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Ulutekin C, Galli E, Schreiner B, Khademi M, Callegari I, Piehl F, Sanderson N, Kirschenbaum D, Mundt S, Filippi M, Furlan R, Olsson T, Derfuss T, Ingelfinger F, Becher B. B cell depletion attenuates CD27 signaling of T helper cells in multiple sclerosis. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101351. [PMID: 38134930 PMCID: PMC10829729 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Whereas T cells are likely the main drivers of disease development, the striking efficacy of B cell-depleting therapies (BCDTs) underscore B cells' involvement in disease progression. How B cells contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis-and consequently the precise mechanism of action of BCDTs-remains elusive. Here, we analyze the impact of BCDTs on the immune landscape in patients with MS using high-dimensional single-cell immunophenotyping. Algorithm-guided analysis reveals a decrease in circulating T follicular helper-like (Tfh-like) cells alongside increases in CD27 expression in memory T helper cells and Tfh-like cells. Elevated CD27 indicates disrupted CD27/CD70 signaling, as sustained CD27 activation in T cells leads to its cleavage. Immunohistological analysis shows CD70-expressing B cells at MS lesion sites. These results suggest that the efficacy of BCDTs may partly hinge upon the disruption of Th cell and B cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ulutekin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Galli
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Department of Biomedicine and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Schreiner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18A, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Callegari
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Department of Biomedicine and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18A, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Sanderson
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Department of Biomedicine and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kirschenbaum
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Mundt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Neurophysiology Service, and Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Via Olgettina n. 60 - 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Via Olgettina n. 60 - 20132, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 60 - 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18A, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Department of Biomedicine and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ingelfinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Di Castro MA, Garofalo S, Mormino A, Carbonari L, Di Pietro E, De Felice E, Catalano M, Maggi L, Limatola C. Interleukin-15 alters hippocampal synaptic transmission and impairs episodic memory formation in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:652-666. [PMID: 37992787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are potent immunomodulators exerting pleiotropic effects in the central nervous system (CNS). They influence neuronal functions and circuit activities with effects on memory processes and behaviors. Here, we unravel a neuromodulatory activity of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in mouse brain. Acute exposure of hippocampal slices to IL-15 enhances gamma-aminobutyricacid (GABA) release and reduces glutamatergic currents, while chronic treatment with IL-15 increases the frequency of hippocampal miniature inhibitory synaptic transmission and impairs memory formation in the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Moreover, we describe that serotonin is involved in mediating the hippocampal effects of IL-15, because a selective 5-HT3A receptor antagonist prevents the effects on inhibitory neurotransmission and ameliorates mice performance in the NOR test. These findings provide new insights into the modulatory activities of cytokines in the CNS, with implications on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Amalia Di Castro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mormino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Carbonari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Di Pietro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora De Felice
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed Via Atinese 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur, Italy.
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3
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Kazakov AS, Deryusheva EI, Rastrygina VA, Sokolov AS, Permyakova ME, Litus EA, Uversky VN, Permyakov EA, Permyakov SE. Interaction of S100A6 Protein with the Four-Helical Cytokines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1345. [PMID: 37759746 PMCID: PMC10526228 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
S100 is a family of over 20 structurally homologous, but functionally diverse regulatory (calcium/zinc)-binding proteins of vertebrates. The involvement of S100 proteins in numerous vital (patho)physiological processes is mediated by their interaction with various (intra/extra)cellular protein partners, including cell surface receptors. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed the ability of specific S100 proteins to modulate cell signaling via direct interaction with cytokines. Previously, we revealed the binding of ca. 71% of the four-helical cytokines via the S100P protein, due to the presence in its molecule of a cytokine-binding site overlapping with the binding site for the S100P receptor. Here, we show that another S100 protein, S100A6 (that has a pairwise sequence identity with S100P of 35%), specifically binds numerous four-helical cytokines. We have studied the affinity of the recombinant forms of 35 human four-helical cytokines from all structural families of this fold to Ca2+-loaded recombinant human S100A6, using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. S100A6 recognizes 26 of the cytokines from all families of this fold, with equilibrium dissociation constants from 0.3 nM to 12 µM. Overall, S100A6 interacts with ca. 73% of the four-helical cytokines studied to date, with a selectivity equivalent to that for the S100P protein, with the differences limited to the binding of interleukin-2 and oncostatin M. The molecular docking study evidences the presence in the S100A6 molecule of a cytokine-binding site, analogous to that found in S100P. The findings argue the presence in some of the promiscuous members of the S100 family of a site specific to a wide range of four-helical cytokines. This unique feature of the S100 proteins potentially allows them to modulate the activity of the numerous four-helical cytokines in the disorders accompanied by an excessive release of the cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kazakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Victoria A. Rastrygina
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Andrey S. Sokolov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Maria E. Permyakova
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Litus
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
- Department of Molecular, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
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Meghnem D, Maillasson M, Barbieux I, Morisseau S, Keita D, Jacques Y, Quéméner A, Mortier E. Selective Targeting of IL-15Rα Is Sufficient to Reduce Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886213. [PMID: 35592318 PMCID: PMC9110858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are crucial molecules for maintaining the proper functioning of the immune system. Nevertheless, a dysregulation of cytokine expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a key factor for natural killer cells (NK) and CD8 T cells homeostasis, necessary to fight cancer and infections but could also be considered as a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in autoimmune inflammatory disease, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, along with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β. The molecular mechanisms by which IL-15 exerts its inflammatory function in these diseases are still unclear. In this study, we generated an IL-15-derived molecule called NANTIL-15 (New ANTagonist of IL-15), designed to selectively inhibit the action of IL-15 through the high-affinity trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor while leaving IL-15 signaling through the dimeric IL-2Rβ/γc receptor unaffected. Administrating of NANTIL-15 in healthy mice did not affect the IL-15-dependent cell populations such as NK and CD8 T cells. In contrast, we found that NANTIL-15 efficiently reduced signs of inflammation in a collagen-induced arthritis model. These observations demonstrate that the inflammatory properties of IL-15 are linked to its action through the trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor, highlighting the interest of selectively targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihia Meghnem
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Barbieux
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Morisseau
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU), Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Dalloba Keita
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
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5
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Isvoranu G, Surcel M, Munteanu AN, Bratu OG, Ionita-Radu F, Neagu MT, Chiritoiu-Butnaru M. Therapeutic potential of interleukin-15 in cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:675. [PMID: 33986840 PMCID: PMC8112152 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is dysfunctional in cancer, and therapeutic approaches designated to restore immunity and increase long-term overall survival are desirable. The role of immunotherapy is to trigger the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a member of the common gamma-chain (γc) cytokines that promote the differentiation and expansion of T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells, leading to enhanced antitumor responses. This suggests that IL-15 is a promising candidate for anticancer therapy. Renewed interest in cancer immunotherapy has led to an increased number of preclinical studies and clinical trials that have investigated the reliability and potency of IL-15-based agents, not only as single therapy, but also in combination with others. This review provides a description of these studies which show the advantages and disadvantages of IL-15 as an immunotherapeutic agent. We present here the role of IL-15 and pharmacologically improved IL-15 superagonists as a single treatment or in combination with other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghita Isvoranu
- Department of Animal Husbandry, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Narcisa Munteanu
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Clinical Department III, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinic of Urology, 'Dr. Carol Davila' University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.,Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Ionita-Radu
- Department of Gastroenterology, 'Dr. Carol Davila' University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Teodora Neagu
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marioara Chiritoiu-Butnaru
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy (IBAR), 060031 Bucharest, Romania
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Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE. The taste of neuroinflammation: Molecular mechanisms linking taste sensing to neuroinflammatory responses. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105557. [PMID: 33737243 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates a critical role of neuroinflammatory response as an underlying pathophysiological process in several central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms that trigger neuroinflammatory processes are not fully known. The discovery of bitter taste receptors in regions other than the oral cavity substantially increased research interests on their functional roles in extra-oral tissues. It is now widely accepted that bitter taste receptors, for instance, in the respiratory, intestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts, are crucial not only for sensing poisonous substances, but also, act as immune sentinels, mobilizing defense mechanisms against pathogenic aggression. The relatively recent discovery of bitter taste receptors in the brain has intensified research investigation on the functional implication of cerebral bitter taste receptor expression. Very recent data suggest that responses of bitter taste receptors to neurotoxins and microbial molecules, under normal condition, are necessary to prevent neuroinflammatory reactions. Furthermore, emerging data have revealed that downregulation of key components of the taste receptor signaling cascade leads to increased oxidative stress and inflammasome signaling in neurons that ultimately culminate in neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that link taste receptor mediated surveillance of the extracellular milieu to neuroinflammatory responses are not completely understood. This review integrates new data on the molecular mechanisms that link bitter taste receptor sensing to neuroinflammatory responses. The role of bitter taste receptor-mediated sensing of toxigenic substances in brain disorders is also discussed. The therapeutic significance of targeting these receptors for potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Atwa MA, Ali SMM, Youssef N, Mahmoud Marie RES. Elevated serum level of interleukin-15 in vitiligo patients and its correlation with disease severity but not activity. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:2640-2644. [PMID: 33355977 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a common acquired disorder of depigmentation. Its pathogenesis entails a T helper (Th) 1-cytotoxic T (cT) lymphocytes mediated autoimmune melanocyte destruction. Interleukin (IL)-15 is one of the IL-2 family of cytokines and shares several actions with IL-2. IL-15 enhances survival, maturation, and functional activity of natural killer, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Furthermore, it potentiates survival, maturation, and cytotoxicity of memory cT cells. IL-15 has been shown to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases but was poorly investigated in patients with vitiligo. AIMS The study aimed at evaluating IL-15 level in the sera of patients with vitiligo and its association with vitiligo severity and activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 30 patients with nonsegmental vitiligo and 30 healthy controls. Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) and Vitiligo Disease Activity (VIDA) score were used to assess vitiligo severity and activity, respectively. Serum level of IL-15 was assessed by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay. RESULTS Serum IL-15 level, in patients with vitiligo, was significantly higher in comparison with the control group (P = .001). A significant positive correlation was found between serum IL-15 level and VES score (P = .001), whereas there was no significant correlation between IL-15 level and VIDA score as well as the disease duration. CONCLUSION IL-15 level was elevated in the sera of patients with vitiligo. IL-15 may therefore have a significant impact on vitiligo autoimmune pathogenesis, and further identification of its molecular roles may highlight new therapeutic strategies for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Atwa
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sara Mohammed Mohammed Ali
- Department of Dermatology, Ministry of Health and Population, El Arish General Hospital, North Sinai, Egypt
| | - Nahed Youssef
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Radwa El-Sayed Mahmoud Marie
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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8
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Mimpen M, Smolders J, Hupperts R, Damoiseaux J. Natural killer cells in multiple sclerosis: A review. Immunol Lett 2020; 222:1-11. [PMID: 32113900 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the most common non-traumatic disabling disease among adolescents, multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating neurological inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Research has not yet fully elucidated its pathogenesis, but it has shown MS to be a complex, multifactorial disease with many interplaying factors. One of these factors, natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of the innate immune system, have recently gained attention due to the effects of daclizumab therapy, causing an expansion of the immunoregulatory subset of NK cells. Since then, NK cells and their relation to MS have been the focus of research, with many new findings being published in the last decade. In this review, NK cells are pictured as potent cytotoxic killers, as well as unique immune-regulators. Additionally, an overview of our current knowledge regarding NK cells in MS is given. The role of NK cells in MS is reviewed in the context of well-established environmental factors and current disease modifying therapies to gain further understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment options in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Mimpen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard The Netherlands
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The search for an ideal multiple sclerosis biomarker with good diagnostic value, prognostic reference and an impact on clinical outcome has yet to be realized and is still ongoing. The aim of this review is to establish an overview of the frequent biomarkers for multiple sclerosis that exist to date. The review summarizes the results obtained from electronic databases, as well as thorough manual searches. In this review the sources and methods of biomarkers extraction are described; in addition to the description of each biomarker, determination of the prognostic, diagnostic, disease monitoring and treatment response values besides clinical impact they might possess. We divided the biomarkers into three categories according to the achievement method: laboratory markers, genetic-immunogenetic markers and imaging markers. We have found two biomarkers at the time being considered the gold standard for MS diagnostics. Unfortunately, there does not exist a single solitary marker being able to present reliable diagnostic value, prognostic value, high sensitivity and specificity as well as clinical impact. We need more studies to find the best biomarker for MS.
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10
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Li R, Bar-Or A. The Multiple Roles of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Their Implications in Multiple Sclerosis Therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a029108. [PMID: 29661809 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent functions of B cells are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). The contrasting results of distinct B-cell targeting therapies in MS patients underscores the importance of elucidating these multiple B-cell functions. In this review, we discuss the generation of autoreactive B cells, migration of B cells into the central nervous system (CNS), and how different functions of B cells may contribute to MS disease activity and potentially mitigation in both the periphery and CNS compartments. In addition, we propose several future therapeutic strategies that may better target/shape B-cell responses for long-term treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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11
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Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis; Functional significance and therapeutic implications. Does the specificity matter? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 25:131-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Chiang S, Kesari NK, Bradshaw A, Chen W, Samudralwar R, Alobaidy AM, Kass JS. Pearls & Oy-sters: CNS lymphoma in a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with interferon. Neurology 2017; 89:e210-e213. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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13
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Deciphering the Role of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis-Towards Specific Targeting of Pathogenic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102048. [PMID: 28946620 PMCID: PMC5666730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells, plasma cells and antibodies may play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This notion is supported by various immunological changes observed in MS patients, such as activation and pro-inflammatory differentiation of peripheral blood B cells, the persistence of clonally expanded plasma cells producing immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the composition of inflammatory central nervous system lesions frequently containing co-localizing antibody depositions and activated complement. In recent years, the perception of a respective pathophysiological B cell involvement was vividly promoted by the empirical success of anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion in clinical trials; based on these findings, the first monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody—ocrelizumab—is currently in the process of being approved for treatment of MS. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of B cells, plasma cells and antibodies in MS and elucidate how approved and future treatments, first and foremost anti-CD20 antibodies, therapeutically modify these B cell components. We will furthermore describe regulatory functions of B cells in MS and discuss how the evolving knowledge of these therapeutically desirable B cell properties can be harnessed to improve future safety and efficacy of B cell-directed therapy in MS.
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14
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Guo Y, Luan L, Patil NK, Sherwood ER. Immunobiology of the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex as an antitumor and antiviral agent. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 38:10-21. [PMID: 28888485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is essential for natural killer (NK), NKT and memory (m) CD8+ T cell development and function, and is currently under investigation as an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. Recently, the creation of IL-15 superagonist by complexing IL-15 and its high affinity receptor alpha (IL-15 Rα) in solution, inspired by the natural trans-presentation of IL-15, advances the potential of IL-15-based tumor immunotherapy. IL-15 superagonist shows promising advantages over monomeric IL-15 such as sustaining high circulating concentrations due to prolonged half-life and more potently stimulating NK and CD8+ T effector lymphocytes. So far, there are three different forms of recombinant IL-15 superagonist fusion protein based on configurational modifications. Gene therapy using engineered cells co-expressing IL-15/IL-15 Rα complex for cancer treatment is also emerging. All forms have demonstrated efficacy in causing tumor regression in animal studies, which provides strong rationale for advancing IL-15 superagonist through clinical trials. To date, there are fourteen phase I/II IL-15 superagonist trials in cancer patients and one phase I trial in HIV patients. Information generated by ongoing trials regarding the toxicity and efficacy of IL-15 superagonist is awaited. Finally, we elaborate on immunotoxicity caused by IL-15 superagonist in preclinical studies and discuss important safety considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Guo
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Anesthesiology. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Anesthesiology. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Over the last decade, evidence condensed that B cells, B cell-derived plasma cells and antibodies play a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). In many patients with MS, peripheral B cells show signs of chronic activation; within the cerebrospinal fluid clonally expanded plasma cells produce oligoclonal immunoglobulins, which remain a hallmark diagnostic finding. Confirming the clinical relevance of these immunological alterations, recent trials testing anti-CD20-mediated depletion of peripheral B cells showed an instantaneous halt in development of new central nervous system lesions and occurrence of relapses. Notwithstanding this enormous success, not all B cells or B cell subsets may contribute in a pathogenic manner, and may, in contrast, exert anti-inflammatory and, thus, therapeutically desirable properties in MS. Naïve B cells, in MS patients similar to healthy controls, are a relevant source of regulatory cytokines such as interleukin-10, which dampens the activity of other immune cells and promotes recovery from acute disease flares in experimental MS models. In this review, we describe in detail pathogenic but also regulatory properties of B and plasma cells in the context of MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In the second part, we review what impact current and future therapies may have on these B cell properties. Within this section, we focus on the highly encouraging data on anti-CD20 antibodies as future therapy for MS. Lastly, we discuss how B cell-directed therapy in MS could be possibly advanced even further in regard to efficacy and safety by integrating the emerging information on B cell regulation in MS into future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kinzel
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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16
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Moreno Torres I, García-Merino A. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:359-371. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1245616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Moreno Torres
- Neuroimmunology unit, Neurology department, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Merino
- Neuroimmunology unit, Neurology department, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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17
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An activation-induced IL-15 isoform is a natural antagonist for IL-15 function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25822. [PMID: 27166125 PMCID: PMC4863161 DOI: 10.1038/srep25822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) expression induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, inhibits the apoptosis of activated T cells and prolongs the survival of CD8+ memory T cells. Here we identified an IL-15 isoform lacking exon-6, IL-15ΔE6, generated by alternative splicing events of activated immune cells, including macrophages and B cells. In vitro study showed that IL-15ΔE6 could antagonize IL-15-mediated T cell proliferation. The receptor binding assay revealed that IL-15ΔE6 could bind to IL-15Rα and interfere with the binding between IL-15 and IL-15Rα. Over-expression of IL-15ΔE6 in the murine EAE model ameliorated the EAE symptoms of the mice. The clinical scores were significantly lower in the mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 than the control mice and the mice expressing IL-15. The inflammation and demyelination of the EAE mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 were less severe than the control group. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 expression reduced the percentages of inflammatory T cells in the spleen and spinal cord, and inhibited the infiltration of macrophages to the CNS. Our results demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 could be induced during immune activation and function as a negative feedback mechanism to dampen IL-15-mediated inflammatory events.
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18
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Li R, Rezk A, Healy LM, Muirhead G, Prat A, Gommerman JL, Bar-Or A. Cytokine-Defined B Cell Responses as Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 6:626. [PMID: 26779181 PMCID: PMC4705194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Important antibody-independent pathogenic roles of B cells are emerging in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The contrasting results of different treatments targeting B cells in patients (in spite of predictions of therapeutic benefits from animal models) call for a better understanding of the multiple roles that distinct human B cell responses likely play in MS. In recent years, both murine and human B cells have been identified with distinct functional properties related to their expression of particular cytokines. These have included regulatory (Breg) B cells (secreting interleukin (IL)-10 or IL-35) and pro-inflammatory B cells (secreting tumor necrosis factor α, LTα, IL-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor). Better understanding of human cytokine-defined B cell responses is necessary in both health and diseases, such as MS. Investigation of their surface phenotype, distinct functions, and the mechanisms of regulation (both cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic) may help develop effective treatments that are more selective and safe. In this review, we focus on mechanisms by which cytokine-defined B cells contribute to the peripheral immune cascades that are thought to underlie MS relapses, and the impact of B cell-directed therapies on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Gillian Muirhead
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Université de Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | | | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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19
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Michel L, Touil H, Pikor NB, Gommerman JL, Prat A, Bar-Or A. B Cells in the Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System: Trafficking and Contribution to CNS-Compartmentalized Inflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:636. [PMID: 26732544 PMCID: PMC4689808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trial results of peripheral B cell depletion indicate abnormal proinflammatory B cell properties, and particularly antibody-independent functions, contribute to relapsing MS disease activity. However, potential roles of B cells in progressive forms of disease continue to be debated. Prior work indicates that presence of B cells is fostered within the inflamed MS central nervous system (CNS) environment, and that B cell-rich immune cell collections may be present within the meninges of patients. A potential association is reported between such meningeal immune cell collections and the subpial pattern of cortical injury that is now considered important in progressive disease. Elucidating the characteristics of B cells that populate the MS CNS, how they traffic into the CNS and how they may contribute to progressive forms of the disease has become of considerable interest. Here, we will review characteristics of human B cells identified within distinct CNS subcompartments of patients with MS, including the cerebrospinal fluid, parenchymal lesions, and meninges, as well as the relationship between B cell populations identified in these subcompartments and the periphery. We will further describe the different barriers of the CNS and the possible mechanisms of migration of B cells across these barriers. Finally, we will consider the range of human B cell responses (including potential for antibody production, cytokine secretion, and antigen presentation) that may contribute to propagating inflammation and injury cascades thought to underlie MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Michel
- Département de Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Hanane Touil
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Natalia B Pikor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Prat
- Département de Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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20
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Broux B, Mizee MR, Vanheusden M, van der Pol S, van Horssen J, Van Wijmeersch B, Somers V, de Vries HE, Stinissen P, Hellings N. IL-15 Amplifies the Pathogenic Properties of CD4+CD28−T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2099-109. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Raphael I, Webb J, Stuve O, Haskins W, Forsthuber T. Body fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: how far we have come and how they could affect the clinic now and in the future. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 11:69-91. [PMID: 25523168 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.991315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which affects over 2.5 million people worldwide. Although MS has been extensively studied, many challenges still remain in regards to treatment, diagnosis and prognosis. Typically, prognosis and individual responses to treatment are evaluated by clinical tests such as the expanded disability status scale, MRI and presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid. However, none of these measures correlates strongly with treatment efficacy or disease progression across heterogeneous patient populations and subtypes of MS. Numerous studies over the past decades have attempted to identify sensitive and specific biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment efficacy of MS. The objective of this article is to review and discuss the current literature on body fluid biomarkers in MS, including research on potential biomarker candidates in the areas of miRNA, mRNA, lipids and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- University of Texas San Antonio - Biology, San Antonio, TX, USA
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22
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Burman J, Svensson E, Fransson M, Loskog ASI, Zetterberg H, Raininko R, Svenningsson A, Fagius J, Mangsbo SM. The cerebrospinal fluid cytokine signature of multiple sclerosis: a homogenous response that does not conform to the Th1/Th2/Th17 convention. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:153-9. [PMID: 25457841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, we wanted to identify key cytokines characteristic of different stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). To this end, cerebrospinal fluid from patients with MS was investigated with a multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. In total 43 cytokines were assessed and related to clinical and imaging data. Increased levels of CCL22, CXCL10 and sCD40L characterized relapsing-remitting MS patients with the presence of gadolinium-enhancing lesions; decreased CCL2 and increased CXCL1 and CCL5 were typical of relapsing-remitting MS patients irrespectively of the presence of gadolinium-enhancing lesions. These homogenous patterns of cytokine activation do not conform to conventional Th1/Th2/Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Burman
- Department of Neurosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Emma Svensson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Moa Fransson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica S I Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Raili Raininko
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Svenningsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University and University Hospital of Northern Sweden, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Fagius
- Department of Neurosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara M Mangsbo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Interleukin-15 enhances cellular proliferation and upregulates CNS homing molecules in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2014; 123:3116-27. [PMID: 24700781 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-05-499970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have consistently implicated the interleukin-15 (IL-15) gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) biology, including associations with disease susceptibility, and increased risk of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. However, whether pre-B ALL blasts directly respond to IL-15 is unknown. Here, we show that most pre-B ALL primary samples and cell lines express IL-15 and components of its receptor and that primary pre-B ALL cells show increased growth in culture in response to IL-15. Investigation of mechanisms of action using IL-15-responsive SD-1 cells shows this growth advantage is maximal under low-serum conditions, mimicking those found in cerebrospinal fluid. IL-15 also upregulates PSGL-1 and CXCR3, molecules associated with CNS trafficking. Investigation of downstream signaling pathways indicates that IL-15 induces signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and to a lesser extent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation. The IL-15-mediated growth advantage is abolished by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK), PI3K, and NF-κB inhibitors but preserved in the presence of STAT5 inhibition. Together, these observations provide a mechanistic link between increased levels of IL-15 expression and leukemogenesis, high-risk disease, and CNS relapse and suggest potential therapeutic targets.
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24
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Ruck T, Bittner S, Gross CC, Breuer J, Albrecht S, Korr S, Göbel K, Pankratz S, Henschel CM, Schwab N, Staszewski O, Prinz M, Kuhlmann T, Meuth SG, Wiendl H. CD4+NKG2D+ T cells exhibit enhanced migratory and encephalitogenic properties in neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81455. [PMID: 24282598 PMCID: PMC3839937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of encephalitogenic CD4(+) T lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier is an essential step in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We here demonstrate that expression of the co-stimulatory receptor NKG2D defines a subpopulation of CD4(+) T cells with elevated levels of markers for migration, activation, and cytolytic capacity especially when derived from MS patients. Furthermore, CD4(+)NKG2D(+) cells produce high levels of proinflammatory IFN-γ and IL-17 upon stimulation. NKG2D promotes the capacity of CD4(+)NKG2D(+) cells to migrate across endothelial cells in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. CD4(+)NKG2D(+) T cells are enriched in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients, and a significant number of CD4(+) T cells in MS lesions coexpress NKG2D. We further elucidated the role of CD4(+)NKG2D(+) T cells in the mouse system. NKG2D blockade restricted central nervous system migration of T lymphocytes in vivo, leading to a significant decrease in the clinical and pathologic severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Blockade of NKG2D reduced killing of cultivated mouse oligodendrocytes by activated CD4(+) T cells. Taken together, we identify CD4(+)NKG2D(+) cells as a subpopulation of T helper cells with enhanced migratory, encephalitogenic and cytotoxic properties involved in inflammatory CNS lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Breuer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Albrecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabrina Korr
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Susann Pankratz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I - Neuropathophysiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Chertova E, Bergamaschi C, Chertov O, Sowder R, Bear J, Roser JD, Beach RK, Lifson JD, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Characterization and favorable in vivo properties of heterodimeric soluble IL-15·IL-15Rα cytokine compared to IL-15 monomer. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18093-103. [PMID: 23649624 PMCID: PMC3689953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.461756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15), a 114-amino acid cytokine related to IL-2, regulates immune homeostasis and the fate of many lymphocyte subsets. We reported that, in the blood of mice and humans, IL-15 is present as a heterodimer associated with soluble IL-15 receptor α (sIL-15Rα). Here, we show efficient production of this noncovalently linked but stable heterodimer in clonal human HEK293 cells and release of the processed IL-15·sIL-15Rα heterodimer in the medium. Purification of the IL-15 and sIL-15Rα polypeptides allowed identification of the proteolytic cleavage site of IL-15Rα and characterization of multiple glycosylation sites. Administration of the IL-15·sIL-15Rα heterodimer reconstituted from purified subunits resulted in sustained plasma IL-15 levels and in robust expansion of NK and T cells in mice, demonstrating pharmacokinetics and in vivo bioactivity superior to single chain IL-15. These identified properties of heterodimeric IL-15 provide a strong rationale for the evaluation of this molecule for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oleg Chertov
- the Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702 and
| | | | - Jenifer Bear
- the Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Rachel K. Beach
- the Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and
- the Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Barbara K. Felber
- the Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- the Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and
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26
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Matsushita T, Tateishi T, Isobe N, Yonekawa T, Yamasaki R, Matsuse D, Murai H, Kira JI. Characteristic cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokine profiles in neuromyelitis optica, relapsing remitting or primary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61835. [PMID: 23637915 PMCID: PMC3630114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in cytokine/chemokine profiles among patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), and primary progressive MS (PPMS), and the relationships of these profiles with clinical and neuroimaging features are unclear. A greater understanding of these profiles may help in differential diagnosis. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We measured 27 cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in CSF collected from 20 patients with NMO, 26 with RRMS, nine with PPMS, and 18 with other non-inflammatory neurological diseases (OND) by multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. Interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-6, CXCL8 and CXCL10 levels were significantly higher in NMO patients than in OND and RRMS patients at relapse, while granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and CCL4 levels were significantly higher in NMO patients than in OND patients. In NMO patients, IL-6 and CXCL8 levels were positively correlated with disability and CSF protein concentration while IL-6, CXCL8, G-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IFN-γ were positively correlated with CSF neutrophil counts at the time of sample collection. In RRMS patients, IL-6 levels were significantly higher than in OND patients at the relapse phase while CSF cell counts were negatively correlated with the levels of CCL2. Correlation coefficients of cytokines/chemokines in the relapse phase were significantly different in three combinations, IL-6 and GM-CSF, G-CSF and GM-CSF, and GM-CSF and IFN-γ, between RRMS and NMO/NMOSD patients. In PPMS patients, CCL4 and CXCL10 levels were significantly higher than in OND patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest distinct cytokine/chemokine alterations in CSF exist among NMO, RRMS and PPMS. In NMO, over-expression of a cluster of Th17- and Th1-related proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines is characteristic, while in PPMS, increased CCL4 and CXCL10 levels may reflect on-going low grade T cell and macrophage/microglia inflammation in the central nervous system. In RRMS, only a mild elevation of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines was detectable at relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Tateishi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yonekawa
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurological Therapeutics, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dai Matsuse
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murai
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: An Up-to-Date Overview. Mult Scler Int 2013; 2013:340508. [PMID: 23401777 PMCID: PMC3564381 DOI: 10.1155/2013/340508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the effort of establishing satisfactory biomarkers for multiple sclerosis has been proven to be very difficult, due to the clinical and pathophysiological complexities of the disease. Recent knowledge acquired in the domains of genomics-immunogenetics and neuroimmunology, as well as the evolution in neuroimaging, has provided a whole new list of biomarkers. This variety, though, leads inevitably to confusion in the effort of decision making concerning strategic and individualized therapeutics. In this paper, our primary goal is to provide the reader with a list of the most important characteristics that a biomarker must possess in order to be considered as reliable. Additionally, up-to-date biomarkers are further divided into three subgroups, genetic-immunogenetic, laboratorial, and imaging. The most important representatives of each category are presented in the text and for the first time in a summarizing workable table, in a critical way, estimating their diagnostic potential and their efficacy to correlate with phenotypical expression, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, disability, and therapeutical response. Special attention is given to the "gold standards" of each category, like HLA-DRB1∗ polymorphisms, oligoclonal bands, vitamin D, and conventional and nonconventional imaging techniques. Moreover, not adequately established but quite promising, recently characterized biomarkers, like TOB-1 polymorphisms, are further discussed.
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a ubiquitously expressed cytokine existing in both intracellular and secretory forms. Here we review the expression, regulation, and functions of IL15 and its receptors in the brain. IL15 receptors show robust upregulation after neuroinflammation, suggesting a major role of IL15 signaling in cerebral function. Involvement of the IL15 system in neuropsychiatric behavior is reflected by the effects of IL15, IL15Rα, and IL2Rγ deletions on neurobehavior and neurotransmitters, the effects of IL15 treatment on neuronal activity, and the potential role of IL15 in neuroplasticity/neurogenesis. The results show that IL15 modulates GABA and serotonin transmission. This may underlie deficits in mood (depressive-like behavior and decreased normal anxiety) and memory, as well as activity level, sleep, and thermoregulation. Although IL15 has only a low level of permeation across the blood-brain barrier, peripheral IL15 is able to activate multiple signaling pathways in neurons widely distributed in CNS regions. The effects of IL15 in "preventing" neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal mice implicate a potential therapeutic role of this polypeptide cytokine.
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Perkins MR, Ryschkewitsch C, Liebner JC, Monaco MCG, Himelfarb D, Ireland S, Roque A, Edward HL, Jensen PN, Remington G, Abraham T, Abraham J, Greenberg B, Kaufman C, LaGanke C, Monson NL, Xu X, Frohman E, Major EO, Douek DC. Changes in JC virus-specific T cell responses during natalizumab treatment and in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003014. [PMID: 23144619 PMCID: PMC3493478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) induced by JC virus (JCV) is a risk for natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Here we characterize the JCV-specific T cell responses in healthy donors and natalizumab-treated MS patients to reveal functional differences that may account for the development of natalizumab-associated PML. CD4 and CD8 T cell responses specific for all JCV proteins were readily identified in MS patients and healthy volunteers. The magnitude and quality of responses to JCV and cytomegalovirus (CMV) did not change from baseline through several months of natalizumab therapy. However, the frequency of T cells producing IL-10 upon mitogenic stimulation transiently increased after the first dose. In addition, MS patients with natalizumab-associated PML were distinguished from all other subjects in that they either had no detectable JCV-specific T cell response or had JCV-specific CD4 T cell responses uniquely dominated by IL-10 production. Additionally, IL-10 levels were higher in the CSF of individuals with recently diagnosed PML. Thus, natalizumab-treated MS patients with PML have absent or aberrant JCV-specific T cell responses compared with non-PML patients, and changes in T cell-mediated control of JCV replication may be a risk factor for developing PML. Our data suggest further approaches to improved monitoring, treatment and prevention of PML in natalizumab-treated patients. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a complication of treatment with natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. PML results from a failure of the immune system to control replication of JC virus (JCV) in the brain. We studied the T cell responses of 8 patients with MS who were starting treatment with natalizumab, 10 healthy volunteers, and 4 patients with natalizumab-associated PML. The magnitude and quality of JCV-specific immune responses remained unchanged after starting natalizumab. However, applying the same methods and antigens, we found that immune responses in the individuals who developed PML differed from those in the MS patients and healthy volunteers. In the four patients with PML from whom the laboratory had identified JCV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), two had no measurable T cell response to JCV and two had T cells that produced IL-10, an anti-inflammatory mediator. Furthermore, we studied the CSF of 10 patients with natalizumab-associated PML and 10 patients on natalizumab who had similar symptoms but did not have PML. We found that IL-10 was detectable in the CSF of half of the individuals with PML but none of the control group. These findings shed light on the mechanisms that lead to PML in a subset of patients treated with natalizumab and have implications for therapeutic and preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R. Perkins
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Ryschkewitsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia C. Liebner
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Chiara G. Monaco
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle Himelfarb
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara Ireland
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Annelys Roque
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Edward
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter N. Jensen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gina Remington
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jaspreet Abraham
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles Kaufman
- Louisiana Neurologic Consultants. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chris LaGanke
- North Central Neurology, Cullman, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Monson
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaoning Xu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot Frohman
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eugene O. Major
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EOM); (DCD)
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EOM); (DCD)
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Rentzos M, Angeli AV, Rombos A, Kyrozis A, Nikolaou C, Zouvelou V, Dimitriou A, Zoga M, Evangelopoulos ME, Tsatsi A, Tsoutsou A, Evdokimidis I. Proinflammatory cytokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of CIDP patients. Neurol Res 2012; 34:842-6. [PMID: 22947427 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the role of cytokines in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-15 are the major growth and differentiation factors for Th-1 cells and IL-17 is a marker of Th-17 cell expansion and activation, a high proinflammatory new subset of T cells that induce severe autoimmunity. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured by enzyme-like immunosorbent assay serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of IL-15, IL-12, and IL-17 in 24 patients with CIDP and 12 patients with other non-inflammatory neurological disorders and serum levels in 16 healthy subjects. RESULTS We found a positive association of CSF IL-12 (P = 0·012) with CIDP presence (P<0·001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that IL-12 may be involved as potential marker of immune activation in CIDP. The increase in its levels in CSF may be a marker of initiation of Th-1 cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rentzos
- Department of Neurology, Athens National University, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
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31
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Abstract
IL-15 is a proinflammatory cytokine. It is produced by activated blood monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated glial cells. It promotes T-cell proliferation, induction of cytolytic effector cells including natural killer and cytotoxic cells and stimulates B-cell to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulins. Little information is available on the exact role of IL-15 in the neurological diseases. Microglial cells are the main regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). IL-15 may be involved in the inflammatory reactions and microglial activation of some common CNS disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, but its exact role in their pathogenesis is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rentzos
- Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens National University, School of Medicine, Greece.
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32
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Schneider R, Mohebiany AN, Ifergan I, Beauseigle D, Duquette P, Prat A, Arbour N. B cell-derived IL-15 enhances CD8 T cell cytotoxicity and is increased in multiple sclerosis patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4119-28. [PMID: 21911607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CD8 T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the sources and involvement of cytokines such as IL-15 in activating these cells is still unresolved. To investigate the role of IL-15 in enhancing the activation of CD8 T cells in the context of MS, we determined cell types expressing the bioactive surface IL-15 in the peripheral blood of patients and evaluated the impact of this cytokine on CD8 T cell cytotoxicity and migration. Flow cytometric analysis showed a significantly greater proportion of B cells and monocytes from MS patients expressing IL-15 relative to controls. We established that CD40L activation of B cells from healthy donors increased their IL-15 levels, reaching those of MS patients. We also demonstrated an enhanced cytotoxic profile in CD8 T cells from MS patients upon stimulation with IL-15. Furthermore, we showed that IL-15 expressed by B cells and monocytes is sufficient and functional, enhancing granzyme B production by CD8 T cells upon coculture. Exposure of CD8 T cells to this cytokine enhanced their ability to kill glial cells as well as to migrate across an in vitro inflamed human blood-brain barrier. The elevated levels of IL-15 in patients relative to controls, the greater susceptibility of CD8 T cells from patients to IL-15, in addition to the enhanced cytotoxic responses by IL-15-exposed CD8 T cells, stresses the potential of therapeutic strategies to reduce peripheral sources of IL-15 in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schneider
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2L 4M1, Canada
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33
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Di Sabatino A, Calarota SA, Vidali F, MacDonald TT, Corazza GR. Role of IL-15 in immune-mediated and infectious diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Wu X, Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ, He Y, Khan RS, Stone KP, Cash MS, Pan W. Interleukin-15 affects serotonin system and exerts antidepressive effects through IL15Rα receptor. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:266-78. [PMID: 20724079 PMCID: PMC3015024 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the reduction of depressive-like behavior observed in several strains of cytokine receptor knockout mice, mice lacking the specific receptor for interleukin (IL)-15 showed increased immobility in tail suspension and modified forced swimming tests. There was also a reduction in social interactions. The hippocampus of the IL15Rα knockout mice had decreased mRNA for 5-HT(1A), increased mRNA for 5-HT(2C), and region-specific changes of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) immunoreactivity. Fluoxetine (the classic antidepressant Prozac, which inhibits 5-HT(2C) and SERT) reduced the immobility of the IL15Rα knockout mice in comparison with their pretreatment baseline. Together with the unchanged performance of the IL15Rα knockout mice on the rotarod, this response to fluoxetine indicates that the immobility reflects depression. Wildtype mice responded to IL15 treatment with improvement of immobility induced by forced swimming, whereas the knockout mice failed to respond. Thus, the cognate IL15 receptor is necessary for the antidepressive activity of IL15. In ex vivo studies, IL15 decreased synaptosomal uptake of 5-HT, and modulated the expression of 5-HT(2C) and SERT in cultured neurons in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, the effect of IL15 on serotonin transmission may underlie the depressive-like behavior of IL15Rα knockout mice. We speculate that IL15 is essential to maintain neurochemical homeostasis and thereby plays a role in preventing neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Depression/genetics
- Depression/metabolism
- Depression/pathology
- Depression/prevention & control
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Fluoxetine/pharmacology
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nervous System/drug effects
- Nervous System/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/physiology
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/genetics
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
- Synaptosomes/drug effects
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weihong Pan
- Corresponding author: Weihong Pan, MD, PhD, Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA, Tel. 1-225-763-2707, Fax 1-225-763-0261, , Web: http://labs.pbrc.edu/bloodbrainbarrier
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35
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Taupin P. Antibodies against CD20 (rituximab) for treating multiple sclerosis: US20100233121. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 21:111-4. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.530253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Wu X, Pan W, He Y, Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ. Cerebral interleukin-15 shows upregulation and beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 223:65-72. [PMID: 20430449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 can cross the blood-brain barrier to act on its specific brain receptor (IL15Ralpha) and co-receptors. The important roles of neuronal IL15 and IL15Ralpha in experimental autoimmune encephalomeylitis (EAE) are suggested by the upregulation of IL15Ralpha mRNA in different regions of the brain and spinal cord, and by double-labeling immunohistochemistry showing neuronal localization of IL15 and IL15Ralpha in different neurons. Contrary to expectations, IL15 treatment lessened EAE severity. IL15 knockout mice showed heightened susceptibility to EAE with significantly higher scores that were decreased by treatment with IL15. Thus, IL15 improves this CNS autoimmune disorder as a potential therapeutic agent.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/deficiency
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/diagnosis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/etiology
- Interleukin-15/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Interleukin-15/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/physiology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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37
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Interleukin-15 receptor is essential to facilitate GABA transmission and hippocampal-dependent memory. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4725-34. [PMID: 20357123 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6160-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL15) is a cytokine produced by normal brain, but the functions of the IL15 system in normal adults are not yet clear. The hypothesis that the hippocampal IL15 system is essential for memory consolidation was tested by use of IL15Ralpha knock-out mice in behavioral, biochemical, immunohistological, and electron microscopic analyses. The knock-out mice showed deficits in memory, determined by the Stone T-maze and fear conditioning. In their hippocampi, the concentration of GABA was significantly lower. There were region-specific changes of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), with increased GAD-67-immunopositive interneurons in the stratum oriens of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, accompanied by nonsignificant reduction of GAD-67 synapses in the CA3 region. Western blotting showed an increase of GAD-65, but not GAD-67, in the hippocampal homogenate. The ultrastructure of the hippocampus remained intact in the knock-out mice. To further test the hypothesis that IL15 directly modulates GABA turnover by reuptake mechanisms, the dose-response relationship of IL15 on (3)H-GABA uptake was determined in two neuronal cell lines. The effective and nontoxic dose was further used in the synaptosomal uptake studies. IL15 decreased the uptake of (3)H-GABA in synaptosomes from the forebrain of wild-type mice. Consistent with this, IL15Ralpha knock-out mice had increased synaptosomal uptake of (3)H-GABA. Overall, the results show novel functions of a unique cytokine in normal hippocampal activity by regulating GABA transmission.
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38
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Gomez-Nicola D, Spagnolo A, Guaza C, Nieto-Sampedro M. Aggravated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in IL-15 knockout mice. Exp Neurol 2010; 222:235-42. [PMID: 20070942 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 initially identified as a T proliferating cytokine has several structural and biological similarities with IL-2 and has been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases. Because of the scarcity of information available on the role of IL-15 in MS pathogenesis, we have investigated how the absence of IL-15 affected the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS. Following immunization of IL-15(-/-) and C57BL/6 mice with MOG(35-55), we observed a more severe neurological impairment in the IL-15 knockout mice than in the wild-type group. The enhanced disease severity in IL-15(-/-) mice was associated with greater demyelination in the spinal cord, increased immune cell infiltration and inflammation. These events may be related to the higher CD4/CD8 ratio and the almost absent NK cell activity, congenital immune features of IL-15KO mice. Moreover, we found that the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 was overexpressed in the spinal cord of IL-15(-/-) mice, mainly localized on infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. How these findings are contributing to the aggravated EAE development in IL-15 KO mice remain unclear and need to be further investigated.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/etiology
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Eliminative Behavior, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glycoproteins
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Neural Plasticity Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Triantafyllou N, Triantafillou A, Tsivgoulis G. Validity and Reliability of the Greek Version of the Multiple Sclerosis International Quality-of-Life Questionnaire. J Clin Neurol 2009; 5:173-7. [PMID: 20076798 PMCID: PMC2806539 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2009.5.4.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose There are no data regarding psychometrically validated, health-related quality-of-life instruments designed specifically for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Greece. Recently, the MS International Quality-of-Life questionnaire (MusiQoL), a multidimensional, self-administered questionnaire, which is available in 14 languages (including Greek), has been validated using a large international sample. We investigated the validity and reliability of the Greek version of the MusiQoL. Methods Consecutive patients with different types and severities of MS were recruited from two tertiary-care centers in Greece. All patients completed the MusiQoL, the Short-Form-36 quality-of-life questionnaire (SF-36), and a symptom checklist at baseline and 21±7 days (mean±SD) later. Data regarding sociodemographic status, MS history, and functional outcome were also collected prospectively. Construct validity, internal consistency, reproducibility, and external consistency were tested. Results A total of 92 patients was evaluated. The construct validity was confirmed in terms of satisfactory item-internal consistency correlations and scaling success (87.5-100%) of item-discriminant validity. The dimensions of the MusiQoL exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.63-0.96), and reproducibility was satisfactory (intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.69-0.99). External validity testing indicated that the MusiQoL correlated significantly with all SF-36 dimension scores (Spearman's correlation: 0.43-0.76). Conclusions The Greek version of the MusiQoL appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for measuring quality of life in Greek MS patients.
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40
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Hsuchou H, Pan W, Wu X, Kastin AJ. Cessation of blood-to-brain influx of interleukin-15 during development of EAE. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1568-78. [PMID: 19536071 PMCID: PMC3599788 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory changes in cytokine permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may have crucial roles in central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease. Accordingly, we examined the interactions of interleukin (IL)-15 with the cerebral vasculature after induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast to the influx of (125)I-IL15 from blood to the CNS in normal mice and the persistence of IL15 influx in the spinal cord of EAE mice, influx was reduced in the EAE brain. Analyses of disappearance kinetics, FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-albumin space, and delivery of IL15 by in situ perfusion, all indicate that the changes were not caused by BBB disruption but by the rapid availability (high volume of distribution) of IL15 and albumin. Although there was no significant change in the BBB permeation of IL15 in either direction in EAE mice, there was an upregulation of its specific receptor, IL15Ralpha, and an increased in situ production of IL15 mRNA that showed regional variation in both basal and EAE states. Overall, for IL15, its increased cerebral vascular space in the brain was equally as important as its persistent influx across the blood-spinal cord barrier, indicating that it is fully capable of activating the upregulated IL15Ralpha in the brain along with the intrinsic CNS source of IL15 in EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Hsuchou
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
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41
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Pan W, Yu C, Hsuchou H, Khan RS, Kastin AJ. Cerebral microvascular IL15 is a novel mediator of TNF action. J Neurochem 2009; 111:819-27. [PMID: 19719822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a gatekeeper and modulatory interface for the CNS. Cerebral endothelial cells are the major component of the blood-brain barrier, and they modify inflammatory signals from the circulation to the CNS by production and secretion of secondary substances. The inflammatory mediators induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) were determined by microarray analysis of RBE4 cerebral endothelial cells, at 0, 6, 12, or 24 h after TNF treatment. Interleukin (IL)-15 and its receptors were among the most robustly up-regulated genes. This was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. The three subunits of the IL15 receptor complex (IL15Ralpha, IL2Rbeta, and IL2Rgamma) showed differential regulation by TNF in their time course and amplitude of increased expression. Consistent with increased expression of the specific high affinity receptor IL15Ralpha, TNF increased cellular uptake of (125)I-IL15 and enhanced the fluorescent intensity of Alexa568-IL15 in RBE4 cells. TNF treatment in mice also increased the level of expression of IL15 receptors in enriched cerebral microvessels. We conclude that the cerebral microvascular IL15 system is a novel inflammatory mediator that transduces the actions of TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA.
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42
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Rentzos M, Nikolaou C, Rombos A, Evangelopoulos ME, Dimitrakopoulos A, Kararizou E, Koutsis G, Zoga M, Tsoutsou A, Sfangos K. Circulating interleukin-15 and RANTES chemokine in MS patients: effect of treatment with methylprednisolone in patients with relapse. Neurol Res 2009; 32:684-9. [PMID: 19703339 DOI: 10.1179/016164109x12445616596247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a proinflammatory cytokine. RANTES is a member of the beta chemokines subfamily with strong chemoattractant activity for T lymphocytes and monocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured by enzyme-like immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serum levels of IL-15 and RANTES in 24 patients with MS in relapse, 27 patients with stable MS and 21 healthy subjects. Serum levels of IL-15 and RANTES were also measured before, 5 days and 1 month after onset of treatment with methylprednisolone i.v. RESULTS IL-15 serum levels were higher in patients with relapse compared with patients in stable stage of the disease and healthy subjects (p=0.001 and p=0.008 respectively). RANTES serum levels were increased in patients with relapse and stable disease as compared to healthy subjects (p=0.01). IL-15 and RANTES levels were not decreased after treatment with corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a possible role of IL-15 and RANTES in MS. Treatment with methylprednisolone in relapse had no effect on serum IL-15 and RANTES levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rentzos
- Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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43
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Pan W, Hsuchou H, Yu C, Kastin AJ. Permeation of blood-borne IL15 across the blood-brain barrier and the effect of LPS. J Neurochem 2008; 106:313-9. [PMID: 18384647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin15 (IL 15) is a proinflammatory cytokine with elevated concentrations in autoimmune diseases involving the periphery (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) and CNS (e.g. multiple sclerosis). Its interactions with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were studied in normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. (125)I-IL15 remained intact for at least 10 min after i.v. injection and reached CNS parenchyma with regional differences between brain and spinal cord. Both in vivo and in situ brain perfusion of (125)I-IL15 showed that its permeation of the BBB was non-saturable. LPS induced a significant increase of IL15 uptake by the brain and spinal cord, partly related to a higher general permeability of the BBB. The results suggest that the BBB is an interface for blood-borne IL15 to interact with the CNS in the basal state and during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA.
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44
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Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Brass SD, Brass S, Gandhi R, Weiner HL. Membrane bound IL-15 is increased on CD14 monocytes in early stages of MS. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 195:135-9. [PMID: 18378324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine whose three-dimensional structure is similar to that of IL-2. IL-2 and IL-15 have similar as well as distinct biological functions. An active form of IL-15 that is membrane bound has also been described. Furthermore, IL-15 is known to play a role in autoimmune diseases. We thus investigated the expression of membrane bound IL-15 on monocytes (CD14+ cells) and studied its effect on T cell activation in MS patients. We found that unstimulated CD14+ cells from relapsing remitting MS patients had increased membrane bound IL-15. Those with high surface levels of IL-15 on monocytes were in the early stages of the disease. In addition, we found that T cells of MS patients had enhanced responsiveness to IL-15 and there was increased expression of IL-15 receptor on CD4+ T cells. Thus, IL-15 may be an important cytokine that drives Th1 responses early in the course of the disease and could serve as a target for immunotherapy and as an early marker in the immunologic staging of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical, School, Boston Massachusetts 02115, United States
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45
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Chen Z, Freedman MS. Correlation of specialized CD16(+) gammadelta T cells with disease course and severity in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 194:147-52. [PMID: 18155780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells may be important innate immune system contributors to the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), though the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. CD16 is a low affinity Fcgamma receptor, an activation receptor for gammadelta T cells, and a mediator of cytotoxicity. In this study, we found that the percentage of CD16(+) gammadelta T cells is elevated in MS patients compared with healthy controls. The increase is especially pronounced in patients with a progressive course of the disease, and the extent of this elevation shows a positive correlation with the time of disease progression and severity. In vitro cultured gammadelta T cells can be shown to upregulate the expression of CD16 in response to inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2 and -15, that have been shown to be elevated in progressive disease. These results suggest that CD16 expressing gammadelta T cells are somehow involved in the process of disease progression. Understanding more about these cells and their particular function in progressive vs. non-progressive disease could provide important clues to the mechanism of immune-mediated MS disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Cario G, Izraeli S, Teichert A, Rhein P, Skokowa J, Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Schrauder A, Karawajew L, Ludwig WD, Welte K, Schünemann HJ, Schlegelberger B, Schrappe M, Stanulla M. High interleukin-15 expression characterizes childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with involvement of the CNS. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:4813-20. [PMID: 17947730 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.11.8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Applying current diagnostic methods, overt CNS involvement is a rare event in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In contrast, CNS-directed therapy is essential for all patients with ALL because without it, the majority of patients eventually will experience relapse. To approach this discrepancy and to explore potential distinct biologic properties of leukemic cells that migrate into the CNS, we compared gene expression profiles of childhood ALL patients with initial CNS involvement with the profiles of CNS-negative patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated leukemic gene expression profiles from the bone marrow of 17 CNS-positive patients and 26 CNS-negative patients who were frequency matched for risk factors associated with CNS involvement. Results were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and validated using independent patient samples. RESULTS Interleukin-15 (IL-15) expression was consistently upregulated in leukemic cells of CNS-positive patients compared with CNS-negative patients. In multivariate analysis, IL-15 expression levels greater than the median were associated with CNS involvement compared with expression equal to or less than the median (odds ratio [OR] = 10.70; 95% CI, 2.95 to 38.81). Diagnostic likelihood ratios for CNS positivity were 0.09 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.65) for the first and 6.93 (95% CI, 2.55 to 18.83) for the fourth IL-15 expression quartiles. In patients who were CNS negative at diagnosis, IL-15 levels greater than the median were associated with subsequent CNS relapse compared with expression equal to or less than the median (OR = 13.80; 95% CI, 3.38 to 56.31). CONCLUSION Quantification of leukemic IL-15 expression at diagnosis predicts CNS status and could be a new tool to further tailor CNS-directed therapy in childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Marcondes MCG, Burdo TH, Sopper S, Huitron-Resendiz S, Lanigan C, Watry D, Flynn C, Zandonatti M, Fox HS. Enrichment and persistence of virus-specific CTL in the brain of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected monkeys is associated with a unique cytokine environment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5812-9. [PMID: 17442965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The host reaction to infection of the brain contributes to a number of CNS pathologies including neuro-AIDS. In this study, we have identified the accumulation of SIV-specific CTL in the brains of SIV-infected animals who have neurophysiological abnormalities but are otherwise asymptomatic. SIV-specific CTL enter the brain early after viral infection and are maintained in the brain even when those reactive with an immunodominant epitope in Tat are lost from the rest of the body. The specialized CNS environment contributes to this unique outcome. Following SIV infection, brain levels of IL-15 were significantly elevated whereas IL-2 was absent, creating an environment that favors CTL persistence. Furthermore, in response to IL-15, brain-derived CD8(+) T cells could expand in greater numbers than those from spleen. The accumulation, persistence, and maintenance of CTL in the brain are closely linked to the increased levels of IL-15 in the absence of IL-2 in the CNS following SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia G Marcondes
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Lepej SZ, Misić-Majerus L, Jeren T, Rode OD, Remenar A, Sporec V, Vince A. Chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115:109-14. [PMID: 17212614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to determine whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) contains CXCL10, CXCL11, p40 subunit of interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-23, IL-18 and IL-15. We compared serum and CSF concentrations of CXCL10 and analysed the possible concentration gradient of this chemokine between the periphery and central nervous system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study enrolled 19 TBE patients and 10 patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases. RESULTS CSF of TBE patients contained CXCL10 (median 217 pg/ml), CXCL11 (8.3 pg/ml), p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 (38.9 pg/ml), IL-18 (30.1 pg/ml) and IL-15 (5.9 pg/ml). CXCL10 in the CSF of TBE patients was higher compared with serum (median 62 pg/ml, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION CSF of TBE patients contains CXCL10, CXCL11, p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23, IL-18 and IL-15. Increased CXCL10 concentration in CSF suggests a role for this chemokine in the recruitment of CXCR3-expressing T-cells into the CSF of TBE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Lepej
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Dr Fran Mihaljević, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Liu GZ, Fang LB, Hjelmström P, Gao XG. Increased CD8+ central memory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2007; 13:149-55. [PMID: 17439879 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506069246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A T-cell-mediated autoimmune process against central nervous system myelin is believed to underlie the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Formation of immunological memory is based on the differentiation of naïve T cells to memory T cells after exposure to antigens and specific cytokines. The aim of this study was to analyse peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with MS for different T-cell subsets including naïve and memory T cells. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to analyse memory T-cell subsets and plasma concentration of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in peripheral blood of MS patients, patients with other neurological disorders and healthy controls. MS patients had a skewed distribution of T cells with an increased level of CD8+/CCR7+/CD45RA - central memory T cells (TCM) compared to healthy controls. In addition, MS patients showed significantly higher levels of plasma IL-15 than healthy controls did. Upregulated CD8+ TCM in MS patients may reflect a persistent chronic inflammatory response that may have been induced during early stages of the disease. This derangement may be important for maintaining chronic inflammation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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50
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Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A, Ghorbel I, Khanfir M, Houman H. Levels of IL-15 in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Behçet's Disease. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:655-60. [PMID: 17083622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a novel proinflammatory cytokine, involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory/autoimmune disease. The objective of our study was to measure serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-15 levels in patients with Behçet's disease (BD). CSF/serum IL-15 ratio was introduced to assess the origin of elevated IL-15 levels. We measured serum and CSF-IL-15 levels in 40 patients with BD (20 patients in active stage). Inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease patients acted as controls. Active BD patients have significantly higher serum IL-15 levels (median 10.4 pg/ml; range 5.3-17.4) compared with BD in remission (6.05 pg/ml; 4-10.4) and healthy controls (4.65 pg/ml; 3.9-6.2). Similar serum IL-15 levels were found in active neuro-BD and inflammatory neurological disease (9.5 pg/ml; 5-13). Elevated levels of IL-15 were observed in CSF samples from neuro-BD patients (11 pg/ml; 8.5-15) and inflammatory neurological disease patients (10 pg/ml; 6.5-14) compared with patients with non-inflammatory neurological disease (4 pg/ml; 4-5.5; P < 0.001). Vascular cerebral BD lesions were associated with high CSF/serum IL-15 ratio. Our findings suggest that IL-15 is involved in BD inflammatory process, particularly in vasculitis foci, as an elevated CSF/serum IL-15 ratio characterizes vascular cerebral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hamzaoui
- Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction Unit Research, Medicine University Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
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