Anticancer, antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities of green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) using aqueous extract of Sargassum wightii

Mechanically Flexible Self-Healing Mg(II)-Metallogel: Approach of Triggering the ROS-Induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells

A self-assembly-directed thixotropic metallohydrogel (i.e., Mg-Tetrakis) of Mg(II)-metal salt and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxy-ethyl)ethylenediamine (i.e., Tetrakis) was successfully achieved. The organic chemical component N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxy-ethyl)ethylenediamine was used as a low-molecular-weight gelator, and water was employed as the gel-forming solvent. The fabricated supramolecular metallohydrogel promisingly depicted viscoelastic and mechanoelastic behaviors, which are interpreted through various rheological parameters. The thixotropic behavior of the metallohydrogel is also well characterized through this rheological study. Field emission scanning electron microscopy microstructural analyses were performed to visualize the morphological arrangements of the metallohydrogel. The anticancer properties of the synthesized metallogels are investigated through this work. The cytotoxic potential of the metallohydrogel on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line is critically examined. Reducing the growth of breast cancer cell line MCF-7 through the treatment of gel on the colony formation assay has been explored through the work. The antimigratory potential of the metallohydrogel on the MCF-7 cell was also scrutinized. The anticancer effect of the fabricated metallohydrogel is inspected through various assay formation strategies, like wound healing assay, tumor spheroid inhibition assay, nuclear fragmentation assay, and so on. Quantitative reactive oxygen species analysis of the cancer cells by treatment with the metallohydrogel was also conducted through this study. The mechanistic apoptosis study was executed by studying the expression of various apoptotic markers like BAX, BCL2, PUMA, and NOXA.

Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Hyphaene thebaica extract and their photocatalytic activities

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) represent an interesting inorganic material widely utilized across various fields including sensing, antimicrobial applications, optical coatings, water purification, fuel additives, absorbents, and catalysis, owing to their exceptional broad energy band gap, surface affinity, and strong chemical and thermal durability. In this investigation, MgO NPs were successfully synthesized through a green approach employing fruit extract from the gingerbread tree (Hyphaene thebaica). Analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed their agglomerated quasi-spherical shape with a size range of 20-60 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern exhibited prominent peaks at planes (200) and (220), indicating the high crystallinity of MgO NPs with a crystallite size of 32.6 ± 5 nm while Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis highlighted the composition comprises 40.47% Magnesium and 48.64% Oxygen by weight. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed characteristic Mg-O bonds through peaks at 560 cm-1 and 866 cm-1, while Raman spectroscopy affirmed the cubic structure of MgO. Subsequently, the photocatalytic performance of MgO NPs under visible light irradiation was evaluated. Remarkably, the addition of 1 g/L of MgO nano-catalyst resulted in a degradation efficiency of 98% after 110 min on methylene blue dye, showcasing the high catalytic activity of MgO NPs. This remarkable photocatalytic efficiency emphasizes the potential of MgO NPs in environmental remediation.

Synergistic effect of green synthesis magnesium oxide nanoparticles and seaweed extract on improving water quality, health benefits, and disease resistance in Nile tilapia

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding liquid extract of algae (Hypnea musciformis, Grateloupia acuminata, and Sargassum muticum) (HGS) and Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) using this extract to rear water of Oreochromis niloticus, on improving culture water indices, growth performance, digestive enzyme, hemato-biochemical characters, immune, antioxidative responses, and resistance after challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila with specific refer to the potential role of the mixture in vitro as resistance against three strains bacteria (Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa) and one parasite (Cichlidogyrus tilapia). The first group represented control, HGS0, whereas the other group, HGS5, HGS10, and HGS15 mL-1 of liquid extract, as well as all groups with 7.5 μg mL-1 MgO-NPs added to culture water of O. niloticus, for 60 days. Data showed that increasing levels at HGS 10 and HGS15 mL-1 in to-culture water significantly enhanced growth-stimulating digestive enzyme activity and a significantly improved survival rate of O. niloticus after being challenged with A. hydrophila than in the control group. The total viability, coliform, fecal coliform count, and heavy metal in muscle partially decreased at HGS 10 and HGS15 mL-1 than in the control group. Correspondingly, the highest positive effect on hemato-biochemical indices was noticed at levels HGS 10 and HGS15 mL-1. Fish noticed an improvement in immune and antioxidant indices compared to control groups partially at HGS 10 and HGS15 mL-1. Interestingly, fish cultured in rearing water with the mixture provided downregulated the related inflammatory genes (HSP70, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-8) partially at HGS15 mL-1. In vitro, the mixture showed positive efficiency as an antibacterial and partially antiparasitic at HGS 10 and HGS15 mL-1. This study proposes utilizing a mixture of (HGS) and (MgO-NPs) with optimum levels of 10-15 mL-1 in cultured water to improve water indices, growth, health status, and increased resistance of O. niloticus against bacterial and parasitic infection.

Synthesis of Berberis aristate rhizome extract stabilized magnesium nanoparticles using green chemistry: rhizome characterization, in vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity

In the present study, magnesium nanoparticles (Mg NPs) were synthesized utilizing an aqueous extract of Berberis aristate rhizome and evaluated for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Technofunctional properties of rhizome powder were evaluated and during thermal stability evaluation four stages of decomposition with a maximum delta Y value of 76.04 % was observed. Optimization of Mg NPs was carried out by employing eight different concentrations (C1-C8)   and the C4 showed maximum absorbance at 330 nm confirming the NPs synthesis. The Mg NPs showed the particle size of 62 nm, zeta potential of -24.7 mV and hexagonal mprphology. Potential inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli (76.78 ± 0.05% and 74.62 ± 0.17%)and anti-inflammatory activity ranging from 42.43 ± 0.07-82.92 ± 0.04% was observed for Mg NPs. Therefore, green synthesis of Mg NPs is a promising approach for the development ofbiological active NPs to cure microbial infections.

Exploring the Potential of Plant-Based Nanotechnology in Cancer Immunotherapy: Benefits, Limitations, and Future Perspectives

Reconceptualizing cancer immunotherapy can be improved if combined with plant production systems and nanotechnology. This review aims to contribute to the knowledge of plant use in nanomedicine and cancer immunotherapy. In the foreground, we outlined each of these approaches; nanomedicine, green synthesis, and immunotherapy. The benefits of plant-based nanoparticles in mending the immune systems were subsequently analyzed, with reference to the literature. The combining effects of biological and therapeutic properties of some phytochemicals and their derivatives, with targeted nanoparticles and selective immunotherapy, can enhance the delivery of drugs and antibodies, and induce antitumor immune responses, via activation of functions of neutrophils, lymphocyte cells, and natural killer cells, and macrophages, resulting in induced apoptosis and phagocytosis of tumor cells, which can improve designing immunotherapeutic strategies targeting cancer, with a larger spectrum compared to the current cytotoxic anticancer drugs commonly used in clinics. This study uncovers the mechanistic drivers of cancer immunoengineering in cancer therapy using plant-based nanomaterials, enhancing therapeutic benefits while minimizing toxic and side effects.

Bioactive nanoparticles derived from marine brown seaweeds and their biological applications: a review

The biosynthesis of novel nanoparticles with varied morphologies, which has good implications for their biological capabilities, has attracted increasing attention in the field of nanotechnology. Bioactive compounds present in the extract of fungi, bacteria, plants and algae are responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. In comparison to other biological resources, brown seaweeds can also be useful to convert metal ions to metal nanoparticles because of the presence of richer bioactive chemicals. Carbohydrates, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, enzymes, pigments, and secondary metabolites in brown seaweeds act as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticle's synthesis. There are around 2000 species of seaweed that dominate marine resources, but only a few have been reported for nanoparticle synthesis. The presence of bioactive chemicals in the biosynthesized metal nanoparticles confers biological activity. The biosynthesized metal and non-metal nanoparticles from brown seaweeds possess different biological activities because of their different physiochemical properties. Compared with terrestrial resources, marine resources are not much explored for nanoparticle synthesis. To confirm their morphology, characterization methods are used, such as absorption spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. This review attempts to include the vital role of brown seaweed in the synthesis of metal and non-metal nanoparticles, as well as the method of synthesis and biological applications such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and other functions.

Biogenic Synthesis of Photosensitive Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Citron Waste Peel Extract and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Anticarcinogenic Potential

Background

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) have been fabricated by several approaches, including green chemistry approach due to diverse application and versatile features.

Objectives

The current study aimed to prepare a convenient, biocompatible, and economically viable MgONPs using waste citron peel extract (CP-MgONPs) to evaluate their biological applications.

Methods

The CP-MgONPs were synthesized by a sustainable approach from extract of waste citron peel both as capping and reducing agents without use of any hazardous material. The physicochemical features of formed CP-MgONPs were determined by sophisticated analytical and microscopic techniques. The biogenic CP-MgONPs were examined for their antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, and photocatalytic attributes.

Results

A prominent absorption peak in the UV-Vis spectra at 284 nm was the distinguishing characteristic of the CP-MgONPs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals polyhedral morphology of nanoparticles with slight agglomeration of CP-MgONPs. The CP-MgONPs exerted excellent antibacterial potencies against six bacterial strains. The CP-MgONPs displayed significant susceptibility towards E. coli (20.72 ± 0.33 mm) and S. aureus (19.52 ± 0.05 mm) with the highest inhibition zones. The anticancer effect of CP-MgONPs was evaluated against HepG2 (IC50 : 15.3 μg·mL-1) cancer cells and exhibited potential anticancer activity. A prompt inversion of cellular injury manifested as impairment of the integrity of the cell membrane, apoptosis, and oxidative stress was observed in treated cells with CP-MgONPs. The biosynthesized CP-MgONPs also conducted successful photocatalytic potential as much as MgO powder under the UV-light using acid orange 8 (AO-8) dye. The degradation performance of CP-MgONPs showed over 94% photocatalytic degradation efficiency of acid orange 8 (AO-8) dyes within a short time.

Conclusions

Outcomes of this research signify that biogenic CP-MgONPs may be advantageous at low concentrations, with positive environmental impacts.

Recent Advances in Magnesium-Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle Composites for Biomedical Applications

Magnesium (Mg) is considered an attractive option for orthopedic applications due to its density and elastic modulus close to the natural bone of the body, as well as biodegradability and good tensile strength. However, it faces serious challenges, including a high degradation rate and, as a result, a loss of mechanical properties during long periods of exposure to the biological environment. Also, among its other weaknesses, it can be mentioned that it does not deal with bacterial biofilms. It has been found that making composites by synergizing its various components can be an efficient way to improve its properties. Among metal oxide nanoparticles, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have distinct physicochemical and biological properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, high bioactivity, significant antibacterial properties, and good mechanical properties, which make it a good choice as a reinforcement in composites. However, the lack of comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of Mg NPs as Mg matrix reinforcements in mechanical, corrosion, and biological fields is considered a challenge in their application. While introducing the role of MgO NPs in medical fields, this article summarizes the most important results of recent research on the mechanical, corrosion, and biological performance of Mg/MgO composites.

The utility of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to prepare metal oxides NPs for clinical application on osteoporosis supported by theoretical study

Green synthesis of metal oxides as a treatment for bone diseases is still exploring. Herein, MgO and Fe2O3 NPs were prepared from the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to study their effect on vit D3, Ca+2, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme ALP associated with osteoporosis. Computational chemistry was utilized to gain insight into the possible interactions. These oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FTIR, and AFM. Results revealed that green synthesis of MgO and Fe2O3 NPs was successful with abundant. MgO NPs were in vitro applied on osteoporosis patients (n = 35) and showed a significant elevation of vit D3 and Ca+2 (0.0001 > p < 0.001) levels, compared to healthy volunteers (n = 25). Thus, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a good candidate to prepare MgO NPs, with a promising enhancing effect on vit D3 and Ca+2 in osteoporosis. In addition, interactions of Fe2O3 and MgO NPs with ALP were determined by molecular docking study.

A comprehensive review on Moringa oleifera nanoparticles: importance of polyphenols in nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle efficacy and their applications

Moringa oleifera is one of the popular functional foods that has been tremendously exploited for synthesis of a vast majority of metal nanoparticles (NPs). The diverse secondary metabolites present in this plant turn it into a green tool for synthesis of different NPs with various biological activities. In this review, we discussed different types of NPs including silver, gold, titanium oxide, iron oxide, and zinc oxide NPs produced from the extract of different parts of M. oleifera. Different parts of M. oleifera take a role as the reducing, stabilizing, capping agent, and depending on the source of extract, the color of solution changes within NP synthesis. We highlighted the role of polyphenols in the synthesis of NPs among major constituents of M. oleifera extract. The different synthesis methods that could lead to the formation of various sizes and shapes of NPs and play crucial role in biomedical application were critically discussed. We further debated the mechanism of interaction of NPs with various sizes and shapes with the cells, and further their clearance from the body. The application of NPs made from M. oleifera extract as anticancer, antimicrobial, wound healing, and water treatment agent were also discussed. Small NPs show better antimicrobial activity, while they can be easily cleared from the body through the kidney. In contrast, large NPs are taken by the mono nuclear phagocyte system (MPS) cells. In case of shape, the NPs with spherical shape penetrate into the bacteria, and show stronger antibacterial activity compared to the NPs with other shapes. Finally, this review aims to correlate the key characteristics of NPs made from M. oleifera extract, such as size and shape, to their interactions with the cells for designing and engineering them for bio-applications and especially for therapeutic purposes.

Phytogenic nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and their roles in physiology and biochemistry of plants

Researchers are swarming to nanotechnology because of its potentially game-changing applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. This fast-growing, cutting-edge technology is trying different approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles of specific sizes and shapes. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized using physical and chemical processes; there is an urgent demand to establish environmentally acceptable and sustainable ways for their synthesis. The green approach of nanoparticle synthesis has emerged as a simple, economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly method. In particular, phytoassisted plant extract synthesis is easy, reliable, and expeditious. Diverse phytochemicals present in the extract of various plant organs such as root, leaf, and flower are used as a source of reducing as well as stabilizing agents during production. Green synthesis is based on principles like prevention/minimization of waste, reduction of derivatives/pollution, and the use of safer (or non-toxic) solvent/auxiliaries as well as renewable feedstock. Being free of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals and the addition of external stabilizing or capping agents makes the nanoparticles produced using green synthesis methods particularly desirable. Different metallic nanomaterials are produced using phytoassisted synthesis methods, such as silver, zinc, gold, copper, titanium, magnesium, and silicon. Due to significant differences in physical and chemical properties between nanoparticles and their micro/macro counterparts, their characterization becomes essential. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques have been employed for conformational details of nanoparticles, like shape, size, dispersity, homogeneity, surface structure, and inter-particle interactions. UV-visible spectroscopy is used to examine the optical properties of NPs in solution. XRD analysis confirms the purity and phase of NPs and provides information about crystal size and symmetry. AFM, SEM, and TEM are employed for analyzing the morphological structure and particle size of NPs. The nature and kind of functional groups or bioactive compounds that might account for the reduction and stabilization of NPs are detected by FTIR analysis. The elemental composition of synthesized NPs is determined using EDS analysis. Nanoparticles synthesized by green methods have broad applications and serve as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Various metal and metal oxide NPs such as Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), copper oxide (CuO), etc. have been proven to have a positive effect on plant growth and development. They play a potentially important role in the germination of seeds, plant growth, flowering, photosynthesis, and plant yield. The present review highlights the pathways of phytosynthesis of nanoparticles, various techniques used for their characterization, and their possible roles in the physiology of plants.

Chitosan nanocomposite for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: A review

Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have emerged as a multidisciplinary promising field in the quest to address the limitations of traditional medical approaches. One of the key aspects of these fields is the development of such types of biomaterials that can mimic the extracellular matrix and provide a conducive environment for tissue regeneration. In this regard, chitosan has played a vital role which is a naturally derived linear bi-poly-aminosaccharide, and has gained significant attention due to its biocompatibility and unique properties. Chitosan possesses many unique physicochemical properties, making it a significant polysaccharide for different applications such as agriculture, nutraceutical, biomedical, food, nutraceutical, packaging, etc. as well as significant material for developing next-generation hydrogel and bio-scaffolds for regenerative medicinal applications. Moreover, chitosan can be easily modified to incorporate desirable properties, such as improved mechanical strength, enhanced biodegradability, and controlled release of bioactive molecules. Blending chitosan with other polymers or incorporating nanoparticles into its matrix further expands its potential in tissue engineering applications. This review summarizes the most recent studies of the last 10 years based on chitosan, blends, and nanocomposites and their application in bone tissue engineering, hard tissue engineering, dental implants, dental tissue engineering, dental fillers, and cartilage tissue engineering.

Biosynthesis of MgO Nanoparticles and Their Impact on the Properties of the PVA/Gelatin Nanocomposites for Smart Food Packaging Applications

Fabricating active and intelligent packaging materials has become the highest demand for catering to market needs, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, for ensuring food safety. Thus, the wider objective of this article was to promote active and smart packaging biofilms possessing antibacterial and humidity-sensing properties for sustainable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/gelatin (Ge) reinforced with biosynthesized magnesium nanoparticles (MgO NPs) by a solvent-casting route. The UV-visible spectrum has been utilized to determine the optimized biosynthesized MgO NPs and then the nanostructure of optimized MgO NPs investigated by varying techniques such as XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, FT-IR, and thermogravimetric analysis. Four MgO NPs proportions (i.e., 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt %) were used to fabricate PVA/Ge biofilms. In the biofilms system, the tensile results showcased that the nanocomposite film containing 5 wt % of MgO NPs had the highest tensile strength value (i.e., 22.10 MPs) compared to the other biofilms or the unfilled blank (i.e., 6.30 MPs). Correspondingly, the humidity-sensing data revealed that the PVA/Ge-1% MgO NPs sensor had higher sensitivity over a broad range of relative humidity from (7-97% RH) and at 100 Hz. Additionally, the hydrophobicity of biofilms, measured by water contact angle, UV-stability, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties was also analyzed to possibly use these biofilms in active food packaging with extended shelf life of foodstuffs. However, the PVA/Ge-1% MgO NPs biofilm was predominately found to possess attractive sensing properties and could be considered as a sensor for intelligent food packaging.

MgO Nanoparticles Obtained from an Innovative and Sustainable Route and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy

This paper aimed to evaluate the biological damages towards diseased cells caused by the use of MgO nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs are produced by a calcination process of a precursor, which is an aqueous suspension of nanostructured Mg(OH)2, in turn synthesized following our original, time-energy saving and scalable method able to guarantee short times, high yield of production (up to almost 10 kg/week of NPs), low environmental impact and low energy demand. The MgO NPs, in the form of dry powders, are organized as a network of intercrystallite channels, in turn constituted by monodispersed and roughly spherical NPs < 10 nm, preserving the original pseudo hexagonal-platelet morphology of the precursor. The produced MgO powders are diluted in a PBS solution to obtain different MgO suspension concentrations that are subsequently put in contact, for 3 days, with melanoma and healthy cells. The viable count, made at 24, 48 and 72 h from the beginning of the test, reveals a good cytotoxic activity of the NPs, already at low MgO concentrations. This is particularly marked after 72 h, showing a clear reduction in cellular proliferation in a MgO-concentration-dependent manner. Finally, the results obtained on human skin fibroblasts revealed that the use MgO NPs did not alter at all both the vitality and proliferation of healthy cells.

How Synthesis of Algal Nanoparticles Affects Cancer Therapy? - A Complete Review of the Literature

The necessity to engineer sustainable nanomaterials for the environment and human health has recently increased. Due to their abundance, fast growth, easy cultivation, biocompatibility and richness of secondary metabolites, algae are valuable biological source for the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The aim of this review is to demonstrate the feasibility of using algal-based NPs for cancer treatment. Blue-green, brown, red and green micro- and macro-algae are the most commonly participating algae in the green synthesis of NPs. In this process, many algal bioactive compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols, can catalyze the reduction of metal ions to NPs. In addition, many driving factors, including pH, temperature, duration, static conditions and substrate concentration, are involved to facilitate the green synthesis of algal-based NPs. Here, the biosynthesis, mechanisms and applications of algal-synthesized NPs in cancer therapy have been critically discussed. We also reviewed the effective role of algal synthesized NPs as anticancer treatment against human breast, colon and lung cancers and carcinoma.

Application of green-synthesized cadmium oxide nanofibers and cadmium oxide/graphene nanosheet nanocomposites as alternative and efficient photocatalysts for methylene blue removal from aqueous matrix

For the first time, cadmium oxide (CdO) nanofibers (NFs) and graphene nanosheet (GNS)-doped CdO nanocomposites (NCs) have been synthesized by a simple green route using green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract, for subsequent application as photocatalysts for methylene blue (MB) removal from an aqueous matrix. In addition, the materials were tested as working electrodes for supercapacitors. The prepared samples were analyzed by FESEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FESEM revealed that the obtained NPs and NCs show fiber-shaped nanostructure. FTIR confirmed the presence of biomolecules on CdO and carbon compounds on CdO/GNS, while XRD exhibited the cubic crystalline structure of obtained NPs and NCs. The Rietveld refinement using XRD data was performed to ascertain the crystallographic characteristics of the produced samples and look into lattice imperfections. UV-Vis spectroscopy evaluated the optical bandgap energies of CdO and CdO/GNS NCs. The CdO/GNS NCs demonstrated a fast cleavage of the dye molecule under UV irradiation, resulting in 97% removal in 120 min. In addition, CdO/GNS NCs showed remarkable chemical stability as an electrode material, with a high specific capacitance of 231 F g-1 at a scan rate of 25 mV s-1. These observed NCs characteristics are higher when compared to pristine CdO NPs. Finally, we found that the investigated NCs showed enhanced multifunctional properties, such as photocatalytic and supercapacitor characteristics, which can be useful in practical applications.

Boron-based magnesium diboride nanosheets preparation and tested for antimicrobial properties for PES membrane

Antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics for current bacterial infection treatments is a medical problem. 2D nanoparticles, which can be used as both antibiotic carriers and direct antibacterial agents due to their large surface areas and direct contact with the cell membrane, are important alternatives in solving this problem. This study focuses on the effects of a new generation borophene derivative obtained from MgB2 particles on the antimicrobial activity of polyethersulfone membranes. MgB2 nanosheets were created by mechanically separating magnesium diboride (MgB2) particles into layers. The samples were microstructurally characterized using SEM, HR-TEM, and XRD methods. MgB2 nanosheets were screened for various biological activities such as antioxidant, DNA nuclease, antimicrobial, microbial cell viability inhibition, and antibiofilm activities. The antioxidant activity of nanosheets was 75.24 ± 4.15% at 200 mg/L. Plasmid DNA was entirely degraded at 125 and 250 mg/L nanosheet concentrations. MgB2 nanosheets exhibited a potential antimicrobial effect against tested strains. The cell viability inhibitory effect of the MgB2 nanosheets was 99.7 ± 5.78%, 99.89 ± 6.02%, and 100 ± 5.84% at 12.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 50 mg/L, respectively. The antibiofilm activity of MgB2 nanosheets against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was observed to be satisfactory. Furthermore, a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was prepared by blending MgB2 nanosheets from 0.5 wt to 2.0 wt %. Pristine PES membrane also has shown the lowest steady-state fluxes at 30.1 ± 2.1 and 56.6 L/m2h for BSA and E. coli, respectively. With the increase of MgB2 nanosheets amount from 0.5 to 2.0 wt%, steady-state fluxes increased from 32.3 ± 2.5 to 42.0 ± 1.0 and from 15.6 ± 0.7 to 24.1 ± 0.8 L/m2h, respectively for BSA and E. coli. E. coli elimination performance of PES membrane coated with MgB2 nanosheets at different rates and the membrane filtration procedure was obtained from 96% to 100%. The results depicted that BSA and E. coli rejection efficiencies of MgB2 nanosheets blended PES membranes increased when compared to pristine PES membranes.

Dandelion flower-fabricated Ag nanoparticles versus synthetic ones with characterization and determination of photocatalytic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

In the present work, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated through the dandelion flower hydroalcoholic extract, and their properties were characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV visible, SEM, and EDX. The results demonstrated that the average diameter of the green fabricated AgNPs is 45-55 nm (G-AgNPs). The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic properties of G-AgNPs were compared with two commercially available different diameter sizes (20 and 80-100 nm) of AgNPs (C-AgNPs1- and C-AgNPs2, respectively). The sample's capacity for antioxidants was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging method. The consequences showed that G-AgNPs have higher radical scavenging activity (47.8%) than C-AgNPs2 (39.49%) and C-AgNPs1 (33.91%). To investigate the photocatalytic property, methylene blue dye was used. The results displayed that G-AgNPs is an effective photo-catalyst compared to C-AgNPs2 and C-AgNPs1, which respectively have an inhibition potential of 75.22, 51.94, and 56.65%. Also, the antimicrobial capacity of nanoparticles was assayed against, the gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results indicated that G-AgNPs could effectively inhibit the growth of both bacteria, compared to C-AgNPs1 and C-AgNPs2. Finally, G-AgNPs exhibited a considerable α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory effect (88.37%) in comparison with C-AgNPs1 (61.7%) and C-AgNPs2 (50.5%).

New investigation of anti-inflammatory activity of Polycladia crinita and biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles: isolation and characterization

BACKGROUND

Marine macroalgae have gained interest recently, mostly due to their bioactive components. Polycladia crinita is an example of marine macroalgae from the Phaeophyceae class, also known as brown algae. They are characterized by a variety of bioactive compounds with valuable medical applications. The prevalence of such naturally active marine resources has made macroalgae-mediated manufacturing of nanoparticles an appealing strategy. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features of an aqueous extract of Polycladia crinita and biosynthesized P. crinita selenium nanoparticles (PCSeNPs) via a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The synthesized PCSeNPs were fully characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and EDX analyses.

RESULTS

FTIR analysis of Polycladia crinita extract showed several sharp absorption peaks at 3435.2, 1423.5, and 876.4 cm-1 which represent O-H, C=O and C=C groups. Moreover, the most frequent functional groups identified in P. crinita aqueous extract that are responsible for producing SeNPs are the -NH2-, -C=O-, and -SH- groups. The EDX spectrum analysis revealed that the high percentages of Se and O, 1.09 ± 0.13 and 36.62 ± 0.60%, respectively, confirmed the formation of SeNPs. The percentages of inhibition of the edema in pretreated groups with doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p., of PCSeNPs were 62.78% and 77.24%, respectively. Furthermore, the pretreated groups with 25, 50 mg/kg of P. crinita extract displayed a substantial decrease in the MDA levels (P < 0.00, 26.9%, and 51.68% decrease, respectively), indicating potent antioxidant effect. Additionally, the pretreated groups with PCSeNPs significantly suppressed the MDA levels (P < 0.00, 54.77%, and 65.08% decreases, respectively). The results of immune-histochemical staining revealed moderate COX-2 and Il-1β expressions with scores 2 and 1 in rats pre-treated with 25 and 50 mg/kg of free extract, respectively. Additionally, the rats pre-treated with different doses of PCSeNPs demonstrated weak COX-2 and Il-1β expressions with score 1 (25 mg/kg) and negative expression with score 0 (50 mg/kg). Both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were dose-dependent.

CONCLUSIONS

These distinguishing features imply that this unique alga is a promising anti-inflammatory agent. Further studies are required to investigate its main active ingredients and possible side effects.

Facile synthesis of novel magnesium oxide nanoparticles for pesticide sorption from water

The quantum of pesticides in surface as well as drinking water has become a serious health hazard. In this experiment, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were synthesized using leaves of purple-colored rice variety (Crossa) and utilized for simultaneous removal of three pesticides, namely, thiamethoxam, chlorpyriphos, and fenpropathrin from water. The biogenic MgO NPs were characterized using SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, DLS, etc. The optimum synthesis parameters (1 M NaOH, 80 °C, and 2 h) resulted in maximum yield of MgO NPs (87.7 mg), minimum hydrodynamic diameter (35.12 nm), poly dispersity index (0.14) and mean zeta potential (-11 mV). Sorption data of the three pesticides fitted well with non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and non-linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of MgO NPs for the three pesticides was 87.66 µg/mg, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model. Under optimum conditions (initial concentration, 40 mg/L; dose, 30 mg/30 mL; and pH, 9), 60.13, 80.53, and 92.49% removal of thiamethoxam, chlorpyriphos, and fenpropathrin was achieved with a 100% desirability, respectively. Thus, the biogenic MgO NPs could be an efficient adsorbent of pesticides and could be recommended for pesticide decontamination in water treatment plants and domestic water purifier systems.

Analysis of Volatile Constituent by Hydrodistillation and Solid-Phase Microextraction Techniques and Antimicrobial and Scolicidal Activities of Essential Oil and Soxhlet Extracts of Ulva rigida grown in Turkey

In the present study, the volatile composition of Ulva rigida (U. rigida) was elucidated by two different methods. As a result of the identification process of volatile components using the GC/MS-FID instrument, 31 compounds were identified by hydrodistillation (HD) method, and 15 compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method, elucidating the structure of 99.86 % and 92.65 %, respectively. The most abundant compounds in the essential oil of U. rigida were n-hexadecanoic acid and pentadecanal, while the most abundant compound according to the SPME analysis was heptadecyne, a hydrocarbon compound. In the next step, hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform and methanol solvent extracts of U. rigida were prepared and the antimicrobial activities of the extracts and the essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation as well as the scolicidal activities of the solvent extracts were determined. The results of the antimicrobial activity test of the essential oil showed a high level of activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and MRSA. The highest activity was found on the microorganism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 in chloroform and methanol extracts of U. rigida. Furthermore, viability detection was performed and the scolicidal effects of the extracts on protoscoleces were assessed. The values of lethal concentration doses (LD50 , LD75 and LD90 ) were calculated using probit analysis.

Silica-Based Materials Containing Inorganic Red/NIR Emitters and Their Application in Biomedicine

The low absorption of biological substances and living tissues in the red/near-infrared region (therapeutic window) makes luminophores emitting in the range of ~650-1350 nm favorable for in vitro and in vivo imaging. In contrast to commonly used organic dyes, inorganic red/NIR emitters, including ruthenium complexes, quantum dots, lanthanide compounds, and octahedral cluster complexes of molybdenum and tungsten, not only exhibit excellent emission in the desired region but also possess additional functional properties, such as photosensitization of the singlet oxygen generation process, upconversion luminescence, photoactivated effects, and so on. However, despite their outstanding functional applicability, they share the same drawback-instability in aqueous media under physiological conditions, especially without additional modifications. One of the most effective and thus widely used types of modification is incorporation into silica, which is (1) easy to obtain, (2) biocompatible, and (3) non-toxic. In addition, the variety of morphological characteristics, along with simple surface modification, provides room for creativity in the development of various multifunctional diagnostic/therapeutic platforms. In this review, we have highlighted biomedical applications of silica-based materials containing red/NIR-emitting compounds.

Exploring the Antibacterial Potential of Green-Synthesized MgO and ZnO Nanoparticles from Two Plant Root Extracts

The green approach-based nanoparticle synthesis is considered a more cost-effective and ecologically responsible method of producing nanoparticles than other standard techniques. A major accomplishment in resolving these issues is the use of nanoparticles for environmental pollution remediation. This article describes a simple method for producing MgO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale and Glycyrrhiza roots as the stabilizing and reducing agents, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersed X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy methods were used to characterize the biologically synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs). The XRD results showed that the mean crystallite sizes of synthesized ZnO and MgO NPs, which have excellent purity, are 12.35 nm and 4.83 nm, respectively. The spherical or elliptical shape of the synthesized NPs was confirmed by the SEM analysis. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized NPs against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was thoroughly investigated. With a medium zone of inhibition of 7 to 10 mm, the as-synthesized MgO NPs and ZnO NPs demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity towards various bacterial strains.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn) mediated green synthesis of copper nanoparticles and their application in anticancer activity

Green synthesis of nanoparticles has drawn huge attention in the last decade due to their eco-friendly, biocompatible nature. Phyto-assisted synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is widespread in the field of nanomedicine, especially for antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Here in the present research work, investigators have used the stem extract of the Himalayan plant Hippophae rhamnoides L, for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). The synthesized of CuNPs were analyzed by using sophisticated instruments, i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The size of the synthesized CuNPs was varying from 38 nm to 94 nm which were mainly spherical in shape. Further, the potential of the synthesized CuNPs was evaluated as an anticancer agent on the Hela cell lines, by performing an MTT assay. In the MTT assay, a concentration-dependent activity of CuNPs demonstrated the lower cell viability at 100 μg/mL and IC50 value at 48 μg/mL of HeLa cancer cell lines. In addition to this, apoptosis activity was evaluated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining, Annexin V, and Propidium iodide (PI) staining, wherein the maximum ROS production was at a dose of 100 µg per mL of CuNPs with a higher intensity of green fluorescence. In both DAPI and PI staining, maximum nuclear condensation was observed with 100 μg/mL of CuNPs against HeLa cell lines.

Seaweed Sargassum wightii mediated preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles, larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors, and its effect on non-target organisms

Malaria and Lymphatic filariasis are considered significant public health concerns in several countries. As a researcher, controlling those mosquitos using safe and eco-friendly insecticides is essential. Thus, we aimed to explore the potential use of seaweed Sargassum wightii for the biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs and evaluate its efficiency in controlling disease-transmitting mosquito larvae (using Anopheles subpictus and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae as model systems (in vivo)) as well as its potential effect on non-target organisms (using Poecilia reticulata fish as an experimental model). XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDAX, and TEM carried out the characterization of TiO2 NPs. It evaluated the larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus. The larvicidal mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure to S. wightii extract and TiO2 NPs. S. wightii synthesized TiO2 NPs show excellent activity against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 4.37 and 4.68; LC90 = 8.33 and 8.97; χ2 = 5.741 and 4.531) mg/L respectively. The GC-MS results indicate the presence of some important long-chain phytoconstituents like linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid methyl ester, and stearic acid, among others. Furthermore, when testing the possible toxicity of biosynthesized NPs in a non-target organism, no adverse effects were observed in Poecilia reticulata fish exposed for 24 h, considering the evaluated biomarkers. Thus, overall, our study results reveal that biosynthesized TiO2 NPs are an effective and exciting eco-friendly approach to controlling the A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus.

Biogenic green metal nano systems as efficient anti-cancer agents

Metal/metal oxide nano systems (M-NSs) of tunable and manipulative properties are emerging suitable for cancer management via immunity development, early-stage diagnosis, nanotherapeutics, and targeted drug delivery systems. However, noticeable toxicity, off-targeted actions, lacking biocompatibility, and being expensive limit their acceptability. Moreover, involving high energy (top-down routes) and hazardous chemicals (bottom-up chemical routes) is altering human cycle. To manage such challenges, biomass (plants, microbes, animals) and green chemistry-based M-NSs due to scalability, affordability, are cellular, tissue, and organ acceptability are emerging as desired biogenic M-NSs for cancer management with enhanced features. The state-of-art and perspective of green metal/metal oxide nano systems (GM-NSs) as an efficient anti-cancer agent including, imaging, immunity building elements, site-specific drug delivery, and therapeutics developments are highlighted in this review critically. It is expected that this report will serve as guideline for design and develop high-performance GM-NSs for establishing them as next-generation anti-cancer agent capable to manage cancer in personalized manner.

Silk sericin conjugated magnesium oxide nanoparticles for its antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-biofilm activities

The Silk sericin protein was conjugated with magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles to form SS-MgO-NPs . UV, XRD, FTIR, SEM, DLS, and EDX were used to confirm the formation of SS-MgO-NPs. The absorption band of SS-MgO-NPs using UV-visible spectra was observed at 310 nm, with an average size of the nanoparticles was 65-88 nm analyzed from DLS. The presence of alcohol, CN, and CC, alkanes, alkenes, and cis alkenes, in silk sericin, is confirmed by FT-IR and may act as a stabilizing agent. Later SS-MgO-NPs were evaluated for antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, ,anti-aging, and anticancer properties. The SS-MgO-NPs inhibited the formation of biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. The blood compatibility of SS-MgO-NPs, delaying coagulation was observed using human, blood, and goat blood samples. The SS-MgO-NPs exhibited significant anticancer activity on MCF-7 (IC₅₀ 207.6 μg/mL) cancer cell lines. Correspondingly, SS-MgO-NPs demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of the enzymes in the following order collagenase > elastase > tyrosinase > hyaluronidase, with IC₅₀ values of 75.3, 85.3, 133.6, and 156.3 μgmL^-1, respectively. This exhibits the compoundposses anti-aging properties. So, in in vitro settings, SS-MgO-NPs can be used as an antibacterial, anti-aging, and anticancer agent. Additionally, in vivo research is necessary to validate its therapeutic applications.

Moringa oleifera gum capped MgO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, cyto- and ecotoxicity assessment

Nano-based drug delivery research is increasing due to the therapeutic applications for human health care. However, traditional chemical capping-based synthesis methods lead to unwanted toxicity effects. Hence, there is an urgent need for green synthesis-based and biocompatible synthesis methods. The current work describes for the first time the green synthesis of Moringa gum-capped MgO nanoparticles (Mgm-MgO NPs). Their antioxidant activity, hemolysis potential, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, toxicity by chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) chick embryo assay and in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos were described. The Mgm-MgO NPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The Mgm-MgO NPs at 500 μg/ml produced significant hemolysis (72.54 %), while lower concentrations did not. Besides, the cytotoxicity assessment of the Mgm-MgO NPs was conducted in PA-1 cells from human ovarian teratocarcinoma by MTT assay. The Mgm-MgO NPs (0.1-500 μg/ml) considerably reduced the viability of PA-1 cells. Furthermore, Mgm-MgO NPs had no significant effect on seed germination but had a significant effect on root and shoot length of mungbean (Vigna radiata). Additionally, the CAM assay was used to analyze the antiangiogenic potential of Mgm-MgO NPs, exhibiting no significant alterations after 72 h. Finally, the zebrafish embryotoxicity assay revealed that the Mgm-MgO NPs (0.1-500 μg/ml) did not affect morphology, mortality or survival rate.

Biopolymer Chitosan Surface Engineering with Magnesium Oxide-Pluronic-F127-Escin Nanoparticles on Human Breast Carcinoma Cell Line and Microbial Strains

Nanotechnology has been recognized as a highly interdisciplinary field of the twenty-first century, with diverse applications in biotechnology, healthcare, and material science. One of the most commonly employed non-toxic nanoparticles, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs), is simple, inexpensive, biocompatible, and biodegradable. Several researchers are interested in the biosynthesis process of MgO NPs through chemical and physical approaches. This is because of their simplicity, affordability, and environmental safety. In the current study, green MgO-Chitosan-Pluronic F127-Escin (MCsPFE) NPs have been synthesized and characterized via various techniques like UV-visible, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray composition analysis, Transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Photoluminescence, and Dynamic light scattering analyses. The average crystallite size of MCsPFE NPs was 46 nm, and a face-centered cubic crystalline structure was observed. Further, the antimicrobial effectiveness of NPs against diverse pathogens has been assessed. The cytotoxic potential of the nanoparticles against MDA-MB-231 cell lines was evaluated using the MTT test, dual AO/EB, JC-1, DCFH-DA, and DAPI staining procedures. High antimicrobial efficacy of MCsPFE NPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as well as Candida albicans was observed. The findings concluded that the NPs augmented the ROS levels in the cells and altered the Δψm, leading to the initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic cell death pathway. Thus, green MCsPFE NPs possess immense potential to be employed as an effective antimicrobial and anticancer treatment option.

Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts and Essential Oils

Plant extracts and essential oils have a wide variety of molecules with potential application in different fields such as medicine, the food industry, and cosmetics. Furthermore, these plant derivatives are widely interested in human and animal health, including potent antitumor, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and bactericidal activity. Given this diversity, different methodologies were needed to optimize the extraction, purification, and characterization of each class of biomolecules. In addition, these plant products can still be used in the synthesis of nanomaterials to reduce the undesirable effects of conventional synthesis routes based on hazardous/toxic chemical reagents and associate the properties of nanomaterials with those present in extracts and essential oils. Vegetable oils and extracts are chemically complex, and although they are already used in the synthesis of nanomaterials, limited studies have examined which molecules are effectively acting in the synthesis and stabilization of these nanostructures. Similarly, few studies have investigated whether the molecules coating the nanomaterials derived from these extracts and essential oils would bring benefits or somehow reduce their potential activity. This synergistic effect presents a promising field to be further explored. Thus, in this review article, we conducted a comprehensive review addressing the main groups of molecules present in plant extracts and essential oils, their extraction capacity, and available methodologies for their characterization. Moreover, we highlighted the potential of these plant products in the synthesis of different metallic nanomaterials and their antimicrobial capacity. Furthermore, we correlated the extract’s role in antimicrobial activity, considering the potential synergy between molecules from the plant product and the different metallic forms associated with nanomaterials.

Anticancer Effect of Sargassum oligocystom Hydroalcoholic Extract Against SW742, HT-29, WiDr, and CT-26 Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Expression of P53 and APC Genes

PURPOSE

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world, with enhancing morbidity and mortality each year. Due to the drug resistance against CRC, the use of novel compounds besides chemotherapy is required. Natural seafood contains large amounts of biologically active substances with new chemical structures and new medicinal activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Sargassum oligocystom algae on SW742, HT-29, WiDr, and CT-26 CRC cell lines, and to evaluate the expression of P53 and APC genes using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR).

METHODS

The cytotoxicity of S. oligocystom hydroalcoholic extract was determined by MTT and trypan blue methods in six different concentrations including 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL on various CRC cell lines and a control group. The expression of P53 and APC genes in exposure to 2 mg/mL of the extract was also evaluated using RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

The LD50 and LD90 of S. oligocystom included 0.5-1 and > 2 mg/mL, respectively mostly affecting SW742 and CT-26 cells. In the trypan blue test, 90% viability and death of cells were observed at 0.1 and 4 mg/mL of extract, respectively. The 2 mg/mL was a safe cytotoxic concentration. A significant viability decrease was observed at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/mL (p < 0.001). Sargassum oligocystom extract at 2 mg/mL significantly increased the expression of APC ranging 1.98-2.2-fold (p < 0.001) but not P53 gene which ranged 0.5-0.68-fold (p = 0.323) after 24 h.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that the brown algae S. oligocystom extract had significant antitumor effects against the SW742, HT-29, WiDr, and CT-26 CRC cell lines and especially CT-26, suggesting that it may be a potential candidate for further studies and therefore designing drugs of natural anticancer origin. The S. oligocystom had an anticancer effect via an increase in the APC gene expression.

Natural sunlight driven photocatalytic dye degradation by biogenically synthesized tin oxide (SnO2) nanostructures using Tinospora crispa stem extract and its anticancer and antibacterial applications

In the present study, tin oxide (SnO₂) was synthesized by advocating the principles of green chemistry for the photo-mediated degradation of pollutants, antimicrobial, and as an antitumor agent. Bioactive SnO₂ (nanorods & nanospheres) were fabricated using Tinospora crispa stem extract (TCSE) via sol-gel technique and characterized extensively. XRD, UV-VIS, FTIR, and XPS studies confirmed the formation of crystalline and well stoichiometric pure phase of SnO₂ nanostructures with optical bandgap 3.2 to 3.5 eV. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrated the effect of secondary phytoconstituents on the shape of SnO₂ in a concentration dependent manner. The morphological variations in the obtained nanostructures attributed to the nucleation density and coalescence effect leading to the formation of nanorods with an average diameter 23-25 nm whereas the average particle size of the nanospheres obtained was found to be 23-30 nm. The zeta potential value of SnO₂ nanorods was high (- 58.9 mV) indicating the higher stability compared to nanospheres (- 15.6 mV). The SnO₂ nanostructures were investigated for the simultaneous degradation of methylene blue with degradation efficiency of 92.3% and 47.3% for rhodamine B in mono system and 72.3%, 47.7% respectively for binary dye system. The anticancer activity of SnO₂ nanorods explored against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells revealed a concentration dependent cytotoxic effect reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced cell death. Additionally, efficient antibacterial activity of SnO₂ was established using E.coli. Multifaceted applications of Tinospora crispa stem extract mediated SnO₂ nanostructures.

Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Effective Antilarvicidal and Antibacterial Agents

People are vulnerable to mosquito-borne infections in tropical and subtropical climate countries. Due to resistive issues, vector control is an immediate concern in today's environment. The current study describes the synthesis of magnesium oxide by four different approaches including green, microwave, sol-gel, and hydrothermal methods. The synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) techniques. The FT-IR studies reveal the presence of functional groups in the synthesized nanoparticles. The structural and morphological studies were investigated using XRD and HRSEM. EDAX reveals the presence of Mg and O in the prepared samples. The synthesized MgO NPs were screened for antibacterial studies against Gram-positive strains, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, two Gram-negative cultures, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, using different concentrations. The results indicated excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 50 mg/mL hydrothermally produced MgO nanoparticles, with a maximal zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 5 mm for S. aureus, 7 mm for E. faecalis, and 6 mm for K. pneumoniae. The ZOI of E. coli was found to be the greatest at 9 mm when 50 mg/mL sol-gel-produced MgO nanoparticles were used. The synthesized MgO nanostructures were tested against fourth-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and the hydrothermally synthesized MgO nanostructures exhibited better results when compared with other methods of synthesis. The reports show that A. aegypti and A. albopictus mortality rates were reported to be the lowest with green-manufactured MgO nanoparticles (7.5 g mL-1) and the highest with hydrothermally synthesized MgO nanoparticles (120 g mL-1). The research indicates that MgO nanostructures are promising drugs for antibacterial and mosquitocidal larvae control properties.

Biosynthesis of phyto functionalized cerium oxide nanoparticles mediated from Scoparia dulsis L. for appraisal of anti-cancer potential against adenocarcinomic lung cancer cells and paracetamol sensing potentiality

This research work aims at the eco-friendly preparation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeSD NPs) utilizing the natural extract of Scoparia dulsis L. An attempt was made to analyze the influence of the fuel load on the size, shape, and optical properties of the nanoparticles. The p-XRD studies revealed the controlled formation of NPs with a size not more than 12.74 nm. The surface area studies appraise the mesoporous nature of the synthesized ceria particles, with the maximum specific surface area of 36.06 m²g^-1. The nano-regime CeO₂ nanoparticles had a definite impact on biomedical and electrochemical studies. The CeSD NPs with minuscule size (10.69 nm) manifested promising antioxidant and human RBC protection activity. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using % DPPH inhibition with of maximum of 83.38. The stabilization of RBC's by CeSD NPs was maximum at 94.97%. However, the CeSD NPs with apparent size (12.74 nm) that utilized greater volume fuel (25 mL) had noticeable results on adenocarcinomic lung (A549) cancer cell viability and antidiabetic study which was maximum of 70.16% at concentration 500 μg/mL. A satisfactory antibacterial application was proffered against chosen bacterial stains. The smallest size CeO₂ NPs exhibited the best proton diffusion coefficient (8.16 × 10^-6 cm²s^-1), and the capacitance values of the CeSD NPs are near in all samples (~ 1.17 to 2.00 F) manifest their compact nano-regime sizes. The paracetamol drug was chosen as analyte to appreciating the superlative efficiency for sensing paracetamol drug with the lowest detection limit.

Plant and Microbial Approaches as Green Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives

The unique biological and physicochemical characteristics of biogenic (green-synthesized) nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted significant interest in different fields, with applications in the agrochemical, food, medication delivery, cosmetics, cellular imaging, and biomedical industries. To synthesize biogenic nanomaterials, green synthesis techniques use microorganisms, plant extracts, or proteins as bio-capping and bio-reducing agents and their role as bio-nanofactories for material synthesis at the nanoscale size. Green chemistry is environmentally benign, biocompatible, nontoxic, and economically effective. By taking into account the findings from recent investigations, we shed light on the most recent developments in the green synthesis of nanomaterials using different types of microbes and plants. Additionally, we cover different applications of green-synthesized nanomaterials in the food and textile industries, water treatment, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the future perspectives of the green synthesis of nanomaterials to advance their production and applications.

Biogenic metallic nanoparticles as enzyme mimicking agents

The use of biological systems such as plants, bacteria, and fungi for the synthesis of nanomaterials has emerged to fill the gap in the development of sustainable methods that are non-toxic, pollution-free, environmentally friendly, and economical for synthesizing nanomaterials with potential in biomedicine, biotechnology, environmental science, and engineering. Current research focuses on understanding the characteristics of biogenic nanoparticles as these will form the basis for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles with multiple functions due to the physicochemical properties they possess. This review briefly describes the intrinsic enzymatic mimetic activity of biogenic metallic nanoparticles, the cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles due to their physicochemical properties and the use of capping agents, molecules acting as reducing and stability agents and which aid to alleviate toxicity. The review also summarizes recent green synthetic strategies for metallic nanoparticles.

Macroalgae as biofactories of metal nanoparticles; biosynthesis and food applications

Nanotechnology has opened a new frontier in recent years, capable of providing new ways of controlling and structuring products with greater market value and offering significant opportunities for the development of innovative applications in food processing, preservation, and packaging. Macroalgae (MAG) are the major photoautotrophic group of living beings known as a potential source of secondary metabolites, namely phenolic compounds, pigments, and polysaccharides. Biosynthesis based on the abilities of MAG as "nanobiofactories" targets the use of algal secondary metabolites as reducing agents to stabilize nanoparticles (NPs). Nowadays, most of the studies are focused on the use of metal (Ag, Au) and metal-oxide (CuO, ZnO) NPs derived from algae. The eco-friendly biosynthesis of metal NPs reduces the cost and production time and increases their biocompatibility, due to the presence of bioactive compounds in MAG, making them suitable for a wide variety of applications. These compounds have been attributed to the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties responsible for their application through innovative technologies such as nanoencapsulation, nanocomposites, or biosensors in the food industry. Nevertheless, toxicity is a key factor that should be considered, so the applicable regulation needs to guarantee the safe use of metal NPs. Consequently, the aim of this review will be to compile the available information on MAG-mediated metal NPs, their biosynthesis, and potential food applications.

A critical review on the bio-mediated green synthesis and multiple applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles

Nowadays, advancements in nanotechnology have efficiently solved many global problems, such as environmental pollution, climate change, and infectious diseases. Nano-scaled materials have played a central role in this evolution. Chemical synthesis of nanomaterials, however, required hazardous chemicals, unsafe, eco-unfriendly, and cost-ineffective, calling for green synthesis methods. Here, we review the green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and their applications in biochemical, environmental remediation, catalysis, and energy production. Green MgO nanoparticles can be safely produced using biomolecules extracted from plants, fungus, bacteria, algae, and lichens. They exhibited fascinating and unique properties in morphology, surface area, particle size, and stabilization. Green MgO nanoparticles served as excellent antimicrobial agents, adsorbents, colorimetric sensors, and had enormous potential in biomedical therapies against cancers, oxidants, diseases, and the sensing detection of dopamine. In addition, green MgO nanoparticles are of great interests in plant pathogens, phytoremediation, plant cell and organ culture, and seed germination in the agricultural sector. This review also highlighted recent advances in using green MgO nanoparticles as nanocatalysts, nano-fertilizers, and nano-pesticides. Thanks to many emerging applications, green MgO nanoparticles can become a promising platform for future studies.

Optical and biological properties of MgO/ZnO nanocomposite derived via eggshell membrane: a bio-waste approach

A novel synthesis of MgO/ZnO nanocomposite using a template, namely an eggshell membrane (ESM) was attempted. The nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, UV-visible, FTIR, Raman, DLS (zeta potential and particle size distribution), FESEM with EDX, and HRTEM analysis. The presence of periclase cubic MgO (space group Fm3m) and hexagonal wurtzite ZnO (space group P63mc) structures was verified by the XRD results. The average crystallite size of the MgO/ZnO nanocomposite was equal to 9.43 nm. The nanocomposite exhibited an on-set of absorbance close to 300 nm. From the taucs plot, the bandgap of the composite was calculated, and it was equal to 3.63 eV. The FTIR spectrum of the composite showed Mg-O stretching vibration at 455 cm^-1 and that of Zn-O at 564 cm^-1. The zeta potential and the particle size distribution of the nanocomposite were equal to - 35.5 mV and 176.1 nm. The FESEM images of the nanocomposite appeared as an aggregated honeycomb with a cubic and hexagonal structure. The EDX analysis showed the presence of Mg (23.65 atom%), Zn (27.95 atom%), and O (48.40 atom%). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the nanocomposite were investigated using the agar-well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity exhibited the highest zone of inhibition for Bacillus subtilis (25 ± 0.41 mm) and Shigella dysenteria (25 ± 0.19 mm), whereas the antifungal activity showed the highest zone of inhibition for Aspergillus terrus (27 ± 0.25 mm). The MIC value of the nanocomposite was equal to 9.37 (µg/mL) for all the bacteria. Hence, it is verified that the present MgO/ZnO nanocomposite could very well be used to treat bacterial and fungal infections.

Natural resources for sustainable synthesis of nanomaterials with anticancer applications: A move toward green nanomedicine

Today, researchers have focused on the application of environmentally-benign and sustainable micro- and nanosystems for drug delivery and cancer therapy. Compared to conventional chemotherapeutics, advanced micro- and nanosystems designed by applying abundant, natural, and renewable feedstocks have shown biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity advantages. However, important aspects of toxicological assessments, clinical translational studies, and suitable functionalization/modification still need to be addressed. Herein, the benefits and challenges of green nanomedicine in cancer nanotherapy and targeted drug delivery are cogitated using nanomaterials designed by exploiting natural and renewable resources. The application of nanomaterials accessed from renewable natural resources, comprising metallic nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, natural-derived nanomaterials, etc. for targeted anticancer drug delivery and cancer nanotherapy are deliberated, with emphasis on important limitations/challenges and future perspectives.

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Review of Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Effects

In the last few years, the progress made in the field of nanotechnology has allowed researchers to develop and synthesize nanosized materials with unique physicochemical characteristics, suitable for various biomedical applications. Amongst these nanomaterials, metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have gained increasing interest due to their excellent properties, which to a great extent differ from their bulk counterpart. However, despite such positive advantages, a substantial body of literature reports on their cytotoxic effects, which are directly correlated to the nanoparticles' physicochemical properties, therefore, better control over the synthetic parameters will not only lead to favorable surface characteristics but may also increase biocompatibility and consequently lower cytotoxicity. Taking into consideration the enormous biomedical potential of MONPs, the present review will discuss the most recent developments in this field referring mainly to synthesis methods, physical and chemical characterization and biological effects, including the pro-regenerative and antitumor potentials as well as antibacterial activity. Moreover, the last section of the review will tackle the pressing issue of the toxic effects of MONPs on various tissues/organs and cell lines.

Investigating the anticancer efficacy of biogenic synthesized MgONPs: An in vitro analysis

The biogenic approach of synthesizing metal nanoparticles is an exciting and interesting research area with a wide range of applications. The present study reports a simple, convenient, low-cost method for synthesizing magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) from pumpkin seed extracts and their anticancer efficacy against ovarian teratocarcinoma cell line (PA-1). The characteristic features of biogenic MgONPs were assessed by UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The formation of spherical NPs with an average size of 100 nm was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, MgONPs exhibit considerable cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ dose of 12.5 μg/ml. A dose-dependent rise in the induction of apoptosis, ROS formation, and inhibition in the migration of PA-1 cells was observed up to 15 μg/ml concentration, reflecting their significant anticancer potential against ovarian teratocarcinoma cell line. However, additional work, especially in different in vitro and in vivo models, is recommended to find out their real potential before this environment-friendly and cost-effective nanoformulation could be exploited for the benefit of humankind.

A Study on the Effect of Nanoscale MgO and Hydrogen Bonding in Nanofiber Mats for the Controlled Drug Release along with In Vitro Breast Cancer Cell Line and Antimicrobial Studies

Nanosized metal oxide-incorporated drug carriers have received significant attention due to their biocompatibility, mechanical strength, controlled drug release, and biodegradability. Herein, an attempt was made to fabricate polycaprolactone-based electrospun nanofiber mats involving the 5-fluorouracil (5Fu) drug, MgO nanoparticle, methyl cellulose, and polyethylene glycol. The chemical interactions, surface wettability, mechanical properties, structural and morphological changes, and thermal stability were studied by the respective analyses. The ionic interaction between 5Fu, MgO, and polymers were found to be responsible for the controlled drug release. Zero-order kinetic and model data also revealed that a controlled drug release pattern was observed in a period of 16 days. Furthermore, the nanofiber mats were subjected to cytotoxicity studies against MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line and the results showed higher cytotoxicity in a short time of 24 h and less toxicity to normal L929 fibroblast cell line. The apoptosis in cancer cell lines was also tested by AO/PI staining assay and confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the growth inhibition of several bacterial and fungal strains was tested for the mats and the results exhibited good inhibition activity. Hence, the reported nanofiber drug carrier was found to be an efficient implant for the controlled release of anticancer drug along with other significant properties.