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Fuchs BA, Pearce AL, Rolls BJ, Wilson SJ, Rose EJ, Geier CF, Garavan H, Keller KL. The Cerebellar Response to Visual Portion Size Cues Is Associated with the Portion Size Effect in Children. Nutrients 2024; 16:738. [PMID: 38474866 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying susceptibility to eating more in response to large portions (i.e., the portion size effect) remain unclear. Thus, the present study examined how neural responses to portion size relate to changes in weight and energy consumed as portions increase. Associations were examined across brain regions traditionally implicated in appetite control (i.e., an appetitive network) as well as the cerebellum, which has recently been implicated in appetite-related processes. Children without obesity (i.e., BMI-for-age-and-sex percentile < 90; N = 63; 55% female) viewed images of larger and smaller portions of food during fMRI and, in separate sessions, ate four meals that varied in portion size. Individual-level linear and quadratic associations between intake (kcal, grams) and portion size (i.e., portion size slopes) were estimated. The response to portion size in cerebellar lobules IV-VI was associated with the quadratic portion size slope estimated from gram intake; a greater response to images depicting smaller compared to larger portions was associated with steeper increases in intake with increasing portion sizes. Within the appetitive network, neural responses were not associated with portion size slopes. A decreased cerebellar response to larger amounts of food may increase children's susceptibility to overeating when excessively large portions are served.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bari A Fuchs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alaina L Pearce
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Barbara J Rolls
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Emma J Rose
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles F Geier
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 31793, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Daniel T, Ben-Shachar M, Drori E, Hamad S, Permyakova A, Ben-Cnaan E, Tam J, Kerem Z, Rosenzweig T. Grape pomace reduces the severity of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and the development of steatohepatitis by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing ectopic fat deposition in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 98:108867. [PMID: 34571189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the common cause of chronic liver disease, specific therapies are currently unavailable. The wine industry produces millions of tons of residue (pomace), which contains high levels of bioactive phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to clarify the potential benefits of grape pomace for the treatment of NAFLD at different levels of severity, and to clarify the mechanism of action. C57Bl/6 mice were given high fat diet (HFD) or western diet (WD) as models of obesity and hepatic steatosis or steatohepatitis, respectively, with or without pomace supplementation (50-250 mg/day). Pomace inhibited food intake, and reduced serum leptin and body weight gain. Ectopic fat deposition was reduced, while white adipose tissue mass was preserved. In addition, pomace improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, prevented the development of adipose tissue inflammation, and reduced hepatic steatosis. Higher expression of genes involved in fatty acids transport and oxidation was observed in adipose tissue, while lipogenic genes were attenuated in the liver of pomace-treated mice. In WD-fed mice, pomace reduced the severity of hepatic steatosis and inflammation and improved blood lipid profile, but was ineffective in reversing hepatic damage of advanced NASH. In conclusion, pomace improved insulin sensitivity and reduced ectopic fat deposition, leading to a healthier metabolic profile. Pomace may hold the potential as a supplement with beneficial health outcomes for the prevention and treatment of hepatic steatosis and other obesity-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehila Daniel
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Michaella Ben-Shachar
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Elyashiv Drori
- Agriculture and Oenology Research Department, Eastern Regional R&D Center, Ariel, Israel; Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Sharleen Hamad
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Permyakova
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elad Ben-Cnaan
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zohar Kerem
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
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Abaj F, Saeedy SAG, Mirzaei K. Are caveolin-1 minor alleles more likely to be risk alleles in insulin resistance mechanisms in metabolic diseases? BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:185. [PMID: 34001235 PMCID: PMC8130340 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are interrelated in a range of ways. The IR-obesity relationship is not a cause-and-effect association. Molecular biology research has made tremendous strides in discovering contributors to find this association. Genes that control adipocyte function such as caveolin-1 (CAV1); probably interact in the pathogenesis of human IR in this context. The involvement of CAV1 in glucose/lipid homeostasis is revealed and could modify the signaling of the insulin receptor. We examined the association between CAV1 and insulin signaling in modifying dyslipidemia and fat composition in overweight and obese women with a prevalent variant in the CAV1 gene. RESULTS Minor allele carriers were slightly older and had higher BMI (p = 0.02), FMI (p = 0.006), and VLF (p = 0.01) values; and tended to have lower total cholesterol TC (p = 0.04), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.003). HOMA-IR levels predicted fat mass index (FMI) 0.47 (0.08, 0.87), visceral fat level (VFL) 0.65 (0.23, 1.07), TC 6.82 (1.76, 11.88) and HDL-C - 1.663 (- 3.11, - 0.214) only between minor allele carriers in adjusted models. (β, CI). Our results cast a new light on the IR mechanism and future studies will elucidate the clinical relevance of CAV1-IR in patients with dyslipidemia and high fat composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Abaj
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No. 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, P.O. Box, 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No. 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, P.O. Box, 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran.
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Xu C, Zhou G, Zhao M, Zhang X, Fang L, Guan Q, Zhang H, Gao L, Zhang T, Zhao J. Bidirectional temporal relationship between obesity and hyperinsulinemia: longitudinal observation from a Chinese cohort. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002059. [PMID: 33632707 PMCID: PMC7908912 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although obesity and hyperinsulinemia are closely intercorrelated, their temporal sequence is still uncertain. This study aims to investigate the temporal relationship patterns between obesity measures and hyperinsulinemia in Chinese adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The longitudinal cohort consisted of 2493 participants (860 males and 1633 female, mean age 56.71 years at follow-up) for whom measurements of obesity and hyperinsulinemia measures were collected twice between 2011 and 2014, with an average follow-up time of 3 years. Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to examine the temporal relationship between obesity measures (body mass index (BMI); waist circumference (WC); hip circumference (HC); waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) and hyperinsulinemia (insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), or homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA-%β)). RESULTS After the adjustment of age, sex, smoking, drinking and follow-up years, in the BMI-insulin model, the path coefficient (β2=0.229; p<0.001) of baseline BMI to follow-up insulin was significantly greater than the path coefficient (β1=0.073; p<0.001) of baseline insulin to follow-up BMI (p<0.001 for β2>β1). In the WHR-insulin model, the path coefficient (β1=0.152; p<0.001) of baseline insulin to follow-up WHR was significantly greater than the path coefficient (β2=0.077; p<0.001) of baseline WHR to follow-up insulin (p=0.007 for β1>β2). In the WC/HC-insulin model, the path coefficients of baseline insulin to follow-up WC or HC (β1s) were also greater than the path coefficients of baseline WC or HC to follow-up insulin (β2s), but the difference between β1s and β2s were not significant. The similar temporal patterns were founded between obesity measures with HOMA-IR or HOMA-%β. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that there is a bidirectional relationship between obesity and hyperinsulinemia, and abdominal obesity measures are more sensitive to hyperinsulinemia measures than BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Guangshuai Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Quality Management Office, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
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Grannell A, Al-Najim W, Mangan A, Kapoor N, Martin WP, Murphy JC, Docherty NG, le Roux CW, Davenport C. Fat free mass is positively associated with hunger and energy intake at extremes of obesity. Appetite 2019; 143:104444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sedaka NM, Olsen CH, Yannai LE, Stutzman WE, Krause AJ, Sherafat-Kazemzadeh R, Condarco TA, Brady SM, Demidowich AP, Reynolds JC, Yanovski SZ, Hubbard VS, Yanovski JA. A longitudinal study of serum insulin and insulin resistance as predictors of weight and body fat gain in African American and Caucasian children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:61-70. [PMID: 27534840 PMCID: PMC5209266 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of insulin and insulin resistance (IR) on children's weight and fat gain is unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate insulin and IR as predictors of weight and body fat gain in children at high risk for adult obesity. We hypothesized that baseline IR would be positively associated with follow-up body mass index (BMI) and fat mass. SUBJECTS/METHODS Two hundred and forty-nine healthy African American and Caucasian children aged 6-12 years at high risk for adult obesity because of early-onset childhood overweight and/or parental overweight were followed for up to 15 years with repeated BMI and fat mass measurements. We examined baseline serum insulin and homeostasis model of assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) as predictors of follow-up BMI Z-score and fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in mixed model longitudinal analyses accounting for baseline body composition, pubertal stage, sociodemographic factors and follow-up interval. RESULTS At baseline, 39% were obese (BMI⩾95th percentile for age/sex). Data from 1335 annual visits were examined. Children were followed for an average of 7.2±4.3 years, with a maximum follow-up of 15 years. After accounting for covariates, neither baseline insulin nor HOMA-IR was significantly associated with follow-up BMI (Ps>0.26), BMIz score (Ps>0.22), fat mass (Ps>0.78) or fat mass percentage (Ps>0.71). In all models, baseline BMI (P<0.0001), body fat mass (P<0.0001) and percentage of fat (P<0.001) were strong positive predictors for change in BMI and fat mass. In models restricted to children without obesity at baseline, some but not all models had significant interaction terms between body adiposity and insulinemia/HOMA-IR that suggested less gain in mass among those with greater insulin or IR. The opposite was found in some models restricted to children with obesity at baseline. CONCLUSIONS In middle childhood, BMI and fat mass, but not insulin or IR, are strong predictors of children's gains in BMI and fat mass during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Sedaka
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C H Olsen
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L E Yannai
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W E Stutzman
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A J Krause
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Sherafat-Kazemzadeh
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T A Condarco
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A P Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J C Reynolds
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Z Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Branch, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V S Hubbard
- Nutritional Sciences Branch, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity (SGO), Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Patel BP, Hamilton JK, Vien S, Thomas SG, Anderson GH. Pubertal status, pre-meal drink composition, and later meal timing interact in determining children's appetite and food intake. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:924-30. [PMID: 27507005 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a period of development that alters energy intake patterns. However, few studies have examined appetite and food intake (FI) regulation during development of puberty in children and adolescents. Therefore, the objective was to measure the effect of pubertal status on FI and subjective appetite after pre-meal glucose and whey protein drinks in 9- to 14-year-old boys and girls. In a within-subject, randomized, repeated-measures design, children (21 pre-early pubertal, 15 mid-late pubertal) received equally sweetened drinks containing Sucralose (control), glucose, or whey protein (0.75 g/kg body weight) in 250 mL of water 2 h after a standardized breakfast on 6 separate mornings. Ad libitum FI was measured either 30 or 60 min later and appetite was measured over time. In pre-early and mid-late pubertal boys and girls there was no effect of sex on total FI (kcal). Glucose and whey protein drinks reduced calorie intake similarly at 30 min. But at 60 min, whey protein reduced FI (p < 0.001) compared with control and glucose in pre-early pubertal children, but not in mid-late pubertal children. However, sex was a factor (p = 0.041) when FI was expressed per kilogram body weight. Pubertal status did not affect FI/kilogram body weight in boys, but it was 32% lower in mid-late pubertal girls than at pre-early puberty (p = 0.010). Appetite was associated with FI in mid-late pubertal children only. In conclusion, pubertal development affects appetite and FI regulation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha P Patel
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Jill K Hamilton
- b Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Shirley Vien
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Scott G Thomas
- c Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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SIM AARONY, WALLMAN KARENE, FAIRCHILD TIMOTHYJ, GUELFI KYMJ. Effects of High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Training on Appetite Regulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:2441-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fasting Plasma Insulin at 5 Years of Age Predicted Subsequent Weight Increase in Early Childhood over a 5-Year Period-The Da Qing Children Cohort Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127389. [PMID: 26047327 PMCID: PMC4457927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between hyperinsulinemia and obesity is well known. However, it is uncertain especially in childhood obesity, if initial fasting hyperinsulinemia predicts obesity, or obesity leads to hyperinsulinemia through insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE To investigate the predictive effect of fasting plasma insulin on subsequent weight change after a 5-year interval in childhood. METHODS 424 Children from Da Qing city, China, were recruited at 5 years of age and followed up for 5 years. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, fasting plasma insulin, glucose and triglycerides were measured at baseline and 5 years later. RESULTS Fasting plasma insulin at 5 years of age was significantly correlated with change of weight from 5 to 10 years (ΔWeight). Children in the lowest insulin quartile had ΔWeight of 13.08±0.73 kg compare to 18.39±0.86 in the highest insulin quartile (P<0.0001) in boys, and similarly 12.03±0.71 vs 15.80±0.60 kg (P<0.0001) in girls. Multivariate analysis showed that the predictive effect of insulin at 5 years of age on subsequent weight gain over 5 years remained statistically significant even after the adjustment for age, sex, birth weight, TV-viewing time and weight (or body mass index) at baseline. By contrast, the initial weight at 5 years of age did not predict subsequent changes in insulin level 5 years later. Children who had both higher fasting insulin and weight at 5 years of age showed much higher levels of systolic blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and triglycerides at 10 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Fasting plasma insulin at 5 years of age predicts weight gain and cardiovascular risk factors 5 year later in Chinese children of early childhood, but the absolute weight at 5 years of age did not predict subsequent change in fasting insulin.
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Adeyemo MA, McDuffie JR, Kozlosky M, Krakoff J, Calis KA, Brady SM, Yanovski JA. Effects of metformin on energy intake and satiety in obese children. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:363-70. [PMID: 25483291 PMCID: PMC4357555 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of metformin on appetite and energy intake in obese children with hyperinsulinaemia. METHODS We conducted a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effects of metformin 1000 mg twice daily on body weight and energy balance in 100 obese children with hyperinsulinaemia aged 6-12 years. The children ate ad libitum from standardized food arrays on two separate occasions before and after 6 months of study medication. The first test meal was consumed after an overnight fast. The second was preceded by a pre-meal load. For each test meal, energy intake was recorded, and the children completed scales of hunger, fullness and desire to eat. RESULTS Data from the meal studies at baseline and after treatment with study medication were available for 84 children (metformin-treated, n = 45; placebo-treated, n = 39). Compared with placebo, metformin treatment elicited significant reductions from baseline in adjusted mean ± standard error of the mean energy intake after the pre-meal load (metformin: -104.7 ± 83.8 kcal vs. placebo: +144.2 ± 96.9 kcal; p = 0.034) independently of changes in body composition. Metformin also significantly decreased ratings of hunger (-1.5 ± 5.6 vs. +18.6 ± 6.3; p = 0.013) and increased ratings of fullness (+10.1 ± 6.2 vs. -12.8 ± 7.0; p = 0.01) after the pre-meal load. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that decreased perceived hunger resulting in diminished food intake are among the mechanisms by which metformin treatment reduces body weight in overweight children with hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mopelola A. Adeyemo
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Jennifer R. McDuffie
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Merel Kozlosky
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK)
| | - Karim A. Calis
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
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Guelfi KJ, Donges CE, Duffield R. Beneficial effects of 12 weeks of aerobic compared with resistance exercise training on perceived appetite in previously sedentary overweight and obese men. Metabolism 2013; 62:235-43. [PMID: 22959499 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic (AER) compared with resistance training (RES) on perceived hunger and fullness, together with appetite-related hormones in both the fasted state and postprandially. METHODS Thirty-three inactive, overweight and obese men (age 49±7 years; BMI 30.8±4.2 kg/m(2)) were allocated to either AER exercise (n=12), RES exercise (n=13) or a control group (CON; n=8). AER and RES completed 12 weeks of training (3 sessions per week), while CON continued their sedentary routine. Perceived hunger and fullness, together with appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, leptin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)) were assessed pre and post-intervention in the fasted state and in response to oral glucose consumption (1284 kJ; 75 g carbohydrate). RESULTS Both AER and RES training elicited a decrease in fat mass (p<0.05), while CON did not. There was no difference in perceived hunger either in the fasted state (p>0.05) or in response to caloric consumption (p>0.05) following the intervention in any group. In contrast, both fasting and postprandial perceived fullness was higher following AER exercise (p<0.05), but not RES exercise or CON. These observations were not associated with alterations in fasting or postprandial active ghrelin, PP or PYY, although fasting and postprandial leptin was reduced following both AER and RES training (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise training is associated with an increase in satiety, while an equivalent period of resistance training is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kym J Guelfi
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Assessment of metformin as an additional treatment to therapeutic lifestyle changes in pediatric patients with metabolic syndrome. CHOLESTEROL 2012; 2012:961410. [PMID: 22830002 PMCID: PMC3398578 DOI: 10.1155/2012/961410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To assess the effectiveness of metformin and therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) in a clinical setting, compared to TLC alone in adolescents with metabolic syndrome (MS). Methodology. This study was a retrospective trial consisting of 60 patients, aged 8–18 years, who were treated for MS at an outpatient clinic. Two groups were formed: the metformin group (M group) and the control group (C group). The M group had been given metformin along with TLC, and the C group had been given TLC alone. Several outcome measures were obtained; the main outcome measure was measuring the change in percentile and z-score of weight and BMI. Results. There were no significant differences between the two groups at the conclusion of the study, except for height percentile (P = 0.02) and z-score (P = 0.03). Both groups showed promising significant intragroup decreases in weight z-score but BMI percentile and z-score were only significantly decreased in the M group. Conclusion. Metformin at an average dose of 1033 mg, when added to TLC, did not show any clinically important efficacy compared to TLC alone in a pediatric population with MS. However, both groups made significant changes in a positive direction, which may be solely due to TLC.
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Yanovski JA, Krakoff J, Salaita CG, McDuffie JR, Kozlosky M, Sebring NG, Reynolds JC, Brady SM, Calis KA. Effects of metformin on body weight and body composition in obese insulin-resistant children: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes 2011; 60:477-85. [PMID: 21228310 PMCID: PMC3028347 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metformin can decrease adiposity and ameliorate obesity-related comorbid conditions, including abnormalities in glucose homeostasis in adolescents, but there are few data evaluating the efficacy of metformin among younger children. Our objective was to determine whether metformin treatment causes weight loss and improves obesity-related comorbidities in obese children, who are insulin-resistant. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial consisting of 100 severely obese (mean BMI 34.6 ± 6.6 kg/m(2)) insulin-resistant children aged 6-12 years, randomized to 1,000 mg metformin (n = 53) or placebo (n = 47) twice daily for 6 months, followed by open-label metformin treatment for 6 months. All children and their parents participated in a monthly dietitian-administered weight-reduction program. RESULTS Eighty-five percent completed the 6-month randomized phase. Children prescribed metformin had significantly greater decreases in BMI (difference -1.09 kg/m(2), CI -1.87 to -0.31, P = 0.006), body weight (difference -3.38 kg, CI -5.2 to -1.57, P < 0.001), BMI Z score (difference between metformin and placebo groups -0.07, CI -0.12 to -0.01, P = 0.02), and fat mass (difference -1.40 kg, CI -2.74 to -0.06, P = 0.04). Fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.007) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance index (P = 0.006) also improved more in metformin-treated children than in placebo-treated children. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more prevalent in metformin-treated children, which limited maximal tolerated dosage in 17%. During the 6-month open-label phase, children treated previously with placebo decreased their BMI Z score; those treated continuously with metformin did not significantly change BMI Z score further. CONCLUSIONS Metformin had modest but favorable effects on body weight, body composition, and glucose homeostasis in obese insulin-resistant children participating in a low-intensity weight-reduction program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Yanovski
- Unit on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Lustig RH. Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:1307-21. [PMID: 20800122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rates of fructose consumption continue to rise nationwide and have been linked to rising rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Because obesity has been equated with addiction, and because of their evolutionary commonalities, we chose to examine the metabolic, hedonic, and societal similarities between fructose and its fermentation byproduct ethanol. Elucidation of fructose metabolism in liver and fructose action in brain demonstrate three parallelisms with ethanol. First, hepatic fructose metabolism is similar to ethanol, as they both serve as substrates for de novo lipogenesis, and in the process both promote hepatic insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis. Second, fructosylation of proteins with resultant superoxide formation can result in hepatic inflammation similar to acetaldehyde, an intermediary metabolite of ethanol. Lastly, by stimulating the "hedonic pathway" of the brain both directly and indirectly, fructose creates habituation, and possibly dependence; also paralleling ethanol. Thus, fructose induces alterations in both hepatic metabolism and central nervous system energy signaling, leading to a "vicious cycle" of excessive consumption and disease consistent with metabolic syndrome. On a societal level, the treatment of fructose as a commodity exhibits market similarities to ethanol. Analogous to ethanol, societal efforts to reduce fructose consumption will likely be necessary to combat the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0434, USA.
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Bienertova-Vasku J, Bienert P, Sablikova L, Slovackova L, Forejt M, Piskackova Z, Kucerova L, Heczkova K, Brazdova Z, Vasku A. Effect of ID ACE gene polymorphism on dietary composition and obesity-related anthropometric parameters in the Czech adult population. GENES AND NUTRITION 2009; 4:207-13. [PMID: 19609587 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-009-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible associations between insertion/deletion (ID) polymorphism in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (dbSNP rs 4646994) with the food intake and body composition in the Czech non-obese, obese and extremely obese populations. A total of 453 various-weighted individuals were enrolled in the study and were according to their BMI assigned into following subgroups, such as obese (30 </= BMI < 40), morbidly obese (BMI >/=40) and non-obese (20 < BMI < 30) subjects. Both the obese cases and the non-obese controls underwent the identical subset of standardized examinations (BMI, % body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, skin fold thickness, native dietary composition examined by 7-day food records, etc.). No significant case-control differences in genotype distributions or allelic frequencies were observed. There were no differences in genotype frequencies between males and females either. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among subjects with the II genotype (42 %) when compared with those with DD (36%) and those with ID (37%) genotypes (P = 0.04). When compared with carbohydrate intake in the whole studied cohort, the odds ratios of carrying the DD allele in the morbidly obese cohort were 0.84 (95% CI 0.34, 2.10, P = 0.17), 0.27 (0.07, 0.98, P = 0.02), and 4.25 (1.44, 12.51, P = 0.005) in those individuals consuming <210, 210-260, and >260 g of carbohydrates/day, respectively. Based on our findings, the ID ACE polymorphism could represent a gene modulator of carbohydrate intake in morbidly obese Czech population; the strong significant effect of DD genotype was observed in the phenotypes of extreme obesity with the highest carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bienertova-Vasku
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic,
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Casazza K, Dulin-Keita A, Gower BA, Fernández JR. Relationships between reported macronutrient intake and insulin dynamics in a multi-ethnic cohort of early pubertal children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC OBESITY : IJPO : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF OBESITY 2009; 4:249-56. [PMID: 19922039 PMCID: PMC2918230 DOI: 10.3109/17477160902763366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic differences in the pediatric population in insulin dynamics have been documented. Additionally, girls tend to be more insulin resistant than boys. Although the mechanism driving these differences is unclear, diet may be a contributor. OBJECTIVE(S) The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of reported macronutrient intake on insulin dynamics and determine if diet composition may account for racial/ethnic and sex differences in insulin response/action. METHODS Participants were 250 African- (n=84), European- (n=105), or Hispanic-American (n=61) children 7-12 years, pubertal stage < or =3. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was used to derive the insulin sensitivity index and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) diet by two 24 h recalls, and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Reported energy intake from fat was positively related to fasting insulin (P < 0.05) and AIRg (P=0.05). Reported energy from carbohydrate was inversely associated with fasting insulin (P < 0.05), and reported energy from protein was inversely associated with AIRg (P < 0.05). The interaction terms between ethnicity and diet, and sex and diet were not significant for any outcome variables. CONCLUSION Dietary intake influences insulin dynamics; however, the racial/ethnic and sex differences in insulin dynamics in this population are not accounted for by macronutrient intake. Pubertal status is likely to play a role in the interaction between diet, race/ethnicity, sex and insulin dynamics. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if the contribution of diet to insulin dynamics strengthens with reproductive maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA.
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Lustig RH. Which comes first? The obesity or the insulin? The behavior or the biochemistry? J Pediatr 2008; 152:601-2. [PMID: 18410757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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