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Etesami H, Glick BR. Bacterial indole-3-acetic acid: A key regulator for plant growth, plant-microbe interactions, and agricultural adaptive resilience. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127602. [PMID: 38228017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a fundamental phytohormone categorized under auxins, not only influences plant growth and development but also plays a critical role in plant-microbe interactions. This study reviews the role of IAA in bacteria-plant communication, with a focus on its biosynthesis, regulation, and the subsequent effects on host plants. Bacteria synthesize IAA through multiple pathways, which include the indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), and several other routes, whose full mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The production of bacterial IAA affects root architecture, nutrient uptake, and resistance to various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, enhancing plant resilience and thus offering promising routes to sustainable agriculture. Bacterial IAA synthesis is regulated through complex gene networks responsive to environmental cues, impacting plant hormonal balances and symbiotic relationships. Pathogenic bacteria have adapted mechanisms to manipulate the host's IAA dynamics, influencing disease outcomes. On the other hand, beneficial bacteria utilize IAA to promote plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses, thereby enhancing nutrient use efficiency and reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers. Advancements in analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have improved the quantification of bacterial IAA, enabling accurate measurement and analysis. Future research focusing on molecular interactions between IAA-producing bacteria and host plants could facilitate the development of biotechnological applications that integrate beneficial bacteria to improve crop performance, which is essential for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and ensuring global food security. This integration of bacterial IAA producers into agricultural practice promises to revolutionize crop management strategies by enhancing growth, fostering resilience, and reducing environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Soil Science Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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Ranner JL, Schalk S, Martyniak C, Parniske M, Gutjahr C, Stark TD, Dawid C. Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37466334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Lotus japonicus is a leguminous model plant used to gain insight into plant physiology, stress response, and especially symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, such as root nodule symbiosis or arbuscular mycorrhiza. Responses to changing environmental conditions, stress, microbes, or insect pests are generally accompanied by changes in primary and secondary metabolism to account for physiological needs or to produce defensive or signaling compounds. Here we provide an overview of the primary and secondary metabolites identified in L. japonicus to date. Identification of the metabolites is mainly based on mass spectral tags (MSTs) obtained by gas chromatography linked with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography-MS/MS (LC-MS/MS). These MSTs contain retention index and mass spectral information, which are compared to databases with MSTs of authentic standards. More than 600 metabolites are grouped into compound classes such as polyphenols, carbohydrates, organic acids and phosphates, lipids, amino acids, nitrogenous compounds, phytohormones, and additional defense compounds. Their physiological effects are briefly discussed, and the detection methods are explained. This review of the exisiting literature on L. japonicus metabolites provides a valuable basis for future metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef L Ranner
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schalk
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Cindy Martyniak
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timo D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Professorship of Functional Phytometabolomics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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3
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Li L, Liu Q, Ge S, Tang M, He L, Zou Y, Yu J, Zhou Y. SlIAA23-SlARF6 module controls arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by regulating strigolactone biosynthesis in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1921-1934. [PMID: 36891914 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are a class of phytohormones with roles involved in the establishment and maintenance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS). Auxin response factors (ARFs) and Auxin/Indole-acetic acids (AUX/IAAs), as two transcription factors of the auxin signaling pathway, coregulate the transcription of auxin response genes. However, the interrelation and regulatory mechanism of ARFs and AUX/IAAs in regulating AMS are still unclear. In this study, we found that the content of auxin in tomato roots increased sharply and revealed the importance of the auxin signaling pathway in the early stage of AMS. Notably, SlARF6 was found to play a negative role in AMF colonization. Silencing SlARF6 significantly increased the expression of AM-marker genes, as well as AMF-induced phosphorus uptake. SlIAA23 could interact with SlARF6 in vivo and in vitro, and promoted the AMS and phosphorus uptake. Interestingly, SlARF6 and SlIAA23 played a contrary role in strigolactone (SL) synthesis and accumulation in AMF-colonized roots of tomato plants. SlARF6 could directly bind to the AuxRE motif of the SlCCD8 promoter and inhibited its transcription, however, this effect was attenuated by SlIAA23 through interaction with SlARF6. Our results suggest that SlIAA23-SlARF6 coregulated tomato-AMS via an SL-dependent pathway, thus affecting phosphorus uptake in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shibei Ge
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjia Tang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Zou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Pan J, Cao S, Xu G, Rehman M, Li X, Luo D, Wang C, Fang W, Xiao H, Liao C, Chen P. Comprehensive analysis reveals the underlying mechanism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in kenaf cadmium stress alleviation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137566. [PMID: 36563724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil Cadmium (Cd) contamination has become a severe environmental problem around the world. Kenaf has great potential for utilization and phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metal. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can help plants alleviate Cd stress, but the underlying mechanism remains completely unknown. In this study, kenaf was inoculated or not inoculated with AMF at cadmium concentrations of 10 mg kg-1 and 50 mg kg-1 from the seedling stage to the vigorous growth stage. The results showed that AMF symbionts improved nutrient transport efficiency and significantly improved plant growth. Additionally, AMF colonization increased cell wall polysaccharide content which help to bind Cd in the cell wall and reduced the transport of Cd to aboveground plant tissues. The increase in soil pH (6.9), total balcomycin and easily extractable balcomycin content facilitated the chelation of metal by mycorrhizal fungi and reduced the biological effectiveness of Cd. Furthermore, AMF upregulated the expression levels of key kenaf genes, such as Hc.GH3.1, Hc.AKR, and Hc.PHR1, which plays an important role in enhancing kenaf Cd tolerance. Our findings systematically revealed the mechanisms by which AMF responds to Cd stress in kenaf, inoculation of AMF with kenaf could be used to enhance the removal of Cd from soil pollution in mining areas by phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shan Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Muzammal Rehman
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Dengjie Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Caijin Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Wangqiang Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Huiping Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Changjun Liao
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Mirjani L, Salimi A, Shahbazi M, Hajirezaei MR, Matinizadeh M, Razavi K, Hesamzadeh Hejazi SM. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization leads to a change of hormone profile in micropropagated plantlet Satureja khuzistanica Jam. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153879. [PMID: 36516535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are supposed to contribute to the establishment of mutualistic Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbioses. However, their role in the acclimation of micropropagated plantlet inoculated with AM is still unknown. To address this question, we performed a hormone profiling during the acclimation of Satureja khuzistanica plantlets inoculated with Rhizoglomus fasciculatum. The levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA), methyl indole acetic acid, cis-zeatin, cis zeatin ribose, jasmonate, jasmonoyl isoleucine, salicylic acid, abscisic acid (ABA) were analyzed. Further, the relative gene expression of AOS (Allene oxide synthase) as a key enzyme of jasmonate biosynthesis, in either inoculated or non-inoculated micropropagated plantlets was evaluated during acclimation period. The concentrations of IAA and cis-zeatin increased in the plantlets inoculated by AM whereas the concentration of ABA decreased upon 60 days acclimation in the whole shoot of plantlets of S. khuzistanica. The relative expression of AOS gene resulted in an increase of isoleucine jasmonate, the bioactive form of jasmonate. Based on our results, IAA and cis-zeatin probably contribute to maintaining growth, and AM reduces transition stress by modifying ABA and jasmonate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mirjani
- Research Institutes of Forests and Rangelands, Department of Biotechnology, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 13185-116, Tehran, Iran; Kharazmi University, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azam Salimi
- Kharazmi University, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Shahbazi
- Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Molecular Physiology Department, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 3135933151, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Molecular Plant Nutrition, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Germany.
| | - Mohammad Matinizadeh
- Research Institutes of Forests and Rangelands, Forest Research Department, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Razavi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Plant Biotechnology, 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohsen Hesamzadeh Hejazi
- Research Institutes of Forests and Rangelands, Department of Biotechnology, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhu W, Ding C, Zhu K, Zhang W, Liang D, Wang X, Li A, Su X. Characterization of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with tree species on an iron tailings deposit undergoing restoration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84396-84409. [PMID: 35780265 PMCID: PMC9646614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation restoration is an effective method to improve the ecological environment of mine tailings, which has a profound impact on the potential ecological functions of soil fungal communities; yet, little is known about its beneficial effect on soil ectomycorrhizal fungal community. In this study, the responses of soil characteristics and soil ectomycorrhizal fungal community diversity and structure to different revegetation, as well as the contribution of soil factors to soil ectomycorrhizal community were investigated in Liaoning Province, China. As we anticipated, the presence of vegetation significantly improved most soil properties we studied. What's more, compared to Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.), Chinese poplar (Populus simonii Carr), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L) could better improve soil total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus. In addition, soil ectomycorrhizal fungal community diversity in black locust was greater than Korean pine and Populus simonii. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analyses indicated that soil ectomycorrhizal community significantly differed depending on different revegetation types. Thus, these results indicated that black locust could be a suitable species for the revegetation of iron mine tailings. The study provided theoretical basis for ecological restoration of iron mine tailings using local plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Zhu
- College of Foresty, The University of Shenyang Agriculture, Dongling Road, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Changjun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
| | - Keye Zhu
- College of Foresty, The University of Shenyang Agriculture, Dongling Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dejun Liang
- Liaoning Provincial Poplar Institute, Gaizhou, Liaoning, China
| | - XiaoJiang Wang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Aiping Li
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaohua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Transcriptome analysis reveals the regulatory mode by which NAA promotes the growth of Armillaria gallica. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277701. [PMID: 36409681 PMCID: PMC9678268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A symbiotic relationship is observed between Armillaria and the Chinese herbal medicine Gastrodia elata (G. elata). Armillaria is a nutrient source for the growth of G. elata, and its nutrient metabolism efficiency affects the growth and development of G. elata. Auxin has been reported to stimulate Armillaria species, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. We found that naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) can also promote the growth of A. gallica. Moreover, we identified a total of 2071 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by analyzing the transcriptome sequencing data of A. gallica at 5 and 10 hour of NAA treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that these unigenes were significantly enriched in the metabolism pathways of arginine, proline, propanoate, phenylalanine and tryptophan. The expression levels of the general amino acid permease (Gap), ammonium transporter (AMT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), Zn(II) 2Cys6 and C2H2 transcription factor genes were upregulated. Our transcriptome analysis showed that the amino acid and nitrogen metabolism pathways in Armillaria were rapidly induced within hours after NAA treatment. These results provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms by which NAA promotes the growth of Armillaria species.
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Chen X, Chen J, Liao D, Ye H, Li C, Luo Z, Yan A, Zhao Q, Xie K, Li Y, Wang D, Chen J, Chen A, Xu G. Auxin-mediated regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: A role of SlGH3.4 in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:955-968. [PMID: 34713922 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants can establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to increase fitness to environmental challenges. The development of AM symbiosis is controlled by intricate procedures involving all phytohormones. However, the mechanisms underlying the auxin-mediated regulation of AM symbiosis remains largely unknown. Here, we report that AM colonisation promotes auxin response and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation, but downregulates IAA biosynthesis genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). External IAA application modulates the AM symbiosis by promoting arbuscule formation at low concentrations but repressing it at high concentrations. An AM-induced GH3 gene, SlGH3.4, encoding a putative IAA-amido synthetase, negatively regulates mycorrhization via maintaining cellular auxin homoeostasis. Loss of SlGH3.4 function increased free IAA content and arbuscule incidence, while constitutively overexpressing SlGH3.4 in either tomato or rice resulted in decreased IAA content, total colonisation level and arbuscule abundance in mycorrhizal roots. Several auxin-inducible expansin genes involved in AM formation or resistance to pathogen infection were upregulated in slgh3.4 mycorrhizal roots but downregulated in the SlGH3.4-overexpressing plants. Taken together, our results highlight a positive correlation between the endogenous IAA content and mycorrhization level, particularly arbuscule incidence, and suggest that the SlGH3.4-mediated auxin homoeostasis and regulation of expansin genes is involved in finely tuning the AM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanghang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Ecological Environment and Soil Science, Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Jahn L, Hofmann U, Ludwig-Müller J. Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2651. [PMID: 33800748 PMCID: PMC7961953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the main signals playing a role in the communication between host and endophytes. Endophytes can synthesize IAA de novo to influence the IAA homeostasis in plants. Although much is known about IAA biosynthesis in microorganisms, there is still less known about the pathway by which IAA is synthesized in fungal endophytes. The aim of this study is to examine a possible IAA biosynthesis pathway in Cyanodermella asteris. In vitro cultures of C. asteris were incubated with the IAA precursors tryptophan (Trp) and indole, as well as possible intermediates, and they were additionally treated with IAA biosynthesis inhibitors (2-mercaptobenzimidazole and yucasin DF) to elucidate possible IAA biosynthesis pathways. It was shown that (a) C. asteris synthesized IAA without adding precursors; (b) indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN), indole-3-acetamide (IAM), and indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAD) increased IAA biosynthesis; and (c) C. asteris synthesized IAA also by a Trp-independent pathway. Together with the genome information of C. asteris, the possible IAA biosynthesis pathways found can improve the understanding of IAA biosynthesis in fungal endophytes. The uptake of fungal IAA into Arabidopsis thaliana is necessary for the induction of lateral roots and other fungus-related growth phenotypes, since the application of the influx inhibitor 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) but not the efflux inhibitor N-1-naphtylphthalamic acid (NPA) were altering these parameters. In addition, the root phenotype of the mutation in an influx carrier, aux1, was partially rescued by C. asteris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (L.J.); (U.H.)
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10
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Macías-Rodríguez L, Contreras-Cornejo HA, Adame-Garnica SG, Del-Val E, Larsen J. The interactions of Trichoderma at multiple trophic levels: inter-kingdom communication. Microbiol Res 2020; 240:126552. [PMID: 32659716 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are universal saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, and as rhizosphere inhabitants, they mediate interactions with other soil microorganisms, plants, and arthropods at multiple trophic levels. In the rhizosphere, Trichoderma can reduce the abundance of phytopathogenic microorganisms, which involves the action of potent inhibitory molecules, such as gliovirin and siderophores, whereas endophytic associations between Trichoderma and the seeds and roots of host plants can result in enhanced plant growth and crop productivity, as well as the alleviation of abiotic stress. Such beneficial effects are mediated via the activation of endogenous mechanisms controlled by phytohormones such as auxins and abscisic acid, as well as by alterations in host plant metabolism. During either root colonization or in the absence of physical contact, Trichoderma can trigger early defense responses mediated by Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, and subsequently stimulate plant immunity by enhancing resistance mechanisms regulated by the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. In addition, Trichoderma release volatile organic compounds and nitrogen or oxygen heterocyclic compounds that serve as signaling molecules, which have effects on plant growth, phytopathogen levels, herbivorous insects, and at the third trophic level, play roles in attracting the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of herbivores. In this paper, we review some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the environmental influences of Trichoderma spp., with particular emphasis on their multiple interactions at different trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico.
| | - Sandra Goretti Adame-Garnica
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ek Del-Val
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
| | - John Larsen
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
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11
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Chareesri A, De Deyn GB, Sergeeva L, Polthanee A, Kuyper TW. Increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization reduces yield loss of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:315-328. [PMID: 32296945 PMCID: PMC7228911 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought reduces the availability of soil water and the mobility of nutrients, thereby limiting the growth and productivity of rice. Under drought, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase P uptake and sustain rice growth. However, we lack knowledge of how the AMF symbiosis contributes to drought tolerance of rice. In the greenhouse, we investigated mechanisms of AMF symbiosis that confer drought tolerance, such as enhanced nutrient uptake, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and hormonal balance (abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA)). Two greenhouse pot experiments comprised three factors in a full factorial design with two AMF treatments (low- and high-AMF colonization), two water treatments (well-watered and drought), and three rice varieties. Soil water potential was maintained at 0 kPa in the well-watered treatment. In the drought treatment, we reduced soil water potential to - 40 kPa in experiment 1 (Expt 1) and to - 80 kPa in experiment 2 (Expt 2). Drought reduced shoot and root dry biomass and grain yield of rice in both experiments. The reduction of grain yield was less with higher AMF colonization. Plants with higher AMF colonization showed higher leaf P concentrations than plants with lower colonization in Expt 1, but not in Expt 2. Plants with higher AMF colonization exhibited higher stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence than plants with lower colonization, especially under drought. Drought increased the levels of ABA and IAA, and AMF colonization also resulted in higher levels of IAA. The results suggest both nutrient-driven and plant hormone-driven pathways through which AMF confer drought tolerance to rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupol Chareesri
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerlinde B De Deyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lidiya Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anan Polthanee
- Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Anthony MA, Celenza JL, Armstrong A, Frey SD. Indolic glucosinolate pathway provides resistance to mycorrhizal fungal colonization in a non‐host Brassicaceae. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Anthony
- Department of Natural Resources University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
| | - J. L. Celenza
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - A. Armstrong
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - S. D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote the growth of plants in the mining associated clay. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2663. [PMID: 32060306 PMCID: PMC7021785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is urgent to restore the ecological function in open-pit mining areas on grassland in Eastern China. The open-pit mines have abundant of mining associated clay, which is desirable for using as a soil source for ecological restoration. The mining associated clay in Hulunbuir district, Inner Mongolia was selected and mixed with a sandy soil at a ratio of 1:1 (S_C soil). Also, effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on soil functions were studied. The aboveground and underground biomass of maize in S_C soil was 1.49 and 2.41 times higher than that of clay soil, respectively. In the topsoil and S_C soil, the growth hormone (IAA) and cytokinin (CTK) levels of maize were higher than that of clay, while abscission acid (ABA) levels were lower. The inoculation with AMF could significantly improve the biomass of maize and enhance the stress resistance of plants. Through structural equation model (SEM) analyses, it was found that the soil type and AMF inoculation had the most direct impact on maize growth and biomass content. These finds extend our knowledge regarding a low-cost method for physical and biological improvement of mining associated clay, and to provide theoretical support for large-scale application in the future.
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Antitumor astins originate from the fungal endophyte Cyanodermella asteris living within the medicinal plant Aster tataricus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26909-26917. [PMID: 31811021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910527116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a prolific source of natural products with remarkable chemical and biological properties, many of which have considerable remedial benefits. Numerous medicinal plants are suffering from wildcrafting, and thus biotechnological production processes of their natural products are urgently needed. The plant Aster tataricus is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and contains unique active ingredients named astins. These are macrocyclic peptides showing promising antitumor activities and usually containing the highly unusual moiety 3,4-dichloroproline. The biosynthetic origins of astins are unknown despite being studied for decades. Here we show that astins are produced by the recently discovered fungal endophyte Cyanodermella asteris We were able to produce astins in reasonable and reproducible amounts using axenic cultures of the endophyte. We identified the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for astin biosynthesis in the genome of C. asteris and propose a production pathway that is based on a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Striking differences in the production profiles of endophyte and host plant imply a symbiotic cross-species biosynthesis pathway for astin C derivatives, in which plant enzymes or plant signals are required to trigger the synthesis of plant-exclusive variants such as astin A. Our findings lay the foundation for the sustainable biotechnological production of astins independent from aster plants.
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15
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Direct and indirect influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on enhancing metal tolerance of plants. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Liao D, Wang S, Cui M, Liu J, Chen A, Xu G. Phytohormones Regulate the Development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3146. [PMID: 30322086 PMCID: PMC6213213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most terrestrial plants are able to form a root symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for enhancing the assimilation of mineral nutrients. AM fungi are obligate symbionts that depend on host plants as their sole carbon source. Development of an AM association requires a continuous signal exchange between the two symbionts, which triggers coordinated differentiation of both partners, to enable their interaction within the root cells. The control of the AM symbiosis involves a finely-tuned process, and an increasing number of studies have pointed to a pivotal role of several phytohormones, such as strigolactones (SLs), gibberellic acids (GAs), and auxin, in the modulation of AM symbiosis, through the early recognition of events up to the final arbuscular formation. SLs are involved in the presymbiotic growth of the fungus, while auxin is required for both the early steps of fungal growth and the differentiation of arbuscules. GAs modulate arbuscule formation in a dose-dependent manner, via DELLA proteins, a group of GRAS transcription factors that negatively control the GA signaling. Here, we summarize the recent findings on the roles of these plant hormones in AM symbiosis, and also explore the current understanding of how the DELLA proteins act as central regulators to coordinate plant hormone signaling, to regulate the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Miaomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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17
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Schmidt CS, Mrnka L, Frantík T, Motyka V, Dobrev PI, Vosátka M. Combined effects of fungal inoculants and the cytokinin-like growth regulator thidiazuron on growth, phytohormone contents and endophytic root fungi in Miscanthus × giganteus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 120:120-131. [PMID: 29024850 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to investigate main effects and interactions between symbiotic fungi and the cytokinin-like growth regulator thidiazuron (TDZ) in Miscanthus × giganteus. The arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Rhizophagus intraradices (AMF) and the endophyte Piriformospora indica (PI) were chosen as model symbionts. The fungal inoculants and TDZ had no significant effect on plant growth but modulated phytohormone levels in the leaves. TDZ induced accumulation of salicylic acid in controls, but not in plants inoculated with fungi. Leaf concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) derivatives, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) precursors and catabolites and numerous cytokinins were increased by R. intraradices but lowered by P. indica. TDZ raised concentrations of ABA compounds, the non-indole auxin phenylacetic acid, jasmonate and some cytokinins, but decreased cis-zeatin and N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine levels. Inoculation with AMF reduced abundance of endogenous clampless endophytes. TDZ application strongly reduced formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza and increased occurrence of clamped mycelia (i.e. basidiomycetous endophytes). Our study provides a thorough outline of the phytohormone homeostasis under the combined influence of beneficial inoculants and a growth regulator, highlighting the necessity to study their interaction in the whole plant-microbial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice - Chotobuz, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Mrnka
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice - Chotobuz, Czech Republic
| | - Tomaš Frantík
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice - Chotobuz, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Vosátka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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18
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Peinado-Guevara LI, López-Meyer M, López-Valenzuela JA, Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Galindo-Flores H, Campista-León S, Medina-Godoy S. Comparative proteomic analysis of leaf tissue from tomato plants colonized with Rhizophagus irregularis. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Groten K, Pahari NT, Xu S, Miloradovic van Doorn M, Baldwin IT. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Using Tobacco Rattle Virus as a Tool to Study the Interaction between Nicotiana attenuata and Rhizophagus irregularis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136234. [PMID: 26291081 PMCID: PMC4546398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most land plants live in a symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that belong to the phylum Glomeromycota. Although a number of plant genes involved in the plant-AMF interactions have been identified by analyzing mutants, the ability to rapidly manipulate gene expression to study the potential functions of new candidate genes remains unrealized. We analyzed changes in gene expression of wild tobacco roots (Nicotiana attenuata) after infection with mycorrhizal fungi (Rhizophagus irregularis) by serial analysis of gene expression (SuperSAGE) combined with next generation sequencing, and established a virus-induced gene-silencing protocol to study the function of candidate genes in the interaction. From 92,434 SuperSAGE Tag sequences, 32,808 (35%) matched with our in-house Nicotiana attenuata transcriptome database and 3,698 (4%) matched to Rhizophagus genes. In total, 11,194 Tags showed a significant change in expression (p<0.05, >2-fold change) after infection. When comparing the functions of highly up-regulated annotated Tags in this study with those of two previous large-scale gene expression studies, 18 gene functions were found to be up-regulated in all three studies mainly playing roles related to phytohormone metabolism, catabolism and defense. To validate the function of identified candidate genes, we used the technique of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to silence the expression of three putative N. attenuata genes: germin-like protein, indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.9 and, as a proof-of-principle, calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK). The silencing of the three plant genes in roots was successful, but only CCaMK silencing had a significant effect on the interaction with R. irregularis. Interestingly, when a highly activated inoculum was used for plant inoculation, the effect of CCaMK silencing on fungal colonization was masked, probably due to trans-complementation. This study demonstrates that large-scale gene expression studies across different species induce of a core set of genes of similar functions. However, additional factors seem to influence the overall pattern of gene expression, resulting in high variability among independent studies with different hosts. We conclude that VIGS is a powerful tool with which to investigate the function of genes involved in plant-AMF interactions but that inoculum strength can strongly influence the outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nabin T. Pahari
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maja Miloradovic van Doorn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Liao D, Chen X, Chen A, Wang H, Liu J, Liu J, Gu M, Sun S, Xu G. The characterization of six auxin-induced tomato GH3 genes uncovers a member, SlGH3.4, strongly responsive to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:674-87. [PMID: 25535196 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the GH3 gene family is widely considered to be involved in a broad range of plant physiological processes, through modulation of hormonal homeostasis. Multiple GH3 genes have been functionally characterized in several plant species; however, to date, limited works to study the GH3 genes in tomato have been reported. Here, we characterize the expression and regulatory profiles of six tomato GH3 genes, SlGH3.2, SlGH3.3, SlGH3.4, SlGH3.7, SlGH3.9 and SlGH3.15, in response to different phytohormone applications and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization. All six GH3 genes showed inducible responses to external IAA, and three members were significantly up-regulated in response to AM symbiosis. In particular, SlGH3.4, the transcripts of which were barely detectable under normal growth conditions, was strongly activated in the IAA-treated and AM fungal-colonized roots. A comparison of the SlGH3.4 expression in wild-type plants and M161, a mutant with a defect in AM symbiosis, confirmed that SlGH3.4 expression is highly correlated to mycorrhizal colonization. Histochemical staining demonstrated that a 2,258 bp SlGH3.4 promoter fragment could drive β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression strongly in root tips, steles and cortical cells of IAA-treated roots, but predominantly in the fungal-colonized cells of mycorrhizal roots. A truncated 654 bp promoter failed to direct GUS expression in IAA-treated roots, but maintained the symbiosis-induced activity in mycorrhizal roots. In summary, our results suggest that a mycorrhizal signaling pathway that is at least partially independent of the auxin signaling pathway has evolved for the co-regulation of the auxin- and mycorrhiza-activated GH3 genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junli Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mian Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Etemadi M, Gutjahr C, Couzigou JM, Zouine M, Lauressergues D, Timmers A, Audran C, Bouzayen M, Bécard G, Combier JP. Auxin perception is required for arbuscule development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:281-92. [PMID: 25096975 PMCID: PMC4149713 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most land plant species live in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi differentiate essential functional structures called arbuscules in root cortical cells from which mineral nutrients are released to the plant. We investigated the role of microRNA393 (miR393), an miRNA that targets several auxin receptors, in arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization. Expression of the precursors of the miR393 was down-regulated during mycorrhization in three different plant species: Solanum lycopersicum, Medicago truncatula, and Oryza sativa. Treatment of S. lycopersicum, M. truncatula, and O. sativa roots with concentrations of synthetic auxin analogs that did not affect root development stimulated mycorrhization, particularly arbuscule formation. DR5-GUS, a reporter for auxin response, was preferentially expressed in root cells containing arbuscules. Finally, overexpression of miR393 in root tissues resulted in down-regulation of auxin receptor genes (transport inhibitor response1 and auxin-related F box) and underdeveloped arbuscules in all three plant species. These results support the conclusion that miR393 is a negative regulator of arbuscule formation by hampering auxin perception in arbuscule-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Etemadi
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Jean-Malo Couzigou
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Dominique Lauressergues
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Antonius Timmers
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Corinne Audran
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Guillaume Bécard
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Combier
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
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22
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Fusconi A. Regulation of root morphogenesis in arbuscular mycorrhizae: what role do fungal exudates, phosphate, sugars and hormones play in lateral root formation? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:19-33. [PMID: 24227446 PMCID: PMC3864729 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMs) form a widespread root-fungus symbiosis that improves plant phosphate (Pi) acquisition and modifies the physiology and development of host plants. Increased branching is recognized as a general feature of AM roots, and has been interpreted as a means of increasing suitable sites for colonization. Fungal exudates, which are involved in the dialogue between AM fungi and their host during the pre-colonization phase, play a well-documented role in lateral root (LR) formation. In addition, the increased Pi content of AM plants, in relation to Pi-starved controls, as well as changes in the delivery of carbohydrates to the roots and modulation of phytohormone concentration, transport and sensitivity, are probably involved in increasing root system branching. SCOPE This review discusses the possible causes of increased branching in AM plants. The differential root responses to Pi, sugars and hormones of potential AM host species are also highlighted and discussed in comparison with those of the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS Fungal exudates are probably the main compounds regulating AM root morphogenesis during the first colonization steps, while a complex network of interactions governs root development in established AMs. Colonization and high Pi act synergistically to increase root branching, and sugar transport towards the arbusculated cells may contribute to LR formation. In addition, AM colonization and high Pi generally increase auxin and cytokinin and decrease ethylene and strigolactone levels. With the exception of cytokinins, which seem to regulate mainly the root:shoot biomass ratio, these hormones play a leading role in governing root morphogenesis, with strigolactones and ethylene blocking LR formation in the non-colonized, Pi-starved plants, and auxin inducing them in colonized plants, or in plants grown under high Pi conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fusconi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
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23
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Sun YN, Qin XY, Lv YK, Li SZ, Wei C. Simultaneous Determination of Five Phytohormones in Mungbean Sprouts of China by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:725-9. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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24
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23785372 PMCID: PMC3685011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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25
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Sukumar P, Legué V, Vayssières A, Martin F, Tuskan GA, Kalluri UC. Involvement of auxin pathways in modulating root architecture during beneficial plant-microorganism interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:909-19. [PMID: 23145472 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of microorganisms known to produce auxin and auxin precursors form beneficial relationships with plants and alter host root development. Moreover, other signals produced by microorganisms affect auxin pathways in host plants. However, the precise role of auxin and auxin-signalling pathways in modulating plant-microbe interactions is unknown. Dissecting out the auxin synthesis, transport and signalling pathways resulting in the characteristic molecular, physiological and developmental response in plants will further illuminate upon how these intriguing inter-species interactions of environmental, ecological and economic significance occur. The present review seeks to survey and summarize the scattered evidence in support of known host root modifications brought about by beneficial microorganisms and implicate the role of auxin synthesis, transport and signal transduction in modulating beneficial effects in plants. Finally, through a synthesis of the current body of work, we present outstanding challenges and potential future research directions on studies related to auxin signalling in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Sukumar
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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26
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Zhuang X, Gao J, Ma A, Fu S, Zhuang G. Bioactive molecules in soil ecosystems: masters of the underground. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8841-68. [PMID: 23615474 PMCID: PMC3676760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14058841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex biological and ecological processes occur in the rhizosphere through ecosystem-level interactions between roots, microorganisms and soil fauna. Over the past decade, studies of the rhizosphere have revealed that when roots, microorganisms and soil fauna physically contact one another, bioactive molecular exchanges often mediate these interactions as intercellular signal, which prepare the partners for successful interactions. Despite the importance of bioactive molecules in sustainable agriculture, little is known of their numerous functions, and improving plant health and productivity by altering ecological processes remains difficult. In this review, we describe the major bioactive molecules present in below-ground ecosystems (i.e., flavonoids, exopolysaccharides, antibiotics and quorum-sensing signals), and we discuss how these molecules affect microbial communities, nutrient availability and plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; E-Mails: (J.G.); (A.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jie Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; E-Mails: (J.G.); (A.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Anzhou Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; E-Mails: (J.G.); (A.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Shenglei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; E-Mail:
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; E-Mails: (J.G.); (A.M.); (G.Z.)
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27
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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28
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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29
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Devers EA, Branscheid A, May P, Krajinski F. Stars and symbiosis: microRNA- and microRNA*-mediated transcript cleavage involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1990-2010. [PMID: 21571671 PMCID: PMC3149951 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The majority of plants are able to form the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in association with AM fungi. During symbiosis development, plant cells undergo a complex reprogramming resulting in profound morphological and physiological changes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important components of the regulatory network of plant cells. To unravel the impact of miRNAs and miRNA-mediated mRNA cleavage on root cell reprogramming during AM symbiosis, we carried out high-throughput (Illumina) sequencing of small RNAs and degradome tags of Medicago truncatula roots. This led to the annotation of 243 novel miRNAs. An increased accumulation of several novel and conserved miRNAs in mycorrhizal roots suggest a role of these miRNAs during AM symbiosis. The degradome analysis led to the identification of 185 root transcripts as mature miRNA and also miRNA*-mediated mRNA cleavage targets. Several of the identified miRNA targets are known to be involved in root symbioses. In summary, the increased accumulation of specific miRNAs and the miRNA-mediated cleavage of symbiosis-relevant genes indicate that miRNAs are an important part of the regulatory network leading to symbiosis development.
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30
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Hanlon MT, Coenen C. Genetic evidence for auxin involvement in arbuscular mycorrhiza initiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:701-709. [PMID: 21091696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
• Formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is controlled by a host of small, diffusible signaling molecules, including phytohormones. To test the hypothesis that the plant hormone auxin controls mycorrhiza development, we assessed mycorrhiza formation in two mutants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): diageotropica (dgt), an auxin-resistant mutant, and polycotyledon (pct), a mutant with hyperactive polar auxin transport. • Mutant and wild-type (WT) roots were inoculated with spores of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices. Presymbiotic root-fungus interactions were observed in root organ culture (ROC) and internal fungal colonization was quantified both in ROC and in intact seedlings. • In ROC, G. intraradices stimulated presymbiotic root branching in pct but not in dgt roots. pct roots stimulated production of hyphal fans indicative of appressorium formation and were colonized more rapidly than WT roots. By contrast, approaching hyphae reversed direction to grow away from cultured dgt roots and failed to colonize them. In intact seedlings, pct and dgt roots were colonized poorly, but development of hyphae, arbuscules, and vesicles was morphologically normal within roots of both mutants. • We conclude that auxin signaling within host roots is required for the early stages of AM formation, including during presymbiotic signal exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith T Hanlon
- Biology Department, Allegheny College, 520 N Main Street, Meadville, PA 16335, USA
| | - Catharina Coenen
- Biology Department, Allegheny College, 520 N Main Street, Meadville, PA 16335, USA
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31
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Päsold S, Siegel I, Seidel C, Ludwig-Müller J. Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana root galls caused by the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:545-62. [PMID: 20618711 PMCID: PMC6640481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Three different flavonoids-naringenin, quercetin and kaempferol-accumulate in root galls of Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography analysis indicated that these flavonoids and their glycosides were induced in galls rather than in healthy roots. The transcripts of selected genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids were up-regulated during the time course of the disease. Some, such as chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase, were up-regulated at both times investigated in this study, whereas up-regulation was observed only at later times for others, such as a flavonol synthase-like gene. Plants with mutations in different flavonoid biosynthesis genes were slightly more tolerant to clubroot at low infection pressure. However, flavonoid treatment of either leaves or roots did not reduce gall development. The possibility that flavonoids might influence auxin levels by regulating auxin transport or auxin degradation in roots was investigated by measuring auxin levels and response in roots of flavonoid-deficient mutants and the wild-type after inoculation with P. brassicae, as well as the antioxidative potential of flavonoids in the peroxidase-catalysed degradation of indole-3-acetic acid. In addition, the auxin transport rate from the shoots to the roots was measured in infected wild-type or flavonoid mutant plants compared with controls. In conclusion, our results indicate a role of flavonoids in the modulation of auxin efflux in root galls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Päsold
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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Fiorilli V, Catoni M, Miozzi L, Novero M, Accotto GP, Lanfranco L. Global and cell-type gene expression profiles in tomato plants colonized by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:975-87. [PMID: 19765230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
*Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis develops in roots; extensive cellular reorganizations and specific metabolic changes occur, which are mirrored by local and systemic changes in the transcript profiles. *A TOM2 microarray (c. 12 000 probes) has been used to obtain an overview of the transcriptional changes that are triggered in Solanum lycopersicum roots and shoots, as a result of colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. The cell-type expression profile of a subset of genes was monitored, using laser microdissection, to identify possible plant determinants of arbuscule development,. *Microarrays revealed 362 up-regulated and 293 down-regulated genes in roots. Significant gene modulation was also observed in shoots: 85 up- and 337 down-regulated genes. The most responsive genes in both organs were ascribed to primary and secondary metabolism, defence and response to stimuli, cell organization and protein modification, and transcriptional regulation. Six genes, preferentially expressed in arbusculated cells, were identified. *A comparative analysis only showed a limited overlap with transcript profiles identified in mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula, probably as a consequence of the largely nonoverlapping probe sets on the microarray tools used. The results suggest that auxin and abscisic acid metabolism are involved in arbuscule formation and/or functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Luo ZB, Janz D, Jiang X, Göbel C, Wildhagen H, Tan Y, Rennenberg H, Feussner I, Polle A. Upgrading root physiology for stress tolerance by ectomycorrhizas: insights from metabolite and transcriptional profiling into reprogramming for stress anticipation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1902-17. [PMID: 19812185 PMCID: PMC2785981 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.143735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizas (EMs) alleviate stress tolerance of host plants, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. To elucidate the basis of EM-induced physiological changes and their involvement in stress adaptation, we investigated metabolic and transcriptional profiles in EM and non-EM roots of gray poplar (Populus x canescens) in the presence and absence of osmotic stress imposed by excess salinity. Colonization with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus increased root cell volumes, a response associated with carbohydrate accumulation. The stress-related hormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid were increased, whereas jasmonic acid and auxin were decreased in EM compared with non-EM roots. Auxin-responsive reporter plants showed that auxin decreased in the vascular system. The phytohormone changes in EMs are in contrast to those in arbuscular mycorrhizas, suggesting that EMs and arbuscular mycorrhizas recruit different signaling pathways to influence plant stress responses. Transcriptome analyses on a whole genome poplar microarray revealed activation of genes related to abiotic and biotic stress responses as well as of genes involved in vesicle trafficking and suppression of auxin-related pathways. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated EM-related genes whose transcript abundances were independent of salt stress and a set of salt stress-related genes that were common to EM non-salt-stressed and non-EM salt-stressed plants. Salt-exposed EM roots showed stronger accumulation of myoinositol, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid and higher K(+)-to-Na(+) ratio than stressed non-EM roots. In conclusion, EMs activated stress-related genes and signaling pathways, apparently leading to priming of pathways conferring abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Polle
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (Z.-B.L.); Büsgen Institute, Department for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology (Z.-B.L., D.J., A.P.), and Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Plant Biochemistry (C.G., I.F.), Georg-August University, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China (X.J., Y.T.); and Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs University, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (H.W., H.R.)
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Savić B, Tomić S, Magnus V, Gruden K, Barle K, Grenković R, Ludwig-Müller J, Salopek-Sondi B. Auxin Amidohydrolases from Brassica rapa Cleave the Alanine Conjugate of Indolepropionic Acid as a Preferable Substrate: A Biochemical and Modeling Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:1587-99. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Horii S, Matsumura A, Kuramoto M, Ishii T. Tryptophan dimer produced by water-stressed bahia grass is an attractant for Gigaspora margarita and Glomus caledonium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Absalan G, Akhond M, Sheikhian L. Extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of 3-indole butyric acid in pea plants by using imidazolium-based ionic liquids as extractant. Talanta 2008; 77:407-11. [PMID: 18804653 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, imidazolium-based ionic liquids [C(4)mim][PF(6)], [C(6)mim][PF(6)], [C(8)mim][PF(6)], [C(6)mim][BF(4)] and [C(8)mim][BF(4)] were tested as extracting solvents for removal of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) from aqueous media with subsequent determination using HPLC. Percent extraction of IBA was strongly affected by pH of aqueous phases and the chemical structures of ionic liquids (ILs). Extraction of IBA was quantitative in the pH values lower than pK(a) of IBA. Considering both extraction and stripping efficiencies of IBA, [C(4)mim][PF(6)] was found to act more efficient than other studied ILs. Capacity of [C(4)mim][PF(6)] was 17.6x10(-4)mmol IBA per 1.0 mL of IL. Ionic strength of aqueous phase and temperature had shown no serious effects on extraction efficiency of IBA. A preconcentration factor of 100 and a relative standard deviation of 1.16% were obtained. It was found that ionic liquid phase was reusable almost five times for extraction/stripping purposes. 3-Indole acetic acid showed interferential effect in the extraction step. In order to assess the applicability of the method, extraction and stripping of IBA from pea plants and some other samples were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godratollah Absalan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71457, Iran.
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Vadassery J, Ritter C, Venus Y, Camehl I, Varma A, Shahollari B, Novák O, Strnad M, Ludwig-Müller J, Oelmüller R. The role of auxins and cytokinins in the mutualistic interaction between Arabidopsis and Piriformospora indica. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:1371-83. [PMID: 18785832 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-10-1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis growth and reproduction are stimulated by the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica. The fungus produces low amounts of auxins, but the auxin levels and the expression of auxin-regulated genes are not altered in colonized roots. Also, mutants with reduced auxin levels (ilr1-1, nit1-3, tfl2, cyp79 b2b3) respond to P. indica. However, the fungus rescues the dwarf phenotype of the auxin overproducer sur1-1 by converting free auxin into conjugates, which also results in the downregulation of the auxin-induced IAA6 and the upregulation of the P. indica-induced LRR1 gene. The fungus produces relatively high levels of cytokinins, and the cytokinin levels are higher in colonized roots compared with the uncolonized controls. trans-Zeatin cytokinin biosynthesis and the CRE1/AHK2 receptor combination are crucial for P. indica-mediated growth stimulation, while mutants lacking cis-zeatin, impaired in other cytokinin receptor combinations, or containing reduced cytokinin levels respond to the fungus. Since root colonization is not affected in the cytokinin mutants, we propose that cytokinins are required for P. indica-induced growth promotion. Finally, a comparative analysis of the phytohormone mutants allows the conclusion that the response to P. indica is independent of the architecture and size of the roots.
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Tsavkelova EA, Bömke C, Netrusov AI, Weiner J, Tudzynski B. Production of gibberellic acids by an orchid-associated Fusarium proliferatum strain. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1393-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sawers RJH, Gutjahr C, Paszkowski U. Cereal mycorrhiza: an ancient symbiosis in modern agriculture. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2008; 13:93-7. [PMID: 18262822 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of terrestrial plants live in association with symbiotic fungi that facilitate mineral nutrient uptake. The oldest and most prevalent of these associations are the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses that first evolved approximately 400 million years ago, coinciding with the appearance of the first land plants. Crop domestication, in comparison, is a relatively recent event, beginning approximately 10000 years ago. How has the dramatic change from wild to cultivated ecosystems impacted AM associations, and do these ancient symbioses potentially have a role in modern agriculture? Here, we review recent advances in AM research and the use of breeding approaches to generate new crop varieties that enhance the agronomic potential of AM associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruairidh J H Sawers
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Ludwig-Müller J, Georgiev M, Bley T. Metabolite and hormonal status of hairy root cultures of Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) in flasks and in a bubble column bioreactor. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schaarschmidt S, Kopka J, Ludwig-Müller J, Hause B. Regulation of arbuscular mycorrhization by apoplastic invertases: enhanced invertase activity in the leaf apoplast affects the symbiotic interaction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:390-405. [PMID: 17521407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of constitutive invertase overexpression on the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is shown. The analysis of the enhanced potential for sucrose cleavage was performed with a heterozygous line of Nicotiana tabacum 35S::cwINV expressing a chimeric gene encoding apoplast-located yeast-derived invertase with the CaMV35S promoter. Despite the 35S promoter, roots of the transgenic plants showed no or only minor effects on invertase activity whereas the activity in leaves was increased at different levels. Plants with strongly elevated leaf invertase activity, which exhibited a strong accumulation of hexoses in source leaves, showed pronounced phenotypical effects like stunted growth and chlorosis, and an undersupply of the root with carbon. Moreover, transcripts of PR (pathogenesis related) genes accumulated in the leaves. In these plants, mycorrhization was reduced. Surprisingly, plants with slightly increased leaf invertase activity showed a stimulation of mycorrhization, particularly 3 weeks after inoculation. Compared with wild-type, a higher degree of mycorrhization accompanied by a higher density of all fungal structures and a higher level of Glomus intraradices-specific rRNA was detected. Those transgenic plants showed no accumulation of hexoses in the source leaves, minor phenotypical effects and no increased PR gene transcript accumulation. The roots had even lower levels of phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and scopolin), amines (such as tyramine, dopamine, octopamine and nicotine) and some amino acids (including 5-amino-valeric acid and 4-amino-butyric acid), as well as an increased abscisic acid content compared with wild-type. Minor metabolic changes were found in the leaves of these plants. The changes in metabolism and defense status of the plant and their putative role in the formation of an AM symbiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schaarschmidt
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Toussaint JP. Investigating physiological changes in the aerial parts of AM plants: what do we know and where should we be heading? MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:349-353. [PMID: 17476534 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has taken a giant leap in the past two decades, as demonstrated by the large amount of literature being published every year. Most of the research efforts have been put towards the understanding of the mechanisms of this symbiosis. However, there are still several unknowns on the systemic effects of the AM symbiosis, and our understanding of non-nutritional effects on the physiological changes occurring in the aerial parts of the host plant is yet quite limited. In this short note, I briefly address the question, if there are any changes in metabolic activities that are triggered by AM fungi, and assess the importance of such changes for mycorrhizal research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Toussaint
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus DP 636, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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Ludwig-Müller J, Güther M. Auxins as signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2007; 2:194-6. [PMID: 19704695 PMCID: PMC2634056 DOI: 10.4161/psb.2.3.4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones such as auxin derivatives are likely signals during the establishment of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. Although reports on auxin levels during AM in different plant species are contradictory, the contribution of auxins to the establishment of an AM symbiosis might be an important factor especially for the development of lateral roots which are the preferred infection sites for the fungi. In addition to evidence that different auxins could be elevated after colonization with AM fungi, there are also overlapping gene expression patterns between auxin-treated and AM-inoculated roots that provide further clues on auxin-triggered colonization events. Using an auxin-inducible promoter-reporter system it was shown that the reporter was strongly induced in AM colonized roots, although co-localization with AM fungi was not observed. Our data are discussed in frame of a model together with other plant hormones which might be involved in the AM colonization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike Güther
- Institut für Botanik; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden, Germany
- Universita di Torino; Dipt. di Biologia Vegetale; Torino, Italy
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