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Easwaran M, Maria CS, Martinez JD, Hung B, Yu X, Soo J, Kimura A, Gross ER, Erickson-DiRenzo E. Effects of Short-term Electronic(e)-Cigarette Aerosol Exposure in the Mouse Larynx. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:1316-1326. [PMID: 37698394 PMCID: PMC10922082 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on the larynx are relatively unknown. This study examined the short-term effects of e-cigarette inhalation on cellular and inflammatory responses within the mouse laryngeal glottic and subglottic regions after exposure to pod-based devices (JUUL). METHODS Male C57BL6/J mice (8-9 weeks) were assigned to control (n = 9), JUUL flavors Mint (JMi; n = 10) or Mango (JMa; n = 10). JUUL mice were exposed to 2 h/day for 1, 5, and 10 days using the inExpose inhalation system. Control mice were in room air. Vocal fold (VF) epithelial thickness, cell proliferation, subglandular area and composition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and surface topography were evaluated in the harvested larynges. Mouse body weight and urinary nicotine biomarkers were also measured. Chemical analysis of JUUL aerosols was conducted using selective ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RESULTS JUUL-exposed mice had reduced body weight after day 5. Urinary nicotine biomarker levels indicated successful JUUL exposure and metabolism. Quantitative analysis of JUUL aerosol indicated that chemical constituents differ between JMi and JMa flavors. VF epithelial thickness, cellular proliferation, glandular area, and surface topography remained unchanged after JUUL exposures. Acidic mucus content increased after 1 day of JMi exposure. VF macrophage and T-cell levels slightly increased after 10 days of JMi exposures. CONCLUSIONS Short-term e-cigarette exposures cause minimal flavor- and region-specific cellular and inflammatory changes in the mouse larynx. This work provides a foundation for long-term studies to determine if these responses are altered with multiple e-cigarette components and concentrations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 134:1316-1326, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Chloe Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Joshua D. Martinez
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Barbara Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Xuan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Joanne Soo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Akari Kimura
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Eric R. Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Kanamori K, Ahmad SM, Hamid A, Lutfy K. Chronic Exposure to E-Cigarettes Elevates CYP2A5 Activity, Protein Expression, and Cotinine-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:171-179. [PMID: 38195520 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Coumarin 7'-hydroxylase activity, a specific marker of CYP2A5 activity, and the protein level were measured in liver microsomes of male mice after chronic exposure to e-cigarettes (e-cigs) (2.4% nicotine). After exposure for 240 minutes per day for 5 days, the activity and the protein level in preproenkephalin (ppENK)-heterozygous [ppENK (+/-)] mice were significantly elevated (P <0.05) compared with the untreated control. This elevation was not due to deletion of the ppENK gene because the activity did not differ among untreated ppENK (+/-), ppENK (-/-), and wild-type ppENK (+/+) controls. Hence, the elevation can reasonably be attributed to nicotine exposure. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon incubation of the hepatic microsomes of these mice with cotinine was higher in microsomes from the e-cig-treated mice compared with the untreated controls (P < 0.01). Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay showed three oxidation products of cotinine, viz trans 3'-hydroxycotinine (3'-HC), 5'-hydroxycotinine (5'-HC), and cotinine N-oxide (CNO) in the plasma of these mice. The result identifies these three oxidation reactions as the source of the observed ROS and also shows that, in nicotine-treated mice, the appropriate "nicotine metabolite ratio" is (3'-HC + 5'-HC + CNO)/cotinine. The results suggest intriguing possibilities that 1) this metabolite ratio may correlate with plasma nicotine clearance and hence impact nicotine's psychoactive effects and 2) chronic e-cig treatment causes ROS-induced oxidative stress, which may play a major role in the regulation of CYP2A5 expression. Our present results clearly show that both the activity and the protein level of CYP2A5 are elevated by repeated exposure to nicotine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nicotine, the psychoactive ingredient of tobacco, is eliminated as the oxidation products of cotinine in reactions catalyzed by the enzymes CYP2A5 in mice and CYP2A6 in humans. This study shows that repeated exposure to e-cigarettes elevates the level of CYP2A5 and the formation of reactive oxygen species. The results suggest an intriguing possibility that CYP2A5 may be upregulated by chronic nicotine exposure due to oxidative stress caused by the oxidation of cotinine in this preclinical model of human smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kanamori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (K.K., S.M.A., A.H., K.L.) and Lab Launch, Monrovia, California (K.K.)
| | - Syed M Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (K.K., S.M.A., A.H., K.L.) and Lab Launch, Monrovia, California (K.K.)
| | - Abdul Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (K.K., S.M.A., A.H., K.L.) and Lab Launch, Monrovia, California (K.K.)
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (K.K., S.M.A., A.H., K.L.) and Lab Launch, Monrovia, California (K.K.)
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Javadi-Paydar M, Kerr TM, Taffe MA. Hyperactivity Induced By Vapor Inhalation of Nicotine in Male and Female Rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.579996. [PMID: 38405720 PMCID: PMC10888868 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Rationale Preclinical models of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS; "e-cigarette") use have been rare, so there is an urgent need to develop experimental approaches to evaluate their effects. Objective To contrast the impact of inhaled nicotine across sex. Methods Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to vapor from a propylene glycol vehicle (PG), nicotine (NIC; 1-30 mg/mL in PG), or were injected with NIC (0.1-0.8 mg/kg, s.c.), and then assessed for changes in temperature and activity. The antagonist mecamylamine (2 mg/kg) was administered prior to NIC to verify pharmacological specificity. Plasma levels of nicotine and cotinine were determined after inhalation and injection. Results Activity increased in females for ~60 minutes after nicotine inhalation, and this was blocked by mecamylamine. A similar magnitude of hyperlocomotion was observed after s.c. administration. Body temperature was reduced after nicotine inhalation by female rats but mecamylamine increased this hypothermia. Increased locomotor activity was observed in male rats if inhalation was extended to 40 minutes or when multiple inhalation epochs were used per session. The temperature of male rats was not altered by nicotine. Plasma nicotine concentrations were slightly lower in male rats than in female rats after 30-minute nicotine vapor inhalation and slightly higher after nicotine injection (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.). Conclusions Nicotine inhalation increases locomotor activity in male and female rats to a similar or greater extent than by subcutaneous injection. Sex differences were observed, which may be related to lower nicotine plasma levels, lower baseline activity and/or a higher vehicle response in males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony M. Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
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Alakhtar B, Guilbert C, Subramaniam N, Caruana V, Makhani K, Baglole CJ, Mann KK. E-cigarette exposure causes early pro-atherogenic changes in an inducible murine model of atherosclerosis. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1244596. [PMID: 38164438 PMCID: PMC10757938 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1244596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Evidence suggests that e-cigarette use (vaping) increases cardiovascular disease risk, but decades are needed before people who vape would develop pathology. Thus, murine models of atherosclerosis can be utilized as tools to understand disease susceptibility, risk and pathogenesis. Moreover, there is a poor understanding of how risk factors for atherosclerosis (i.e., hyperlipidemia, high-fat diet) intersect with vaping to promote disease risk. Herein, we evaluated whether there was early evidence of atherosclerosis in an inducible hyperlipidemic mouse exposed to aerosol from commercial pod-style devices and e-liquid. Methods: Mice were injected with adeno-associated virus containing the human protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) variant to promote hyperlipidemia. These mice were fed a high-fat diet and exposed to room air or aerosol derived from JUUL pods containing polyethylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) or 5% nicotine with mango flavoring for 4 weeks; this timepoint was utilized to assess markers of atherosclerosis that may occur prior to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Results: These data show that various parameters including weight, circulating lipoprotein/glucose levels, and splenic immune cells were significantly affected by exposure to PG/VG and/or nicotine-containing aerosols. Discussion: Not only can this mouse model be utilized for chronic vaping studies to assess the vascular pathology but these data support that vaping is not risk-free and may increase CVD outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Alakhtar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Guilbert
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nivetha Subramaniam
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenza Caruana
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kiran Makhani
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn J. Baglole
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Koren K. Mann
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Martínez M, Espinoza VE, Garcia V, Uribe KP, Negishi K, Estevao IL, Carcoba LM, O'Dell LE, Khan AM, Mendez IA. Withdrawal from repeated nicotine vapor exposure increases somatic signs of physical dependence, anxiety-like behavior, and brain reward thresholds in adult male rats. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109681. [PMID: 37611823 PMCID: PMC11253717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine vapor consumption via electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased over the last decade. While prior work has shed light on the health effects of nicotine vapor inhalation, its unique effects on the brain and behavior have not been thoroughly explored. In this study we assessed markers of withdrawal following 14 days of nicotine vapor exposure. For Experiment 1, 21 adult male rats were exposed to ambient air or 6, 12, or 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor for 14 consecutive days. Following exposure on day 14, rats were injected with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (3.0 mg/mL) and assessed for somatic withdrawal signs and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. For Experiment 2, 12 adult male rats were tested for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) immediately following exposure to vehicle vapor (50%/50%, vegetable glycerin/propylene glycol) or 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor, for 14 consecutive days. ICSS behavior was assessed for an additional 14 days, following cessation of repeated vapor exposure. Results reveal that rats with repeated nicotine vapor exposure display an increase in behavioral indicators of withdrawal following injection of mecamylamine (precipitated withdrawal). Additionally, increases in ICSS stimulation thresholds, indicative of reduced brain reward sensitivity, persist following cessation of repeated nicotine vapor exposure (spontaneous withdrawal). These data suggest that repeated e-cigarette use leads to nicotine dependence and withdrawal that affects behavior and brain reward function. Further characterization of the health effects of nicotine vapor is necessary to improve treatment strategies for nicotine use disorder and public health policies related to novel nicotine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Martínez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Veronika E Espinoza
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kevin P Uribe
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kenichiro Negishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Luis M Carcoba
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Arshad M Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Ian A Mendez
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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Espinoza-Derout J, Arambulo JML, Ramirez-Trillo W, Rivera JC, Hasan KM, Lao CJ, Jordan MC, Shao XM, Roos KP, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. The lipolysis inhibitor acipimox reverses the cardiac phenotype induced by electronic cigarettes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18239. [PMID: 37880325 PMCID: PMC10600141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are a prevalent alternative to conventional nicotine cigarettes among smokers and people who have never smoked. Increased concentrations of serum free fatty acids (FFAs) are crucial in generating lipotoxicity. We studied the effects of acipimox, an antilipolytic drug, on e-cigarette-induced cardiac dysfunction. C57BL/6J wild-type mice on high fat diet were treated with saline, e-cigarette with 2.4% nicotine [e-cigarette (2.4%)], and e-cigarette (2.4%) plus acipimox for 12 weeks. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction were diminished in mice exposed to e-cigarettes (2.4%) compared with saline and acipimox-treated mice. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4%) had increased circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and FFAs, which were diminished by acipimox. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that e-cigarette (2.4%)-treated mice had gene expression changes in the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint pathway that was normalized by acipimox. Accordingly, we showed that acipimox suppressed the nuclear localization of phospho-p53 induced by e-cigarette (2.4%). Additionally, e-cigarette (2.4%) increased the apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, a marker of oxidative DNA damage which was normalized by acipimox. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4%) had increased cardiac Heme oxygenase 1 protein levels and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). These markers of oxidative stress were decreased by acipimox. Therefore, inhibiting lipolysis with acipimox normalizes the physiological changes induced by e-cigarettes and the associated increase in inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA.
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jose Mari Luis Arambulo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - William Ramirez-Trillo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - Kamrul M Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Candice J Lao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maria C Jordan
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xuesi M Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kenneth P Roos
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amiya P Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Bautista M, Mogul AS, Fowler CD. Beyond the label: current evidence and future directions for the interrelationship between electronic cigarettes and mental health. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1134079. [PMID: 37645635 PMCID: PMC10460914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette use has dramatically increased over the last decade. With this recent technological development and wide range of constituents in various products, putative adverse effects on the brain and body have been largely unexplored. Here, we review current evidence linking electronic nicotine cigarette use with potential health consequences and provide evidence supporting an association between drug use and depression in humans. We also examine the biological effects of individual constituents in electronic cigarette aerosols, which include labeled ingredients, such as propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavorants, as well as unlabeled ingredients found in the aerosols, such as carbonyls and heavy metals. Lastly, we examine the effects of electronic cigarette use on endogenous metabolism via changes in cytochrome P450 enzymes, which can thereby impact therapeutic outcomes. While the current evidence offers insight into the potential effects of electronic cigarette use on biological processes, further studies are necessary to determine the long-term clinical relevance of aerosol inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christie D. Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Hammad AM, Alzaghari LF, Alfaraj M, Al-Qerem W, Talib WH, Alasmari F, Amawi H, Hall FS. Acetylsalicylic acid reduces cigarette smoke withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats via modulating the expression of NFĸB, GLT-1, and xCT. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1047236. [PMID: 36699078 PMCID: PMC9868824 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1047236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke produces neuroinflammation and long-term changes in neurotransmitter systems, especially glutamatergic systems. Objective: We examined the effects of cigarette smoke on astroglial glutamate transporters as well as NF-κB expression in mesocorticolimbic brain regions, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). The behavioral consequences of cigarette smoke exposure were assessed using open field (OF) and light/dark (LD) tests to assess withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five experimental groups: a control group exposed only to standard room air, a cigarette smoke exposed group treated with saline vehicle, two cigarette smoke exposed groups treated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively), and a group treated only with ASA (30 mg/kg). Cigarette smoke exposure was performed for 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 31 days. Behavioral tests were conducted weekly, 24 h after cigarette smoke exposure, during acute withdrawal. At the end of week 4, rats were given either saline or ASA 45 min before cigarette exposure for 11 days. Results: Cigarette smoke increased withdrawal-induced anxiety, and 30 mg/kg ASA attenuated this effect. Cigarette smoke exposure increased the relative mRNA and protein expression of nuclear factor ĸB (NFĸB) in PFC and NAc, and ASA treatment reversed this effect. Also, cigarette smoke decreased the relative mRNA and protein expression of glutamate transporter1 (GLT-1) and the cystine-glutamate transporter (xCT) in the PFC and the NAc, while ASA treatment normalized their expression. Conclusion: Cigarette smoke caused neuroinflammation, alterations in glutamate transporter expression, and increased anxiety-like behavior, and these effects were attenuated by acetylsalicylic acid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M. Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan,*Correspondence: Alaa M. Hammad,
| | - Lujain F. Alzaghari
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Malek Alfaraj
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Walid Al-Qerem
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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Alhadyan SK, Sivaraman V, Onyenwoke RU. E-cigarette Flavors, Sensory Perception, and Evoked Responses. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2194-2209. [PMID: 36480683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemosensory experiences evoked by flavors encompass a number of unique sensations that include olfactory stimuli (smell), gustatory stimuli (taste, i.e., salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami (also known as "savoriness")), and chemesthesis (touch). As such, the responses evoked by flavors are complex and, as briefly stated above, involve multiple perceptive mechanisms. The practice of adding flavorings to tobacco products dates back to the 17th century but is likely much older. More recently, the electronic cigarette or "e-cigarette" and its accompanying flavored e-liquids emerged on to the global market. These new products contain no combustible tobacco but often contain large concentrations (reported from 0 to more than 50 mg/mL) of nicotine as well as numerous flavorings and/or flavor chemicals. At present, there are more than 400 e-cigarette brands available along with potentially >15,000 different/unique flavored products. However, surprisingly little is known about the flavors/flavor chemicals added to these products, which can account for >1% by weight of some e-liquids, and their resultant chemosensory experiences, and the US FDA has done relatively little, until recently, to regulate these products. This article will discuss e-cigarette flavors and flavor chemicals, their elicited responses, and their sensory effects in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha K Alhadyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Rob U Onyenwoke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States.,Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
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Chen Z, Chen W, Li Y, Moos M, Xiao D, Wang C. Single-nucleus chromatin accessibility and RNA sequencing reveal impaired brain development in prenatally e-cigarette exposed neonatal rats. iScience 2022; 25:104686. [PMID: 35874099 PMCID: PMC9304611 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although emerging evidence reveals that vaping alters the function of the central nervous system, the effects of maternal vaping on offspring brain development remain elusive. Using a well-established in utero exposure model, we performed single-nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) and RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) on prenatally e-cigarette-exposed rat brains. We found that maternal vaping distorted neuronal lineage differentiation in the neonatal brain by promoting excitatory neurons and inhibiting lateral ganglionic eminence-derived inhibitory neuronal differentiation. Moreover, maternal vaping disrupted calcium homeostasis, induced microglia cell death, and elevated susceptibility to cerebral ischemic injury in the developing brain of offspring. Our results suggest that the aberrant calcium signaling, diminished microglial population, and impaired microglia-neuron interaction may all contribute to the underlying mechanisms by which prenatal e-cigarette exposure impairs neonatal rat brain development. Our findings raise the concern that maternal vaping may cause adverse long-term brain damage to the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Wanqiu Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Malcolm Moos
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research & Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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11
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Eden MJ, Farra YM, Matz J, Bellini C, Oakes JM. Pharmacological and physiological response in Apoe -/- mice exposed to cigarette smoke or e-cigarette aerosols. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:260-274. [PMID: 35793285 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2086948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are popular nicotine delivery devices, yet the health effects remain unclear. To determine equivalent biomarkers, we characterized the immediate response in Apoe-/- mice exposed to tank/box-mod e-cig (e-cigtank), pod e-cig (e-cigpod), or cig smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reproducible puff profiles were generated for each aerosol and delivered to Apoe-/- mice via a nose-only exposure system. Serum cotinine levels were quantified at various time points through ELISA and utilized to model cotinine pharmacokinetics. In addition, particle size measurements and mouse respiratory function were characterized to calculate particle dosimetry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cig and e-cigtank particles were lognormally distributed with similar count median diameters (cig: 178 ± 2, e-cigtank: 200 ± 34nm), while e-cigpod particles were bimodally distributed and smaller (116 ± 13 and 13.3 ± 0.4 nm). Minute volumes decreased with cig exposure (5.4 ± 2.7 mL/min) compared to baseline (90.8 ± 11.6 mL/min), and less so with e-cigtank (45.2 ± 9.2 mL/min) and e-cigpod exposures (58.6 ± 6.8 mL/min), due to periods of apnea in the cig exposed groups. Cotinine was absorbed and eliminated most rapidly in the e-cigpod group (tmax = 14.5; t1/2' = 51.9 min), whereas cotinine was absorbed (cig: 50.4, e-cigtank: 40.1 min) and eliminated (cig: 104.6, e-cigtank: 94.1 min) similarly in the cig and e-cigtank groups. For exposure times which equate the area under the cotinine-concentration curve, ∼6.4× (e-cigtank) and 4.6× (e-cigpod) more nicotine deposited in e-cig compared to cig exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a basis for incorporating cotinine pharmacokinetics into preclinical exposure studies, allowing for longitudinal studies of structural and functional changes due to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Eden
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasmeen M Farra
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Matz
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chiara Bellini
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Oakes
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Hod R, Mohd Nor NH, Maniam S. Systematic review on e-cigarette and its effects on weight gain and adipocytes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270818. [PMID: 35788209 PMCID: PMC9255744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and obesity are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. E-cigarette which was first introduced in 2000s is perceived as an effective alternative to conventional tobacco smoking. Limited knowledge is available regarding the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. This study systematically reviews the current literature on the effects of e-cigarettes on body weight changes and adipocytes. The search was performed using OVID Medline and Scopus databases and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were independently assessed. This review included all English language, empirical quantitative and qualitative papers that investigated the effects of e-cigarettes on bodyweight or lipid accumulation or adipocytes. Literature searches identified 4965 references. After removing duplicates and screening for eligibility, thirteen references which involve human, in vivo and in vitro studies were reviewed and appraised. High prevalence of e-cigarette was reported in majority of the cross sectional studies conducted among respondent who are obese or overweight. More conclusive findings were identified in in vivo studies with e-cigarette causing weight decrease. However, these observations were not supported by in vitro data. Hence, the effect of e-cigarette on body weight changes warrants further investigations. Well-designed population and molecular studies are needed to further elucidate the role of e-cigarettes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Hod
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Mohd Nor
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Maniam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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13
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Effects of Chronic Inhalation of Electronic Cigarette Vapor Containing Nicotine on Neurobehaviors and Pre/Postsynaptic Neuron Markers. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060338. [PMID: 35736946 PMCID: PMC9229830 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine-exposed animal models exhibit neurobehavioral changes linked to impaired synaptic plasticity. Previous studies highlighted alterations in neurotransmitter levels following nicotine exposure. Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1) and vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) are essential for the transport and release of glutamate and GABA, respectively, from presynaptic neurons into synapses. In our work, an e-cigarette device was used to deliver vapor containing nicotine to C57BL/6J mice for four weeks. Novel object recognition, locomotion, and Y-maze tests were performed to investigate the behavioral parameters. Protein studies were conducted to study the hippocampal expression of VGLUT1, VGAT, and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) as well as brain cytokine markers. Long-term memory and locomotion tests revealed that e-cigarette aerosols containing nicotine modulated recognition memory and motor behaviors. We found that vapor exposure increased VGLUT1 expression and decreased VGAT expression in the hippocampus. No alterations were found in PSD95 expression. We observed that vapor-containing nicotine exposure altered certain brain cytokines such as IFNβ-1 and MCP-5. Our work provides evidence of an association between neurobehavioral changes and altered hippocampal VGLUT1 and VGAT expression in mice exposed to e-cigarette vapors containing nicotine. Such exposure was also associated with altered neurobehaviors, which might affect neurodegenerative diseases.
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14
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Impact of Electronic Cigarette Vaping on Cerebral Ischemia: What We Know So Far. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:923-938. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Espinoza-Derout J, Shao XM, Lao CJ, Hasan KM, Rivera JC, Jordan MC, Echeverria V, Roos KP, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Electronic Cigarette Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879726. [PMID: 35463745 PMCID: PMC9021536 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes are the most frequently used tobacco product among adolescents. Despite the widespread use of e-cigarettes and the known detrimental cardiac consequences of nicotine, the effects of e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system are not well-known. Several in vitro and in vivo studies delineating the mechanisms of the impact of e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system have been published. These include mechanisms associated with nicotine or other components of the aerosol or thermal degradation products of e-cigarettes. The increased hyperlipidemia, sympathetic dominance, endothelial dysfunction, DNA damage, and macrophage activation are prominent effects of e-cigarettes. Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammation are unifying mechanisms at many levels of the cardiovascular impairment induced by e-cigarette exposure. This review outlines the contribution of e-cigarettes in the development of cardiovascular diseases and their molecular underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xuesi M. Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Candice J. Lao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria C. Jordan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Research and Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kenneth P. Roos
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States
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16
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Been T, Traboulsi H, Paoli S, Alakhtar B, Mann KK, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Differential impact of JUUL flavors on pulmonary immune modulation and oxidative stress responses in male and female mice. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1783-1798. [PMID: 35254488 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
JUUL is a popular e-cigarette brand that manufactures e-liquids in a variety of flavors, such as mango and mint. Despite their popularity, the pulmonary effects of flavored JUUL e-liquids that are aerosolized and subsequently inhaled are not known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate if acute exposure to JUUL e-cigarette aerosols in three popular flavors elicits an immunomodulatory or oxidative stress response in mice. We first developed a preclinical model that mimics human use patterns of e-cigarettes using 1 puff/min or 4 puffs/min exposure regimes. Based on cotinine levels, these exposures were representative of light/occasional and moderate JUUL users. We then exposed C57BL/6 mice to JUUL e-cigarette aerosols in mango, mint, and Virginia tobacco flavors containing 5% nicotine for 3 days, and assessed the inflammatory and oxidative stress response in the lungs and blood. In response to the 1 puff/min regime (light/occasional user), there were minimal changes in BAL cell composition or lung mRNA expression. However, at 4 puffs/min (moderate user), mint-flavored JUUL significantly increased lung neutrophils, while mango-flavored JUUL significantly increased Tnfα and Il13 mRNA in the lungs. Both the 1- and 4 puffs/min regimes significantly increased oxidative stress markers in the blood, indicating systemic effects. Thus, JUUL products are not inert; even short-term inhalation of flavored JUUL e-cigarette aerosols differentially causes immune modulation and oxidative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terek Been
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sofia Paoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bayan Alakhtar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Koren K Mann
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Snoderly HT, Nurkiewicz TR, Bowdridge EC, Bennewitz MF. E-Cigarette Use: Device Market, Study Design, and Emerging Evidence of Biological Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12452. [PMID: 34830344 PMCID: PMC8619996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are frequently viewed as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes; however, evidence to support this perspective has not materialized. Indeed, the current literature reports that electronic cigarette use is associated with both acute lung injury and subclinical dysfunction to the lung and vasculature that may result in pathology following chronic use. E-cigarettes can alter vascular dynamics, polarize innate immune populations towards a proinflammatory state, compromise barrier function in the pulmonary endothelium and epithelium, and promote pre-oncogenic phenomena. This review will summarize the variety of e-cigarette products available to users, discuss current challenges in e-cigarette study design, outline the range of pathologies occurring in cases of e-cigarette associated acute lung injury, highlight disease supporting tissue- and cellular-level changes resulting from e-cigarette exposure, and briefly examine how these changes may promote tumorigenesis. Continued research of the mechanisms by which e-cigarettes induce pathology benefit users and clinicians by resulting in increased regulation of vaping devices, informing treatments for emerging diseases e-cigarettes produce, and increasing public awareness to reduce e-cigarette use and the onset of preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter T. Snoderly
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.R.N.); (E.C.B.)
| | - Timothy R. Nurkiewicz
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.R.N.); (E.C.B.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Bowdridge
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.R.N.); (E.C.B.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Margaret F. Bennewitz
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.R.N.); (E.C.B.)
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18
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Walayat A, Li Y, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Liu B, Shao XM, Zhang L, Xiao D. Fetal e-cigarette exposure programs a neonatal brain hypoxic-ischemic sensitive phenotype via altering DNA methylation patterns and autophagy signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R791-R801. [PMID: 34524928 PMCID: PMC8616627 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00207.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal e-cigarette (e-cig) exposure is a pressing perinatal health concern. Emerging evidence reveals its potential adverse impacts on brain development in offspring, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study tested the hypothesis that fetal e-cig exposure induces an aberrant DNA methylation profile in the developing brain, leading to alteration of autophagic flux signaling and programming of a sensitive phenotype to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Pregnant rats were exposed to chronic intermittent e-cig aerosol. Neonates were examined at the age of 9 days old. Maternal e-cig exposure decreased the body weight and brain weight but enhanced the brain-to-body weight ratio in the neonates. E-cig exposure induced a gender-dependent increase in hypoxic-ischemia-induced brain injury in male neonates associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. It differentially altered DNA methyltransferase expression and enhanced both global DNA methylation levels and specific CpG methylation at the autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) promoter. In addition, maternal e-cig exposure caused downregulations of ATG5, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β, and sirtuin 1 expression in neonatal brains. Of importance, knockdown of ATG5 in neonatal pups exaggerated neonatal HIE. In conclusion, the present study reveals that maternal e-cig exposure downregulates autophagy-related gene expression via DNA hypermethylation, leading to programming of a hypoxic-ischemic sensitive phenotype in the neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Walayat
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yong Li
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yingjie Fu
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Bailin Liu
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xuesi M Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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19
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Sussman MA. VAPIng into ARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Cardiopulmonary Failure. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108006. [PMID: 34582836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Modern" vaping involving battery-operated electronic devices began approximately one dozen years and has quickly evolved into a multibillion dollar industry providing products to an estimated 50 million users worldwide. Originally developed as an alternative to traditional cigarette smoking, vaping now appeals to a diverse demographic including substantial involvement of young people who often have never used cigarettes. The rapid rise of vaping fueled by multiple factors has understandably outpaced understanding of biological effects, made even more challenging due to wide ranging individual user habits and preferences. Consequently while vaping-related research gathers momentum, vaping-associated pathological injury (VAPI) has been established by clinical case reports with severe cases manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with examples of right ventricular cardiac failure. Therefore, basic scientific studies are desperately needed to understand the impact of vaping upon the lungs as well as cardiopulmonary structure and function. Experimental models that capture fundamental characteristics of vaping-induced ARDS are essential to study pathogenesis and formulate recommendations to mitigate harmful effects attributable to ingredients or equipment. So too, treatment strategies to promote recovery from vaping-associated damage require development and testing at the preclinical level. This review summarizes the back story of vaping leading to present day conundrums with particular emphasis upon VAPI-associated ARDS and prioritization of research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sussman
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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20
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Bonner E, Chang Y, Christie E, Colvin V, Cunningham B, Elson D, Ghetu C, Huizenga J, Hutton SJ, Kolluri SK, Maggio S, Moran I, Parker B, Rericha Y, Rivera BN, Samon S, Schwichtenberg T, Shankar P, Simonich MT, Wilson LB, Tanguay RL. The chemistry and toxicology of vaping. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107837. [PMID: 33753133 PMCID: PMC8263470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emerson Christie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Colvin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brittany Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Elson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christine Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Juliana Huizenga
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sara J Hutton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Maggio
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Rericha
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samantha Samon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Trever Schwichtenberg
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsay B Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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21
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Hasan KM, Friedman TC, Parveen M, Espinoza-Derout J, Bautista F, Razipour MM, Shao XM, Jordan MC, Roos KP, Mahata SK, Sinha-Hikim AP. Electronic cigarettes cause alteration in cardiac structure and function in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239671. [PMID: 33002059 PMCID: PMC7529198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the widespread use of electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, and the proposed adverse cardiac effects of nicotine, the detrimental effects of e-cigarettes on the heart are not well known. This study examines the detrimental effects of e-cigarettes with nicotine at doses that yield circulating nicotine and cotinine in the ranges similar to the levels found in habitual smokers, and a high fat diet (HFD) on cardiac structure and function in a commonly used model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). C57BL/6J mice on an HFD were exposed to e-cigarette in the presence (2.4% nicotine) or absence (0% nicotine) of nicotine and saline aerosol for 12 weeks. Echocardiographic data demonstrated a decrease in left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening, LV ejection fraction, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) in mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine) compared to e-cigarette (0% nicotine) or saline exposed mice. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) of mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine) exhibited LV abnormalities, including lipid accumulation (ventricular steatosis), myofibrillar derangement and destruction, and mitochondrial hypertrophy, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The detrimental effects of e-cigarettes (2.4% nicotine) on cardiac structure and function was accompanied by increased oxidative stress, plasma free fatty acid levels, CM apoptosis, and inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase and activation of its downstream target, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase. Our results indicate profound adverse effects of e-cigarettes (2.4% nicotine) on the heart in obese mice and raise questions about the safety of the nicotine e-cigarettes use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KMH); (APSH)
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Meher Parveen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Francisco Bautista
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad M. Razipour
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Xuesi M. Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Jordan
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth P. Roos
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- VA San Diego Health Care System and University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KMH); (APSH)
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22
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Lechasseur A, Morissette MC. The fog, the attractive and the addictive: pulmonary effects of vaping with a focus on the contribution of each major vaping liquid constituent. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/200268. [PMID: 33060167 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0268-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaping has become increasingly popular over the past decade. This pragmatic review presents the published biological effects of electronic cigarette vapour inhalation with a focus on the pulmonary effects. Special attention has been devoted to providing the documented effects specific to each major ingredient, namely propylene glycol/glycerol, nicotine and flavouring agents. For each ingredient, findings are divided according to the methodology used, being in vitro studies, animal studies and clinical studies. Finally, we provide thoughts and insights on the current state of understanding of the pulmonary effects of vaping, as well as novel research avenues and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lechasseur
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Dept of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Smith LC, George O. Advances in smoking cessation pharmacotherapy: Non-nicotinic approaches in animal models. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108225. [PMID: 32758566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The landscape of worldwide tobacco use is changing, with a decrease in traditional smoking and an exponential rise in electronic cigarette use. No new nicotine cessation pharmacotherapies have come to market in the last 10 years. The current therapies that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for nicotine cessation include nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, and the atypical antidepressant bupropion. Nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline both act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bupropion inhibits the dopamine transporter, the norepinephrine transporter, and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to inhibit smoking behavior. Notwithstanding these treatments, rates of successful nicotine cessation in clinical trials remain low. Recent pharmacological approaches to improve nicotine cessation rates in animal models have turned their focus away from activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The present review focuses on such pharmacological approaches, including nicotine vaccines, anti-nicotine antibodies, nicotine-degrading enzymes, cannabinoids, and metformin. Both immunopharmacological and enzymatic approaches rely on restricting and degrading nicotine within the periphery, thus preventing psychoactive effects of nicotine on the central nervous system. In contrast, pharmacologic inhibition of the enzymes which degrade nicotine could affect smoking behavior. Cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists interact with the dopamine reward pathway and show efficacy in reducing nicotine addiction-like behaviors in preclinical studies. Metformin is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of diabetes. It activates specific intracellular kinases that may protect against the lower metabolism, higher oxidation, and inflammation that are associated with nicotine withdrawal. Further studies are needed to investigate non-nicotinic targets to improve the treatment of tobacco use disorder. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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24
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Jackson A, Grobman B, Krishnan-Sarin S. Recent findings in the pharmacology of inhaled nicotine: Preclinical and clinical in vivo studies. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108218. [PMID: 32592708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rise of vaping in adolescents, the recent entrance of new inhaled nicotine products such as iQOS on the market and e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury cases has created concern for the use of inhaled non-combustible nicotine products. This narrative review discusses recent experimental in vivo studies that utilize human, rat and mouse models to understand the pharmacological impact of nicotine from non-combustible products. METHODS The search engine PubMed was utilized with the following search terms: inhaled nicotine, nicotine e-cigarette, heated tobacco products, iQOS, electronic cigarette, nicotine inhaler, nicotine vaping. This review highlights recent primary in vivo studies of inhaled nicotine administration experimental paradigms that occurred in laboratory settings using human and rodent (rats and mice) models that have been published from January 2017-December 2019. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of nicotine via e-cigarettes is influenced by the PG/VG and flavor constituents in e-liquids, the presence of nicotine salts in e-liquids, puff topography of nicotine and tobacco product users and the power of the e-cigarette device. The pharmacodynamic impact of inhaled nicotine has cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous system implications. CONCLUSION The articles reviewed here highlight the importance of both animal and human models to fully understand the impact of inhaled nicotine pharmacology There is a need for more rodent pharmacokinetic inhaled nicotine studies to understand the influences of factors such as flavor and nicotine salts. Additionally, consensus on nicotine measurement in both human and rodent studies is greatly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asti Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Ben Grobman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States
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25
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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Zielinska-Blizniewska H, Malinowska K, Zajdel K, Zakonnik L, Zajdel R. A Summary of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Evaluating the Impact of E-Cigarette Exposure on Living Organisms and the Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020652. [PMID: 31963832 PMCID: PMC7013895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide use of electronic cigarettes has been rapidly expanding over recent years, but the long-term effect of e-cigarette vapor exposure on human health and environment is not well established; however, its mechanism of action entails the production of reactive oxygen species and trace metals, and the exacerbation of inflammation, which are associated with potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The present study examines the effects of selected liquid chemicals used in e-cigarettes, such as propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, nicotine and flavorings, on living organisms; the data collected indicates that exposure to e-cigarette liquid has potentially detrimental effects on cells in vitro, and on animals and humans in vivo. While e-liquid exposure can adversely influence the physiology of living organisms, vaping is recommended as an alternative for tobacco smoking. The study also compares the impact of e-cigarette liquid exposure and traditional cigarette smoke on organisms and the environmental impact. The environmental influence of e-cigarette use is closely connected with the emission of airborne particulate matter, suggesting the possibility of passive smoking. The obtained data provides an insight into the impact of nicotine delivery systems on living organisms and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-663-626-667
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Malinowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-725 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Lukasz Zakonnik
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Radoslaw Zajdel
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
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26
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Modeling drug exposure in rodents using e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 330:108458. [PMID: 31614162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco products is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Coordinated efforts have successfully reduced tobacco cigarette smoking in the United States; however, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) recently have replaced traditional cigarettes for many users. While the clinical risks associated with long-term ENDS use remain unclear, advancements in preclinical rodent models will enhance our understanding of their overall health effects. This review examines the peripheral and central effects of ENDS-mediated exposure to nicotine and other drugs of abuse in rodents and evaluates current techniques for implementing ENDS in preclinical research.
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