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Cauzzo S, Bruno E, Boulet D, Nazac P, Basile M, Callara AL, Tozzi F, Ahluwalia A, Magliaro C, Danglot L, Vanello N. A modular framework for multi-scale tissue imaging and neuronal segmentation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4102. [PMID: 38778027 PMCID: PMC11111705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of robust tools for segmenting cellular and sub-cellular neuronal structures lags behind the massive production of high-resolution 3D images of neurons in brain tissue. The challenges are principally related to high neuronal density and low signal-to-noise characteristics in thick samples, as well as the heterogeneity of data acquired with different imaging methods. To address this issue, we design a framework which includes sample preparation for high resolution imaging and image analysis. Specifically, we set up a method for labeling thick samples and develop SENPAI, a scalable algorithm for segmenting neurons at cellular and sub-cellular scales in conventional and super-resolution STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy images of brain tissues. Further, we propose a validation paradigm for testing segmentation performance when a manual ground-truth may not exhaustively describe neuronal arborization. We show that SENPAI provides accurate multi-scale segmentation, from entire neurons down to spines, outperforming state-of-the-art tools. The framework will empower image processing of complex neuronal circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cauzzo
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Center for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Ester Bruno
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David Boulet
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, NeurImag Core Facility, 75014, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Membrane traffic and diseased brain, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Paul Nazac
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Membrane traffic and diseased brain, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Miriam Basile
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alejandro Luis Callara
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Tozzi
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Magliaro
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lydia Danglot
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, NeurImag Core Facility, 75014, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Membrane traffic and diseased brain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Argunşah AÖ, Erdil E, Ghani MU, Ramiro-Cortés Y, Hobbiss AF, Karayannis T, Çetin M, Israely I, Ünay D. An interactive time series image analysis software for dendritic spines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12405. [PMID: 35859092 PMCID: PMC9300710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Live fluorescence imaging has demonstrated the dynamic nature of dendritic spines, with changes in shape occurring both during development and in response to activity. The structure of a dendritic spine correlates with its functional efficacy. Learning and memory studies have shown that a great deal of the information stored by a neuron is contained in the synapses. High precision tracking of synaptic structures can give hints about the dynamic nature of memory and help us understand how memories evolve both in biological and artificial neural networks. Experiments that aim to investigate the dynamics behind the structural changes of dendritic spines require the collection and analysis of large time-series datasets. In this paper, we present an open-source software called SpineS for automatic longitudinal structural analysis of dendritic spines with additional features for manual intervention to ensure optimal analysis. We have tested the algorithm on in-vitro, in-vivo, and simulated datasets to demonstrate its performance in a wide range of possible experimental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Özgür Argunşah
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal. .,Laboratory of Neural Circuit Assembly, Brain Research Institute (HiFo), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,UZH/ETH Zürich, Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ertunç Erdil
- ETH Zürich, Computer Vision Laboratory, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Yazmín Ramiro-Cortés
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal.,Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Anna F Hobbiss
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Theofanis Karayannis
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Assembly, Brain Research Institute (HiFo), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,UZH/ETH Zürich, Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Müjdat Çetin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Goergen Institute for Data Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14627, NY, USA
| | - Inbal Israely
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Devrim Ünay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey. .,Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, İzmir Democracy University, İzmir, Turkey.
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3
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Bączyńska E, Pels KK, Basu S, Włodarczyk J, Ruszczycki B. Quantification of Dendritic Spines Remodeling under Physiological Stimuli and in Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4053. [PMID: 33919977 PMCID: PMC8070910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous brain diseases are associated with abnormalities in morphology and density of dendritic spines, small membranous protrusions whose structural geometry correlates with the strength of synaptic connections. Thus, the quantitative analysis of dendritic spines remodeling in microscopic images is one of the key elements towards understanding mechanisms of structural neuronal plasticity and bases of brain pathology. In the following article, we review experimental approaches designed to assess quantitative features of dendritic spines under physiological stimuli and in pathological conditions. We compare various methodological pipelines of biological models, sample preparation, data analysis, image acquisition, sample size, and statistical analysis. The methodology and results of relevant experiments are systematically summarized in a tabular form. In particular, we focus on quantitative data regarding the number of animals, cells, dendritic spines, types of studied parameters, size of observed changes, and their statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bączyńska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Karolina Pels
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Subhadip Basu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadvapur University, Kolkata 700032, India;
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Błażej Ruszczycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.P.); (J.W.)
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4
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Okabe S. Recent advances in computational methods for measurement of dendritic spines imaged by light microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 69:196-213. [PMID: 32244257 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions that receive most of the excitatory inputs to the pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and the hippocampus. Excitatory neural circuits in the neocortex and hippocampus are important for experience-dependent changes in brain functions, including postnatal sensory refinement and memory formation. Several lines of evidence indicate that synaptic efficacy is correlated with spine size and structure. Hence, precise and accurate measurement of spine morphology is important for evaluation of neural circuit function and plasticity. Recent advances in light microscopy and image analysis techniques have opened the way toward a full description of spine nanostructure. In addition, large datasets of spine nanostructure can be effectively analyzed using machine learning techniques and other mathematical approaches, and recent advances in super-resolution imaging allow researchers to analyze spine structure at an unprecedented level of precision. This review summarizes computational methods that can effectively identify, segment and quantitate dendritic spines in either 2D or 3D imaging. Nanoscale analysis of spine structure and dynamics, combined with new mathematical approaches, will facilitate our understanding of spine functions in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Zhu Y, Zhang J, Li M, Ren H, Zhu C, Yan L, Zhao G, Zhang Q. Near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics algorithms for the quantitative determination of the germinability of Clostridium perfringens in four different matrices. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 232:117997. [PMID: 32062401 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) has the ability to form metabolically-dormant spores that can survive food preservation processes and cause food spoilage and foodborne safety risks upon germination outgrowth. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different AGFK concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 mM/mL) on the spore germination of C. perfringens in four matrices, including Tris-HCl, FTG, milk, and chicken soup. C. perfringens spore germinability was investigated using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometrics. The spore germination rate (S), the OD600%, and the Ca2+-DPA% were measured using traditional spore germination methods. The results of spore germination assays showed that the optimum germination rate was obtained using 100 mM/L concentrations of AGFK in the FTG medium, and the S, OD600% and Ca2+-DPA% were 98.6%, 59.3% and 95%, respectively. The best prediction models for the S, OD600% and Ca2+-DPA% were obtained using SNV as the preprocessing method for the original spectra, with the competitive adaptive weighted resampling method (CARS) as the characteristic variables related to the selected spore germination methods from NIRS data. The results of the S showed that the optimum model was built by CARS-PLSR (RMSEV = 0.745, Rc = 0.897, RMSEP = 0.769, Rp = 0.883). For the OD600%, interval partial least squares regression (CARS-siPLS) was performed to optimize the models. The calibration yielded acceptable results (RMSEV = 0.218, Rc = 0.879, RMSEP = 0.257, Rp = 0.845). For the Ca2+-DPA%, the optimum model with CARS-siPLS yielded acceptable results (RMSEV = 44.7, Rc = 0.883, RMSEP = 50.2, Rp = 0.872). This indicated that quantitative determinations of the germinability of C. perfringens spores using NIR technology is feasible. A new method based on NIR was provided for rapid, automatic, and non-destructive determination of the germinability of C. perfringens spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Jiaye Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Miaoyun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
| | - Hongrong Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Chaozhi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Longgnag Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Gaiming Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Qiuhui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
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6
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Rada L, Kilic B, Erdil E, Ramiro-Cortés Y, Israely I, Unay D, Cetin M, Argunsah AÖ. Tracking-assisted Detection of Dendritic Spines in Time-Lapse Microscopic Images. Neuroscience 2018; 394:189-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Smirnov MS, Garrett TR, Yasuda R. An open-source tool for analysis and automatic identification of dendritic spines using machine learning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199589. [PMID: 29975722 PMCID: PMC6033424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity, the cellular basis for learning and memory, is mediated by a complex biochemical network of signaling proteins. These proteins are compartmentalized in dendritic spines, the tiny, bulbous, post-synaptic structures found on neuronal dendrites. The ability to screen a high number of molecular targets for their effect on dendritic spine structural plasticity will require a high-throughput imaging system capable of stimulating and monitoring hundreds of dendritic spines in various conditions. For this purpose, we present a program capable of automatically identifying dendritic spines in live, fluorescent tissue. Our software relies on a machine learning approach to minimize any need for parameter tuning from the user. Custom thresholding and binarization functions serve to “clean” fluorescent images, and a neural network is trained using features based on the relative shape of the spine perimeter and its corresponding dendritic backbone. Our algorithm is rapid, flexible, has over 90% accuracy in spine detection, and bundled with our user-friendly, open-source, MATLAB-based software package for spine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Smirnov
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tavita R. Garrett
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
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8
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Verstraelen P, Van Dyck M, Verschuuren M, Kashikar ND, Nuydens R, Timmermans JP, De Vos WH. Image-Based Profiling of Synaptic Connectivity in Primary Neuronal Cell Culture. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:389. [PMID: 29997468 PMCID: PMC6028601 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders display a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Yet, at the cellular level, virtually all these diseases converge into a common phenotype of dysregulated synaptic connectivity. In dementia, synapse dysfunction precedes neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment by several years, making the synapse a crucial entry point for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Whereas high-resolution imaging and biochemical fractionations yield detailed insight into the molecular composition of the synapse, standardized assays are required to quickly gauge synaptic connectivity across large populations of cells under a variety of experimental conditions. Such screening capabilities have now become widely accessible with the advent of high-throughput, high-content microscopy. In this review, we discuss how microscopy-based approaches can be used to extract quantitative information about synaptic connectivity in primary neurons with deep coverage. We elaborate on microscopic readouts that may serve as a proxy for morphofunctional connectivity and we critically analyze their merits and limitations. Finally, we allude to the potential of alternative culture paradigms and integrative approaches to enable comprehensive profiling of synaptic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Verstraelen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Dyck
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marlies Verschuuren
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Rony Nuydens
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Winnok H. De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Cell Systems and Imaging, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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On V, Zahedi A, Ethell IM, Bhanu B. Automated spatio-temporal analysis of dendritic spines and related protein dynamics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182958. [PMID: 28827828 PMCID: PMC5565271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin and other Actin-regulating proteins are essential in regulating the shape of dendritic spines, which are sites of neuronal communications in the brain, and their malfunctions are implicated in neurodegeneration related to aging. The analysis of cofilin motility in dendritic spines using fluorescence video-microscopy may allow for the discovery of its effects on synaptic functions. To date, the flow of cofilin has not been analyzed by automatic means. This paper presents Dendrite Protein Analysis (DendritePA), a novel automated pattern recognition software to analyze protein trafficking in neurons. Using spatiotemporal information present in multichannel fluorescence videos, the DendritePA generates a temporal maximum intensity projection that enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of important biological structures, segments and tracks dendritic spines, estimates the density of proteins in spines, and analyzes the flux of proteins through the dendrite/spine boundary. The motion of a dendritic spine is used to generate spine energy images, which are used to automatically classify the shape of common dendritic spines such as stubby, mushroom, or thin. By tracking dendritic spines over time and using their intensity profiles, the system can analyze the flux patterns of cofilin and other fluorescently stained proteins. The cofilin flux patterns are found to correlate with the dynamic changes in dendritic spine shapes. Our results also have shown that the activation of cofilin using genetic manipulations leads to immature spines while its inhibition results in an increase in mature spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent On
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Atena Zahedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Iryna M. Ethell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Bir Bhanu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
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Singh PK, Hernandez-Herrera P, Labate D, Papadakis M. Automated 3-D Detection of Dendritic Spines from In Vivo Two-Photon Image Stacks. Neuroinformatics 2017; 15:303-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s12021-017-9332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Adaptive Technique for Merging Broken Filaments in H- $$\upalpha $$ α Solar Images Using Machine Learning Techniques. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-016-2328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Wang S, Chen M, Li Y, Shao Y, Zhang Y, Du S, Wu J. Morphological analysis of dendrites and spines by hybridization of ridge detection with twin support vector machine. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2207. [PMID: 27547530 PMCID: PMC4958009 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are described as neuronal protrusions. The morphology of dendritic spines and dendrites has a strong relationship to its function, as well as playing an important role in understanding brain function. Quantitative analysis of dendrites and dendritic spines is essential to an understanding of the formation and function of the nervous system. However, highly efficient tools for the quantitative analysis of dendrites and dendritic spines are currently undeveloped. In this paper we propose a novel three-step cascaded algorithm–RTSVM— which is composed of ridge detection as the curvature structure identifier for backbone extraction, boundary location based on differences in density, the Hu moment as features and Twin Support Vector Machine (TSVM) classifiers for spine classification. Our data demonstrates that this newly developed algorithm has performed better than other available techniques used to detect accuracy and false alarm rates. This algorithm will be used effectively in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuihua Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China; School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ying Shao
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Yudong Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Sidan Du
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jane Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Detrez JR, Verstraelen P, Gebuis T, Verschuuren M, Kuijlaars J, Langlois X, Nuydens R, Timmermans JP, De Vos WH. Image Informatics Strategies for Deciphering Neuronal Network Connectivity. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016; 219:123-48. [PMID: 27207365 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28549-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain function relies on an intricate network of highly dynamic neuronal connections that rewires dramatically under the impulse of various external cues and pathological conditions. Amongst the neuronal structures that show morphological plasticity are neurites, synapses, dendritic spines and even nuclei. This structural remodelling is directly connected with functional changes such as intercellular communication and the associated calcium bursting behaviour. In vitro cultured neuronal networks are valuable models for studying these morpho-functional changes. Owing to the automation and standardization of both image acquisition and image analysis, it has become possible to extract statistically relevant readouts from such networks. Here, we focus on the current state-of-the-art in image informatics that enables quantitative microscopic interrogation of neuronal networks. We describe the major correlates of neuronal connectivity and present workflows for analysing them. Finally, we provide an outlook on the challenges that remain to be addressed, and discuss how imaging algorithms can be extended beyond in vitro imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Detrez
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Verstraelen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Titia Gebuis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Verschuuren
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacobine Kuijlaars
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- Laboratory for Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rony Nuydens
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Cell Systems and Cellular Imaging, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Detection of Dendritic Spines Using Wavelet-Based Conditional Symmetric Analysis and Regularized Morphological Shared-Weight Neural Networks. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:454076. [PMID: 26692046 PMCID: PMC4672122 DOI: 10.1155/2015/454076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Identification and detection of dendritic spines in neuron images are of high interest in diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's diseases, and autism). In this paper, we have proposed a novel automatic approach using wavelet-based conditional symmetric analysis and regularized morphological shared-weight neural networks (RMSNN) for dendritic spine identification involving the following steps: backbone extraction, localization of dendritic spines, and classification. First, a new algorithm based on wavelet transform and conditional symmetric analysis has been developed to extract backbone and locate the dendrite boundary. Then, the RMSNN has been proposed to classify the spines into three predefined categories (mushroom, thin, and stubby). We have compared our proposed approach against the existing methods. The experimental result demonstrates that the proposed approach can accurately locate the dendrite and accurately classify the spines into three categories with the accuracy of 99.1% for “mushroom” spines, 97.6% for “stubby” spines, and 98.6% for “thin” spines.
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15
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Blumer C, Vivien C, Genoud C, Perez-Alvarez A, Wiegert JS, Vetter T, Oertner TG. Automated analysis of spine dynamics on live CA1 pyramidal cells. Med Image Anal 2015; 19:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Danielson E, Lee SH. SynPAnal: software for rapid quantification of the density and intensity of protein puncta from fluorescence microscopy images of neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115298. [PMID: 25531531 PMCID: PMC4274056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous modification of the protein composition at synapses is a driving force for the plastic changes of synaptic strength, and provides the fundamental molecular mechanism of synaptic plasticity and information storage in the brain. Studying synaptic protein turnover is not only important for understanding learning and memory, but also has direct implication for understanding pathological conditions like aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Proteins involved in synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity are typically concentrated at synapses of neurons and thus appear as puncta (clusters) in immunofluorescence microscopy images. Quantitative measurement of the changes in puncta density, intensity, and sizes of specific proteins provide valuable information on their function in synaptic transmission, circuit development, synaptic plasticity, and synaptopathy. Unfortunately, puncta quantification is very labor intensive and time consuming. In this article, we describe a software tool designed for the rapid semi-automatic detection and quantification of synaptic protein puncta from 2D immunofluorescence images generated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The software, dubbed as SynPAnal (for Synaptic Puncta Analysis), streamlines data quantification for puncta density and average intensity, thereby increases data analysis throughput compared to a manual method. SynPAnal is stand-alone software written using the JAVA programming language, and thus is portable and platform-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Danielson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sang H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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17
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Su R, Sun C, Zhang C, Pham TD. A novel method for dendritic spines detection based on directional morphological filter and shortest path. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2014; 38:793-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Mancuso JJ, Cheng J, Yin Z, Gilliam JC, Xia X, Li X, Wong STC. Integration of multiscale dendritic spine structure and function data into systems biology models. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:130. [PMID: 25429262 PMCID: PMC4228840 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprising 1011 neurons with 1014 synaptic connections the human brain is the ultimate systems biology puzzle. An increasing body of evidence highlights the observation that changes in brain function, both normal and pathological, consistently correlate with dynamic changes in neuronal anatomy. Anatomical changes occur on a full range of scales from the trafficking of individual proteins, to alterations in synaptic morphology both individually and on a systems level, to reductions in long distance connectivity and brain volume. The major sites of contact for synapsing neurons are dendritic spines, which provide an excellent metric for the number and strength of signaling connections between elements of functional neuronal circuits. A comprehensive model of anatomical changes and their functional consequences would be a holy grail for the field of systems neuroscience but its realization appears far on the horizon. Various imaging technologies have advanced to allow for multi-scale visualization of brain plasticity and pathology, but computational analysis of the big data sets involved forms the bottleneck toward the creation of multiscale models of brain structure and function. While a full accounting of techniques and progress toward a comprehensive model of brain anatomy and function is beyond the scope of this or any other single paper, this review serves to highlight the opportunities for analysis of neuronal spine anatomy and function provided by new imaging technologies and the high-throughput application of older technologies while surveying the strengths and weaknesses of currently available computational analytical tools and room for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Mancuso
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Yin
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jared C Gilliam
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuping Li
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Shi P, Huang Y, Hong J. Automated three-dimensional reconstruction and morphological analysis of dendritic spines based on semi-supervised learning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1541-53. [PMID: 24877014 PMCID: PMC4025903 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A dendritic spine is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single synapse of an axon. Recent research shows that the morphological changes of dendritic spines have a close relationship with some specific diseases. The distribution of different dendritic spine phenotypes is a key indicator of such changes. Therefore, it is necessary to classify detected spines with different phenotypes online. Since the dendritic spines have complex three dimensional (3D) structures, current neuron morphological analysis approaches cannot classify the dendritic spines accurately with limited features. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised learning approach in order to perform the online morphological classification of dendritic spines. Spines are detected by a new approach based on wavelet transform in the 3D space. A small training data set is chosen from the detected spines, which has the spines labeled by the neurobiologists. The remaining spines are then classified online by the semi-supervised learning (SSL) approach. Experimental results show that our method can quickly and accurately analyze neuron images with modest human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350180, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Automation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jinsheng Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
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20
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Abstract
Recent advances in automated high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and robotic handling have made the systematic and cost effective study of diverse morphological changes within a large population of cells possible under a variety of perturbations, e.g., drugs, compounds, metal catalysts, RNA interference (RNAi). Cell population-based studies deviate from conventional microscopy studies on a few cells, and could provide stronger statistical power for drawing experimental observations and conclusions. However, it is challenging to manually extract and quantify phenotypic changes from the large amounts of complex image data generated. Thus, bioimage informatics approaches are needed to rapidly and objectively quantify and analyze the image data. This paper provides an overview of the bioimage informatics challenges and approaches in image-based studies for drug and target discovery. The concepts and capabilities of image-based screening are first illustrated by a few practical examples investigating different kinds of phenotypic changes caEditorsused by drugs, compounds, or RNAi. The bioimage analysis approaches, including object detection, segmentation, and tracking, are then described. Subsequently, the quantitative features, phenotype identification, and multidimensional profile analysis for profiling the effects of drugs and targets are summarized. Moreover, a number of publicly available software packages for bioimage informatics are listed for further reference. It is expected that this review will help readers, including those without bioimage informatics expertise, understand the capabilities, approaches, and tools of bioimage informatics and apply them to advance their own studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhai Li
- NCI Center for Modeling Cancer Development, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weil Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zheng Yin
- NCI Center for Modeling Cancer Development, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weil Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guangxu Jin
- NCI Center for Modeling Cancer Development, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weil Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhao
- NCI Center for Modeling Cancer Development, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weil Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. C. Wong
- NCI Center for Modeling Cancer Development, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weil Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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21
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Su R, Sun C, Pham TD. Dendritic spines detection based on directional morphological filter and shortest path. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:5343-6. [PMID: 23367136 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are membranous protrusions from neuron's dendrites. They play a very important role in the nervous system. They are very small and have various shapes; hence it is very challenging to detect them in neuron images. This paper presents a novel method for detecting dendritc spines in 2D images. A new dendrite backbone or centerline extraction method is introduced herein which is based on an iterative process between smoothing and extraction. The proposed method iteratively refines the extraction result using both directional morphological filtering and improved Hessian filtering until a satisfactory extraction result is obtained. A shortest path method is applied along a backbone to extract the boundary of the dendrites. Spines are then segmented from the dendrites outside the extracted boundary. The proposed algorithm has been tested with many images and good results are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Su
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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22
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Mancuso JJ, Chen Y, Li X, Xue Z, Wong STC. Methods of dendritic spine detection: from Golgi to high-resolution optical imaging. Neuroscience 2012; 251:129-40. [PMID: 22522468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines, the bulbous protrusions that form the postsynaptic half of excitatory synapses, are one of the most prominent features of neurons and have been imaged and studied for over a century. In that time, changes in the number and morphology of dendritic spines have been correlated to the developmental process as well as the pathophysiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the sheer scale of synaptic connectivity in the brain, work to date has merely scratched the surface in the study of normal spine function and pathology. This review will highlight traditional approaches to the imaging of dendritic spines and newer approaches made possible by advances in microscopy, protein engineering, and image analysis. The review will also describe recent work that is leading researchers toward the possibility of a systematic and comprehensive study of spine anatomy throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mancuso
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging in Neurosciences, USA
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23
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Li Q, Deng Z. A surface-based 3-D dendritic spine detection approach from confocal microscopy images. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2012; 21:1223-1230. [PMID: 21896386 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2011.2166973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Determining the relationship between the dendritic spine morphology and its functional properties is a fundamental challenge in neurobiology research. In particular, how to accurately and automatically analyse meaningful structural information from a large microscopy image data set is far away from being resolved. As pointed out in existing literature, one remaining challenge in spine detection and segmentation is how to automatically separate touching spines. In this paper, based on various global and local geometric features of the dendrite structure, we propose a novel approach to detect and segment neuronal spines, in particular, a breaking-down and stitching-up algorithm to accurately separate touching spines. Extensive performance comparisons show that our approach is more accurate and robust than two state-of-the-art spine detection and segmentation algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Computer Science Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-3475, USA
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24
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A deconvolution method to improve automated 3D-analysis of dendritic spines: application to a mouse model of Huntington’s disease. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:421-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Cheng J, Zhou X, Miller EL, Alvarez VA, Sabatini BL, Wong STC. Oriented Markov random field based dendritic spine segmentation for fluorescence microscopy images. Neuroinformatics 2011; 8:157-70. [PMID: 20585900 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-010-9073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines have been shown to be closely related to various functional properties of the neuron. Usually dendritic spines are manually labeled to analyze their morphological changes, which is very time-consuming and susceptible to operator bias, even with the assistance of computers. To deal with these issues, several methods have been recently proposed to automatically detect and measure the dendritic spines with little human interaction. However, problems such as degraded detection performance for images with larger pixel size (e.g. 0.125 μm/pixel instead of 0.08 μm/pixel) still exist in these methods. Moreover, the shapes of detected spines are also distorted. For example, the "necks" of some spines are missed. Here we present an oriented Markov random field (OMRF) based algorithm which improves spine detection as well as their geometric characterization. We begin with the identification of a region of interest (ROI) containing all the dendrites and spines to be analyzed. For this purpose, we introduce an adaptive procedure for identifying the image background. Next, the OMRF model is discussed within a statistical framework and the segmentation is solved as a maximum a posteriori estimation (MAP) problem, whose optimal solution is found by a knowledge-guided iterative conditional mode (KICM) algorithm. Compared with the existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm not only provides a more accurate representation of the spine shape, but also improves the detection performance by more than 50% with regard to reducing both the misses and false detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- The Center for Bioengineering and Informatics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute and Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Li Q, Deng Z, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Nägerl UV, Wong STC. A global spatial similarity optimization scheme to track large numbers of dendritic spines in time-lapse confocal microscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2011; 30:632-641. [PMID: 21047709 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2010.2090354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines form postsynaptic contact sites in the central nervous system. The rapid and spontaneous morphology changes of spines have been widely observed by neurobiologists. Determining the relationship between dendritic spine morphology change and its functional properties such as memory learning is a fundamental yet challenging problem in neurobiology research. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to track the morphology change of multiple spines simultaneously in time-lapse neuronal images based on nonrigid registration and integer programming. We also propose a robust scheme to link disappearing-and-reappearing spines. Performance comparisons with other state-of-the-art cell and spine tracking algorithms, and the ground truth show that our approach is more accurate and robust, and it is capable of tracking a large number of neuronal spines in time-lapse confocal microscopy images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Computer Science Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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27
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SON J, SONG S, LEE S, CHANG S, KIM M. Morphological change tracking of dendritic spines based on structural features. J Microsc 2011; 241:261-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Automated and quantitative image analysis of ischemic dendritic blebbing using in vivo 2-photon microscopy data. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 195:222-31. [PMID: 21184780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia induces a 'blebbing' of dendrites, a structural alteration where dendrites take on a 'beads on a string' appearance. We developed a toolkit program, BlebQuant, for quantitative automated bleb analysis to chart the morphology of dendrites labeled with GFP/YFP under normal conditions and after ischemia-induced damage. In vivo 2-photon data from mouse layer 5 neurons with apical dendritic tufts extending to the cortical surface were examined before, during, and after global ischemia. To quantify changes in dendritic structure, we used morphometric tools that exploit characteristic features of blebbing, distinguished as localized regions of spherical or ellipsoid swellings. By comparing acquired images during ischemia and reperfusion to a pre-ischemia reference image, our automated approach detected blebs based on defined eccentricity and area thresholds and quantified the percentage of blebbed dendrites based on a block-selection method. Our results indicate that the automated morphometric indices we employ yield results that correlate with manual assessment. The automated approach permits rapid and effective analysis of dendritic structure and may facilitate the study of ischemic dendritic damage.
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29
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Abstract
The study of the structure and function of neuronal cells and networks is of crucial importance in the endeavor to understand how the brain works. A key component in this process is the extraction of neuronal morphology from microscopic imaging data. In the past four decades, many computational methods and tools have been developed for digital reconstruction of neurons from images, with limited success. As witnessed by the growing body of literature on the subject, as well as the organization of challenging competitions in the field, the quest for a robust and fully automated system of more general applicability still continues. The aim of this work, is to contribute by surveying recent developments in the field for anyone interested in taking up the challenge. Relevant aspects discussed in the article include proposed image segmentation methods, quantitative measures of neuronal morphology, currently available software tools for various related purposes, and morphology databases. (c) 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Meijering
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Dendritic vulnerability in neurodegenerative disease: insights from analyses of cortical pyramidal neurons in transgenic mouse models. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 214:181-99. [PMID: 20177698 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines undergo significant pathological changes. Because of the determinant role of these highly dynamic structures in signaling by individual neurons and ultimately in the functionality of neuronal networks that mediate cognitive functions, a detailed understanding of these changes is of paramount importance. Mutant murine models, such as the Tg2576 APP mutant mouse and the rTg4510 tau mutant mouse have been developed to provide insight into pathogenesis involving the abnormal production and aggregation of amyloid and tau proteins, because of the key role that these proteins play in neurodegenerative disease. This review showcases the multidimensional approach taken by our collaborative group to increase understanding of pathological mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease using these mouse models. This approach includes analyses of empirical 3D morphological and electrophysiological data acquired from frontal cortical pyramidal neurons using confocal laser scanning microscopy and whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques, combined with computational modeling methodologies. These collaborative studies are designed to shed insight on the repercussions of dystrophic changes in neocortical neurons, define the cellular phenotype of differential neuronal vulnerability in relevant models of neurodegenerative disease, and provide a basis upon which to develop meaningful therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing, reversing, or compensating for neurodegenerative changes in dementia.
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31
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Choy SK, Chen K, Zhang Y, Baron M, Teylan MA, Kim Y, Tong CS, Song Z, Wong STC. Multi scale and slice-based approach for automatic spine detection. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2010:4765-4768. [PMID: 21096249 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5626640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines play an essential role in the central nervous system. Recent experiments have revealed that neuron functional properties are highly correlated with the statistical and morphological changes of the dendritic spines. In this paper, we propose a new multi scale approach for detecting dendritic spines in a 2D Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) image of the 3D neuron data stacks collected from a 2-photon laser scanning confocal microscope. The proposed method utilizes the curvilinear structure detector in conjunction with the multi scale spine detection algorithm which automatically and accurately extracts and segments the spines with variational sizes along the dendrite. In addition, a slice-based spine detection algorithm is also proposed to detect spines which are hidden from the MIP image within the dendrite area. Experimental results show that our proposed method is effective for automatic spine detection and is able to accurately segment dendrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Kai Choy
- Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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32
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Yuan X, Trachtenberg JT, Potter SM, Roysam B. MDL constrained 3-D grayscale skeletonization algorithm for automated extraction of dendrites and spines from fluorescence confocal images. Neuroinformatics 2009; 7:213-32. [PMID: 20012509 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-009-9057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a method for improved automatic delineation of dendrites and spines from three-dimensional (3-D) images of neurons acquired by confocal or multi-photon fluorescence microscopy. The core advance presented here is a direct grayscale skeletonization algorithm that is constrained by a structural complexity penalty using the minimum description length (MDL) principle, and additional neuroanatomy-specific constraints. The 3-D skeleton is extracted directly from the grayscale image data, avoiding errors introduced by image binarization. The MDL method achieves a practical tradeoff between the complexity of the skeleton and its coverage of the fluorescence signal. Additional advances include the use of 3-D spline smoothing of dendrites to improve spine detection, and graph-theoretic algorithms to explore and extract the dendritic structure from the grayscale skeleton using an intensity-weighted minimum spanning tree (IW-MST) algorithm. This algorithm was evaluated on 30 datasets organized in 8 groups from multiple laboratories. Spines were detected with false negative rates less than 10% on most datasets (the average is 7.1%), and the average false positive rate was 11.8%. The software is available in open source form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Yuan
- Jonsson Engineering Center, Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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33
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Shi P, Zhou X, Li Q, Baron M, Teylan MA, Kim Y, Wong STC. ONLINE THREE-DIMENSIONAL DENDRITIC SPINES MOPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNING. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2009:1019-1022. [PMID: 21922077 PMCID: PMC3171508 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2009.5193228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on neuron imaging show that there is a strong relationship between the functional properties of a neuron and its morphology, especially its dendritic spine structures. However, most of the current methods for morphological spine classification only concern features in two-dimensional (2D) space, which consequently decreases the accuracy of dendritic spine analysis. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised learning (SSL) framework, in which spine phenotypes in three-dimensional (3D) space are considered. With training only on a few pre-classified inputs, the rest of the spines can be identified effectively. We also derived a new scheme using an affinity matrix between features to further improve the accuracy. Our experimental results indicate that a small training dataset is sufficient to classify detected dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- Center for Biotechnology and Informatics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Li Q, Zhou X, Deng Z, Baron M, Teylan MA, Kim Y, Wong STC. A NOVEL SURFACE-BASED GEOMETRIC APPROACH FOR 3D DENDRITIC SPINE DETECTION FROM MULTI-PHOTON EXCITATION MICROSCOPY IMAGES. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2009; 10814263:1255-1258. [PMID: 20046805 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2009.5193290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Determining the relationship between the dendritic spine morphology and its functional properties is a fundamental while challenging problem in neurobiology research. In particular, how to accurately and automatically analyze meaningful structural information from a large microscopy image dataset is far away from being resolved. In this paper, we propose a novel method for the automated neuron reconstruction and spine detection from fluorescence microscopy images. After image processing, backbone of the neuron is obtained and the neuron is represented as a 3D surface. Based on the analysis of geometric features on the surface, spines are detected by a novel hybrid of two segmentation methods. Besides the automated detection of spines, our algorithm is able to extract accurate 3D structures of spines. Comparison results between our approach and the state of the art shows that our algorithm is more accurate and robust, especially for detecting and separating touching spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- The Center for Biotechnology and Informatics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Hotulainen P, Llano O, Smirnov S, Tanhuanpää K, Faix J, Rivera C, Lappalainen P. Defining mechanisms of actin polymerization and depolymerization during dendritic spine morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:323-39. [PMID: 19380880 PMCID: PMC2700375 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200809046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites where the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses reside in the mature brain. Morphological changes in these actin-rich structures are associated with learning and memory formation. Despite the pivotal role of the actin cytoskeleton in spine morphogenesis, little is known about the mechanisms regulating actin filament polymerization and depolymerization in dendritic spines. We show that the filopodia-like precursors of dendritic spines elongate through actin polymerization at both the filopodia tip and root. The small GTPase Rif and its effector mDia2 formin play a central role in regulating actin dynamics during filopodia elongation. Actin filament nucleation through the Arp2/3 complex subsequently promotes spine head expansion, and ADF/cofilin-induced actin filament disassembly is required to maintain proper spine length and morphology. Finally, we show that perturbation of these key steps in actin dynamics results in altered synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirta Hotulainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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36
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Fan J, Zhou X, Dy JG, Zhang Y, Wong STC. An automated pipeline for dendrite spine detection and tracking of 3D optical microscopy neuron images of in vivo mouse models. Neuroinformatics 2009; 7:113-30. [PMID: 19434521 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-009-9047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The variations in dendritic branch morphology and spine density provide insightful information about the brain function and possible treatment to neurodegenerative disease, for example investigating structural plasticity during the course of Alzheimer's disease. Most automated image processing methods aiming at analyzing these problems are developed for in vitro data. However, in vivo neuron images provide real time information and direct observation of the dynamics of a disease process in a live animal model. This paper presents an automated approach for detecting spines and tracking spine evolution over time with in vivo image data in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. We propose an automated pipeline starting with curvilinear structure detection to determine the medial axis of the dendritic backbone and spines connected to the backbone. We, then, propose the adaptive local binary fitting (aLBF) energy level set model to accurately locate the boundary of dendritic structures using the central line of curvilinear structure as initialization. To track the growth or loss of spines, we present a maximum likelihood based technique to find the graph homomorphism between two image graph structures at different time points. We employ dynamic programming to search for the optimum solution. The pipeline enables us to extract dynamically changing information from real time in vivo data. We validate our proposed approach by comparing with manual results generated by neurologists. In addition, we discuss the performance of 3D based segmentation and conclude that our method is more accurate in identifying weak spines. Experiments show that our approach can quickly and accurately detect and quantify spines of in vivo neuron images and is able to identify spine elimination and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Center for Biotechnology and Informatics, Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute & The Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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37
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Fudenberg G, Paninski L. Bayesian image recovery for dendritic structures under low signal-to-noise conditions. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2009; 18:471-482. [PMID: 19211329 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2008.2010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Experimental research seeking to quantify neuronal structure constantly contends with restrictions on image resolution and variability. In particular, experimentalists often need to analyze images with very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In many experiments, dye toxicity scales with the light intensity; this leads experimentalists to reduce image SNR in order to preserve the viability of the specimen. In this paper, we present a Bayesian approach for estimating the neuronal shape given low-SNR observations. This Bayesian framework has two major advantages. First, the method effectively incorporates known facts about 1) the image formation process, including blur and the Poisson nature of image noise at low intensities, and 2) dendritic shape, including the fact that dendrites are simply-connected geometric structures with smooth boundaries. Second, we may employ standard Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques for quantifying the posterior uncertainty in our estimate of the dendritic shape. We describe an efficient computational implementation of these methods and demonstrate the algorithm's performance on simulated noisy two-photon laser-scanning microscopy images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Fudenberg
- Department of Statistics and Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Mysore SP, Tai CY, Schuman EM. N-cadherin, spine dynamics, and synaptic function. Front Neurosci 2008; 2:168-75. [PMID: 19225589 PMCID: PMC2622743 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.01.035.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are one-half (the postsynaptic half) of most excitatory synapses. Ever since the direct observation over a decade ago that spines can continually change size and shape, spine dynamics has been of great research interest, especially as a mechanism for structural synaptic plasticity. In concert with this ongoing spine dynamics, the stability of the synapse is also needed to allow continued, reliable synaptic communication. Various cell-adhesion molecules help to structurally stabilize a synapse and its proteins. Here, we review the effects of disrupting N-cadherin, a prominent trans-synaptic adhesion molecule, on spine dynamics, as reported in Mysore et al. (2007). We highlight the novel method adopted therein to reliably detect even subtle changes in fast and slow spine dynamics. We summarize the structural, functional, and molecular consequences of acute N-cadherin disruption, and tie them in, in a working model, with longer-term effects on spines and synapses reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreesh P Mysore
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
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39
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Zhou X, Wong STC. Computational Systems Bioinformatics and Bioimaging for Pathway Analysis and Drug Screening. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2008; 96:1310-1331. [PMID: 20011613 PMCID: PMC2790217 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2008.925440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The premise of today's drug development is that the mechanism of a disease is highly dependent upon underlying signaling and cellular pathways. Such pathways are often composed of complexes of physically interacting genes, proteins, or biochemical activities coordinated by metabolic intermediates, ions, and other small solutes and are investigated with molecular biology approaches in genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics. Nevertheless, the recent declines in the pharmaceutical industry's revenues indicate such approaches alone may not be adequate in creating successful new drugs. Our observation is that combining methods of genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics with techniques of bioimaging will systematically provide powerful means to decode or better understand molecular interactions and pathways that lead to disease and potentially generate new insights and indications for drug targets. The former methods provide the profiles of genes, proteins, and metabolites, whereas the latter techniques generate objective, quantitative phenotypes correlating to the molecular profiles and interactions. In this paper, we describe pathway reconstruction and target validation based on the proposed systems biologic approach and show selected application examples for pathway analysis and drug screening.
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Rodriguez A, Ehlenberger DB, Dickstein DL, Hof PR, Wearne SL. Automated three-dimensional detection and shape classification of dendritic spines from fluorescence microscopy images. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1997. [PMID: 18431482 PMCID: PMC2292261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in understanding how dendritic spine morphology controls learning and memory has been quantifying three-dimensional (3D) spine shapes with sufficient precision to distinguish morphologic types, and sufficient throughput for robust statistical analysis. The necessity to analyze large volumetric data sets accurately, efficiently, and in true 3D has been a major bottleneck in deriving reliable relationships between altered neuronal function and changes in spine morphology. We introduce a novel system for automated detection, shape analysis and classification of dendritic spines from laser scanning microscopy (LSM) images that directly addresses these limitations. The system is more accurate, and at least an order of magnitude faster, than existing technologies. By operating fully in 3D the algorithm resolves spines that are undetectable with standard two-dimensional (2D) tools. Adaptive local thresholding, voxel clustering and Rayburst Sampling generate a profile of diameter estimates used to classify spines into morphologic types, while minimizing optical smear and quantization artifacts. The technique opens new horizons on the objective evaluation of spine changes with synaptic plasticity, normal development and aging, and with neurodegenerative disorders that impair cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Computational Neurobiology and Imaging Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Douglas B. Ehlenberger
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Computational Neurobiology and Imaging Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dara L. Dickstein
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Computational Neurobiology and Imaging Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Computational Neurobiology and Imaging Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Wearne
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Computational Neurobiology and Imaging Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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