisms quickly showed signs of anoxic stress; however, with droplet exchange, this was completely suppressed. The results demonstrate that DMF can be used to maintain living organisms and holds potential for automated exposures in future. However, due to numerous limitations of vertically orientated DMF, along with space limitations in standard bore NMR spectrometers, we recommend future development be performed using a horizontal (MRI style) magnet which would eliminate practically all the drawbacks identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sebastian von der Ecken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Nicoya, B-29 King Street East, Kitchener, Ontario N2G 2K4, Canada
| | - Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ian Swyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Martine Monette
- Bruker Canada Ltd., 2800 High Point Drive, Milton, Ontario L9T 6P4, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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7
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Li Z, Bao Q, Liu C, Li Y, Yang Y, Liu M. Recent advances in microfluidics-based bioNMR analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1213-1225. [PMID: 36651305 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used in a variety of fields due to its powerful analytical capability. To facilitate biochemical NMR (bioNMR) analysis for samples with a limited mass, a number of integrated systems have been developed by coupling microfluidics and NMR. However, there are few review papers that summarize the recent advances in the development of microfluidics-based NMR (μNMR) systems. Herein, we review the advancements in μNMR systems built on high-field commercial instruments and low-field compact platforms. Specifically, μNMR platforms with three types of typical microcoils settled in the high-field NMR instruments will be discussed, followed by summarizing compact NMR systems and their applications in biomedical point-of-care testing. Finally, a conclusion and future prospects in the field of μNMR were given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Qingjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yunhuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Maili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
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8
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Plata M, Sharma M, Utz M, Werner JM. Fully Automated Characterization of Protein-Peptide Binding by Microfluidic 2D NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3204-3210. [PMID: 36716203 PMCID: PMC9912330 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an automated microfluidic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system that quantitatively characterizes protein-ligand interactions without user intervention and with minimal sample needs through protein-detected heteronuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy. Quantitation of protein-ligand interactions is of fundamental importance to the understanding of signaling and other life processes. As is well-known, NMR provides rich information both on the thermodynamics of binding and on the binding site. However, the required titrations are laborious and tend to require large amounts of sample, which are not always available. The present work shows how the analytical power of NMR detection can be brought in line with the trend of miniaturization and automation in life science workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Plata
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Manvendra Sharma
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Utz
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO17 1BJ, United Kingdom,Email
for M.U.:
| | - Jörn M. Werner
- School
for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, B85 Life Science Building, University
Rd, SouthamptonSO17 1BJ, United Kingdom,Email for J.M.W.:
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9
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Abstract
Metabolomics has long been used in a biomedical context. The most typical samples are body fluids in which small molecules can be detected and quantified using technologies such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). Many studies, in particular in the wider field of cancer research, are based on cellular models. Different cancer cells can have vastly different ways of regulating metabolism and responses to drug treatments depend on specific metabolic mechanisms which are often cell type specific. This has led to a series of publications using metabolomics to study metabolic mechanisms. Cell-based metabolomics has specific requirements and allows for interesting approaches where metabolism is followed in real-time. Here applications of metabolomics in cell biology have been reviewed, providing insight into specific technologies used and showing exemplary case studies with an emphasis towards applications which help to understand drug mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Eraslan
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrich L Günther
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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10
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Chen G, Shi P, Zeng L, Feng L, Wang X, Lin X, Sun Y, Fang H, Cao X, Wang X, Yang L, Tian Z. Supramolecular copolymerization through self-correction of non-polymerizable transient intermediates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7796-7804. [PMID: 35865888 PMCID: PMC9258341 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01930b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic control over structures and functions of complex assembly systems has aroused widespread interest. Understanding the complex pathway and transient intermediates is helpful to decipher how multiple components evolve into complex assemblies. However, for supramolecular polymerizations, thorough and quantitative kinetic analysis is often overlooked. Challenges remain in collecting the information of structure and content of transient intermediates in situ with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, the unsolved evolution mechanism of a classical self-sorting supramolecular copolymerization system was addressed by employing multidimensional NMR techniques coupled with a microfluidic technique. Unexpected complex pathways were revealed and quantitatively analyzed. A counterintuitive pathway involving polymerization through the 'error-correction' of non-polymerizable transient intermediates was identified. Moreover, a 'non-classical' step-growth polymerization process controlled by the self-sorting mechanism was unraveled based on the kinetic study. Realizing the existence of transient intermediates during self-sorting can encourage the exploitation of this strategy to construct kinetic steady state assembly systems. Moreover, the strategy of coupling a microfluidic technique with various characterization techniques can provide a kinetic analysis toolkit for versatile assembly systems. The combined approach of coupling thermodynamic and kinetic analyses is indispensable for understanding the assembly mechanisms, the rules of emergence, and the engineering of complex assembly systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Peichen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Longhui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Liubin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xujing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yibin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Model Microelectronics College), Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Liulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhongqun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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11
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Bastawrous M, Gruschke O, Soong R, Jenne A, Gross D, Busse F, Nashman B, Lacerda A, Simpson AJ. Comparing the Potential of Helmholtz and Planar NMR Microcoils for Analysis of Intact Biological Samples. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8523-8532. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Oliver Gruschke
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Amy Jenne
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dieter Gross
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Ben Nashman
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Andressa Lacerda
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Andre J. Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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12
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Ben-Tal Y, Boaler PJ, Dale HJA, Dooley RE, Fohn NA, Gao Y, García-Domínguez A, Grant KM, Hall AMR, Hayes HLD, Kucharski MM, Wei R, Lloyd-Jones GC. Mechanistic analysis by NMR spectroscopy: A users guide. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 129:28-106. [PMID: 35292133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A 'principles and practice' tutorial-style review of the application of solution-phase NMR in the analysis of the mechanisms of homogeneous organic and organometallic reactions and processes. This review of 345 references summarises why solution-phase NMR spectroscopy is uniquely effective in such studies, allowing non-destructive, quantitative analysis of a wide range of nuclei common to organic and organometallic reactions, providing exquisite structural detail, and using instrumentation that is routinely available in most chemistry research facilities. The review is in two parts. The first comprises an introduction to general techniques and equipment, and guidelines for their selection and application. Topics include practical aspects of the reaction itself, reaction monitoring techniques, NMR data acquisition and processing, analysis of temporal concentration data, NMR titrations, DOSY, and the use of isotopes. The second part comprises a series of 15 Case Studies, each selected to illustrate specific techniques and approaches discussed in the first part, including in situ NMR (1/2H, 10/11B, 13C, 15N, 19F, 29Si, 31P), kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects, isotope entrainment, isotope shifts, isotopes at natural abundance, scalar coupling, kinetic analysis (VTNA, RPKA, simulation, steady-state), stopped-flow NMR, flow NMR, rapid injection NMR, pure shift NMR, dynamic nuclear polarisation, 1H/19F DOSY NMR, and in situ illumination NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Boaler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey J A Dale
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Dooley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom; Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole A Fohn
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés García-Domínguez
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katie M Grant
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M R Hall
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L D Hayes
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej M Kucharski
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ran Wei
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom.
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13
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Time- and site-resolved kinetic NMR for real-time monitoring of off-equilibrium reactions by 2D spectrotemporal correlations. Nat Commun 2022; 13:833. [PMID: 35149671 PMCID: PMC8837778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides detailed information about dynamic processes through line-shape changes, which are traditionally limited to equilibrium conditions. However, a wealth of information is available by studying chemical reactions under off-equilibrium conditions—e.g., in states that arise upon mixing reactants that subsequently undergo chemical changes—and in monitoring the reactants and products in real time. Herein, we propose and demonstrate a time-resolved kinetic NMR experiment that combines rapid mixing techniques, continuous flow, and single-scan spectroscopic imaging methods, leading in unison to a 2D spectrotemporal NMR correlation that provides high-quality kinetic information of off-equilibrium chemical reactions. These kinetic 2D NMR spectra possess a high-resolution spectral dimension revealing the individual chemical sites, correlated with a time-independent, steady-state spatial axis that delivers information concerning temporal changes along the reaction coordinate. A comprehensive description of the kinetic, spectroscopic, and experimental features associated with these spectrotemporal NMR analyses is presented. Experimental demonstrations are carried out using an enzymatically catalyzed reaction leading to site- and time-resolved kinetic NMR data, that are in excellent agreement with control experiments and literature values. Time-resolved NMR spectra provide unique structural and dynamical information, but their measurement in systems undergoing chemical reactions is challenging. Here the authors, combining single-scan spectroscopic imaging, rapid mixing and continuous flow techniques, obtain chemically resolved snapshots of a reacting system throughout the reaction coordinate.
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14
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Eills J, Hale W, Utz M. Synergies between Hyperpolarized NMR and Microfluidics: A Review. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 128:44-69. [PMID: 35282869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and lab-on-a-chip microfluidics are two dynamic, but until recently quite distinct, fields of research. Recent developments in both areas increased their synergistic overlap. By microfluidic integration, many complex experimental steps can be brought together onto a single platform. Microfluidic devices are therefore increasingly finding applications in medical diagnostics, forensic analysis, and biomedical research. In particular, they provide novel and powerful ways to culture cells, cell aggregates, and even functional models of entire organs. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a non-invasive, high-resolution spectroscopic technique which allows real-time process monitoring with chemical specificity. It is ideally suited for observing metabolic and other biological and chemical processes in microfluidic systems. However, its intrinsically low sensitivity has limited its application. Recent advances in nuclear hyperpolarization techniques may change this: under special circumstances, it is possible to enhance NMR signals by up to 5 orders of magnitude, which dramatically extends the utility of NMR in the context of microfluidic systems. Hyperpolarization requires complex chemical and/or physical manipulations, which in turn may benefit from microfluidic implementation. In fact, many hyperpolarization methodologies rely on processes that are more efficient at the micro-scale, such as molecular diffusion, penetration of electromagnetic radiation into a sample, or restricted molecular mobility on a surface. In this review we examine the confluence between the fields of hyperpolarization-enhanced NMR and microfluidics, and assess how these areas of research have mutually benefited one another, and will continue to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute for Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55090 Mainz, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - William Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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15
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Lepucki P, Dioguardi AP, Karnaushenko D, Schmidt OG, Grafe HJ. The normalized limit of detection in NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 332:107077. [PMID: 34634649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We derive the normalized limit of detection for frequency space (nLODf) as a parameter to measure the sensitivity of an NMR spectroscopy setup. nLODf is independent of measurement settings such as bandwidth or number of measurement points, and allows to compare performances of different setups. We demonstrate the usefulness of the new nLODf by comparing the sensitivity of NMR setups from various publications, which all use microcoils. Finally, we want to propose a standard measurement and report format for the sensitivity of new NMR setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Lepucki
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Festkörperforschung, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Adam P Dioguardi
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Festkörperforschung, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Integrative Nanowissenschaften, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Integrative Nanowissenschaften, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany; TU Dresden, Nanophysik, Häckelstraße 3, 01069 Dresden, Germany; TU Chemnitz, Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Grafe
- IFW Dresden, Institut für Festkörperforschung, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Letertre MPM, Giraudeau P, de Tullio P. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Clinical Metabolomics and Personalized Medicine: Current Challenges and Perspectives. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:698337. [PMID: 34616770 PMCID: PMC8488110 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.698337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine is probably the most promising area being developed in modern medicine. This approach attempts to optimize the therapies and the patient care based on the individual patient characteristics. Its success highly depends on the way the characterization of the disease and its evolution, the patient’s classification, its follow-up and the treatment could be optimized. Thus, personalized medicine must combine innovative tools to measure, integrate and model data. Towards this goal, clinical metabolomics appears as ideally suited to obtain relevant information. Indeed, the metabolomics signature brings crucial insight to stratify patients according to their responses to a pathology and/or a treatment, to provide prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers, and to improve therapeutic outcomes. However, the translation of metabolomics from laboratory studies to clinical practice remains a subsequent challenge. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) are the two key platforms for the measurement of the metabolome. NMR has several advantages and features that are essential in clinical metabolomics. Indeed, NMR spectroscopy is inherently very robust, reproducible, unbiased, quantitative, informative at the structural molecular level, requires little sample preparation and reduced data processing. NMR is also well adapted to the measurement of large cohorts, to multi-sites and to longitudinal studies. This review focus on the potential of NMR in the context of clinical metabolomics and personalized medicine. Starting with the current status of NMR-based metabolomics at the clinical level and highlighting its strengths, weaknesses and challenges, this article also explores how, far from the initial “opposition” or “competition”, NMR and MS have been integrated and have demonstrated a great complementarity, in terms of sample classification and biomarker identification. Finally, a perspective discussion provides insight into the current methodological developments that could significantly raise NMR as a more resolutive, sensitive and accessible tool for clinical applications and point-of-care diagnosis. Thanks to these advances, NMR has a strong potential to join the other analytical tools currently used in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascal de Tullio
- Metabolomics Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research of Medicine (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
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17
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Zhuo Y, Wang X, Chen S, Chen H, Ouyang J, Yang L, Wang X, You L, Utz M, Tian Z, Cao X. Quantification and Prediction of Imine Formation Kinetics in Aqueous Solution by Microfluidic NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2021; 27:9508-9513. [PMID: 33899293 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quantitatively predicting the reactivity of dynamic covalent reaction is essential to understand and rationally design complex structures and reaction networks. Herein, the reactivity of aldehydes and amines in various rapid imine formation in aqueous solution by microfluidic NMR spectroscopy was quantified. Investigation of reaction kinetics allowed to quantify the forward rate constants k+ by an empirical equation, of which three independent parameters were introduced as reactivity parameters of aldehydes (SE , E) and amines (N). Furthermore, these reactivity parameters were successfully used to predict the unknown forward rate constants of imine formation. Finally, two competitive reaction networks were rationally designed based on the proposed reactivity parameters. Our work has demonstrated the capability of microfluidic NMR spectroscopy in quantifying the kinetics of label-free chemical reactions, especially rapid reactions that are complete in minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhen Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Liulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Zhongqun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
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18
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Plata M, Hale W, Sharma M, Werner JM, Utz M. Microfluidic platform for serial mixing experiments with in operando nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1598-1603. [PMID: 33662071 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01100b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic platform that allows in operando nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) observation of serial mixing experiments. Gradually adding one reagent to another is a fundamental experimental modality, widely used to quantify equilibrium constants, for titrations, and in chemical kinetics studies. NMR provides a non-invasive means to quantify concentrations and to follow structural changes at the molecular level as a function of exchanged volume. Using active pneumatic valving on the microfluidic device directly inside an NMR spectrometer equipped with a transmission-line NMR microprobe, the system allows injection of aliquots and in situ mixing in a sample volume of less than 10 μL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Plata
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK and School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - William Hale
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Jörn M Werner
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK and School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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19
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Nassar O, Jouda M, Rapp M, Mager D, Korvink JG, MacKinnon N. Integrated impedance sensing of liquid sample plug flow enables automated high throughput NMR spectroscopy. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:30. [PMID: 34567744 PMCID: PMC8433180 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for automated high throughput NMR spectroscopy with improved mass-sensitivity is accomplished by integrating microfluidic technologies and micro-NMR resonators. A flow system is utilized to transport a sample of interest from outside the NMR magnet through the NMR detector, circumventing the relatively vast dead volume in the supplying tube by loading a series of individual sample plugs separated by an immiscible fluid. This dual-phase flow demands a real-time robust sensing system to track the sample position and velocities and synchronize the NMR acquisition. In this contribution, we describe an NMR probe head that possesses a microfluidic system featuring: (i) a micro saddle coil for NMR spectroscopy and (ii) a pair of interdigitated capacitive sensors flanking the NMR detector for continuous position and velocity monitoring of the plugs with respect to the NMR detector. The system was successfully tested for automating flow-based measurement in a 500 MHz NMR system, enabling high resolution spectroscopy and NMR sensitivity of 2.18 nmol s1/2 with the flow sensors in operation. The flow sensors featured sensitivity to an absolute difference of 0.2 in relative permittivity, enabling distinction between most common solvents. It was demonstrated that a fully automated NMR measurement of nine individual 120 μL samples could be done within 3.6 min or effectively 15.3 s per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Nassar
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mazin Jouda
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Rapp
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G. Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Neil MacKinnon
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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20
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Yamasaki K, Yamasaki T, Takahashi M, Suematsu H. A mixing microfluidic chip for real-time NMR monitoring of macromolecular reaction. J Biochem 2021; 170:363-368. [PMID: 33831188 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy permits real-time monitoring of reactions that involve changes in the spectra of reactants. MICCS (MIcro Channeled Cell for Synthesis monitoring) is a microfluidic chip for such purposes, which is used to rapidly activate reactions by mixing the reactant solutions in the chip inserted into the typical NMR tube. Although it allows monitoring of chemical reactions of small compounds, its simple mixing system dependent on diffusion in the microchannel was not suitable for macromolecules such as proteins with low diffusion rates. Here we developed a new microfluidic chip based on MICCS by incorporating a mixer of split-and-recombination type within the microchannel. We applied it to monitoring of the protein-folding reaction in a stopped-flow mode. A solution of denaturant-unfolded RNase A was injected from a syringe pump into the microchip set inside the NMR magnet and mixed with a buffer for dilution to reach the folding condition. Immediately after dilution, the reaction was initiated and detected by a series of NMR measurements that were synchronized with activation and inactivation of the pump. The process was repeated for accumulation of the data. By analyzing the change of the spectra by factor analysis, a kinetic constant of 0.57 min-1 was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058566, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058566, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Planning Headquarters, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058560, Japan
| | - Hiroto Suematsu
- JEOL RESONANCE Inc., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, 1968558, Japan
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21
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Untuned broadband spiral micro-coils achieve sensitive multi-nuclear NMR TX/RX from microfluidic samples. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7798. [PMID: 33833324 PMCID: PMC8032710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The low frequency plateau in the frequency response of an untuned micro-resonator permits broadband radio-frequency reception, albeit at the expense of optimal signal-to-noise ratio for a particular nucleus. In this contribution we determine useful figures of merit for broadband micro-coils, and thereby explore the parametric design space towards acceptable simultaneous excitation and reception of a microfluidic sample over a wide frequency band ranging from 13C to 1H, i.e., 125–500 MHz in an 11.74 T magnet. The detector achieves 37% of the performance of a comparably sized, tuned and matched resonator, and a linewidth of 17 ppb using standard magnet shims. The use of broadband detectors circumvents numerous difficulties introduced by multi-resonant RF detector circuits, including sample loading effects on matching, channel isolation, and field distortion.
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22
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Chen J, You X, Sun H, Tian J, Fang H, Xie J, Huang Y, Chen Z. Optimization of twin parallel microstrips based nuclear magnetic resonance probe for measuring the kinetics in molecular assembly in ultra-small samples. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033106. [PMID: 33820024 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, fabrication, characterization, and optimization of a TPM (twin parallel microstrip)-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe, produced by using a low-loss Teflon PTFE F4B high frequency circuit board. We use finite element analysis to optimize the radio frequency (RF) homogeneity and sensitivity of the TPM probe jointly for various sample volumes. The RF homogeneity of this TPM planar probe is superior to that of only a single microstrip probe. The optimized TPM probe properties such as RF homogeneity and field strength are characterized experimentally and discussed in detail. By combining this TPM based NMR probe with microfluidic technology, the sample amount required for kinetic study using NMR spectroscopy was minimized. This is important for studying costly samples. The TPM NMR probes provide high sensitivity to analysis of 5 µl samples with 2 mM concentrations within 10 min. The miniaturized microfluidic NMR probe plays an important role in realizing down to seconds timescale for kinetic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiu You
- School of Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqin Tian
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyao Xie
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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23
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Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance at low field strength is an insensitive spectroscopic technique, precluding portable applications with small sample volumes, such as needed for biomarker detection in body fluids. Here we report a compact double resonant chip stack system that implements in situ dynamic nuclear polarisation of a 130 nL sample volume, achieving signal enhancements of up to - 60 w.r.t. the thermal equilibrium level at a microwave power level of 0.5 W. This work overcomes instrumental barriers to the use of NMR detection for point-of-care applications.
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24
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Time-resolved non-invasive metabolomic monitoring of a single cancer spheroid by microfluidic NMR. Sci Rep 2021; 11:53. [PMID: 33420162 PMCID: PMC7794408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a quantitative study of the metabolic activity of a single spheroid culture of human cancer cells. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy is an ideal tool for observation of live systems due to its non-invasive nature. However, limited sensitivity has so far hindered its application in microfluidic culture systems. We have used an optimised micro-NMR platform to observe metabolic changes from a single spheroid. NMR spectra were obtained by directly inserting microfluidic devices containing spheroids ranging from 150 [Formula: see text]m to 300 [Formula: see text]m in diameter in 2.5 [Formula: see text]L of culture medium into a dedicated NMR probe. Metabolite concentrations were found to change linearly with time, with rates approximately proportional to the number of cells in the spheroid. The results demonstrate that quantitative monitoring of a single spheroid with [Formula: see text] 2500 cells is possible. A change in spheroid size by 600 cells leads to a clearly detectable change in the L-Lactic acid production rate ([Formula: see text]). The consumption of D-Glucose and production of L-Lactic acid were approximately 2.5 times slower in spheroids compared to monolayer culture of the same number of cells. Moreover, while cells in monolayer culture were found to produce L-Alanine and L-Glutamine, spheroids showed slight consumption in both cases.
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25
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Moxley-Paquette V, Lane D, Soong R, Ning P, Bastawrous M, Wu B, Pedram MZ, Haque Talukder MA, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Zverev D, Martin R, Macpherson B, Vargas M, Schmidig D, Graf S, Frei T, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, De Castro P, Busse F, Bermel W, Kuehn T, Kuemmerle R, Fey M, Decker F, Stronks H, Sullan RMA, Utz M, Simpson AJ. 5-Axis CNC Micromilling for Rapid, Cheap, and Background-Free NMR Microcoils. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15454-15462. [PMID: 33170641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The superior mass sensitivity of microcoil technology in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides potential for the analysis of extremely small-mass-limited samples such as eggs, cells, and tiny organisms. For optimal performance and efficiency, the size of the microcoil should be tailored to the size of the mass-limited sample of interest, which can be costly as mass-limited samples come in many shapes and sizes. Therefore, rapid and economic microcoil production methods are needed. One method with great potential is 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) micromilling, commonly used in the jewelry industry. Most CNC milling machines are designed to process larger objects and commonly have a precision of >25 μm (making the machining of common spiral microcoils, for example, impossible). Here, a 5-axis MiRA6 CNC milling machine, specifically designed for the jewelry industry, with a 0.3 μm precision was used to produce working planar microcoils, microstrips, and novel microsensor designs, with some tested on the NMR in less than 24 h after the start of the design process. Sample wells could be built into the microsensor and could be machined at the same time as the sensors themselves, in some cases leaving a sheet of Teflon as thin as 10 μm between the sample and the sensor. This provides the freedom to produce a wide array of designs and demonstrates 5-axis CNC micromilling as a versatile tool for the rapid prototyping of NMR microsensors. This approach allowed the experimental optimization of a prototype microstrip for the analysis of two intact adult Daphnia magna organisms. In addition, a 3D volume slotted-tube resonator was produced that allowed for 2D 1H-13C NMR of D. magna neonates and exhibited 1H sensitivity (nLODω600 = 1.49 nmol s1/2) close to that of double strip lines, which themselves offer the best compromise between concentration and mass sensitivity published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Paris Ning
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Bing Wu
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Maysam Zamani Pedram
- Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Md Aminul Haque Talukder
- Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dimitri Zverev
- NSCNC Manufacturing Ltd., 1515 Broadway Street Unit 607, Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, V3C 6M2, Canada
| | - Richard Martin
- IMicrosolder, 57 Marshall Street West, Meaford, Ontario, N4L 1E4, Canada
| | - Bob Macpherson
- Apogee Steel Fabrication Inc., 3600 Erindale Station Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5C 2T1, Canada
| | - Mike Vargas
- Apogee Steel Fabrication Inc., 3600 Erindale Station Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5C 2T1, Canada
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter De Castro
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fey
- Bruker Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3991, United States
| | - Frank Decker
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Henry Stronks
- Bruker Canada Ltd., 2800 High Point Drive, Milton, Ontario L9T 6P4, Canada
| | - Ruby May A Sullan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
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26
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Xie J, You X, Huang Y, Ni Z, Wang X, Li X, Yang C, Zhang D, Chen H, Sun H, Chen Z. 3D-printed integrative probeheads for magnetic resonance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5793. [PMID: 33188186 PMCID: PMC7666178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) technology has been widely employed in scientific research, clinical diagnosis and geological survey. However, the fabrication of MR radio frequency probeheads still face difficulties in integration, customization and miniaturization. Here, we utilized 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate integrative radio frequency probeheads for MR experiments. The 3D-printed probehead with micrometer precision generally consists of liquid metal coils, customized sample chambers and radio frequency circuit interfaces. We screened different 3D printing materials and optimized the liquid metals by incorporating metal microparticles. The 3D-printed probeheads are capable of performing both routine and nonconventional MR experiments, including in situ electrochemical analysis, in situ reaction monitoring with continues-flow paramagnetic particles and ions separation, and small-sample MR imaging. Due to the flexibility and accuracy of 3D printing techniques, we can accurately obtain complicated coil geometries at the micrometer scale, shortening the fabrication timescale and extending the application scenarios. Here, the authors combine 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate customised probeheads for magnetic resonance experiments. They demonstrate in situ electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, reaction monitoring with continues-flow separation and small-sample imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Xie
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueqiu You
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Zurong Ni
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Dechao Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China, 361005, Xiamen, China.
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27
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A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Platform for Real-Time Metabolic Monitoring of Bioprocesses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204675. [PMID: 33066296 PMCID: PMC7587382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) compatible platform for the automated real-time monitoring of biochemical reactions using a flow shuttling configuration. This platform requires a working sample volume of ∼11 mL and it can circulate samples with a flow rate of 28 mL/min, which makes it suitable to be used for real-time monitoring of biochemical reactions. Another advantage of the proposed low-cost platform is the high spectral resolution. As a proof of concept, we acquire 1H NMR spectra of waste orange peel, bioprocessed using Trichoderma reesei fungus, and demonstrate the real-time measurement capability of the platform. The measurement is performed over more than 60 h, with a spectrum acquired every 7 min, such that over 510 data points are collected without user intervention. The designed system offers high resolution, automation, low user intervention, and, therefore, time-efficient measurement per sample.
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28
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Sahin Solmaz N, Grisi M, Matheoud AV, Gualco G, Boero G. Single-Chip Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Microsystem. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9782-9789. [PMID: 32530638 PMCID: PMC9559634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Integration
of the sensitivity-relevant electronics of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometers
on a single chip is a promising approach to improve the limit of detection,
especially for samples in the nanoliter and subnanoliter range. Here,
we demonstrate the cointegration on a single silicon chip of the front-end
electronics of NMR and ESR detectors. The excitation/detection planar
spiral microcoils of the NMR and ESR detectors are concentric and
interrogate the same sample volume. This combination of sensors allows
one to perform dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments using
a single-chip-integrated microsystem having an area of about 2 mm2. In particular, we report 1H DNP-enhanced NMR
experiments on liquid samples having a volume of about 1 nL performed
at 10.7 GHz(ESR)/16 MHz(NMR). NMR enhancements as large as 50 are
achieved on TEMPOL/H2O solutions at room temperature. The
use of state-of-the-art submicrometer integrated circuit technologies
should allow the future extension of the single-chip DNP microsystem
approach proposed here up the THz(ESR)/GHz(NMR) region, corresponding
to the strongest static magnetic fields currently available. Particularly
interesting is the possibility to create arrays of such sensors for
parallel DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy of nanoliter and subnanoliter
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Sahin Solmaz
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Grisi
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro V. Matheoud
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Gualco
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Jender M, Novo P, Maehler D, Münchberg U, Janasek D, Freier E. Multiplexed Online Monitoring of Microfluidic Free-Flow Electrophoresis via Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6764-6769. [PMID: 32289220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Free-flow electrophoresis is a tool for the continuous fractionation of electrically charged analytes. In this study, we introduce a novel method to couple microchip-based free-flow electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. The successive connection of multiple microchip outlets to the electrospray ionization source of a mass spectrometer is automated using a multiposition valve. With this novel setup, it is possible to continuously fractionate and collect compounds while simultaneously monitoring the process online with mass spectrometry. The functionality of the method is demonstrated by the successful separation and identification of the biomolecules AMP, ATP, and CoA, which are fundamental for numerous biochemical processes in every organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jender
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pedro Novo
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dominic Maehler
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ute Münchberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erik Freier
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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30
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Giraudeau P. NMR-based metabolomics and fluxomics: developments and future prospects. Analyst 2020; 145:2457-2472. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00142b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent NMR developments are acting as game changers for metabolomics and fluxomics – a critical and perspective review.
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31
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Adhikari SS, Zhao L, Dickmeis T, Korvink JG, Badilita V. Inductively coupled magic angle spinning microresonators benchmarked for high-resolution single embryo metabolomic profiling. Analyst 2019; 144:7192-7199. [PMID: 31696868 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The magic angle coil spinning (MACS) technique has been introduced as a very promising extension for solid state NMR detection, demonstrating sensitivity enhancements by a factor of 14 from the very first time it has been reported. The main beneficiary of this technique is the scientific community dealing with mass- and volume-limited, rare, or expensive samples. However, more than a decade after the first report on MACS, there is a very limited number of groups who have continued to develop the technique, let alone it being widely adopted by practitioners. This might be due to several drawbacks associated with the MACS technology until now, including spectral linewidth, heating due to eddy currents, and imprecise manufacturing. Here, we report a device overcoming all these remaining issues, therefore achieving: (1) spectral resolution of approx 0.01 ppm and normalized limit of detection of approx. 13 nmol s0.5 calculated using the anomeric proton of sucrose at 3 kHz MAS frequency; (2) limited temperature increase inside the MACS insert of only 5 °C at 5 kHz MAS frequency in an 11.74 T magnetic field, rendering MACS suitable to study live biological samples. The wafer-scale fabrication process yields MACS inserts with reproducible properties, readily available to be used on a large scale in bio-chemistry labs. To illustrate the potential of these devices for metabolomic studies, we further report on: (3) ultra-fine 1H-1H and 13C-13C J-couplings resolved within 10 min for a 340 mM uniformly 13C-labeled glucose sample; and (4) single zebrafish embryo measurements through 1H-1H COSY within 4.5 h, opening the gate for the single embryo NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S Adhikari
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Li Zhao
- Voxalytic GmbH, Rosengarten 3, 76228, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Vlad Badilita
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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32
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Dervisevic E, Tuck KL, Voelcker NH, Cadarso VJ. Recent Progress in Lab-On-a-Chip Systems for the Monitoring of Metabolites for Mammalian and Microbial Cell Research. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5027. [PMID: 31752167 PMCID: PMC6891382 DOI: 10.3390/s19225027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip sensing technologies have changed how cell biology research is conducted. This review summarises the progress in the lab-on-a-chip devices implemented for the detection of cellular metabolites. The review is divided into two subsections according to the methods used for the metabolite detection. Each section includes a table which summarises the relevant literature and also elaborates the advantages of, and the challenges faced with that particular method. The review continues with a section discussing the achievements attained due to using lab-on-a-chip devices within the specific context. Finally, a concluding section summarises what is to be resolved and discusses the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Dervisevic
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Kellie L. Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Australian National Fabrication Facility-Victorian Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Victor J. Cadarso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Australian National Fabrication Facility-Victorian Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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33
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Katsikis S, Marin-Montesinos I, Ludwig C, Günther UL. Detecting acetylated aminoacids in blood serum using hyperpolarized 13C- 1Η-2D-NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 305:175-179. [PMID: 31301460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) can substantially enhance the sensitivity of NMR experiments. Among the implementations of DNP, ex-situ dissolution DNP (dDNP) achieves high signal enhancement levels owing to a combination of a large temperature factor between 1.4 and 300 K with the actual DNP effect in the solid state at 1.4 K. For sufficiently long T1 relaxation times much of the polarization can be preserved during dissolution with hot solvent, thus enabling fast experiments during the life time of the polarization. Unfortunately, for many metabolites found in biological samples such as blood, relaxation times are too short to achieve a significant enhancement. We have therefore introduced 13C-carbonyl labeled acetyl groups as probes into amino acid metabolites using a simple reaction protocol. The advantage of such tags is a sufficiently long T1 relaxation time, the possibility to enhance signal intensity by introducing 13C, and the possibility to identify tagged metabolites in NMR spectra. We demonstrate feasibility for mixtures of amino acids and for blood serum. In two-dimensional dDNP-enhanced HMQC experiments of these samples acquired in 8 s we can identify acetylated amino acids and other metabolites based on small differences in chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Katsikis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christian Ludwig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ulrich L Günther
- HWB-NMR, University of Birmingham, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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34
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Sharma M, Utz M. Modular transmission line probes for microfluidic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 303:75-81. [PMID: 31026668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic NMR spectroscopy can probe chemical and bio-chemical processes non-invasively in a tightly controlled environment. We present a dual-channel modular probe assembly for high efficiency microfluidic NMR spectroscopy and imaging. It is compatible with a wide range of microfluidic devices, without constraining the fluidic design. It collects NMR signals from a designated sample volume on the device with high sensitivity and resolution. Modular design allows adapting the detector geometry to different experimental conditions with minimal cost, by using the same probe base. The complete probe can be built from easily available parts. The probe body mainly consists of prefabricated aluminium profiles, while the probe circuit and detector are made from printed circuit boards. We demonstrate a double resonance HX probe with a limit of detection of 1.4 nmol s-1/2 for protons at 600 MHz, resolution of 3.35 Hz, and excellent B1 homogeneity. We have successfully acquired 1H-13C and 1H-15N heteronuclear correlation spectra (HSQC), including a 1H-15N HSQC spectrum of 1 mM 15N labeled ubiquitin in 2.5 μl of sample volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Sharma
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Eills J, Hale W, Sharma M, Rossetto M, Levitt MH, Utz M. High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Picomole Sensitivity by Hyperpolarization on a Chip. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9955-9963. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - William Hale
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Manvendra Sharma
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Matheus Rossetto
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm H. Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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36
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Kouřil K, Kouřilová H, Bartram S, Levitt MH, Meier B. Scalable dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization with rapid transfer of a polarized solid. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1733. [PMID: 30988293 PMCID: PMC6465283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization, nuclear spins are hyperpolarized at cryogenic temperatures using radicals and microwave irradiation. The hyperpolarized solid is dissolved with hot solvent and the solution is transferred to a secondary magnet where strongly enhanced magnetic resonance signals are observed. Here we present a method for transferring the hyperpolarized solid. A bullet containing the frozen, hyperpolarized sample is ejected using pressurized helium gas, and shot into a receiving structure in the secondary magnet, where the bullet is retained and the polarized solid is dissolved rapidly. The transfer takes approximately 70 ms. A solenoid, wound along the entire transfer path ensures adiabatic transfer and limits radical-induced low-field relaxation. The method is fast and scalable towards small volumes suitable for high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy while maintaining high concentrations of the target molecule. Polarization levels of approximately 30% have been observed for 1-13C-labelled pyruvic acid in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Kouřil
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Hana Kouřilová
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Bartram
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Benno Meier
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
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37
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Oosthoek-de Vries AJ, Nieuwland PJ, Bart J, Koch K, Janssen JWG, van Bentum PJM, Rutjes FPJT, Gardeniers HJGE, Kentgens APM. Inline Reaction Monitoring of Amine-Catalyzed Acetylation of Benzyl Alcohol Using a Microfluidic Stripline Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Setup. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5369-5380. [PMID: 30864795 PMCID: PMC6449804 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We present an in-depth study of the acetylation of benzyl alcohol in the presence of N, N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring of the reaction from 1.5 s to several minutes. We have adapted the NMR setup to be compatible to microreactor technology, scaling down the typical sample volume of commercial NMR probes (500 μL) to a microfluidic stripline setup with 150 nL detection volume. Inline spectra are obtained to monitor the kinetics and unravel the reaction mechanism of this industrially relevant reaction. The experiments are combined with conventional 2D NMR measurements to identify the reaction products. In addition, we replace DIPEA with triethylamine and pyridine to validate the reaction mechanism for different amine catalysts. In all three acetylation reactions, we find that the acetyl ammonium ion is a key intermediate. The formation of ketene is observed during the first minutes of the reaction when tertiary amines were present. The pyridine-catalyzed reaction proceeds via a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter J. Nieuwland
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- FutureChemistry
Holding B.V., Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Bart
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspar Koch
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- FutureChemistry
Holding B.V., Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W. G. Janssen
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Jan M. van Bentum
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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38
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Swyer I, von der Ecken S, Wu B, Jenne A, Soong R, Vincent F, Schmidig D, Frei T, Busse F, Stronks HJ, Simpson AJ, Wheeler AR. Digital microfluidics and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for in situ diffusion measurements and reaction monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:641-653. [PMID: 30648175 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years microcoils and related structures have been developed to increase the mass sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing this extremely powerful analytical technique to be extended to small sample volumes (<5 μl). In general, microchannels have been used to deliver the samples of interest to these microcoils; however, these systems tend to have large dead volumes and require more complex fluidic connections. Here, we introduce a two-plate digital microfluidic (DMF) strategy to interface small-volume samples with NMR microcoils. In this system, a planar microcoil is surrounded by a copper plane that serves as the counter-electrode for the digital microfluidic device, allowing for precise control of droplet position and shape. This feature allows for the user-determination of the orientation of droplets relative to the main axes of the shim stack, permitting improved shimming and a more homogeneous magnetic field inside the droplet below the microcoil, which leads to improved spectral lineshape. This, along with high-fidelity droplet actuation, allows for rapid shimming strategies (developed over decades for vertically oriented NMR tubes) to be employed, permitting the determination of reaction-product diffusion coefficients as well as quantitative monitoring of reactive intermediates. We propose that this system paves the way for new and exciting applications for in situ analysis of small samples by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Swyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Jouda M, Fuhrer E, Silva P, Korvink JG, MacKinnon N. Automatic Adaptive Gain for Magnetic Resonance Sensitivity Enhancement. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2376-2383. [PMID: 30608654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The decaying nature of magnetic resonance (MR) signals results in a decreasing signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) over the acquisition time. Here we describe a method to enhance the SQNR, and thus the overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), by dynamically adapting the gain of the receiver before analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). This is in contrast to a standard experiment in which the gain is fixed for a single data acquisition and is thus adjusted only for the first points of the signal. The gain adjustment in our method is done automatically in a closed loop fashion by using the envelope of the MR signal as the control signal. Moreover, the method incorporates a robust mechanism that runs along with signal acquisition to monitor the gain modulation, enabling precise recovery of the signals. The automatic adaptive gain (AGAIN) method requires minimal additional hardware and is thus general and can be implemented in the signal path of any commercial spectrometer system. We demonstrate an SNR enhancement factor of 2.64 when applied to a custom spectrometer, while a factor of 1.4 was observed when applied to a commercial spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Jouda
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Baden-Württemberg 76131 , Germany
| | - Erwin Fuhrer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Baden-Württemberg 76131 , Germany
| | - Pedro Silva
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Baden-Württemberg 76131 , Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Baden-Württemberg 76131 , Germany
| | - Neil MacKinnon
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Baden-Württemberg 76131 , Germany
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40
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Hale W, Rossetto G, Greenhalgh R, Finch G, Utz M. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in microfluidic droplets. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3018-3024. [PMID: 30131995 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00712h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A generic approach is presented that allows high-resolution NMR spectroscopy of water/oil droplet emulsions in microfluidic devices. Microfluidic NMR spectroscopy has recently made significant advances due to the design of micro-detector systems and their successful integration with microfluidic devices. Obtaining NMR spectra of droplet suspensions, however, is complicated by the inevitable differences in magnetic susceptibility between the chip material, the continuous phase, and the droplet phases. This leads to broadening of the NMR resonance lines and results in loss of spectral resolution. We have mitigated the susceptibility difference between the continuous (oil) phase and the chip material by incorporating appropriately designed air-filled structures into the chip. The susceptibilities of the continuous and droplet (aqueous) phases have been matched by doping the droplet phase with a Eu3+ complex. Our results demonstrate that this leads to a proton line width in the droplet phase of about 3 Hz, enabling high-resolution NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hale
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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41
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Probing the kinetics in supramolecular chemistry and molecular assembly by microfluidic-NMR spectroscopy. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Schotten C, Howard JL, Jenkins RL, Codina A, Browne DL. A continuous flow-batch hybrid reactor for commodity chemical synthesis enabled by inline NMR and temperature monitoring. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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43
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Glenn DR, Bucher DB, Lee J, Lukin MD, Park H, Walsworth RL. High-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a solid-state spin sensor. Nature 2018. [PMID: 29542693 DOI: 10.1038/nature25781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum systems that consist of solid-state electronic spins can be sensitive detectors of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals, particularly from very small samples. For example, nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond have been used to record NMR signals from nanometre-scale samples, with sensitivity sufficient to detect the magnetic field produced by a single protein. However, the best reported spectral resolution for NMR of molecules using nitrogen-vacancy centres is about 100 hertz. This is insufficient to resolve the key spectral identifiers of molecular structure that are critical to NMR applications in chemistry, structural biology and materials research, such as scalar couplings (which require a resolution of less than ten hertz) and small chemical shifts (which require a resolution of around one part per million of the nuclear Larmor frequency). Conventional, inductively detected NMR can provide the necessary high spectral resolution, but its limited sensitivity typically requires millimetre-scale samples, precluding applications that involve smaller samples, such as picolitre-volume chemical analysis or correlated optical and NMR microscopy. Here we demonstrate a measurement technique that uses a solid-state spin sensor (a magnetometer) consisting of an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centres in combination with a narrowband synchronized readout protocol to obtain NMR spectral resolution of about one hertz. We use this technique to observe NMR scalar couplings in a micrometre-scale sample volume of approximately ten picolitres. We also use the ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centres to apply NMR to thermally polarized nuclear spins and resolve chemical-shift spectra from small molecules. Our technique enables analytical NMR spectroscopy at the scale of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Glenn
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Junghyun Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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44
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Montinaro E, Grisi M, Letizia MC, Pethö L, Gijs MAM, Guidetti R, Michler J, Brugger J, Boero G. 3D printed microchannels for sub-nL NMR spectroscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192780. [PMID: 29742104 PMCID: PMC5942786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on subnanoliter (sub-nL) volumes are hindered by the limited sensitivity of the detector and the difficulties in positioning and holding such small samples in proximity of the detector. In this work, we report on NMR experiments on liquid and biological entities immersed in liquids having volumes down to 100 pL. These measurements are enabled by the fabrication of high spatial resolution 3D printed microfluidic structures, specifically conceived to guide and confine sub-nL samples in the sub-nL most sensitive volume of a single-chip integrated NMR probe. The microfluidic structures are fabricated using a two-photon polymerization 3D printing technique having a resolution better than 1 μm3. The high spatial resolution 3D printing approach adopted here allows to rapidly fabricate complex microfluidic structures tailored to position, hold, and feed biological samples, with a design that maximizes the NMR signals amplitude and minimizes the static magnetic field inhomogeneities. The layer separating the sample from the microcoil, crucial to exploit the volume of maximum sensitivity of the detector, has a thickness of 10 μm. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, we report NMR experiments on sub-nL intact biological entities in liquid media, specifically ova of the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer and sections of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. We show a sensitivity of 2.5x1013 spins/Hz1/2 on 1H nuclei at 7 T, sufficient to detect 6 pmol of 1H nuclei of endogenous compounds in active volumes down to 100 pL and in a measurement time of 3 hours. Spectral resolutions of 0.01 ppm in liquid samples and of 0.1 ppm in the investigated biological entities are also demonstrated. The obtained results may indicate a route for NMR studies at the single unit level of important biological entities having sub-nL volumes, such as living microscopic organisms and eggs of several mammalians, humans included.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Montinaro
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Microsystems, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Grisi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Microsystems, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. C. Letizia
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Microsystems, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L. Pethö
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - M. A. M. Gijs
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Microsystems, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R. Guidetti
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Modena, Italy
| | - J. Michler
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - J. Brugger
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Microsystems, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G. Boero
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Microsystems, Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Chen Y, Mehta HS, Butler MC, Walter ED, Reardon PN, Renslow RS, Mueller KT, Washton NM. High-resolution microstrip NMR detectors for subnanoliter samples. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:28163-28174. [PMID: 29022609 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03933f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the numerical optimization and experimental characterization of two microstrip-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detectors. The first detector, introduced in our previous work, was a flat wire detector with a strip resting on a substrate, and the second detector was created by adding a ground plane on top of the strip conductor, separated by a sample-carrying capillary and a thin layer of insulator. The dimensional parameters of the detectors were optimized using numerical simulations with regards to radio frequency (RF) sensitivity and homogeneity, with particular attention given to the effect of the ground plane. The influence of copper surface finish and substrate surface on the spectral resolution was investigated, and a resolution of 0.8-1.5 Hz was obtained on 1 nL deionized water depending on sample positioning. For 0.13 nmol sucrose (0.2 M in 0.63 nL H2O) encapsulated between two Fluorinert plugs, high RF homogeneity (A810°/A90° = 70-80%) and high sensitivity (expressed in the limit of detection nLODm = 0.73-1.21 nmol s1/2) were achieved, allowing for high-performance 2D NMR spectroscopy of subnanoliter samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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46
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Mompeán M, Sánchez-Donoso RM, de la Hoz A, Saggiomo V, Velders AH, Gomez MV. Pushing nuclear magnetic resonance sensitivity limits with microfluidics and photo-chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:108. [PMID: 29317665 PMCID: PMC5760532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the methods to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, small-diameter NMR coils (microcoils) are promising tools to tackle the study of mass-limited samples. Alternatively, hyperpolarization schemes based on dynamic nuclear polarization techniques provide strong signal enhancements of the NMR target samples. Here we present a method to effortlessly perform photo-chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization in microcoil setups to boost NMR signal detection down to sub-picomole detection limits in a 9.4T system (400 MHz 1H Larmor frequency). This setup is unaffected by current major drawbacks such as the use of high-power light sources to attempt uniform irradiation of the sample, and accumulation of degraded photosensitizer in the detection region. The latter is overcome with flow conditions, which in turn open avenues for complex applications requiring rapid and efficient mixing that are not easily achievable on an NMR tube without resorting to complex hardware. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique with an inherently low sensitivity. Here, the authors present a combination of microcoils with photo-chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization to boost NMR sensitivity down to sub-picomole detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mompeán
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (UCLM), Avda Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sánchez-Donoso
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (UCLM), Avda Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8038, 6700, EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio de la Hoz
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (UCLM), Avda Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Vittorio Saggiomo
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8038, 6700, EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (UCLM), Avda Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain. .,Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8038, 6700, EK Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,MAGNEtic resonance research FacilitY-MAGNEFY, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8038, 6700, EK Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M Victoria Gomez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (UCLM), Avda Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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47
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Rontu V, Selent A, Zhivonitko VV, Scotti G, Koptyug IV, Telkki VV, Franssila S. Efficient Catalytic Microreactors with Atomic-Layer-Deposited Platinum Nanoparticles on Oxide Support. Chemistry 2017; 23:16835-16842. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Rontu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16200 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Anne Selent
- NMR Research Unit; University of Oulu; P.O.Box 3000 90014 University of Oulu Finland
| | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- NMR Research Unit; University of Oulu; P.O.Box 3000 90014 University of Oulu Finland
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging; International Tomography Center SB RAS; 3A Institutskaya St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Gianmario Scotti
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16200 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging; International Tomography Center SB RAS; 3A Institutskaya St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Ville-Veikko Telkki
- NMR Research Unit; University of Oulu; P.O.Box 3000 90014 University of Oulu Finland
| | - Sami Franssila
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16200 00076 Aalto Finland
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Oosthoek-de Vries AJ, Bart J, Tiggelaar RM, Janssen JWG, van Bentum PJM, Gardeniers HJGE, Kentgens APM. Continuous Flow 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy in Microfluidic Stripline NMR Chips. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2296-2303. [PMID: 28194934 PMCID: PMC5337998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic stripline NMR technology not only allows for NMR experiments to be performed on small sample volumes in the submicroliter range, but also experiments can easily be performed in continuous flow because of the stripline's favorable geometry. In this study we demonstrate the possibility of dual-channel operation of a microfluidic stripline NMR setup showing one- and two-dimensional 1H, 13C and heteronuclear NMR experiments under continuous flow. We performed experiments on ethyl crotonate and menthol, using three different types of NMR chips aiming for straightforward microfluidic connectivity. The detection volumes are approximately 150 and 250 nL, while flow rates ranging from 0.5 μL/min to 15 μL/min have been employed. We show that in continuous flow the pulse delay is determined by the replenishment time of the detector volume, if the sample trajectory in the magnet toward NMR detector is long enough to polarize the spin systems. This can considerably speed up quantitative measurement of samples needing signal averaging. So it can be beneficial to perform continuous flow measurements in this setup for analysis of, e.g., reactive, unstable, or mass-limited compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Bart
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W. G. Janssen
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Jan M. van Bentum
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han J. G. E. Gardeniers
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yilmaz A, Utz M. Characterisation of oxygen permeation into a microfluidic device for cell culture by in situ NMR spectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2079-2085. [PMID: 27149932 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A compact microfluidic device for perfusion culture of mammalian cells under in situ metabolomic observation by NMR spectroscopy is presented. The chip is made from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and uses a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) membrane to allow gas exchange. It is integrated with a generic micro-NMR detector developed recently by our group [J. Magn. Reson., 2016, 262, 73-80]. While PMMA is an excellent material in the context of NMR, PDMS is known to produce strong background signals. To mitigate this, the device keeps the PDMS away from the detection area. The oxygen permeation into the device is quantified using a flow chemistry approach. A solution of glucose is mixed on the chip with a solution of glucose oxidase, before flowing through the gas exchanger. The resulting concentration of gluconate is measured by (1)H NMR spectroscopy as a function of flow rate. An oxygen equilibration rate constant of 2.4 s(-1) is found for the device, which is easily sufficient to maintain normoxic conditions in a cell culture at low perfusion flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yilmaz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Anders J, Handwerker J, Ortmanns M, Boero G. A low-power high-sensitivity single-chip receiver for NMR microscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 266:41-50. [PMID: 27011023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a fully-integrated receiver for NMR microscopy applications manufactured in a 0.13μm CMOS technology. The design co-integrates a 10-turn planar detection coil together with a complete quadrature, low-IF downconversion receiver on a single chip, which operates from a single 1.5V supply with a total power dissipation of 18mW. The detector's measured time-domain spin sensitivity is 3×10(13)(1)Hspins/Hz at 7T. Additionally, the paper discusses two important aspects of NMR microscopy using planar detection coils: the link between the detection coil's spin sensitivity and the achievable image SNR and the correction of image artifacts induced by the inhomogeneous sensitivity profile of planar detection coils. More specifically, we derive analytical expressions for both the theoretical image SNR as a function of the coil's spin sensitivity and the sensitivity correction for a known coil sensitivity profile in CTI MR imaging experiments. Both expressions are validated using measured data in the imaging section of the paper. Thanks to the improved spin sensitivity of the utilized integrated receiver chip compared to a previously presented design, we were able to obtain sensitivity corrected images in a 7T spectroscopy magnet with isotropic resolutions of 9.6μm and 5μm with single-shot SNRs of 37 and 15 in relatively short imaging times of 4.4h and 24h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Anders
- University of Ulm, Institute of Microelectronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 43, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jonas Handwerker
- University of Ulm, Institute of Microelectronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 43, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maurits Ortmanns
- University of Ulm, Institute of Microelectronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 43, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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