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Xiao S, Wang J, Bai Z, Pan Y, Li Q, Zhao D, Zhang D, Yang Z, Zhu J. Alternaria solani effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 reveal novel functions in pathogenicity and conidiogenesis. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0421423. [PMID: 38912810 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04214-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous work identified a pair of specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 in Alternaria solani as contributors to the virulence of A. solani. Here, we constructed AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 deletion mutants in A. solani strain HWC168 to further reveal the effects of these genes on the biology and pathogenicity of A. solani. Deletion of AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 did not affect vegetative growth but did affect conidial maturation, with an increase in the percentage of abnormal conidia produced. Furthermore, we determined the expression patterns of genes involved in the conidiogenesis pathway and found that the regulatory gene abaA was significantly upregulated and chsA, a positive regulator for conidiation, was significantly downregulated in the mutant strains compared to the wild-type strain. These results suggest that AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 indirectly affect the conidial development and maturation of A. solani. Pathogenicity assays revealed significantly impaired virulence of ΔAsCEP19, ΔAsCEP20, and ΔAsCEP19 + AsCEP20 mutants on potato and tomato plants. Moreover, we performed localization assays with green fluorescent protein-tagged proteins in chili pepper leaves. We found that AsCEP19 can specifically localize to the chloroplasts of chili pepper epidermal cells, while AsCEP20 can localize to both chloroplasts and the plasma membrane. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed enrichment of genes of this module in the photosynthesis pathway, with many hub genes associated with chloroplast structure and photosynthesis. These results suggest that chloroplasts are the targets for AsCEP19 and AsCEP20. IMPORTANCE Alternaria solani is an important necrotrophic pathogen causing potato early blight. Previous studies have provide preliminary evidence that specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 contribute to virulence, but their respective functions, localization, and pathogenic mechanisms during the infection process of A. solani remain unclear. Here, we have systematically studied the specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 for the first time, which are essential for conidial maturation. The deletion of AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 can significantly impair fungal pathogenicity. Additionally, we preliminarily revealed that AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 target the chloroplasts of host cells. Our findings further enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence of necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zihan Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Bai YB, Yang KM, Zhang M, Li YX, Zhao Y, Huang LZ, Yang H, Yang XJ, Li D, Gao JM. Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Novel Griseofulvin Derivatives as Potential Anti-Phytopathogenic Fungi Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13015-13022. [PMID: 38807413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The extensive and repeated application of chemical fungicides results in the rapid development of fungicide resistance. Novel antifungal pesticides are urgently required. Natural products have been considered precious sources of pesticides. It is necessary to discover antifungal pesticides by using natural products. Herein, 42 various griseofulvin derivatives were synthesized. Their antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro. Most of them showed good antifungal activity, especially 3d exhibited a very broad antifungal spectrum and the most significant activities against 7 phytopathogenic fungi. In vivo activity results suggested that 3d protected apples and tomatoes from serious infection by phytopathogenic fungi. These proved that 3d had the potential to be a natural product-derived antiphytopathogenic fungi agent. Furthermore, docking analysis suggested that tubulin might be one of the action sites of 3d. It is reasonable to believe that griseofulvin derivatives are worth further development for the discovery of new pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ming Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xiang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Zhu Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Sbodio AO, Mesquida-Pesci SD, Yip N, Alvarez-Rojo I, Gutierrez-Baeza E, Tay S, Bello P, Wang L, Blanco-Ulate B. Non-wounding contact-based Inoculation of fruits with fungal pathogens in postharvest. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:83. [PMID: 38825669 PMCID: PMC11145807 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal pathogens significantly impact the quality of fruits and vegetables at different stages of the supply chain, leading to substantial food losses. Understanding how these persistent fungal infections occur and progress in postharvest conditions is essential to developing effective control strategies. RESULTS In this study, we developed a reliable and consistent inoculation protocol to simulate disease spread from infected fruits to adjacent healthy fruits during postharvest storage. We tested different combinations of relevant fruit commodities, including oranges, tomatoes, and apples, against impactful postharvest pathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium expansum. We assessed the efficacy of this protocol using fruits treated with various postharvest methods and multiple isolates for each pathogen. We optimized the source of infected tissue and incubation conditions for each fruit-pathogen combination. Disease incidence and severity were quantitatively evaluated to study infection success and progression. At the final evaluation point, 80% or higher disease incidence rates were observed in all trials except for the fungicide-treated oranges inoculated with fungicide-susceptible Penicillium spp. isolates. Although disease incidence was lower in that particular scenario, it is noteworthy that the pathogen was still able to establish itself under unfavorable conditions, indicating the robustness of our methodology. Finally, we used multispectral imaging to detect early P. digitatum infections in oranges before the disease became visible to the naked eye but after the pathogen was established. CONCLUSIONS We developed a non-invasive inoculation strategy that can be used to recreate infections caused by contact or nesting in postharvest. The observed high disease incidence and severity values across fruit commodities and fungal pathogens demonstrate the robustness, efficacy, and reproducibility of the developed methodology. The protocol has the potential to be tailored for other pathosystems. Additionally, this approach can facilitate the study of fruit-pathogen interactions and the assessment of innovative control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian O Sbodio
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Nancy Yip
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | - Samantha Tay
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pedro Bello
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Luxin Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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de Azevedo MIG, Souza PFN, Monteiro Júnior JE, Grangeiro TB. Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides: Antifungal Potential and Structural Insights. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400044. [PMID: 38591818 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide derived from chitin deacetylation. This polysaccharide and its oligosaccharides have many biological activities and can be used in several fields due to their favorable characteristics, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity. This review aims to explore the antifungal potential of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides along with the conditions used for the activity and mechanisms of action they use to kill fungal cells. The sources, chemical properties, and applications of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides are discussed in this review. It also addresses the threat fungi pose to human health and crop production and how these saccharides have proven to be effective against these microorganisms. The cellular processes triggered by chitosan and chitooligosaccharides in fungal cells, and prospects for their use as potential antifungal agents are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Filho Noronha Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-275, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, Brazil
- Visiting Researcher at the Cearense Foundation to Support Scientific and Technological Development, Foratelza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Edvar Monteiro Júnior
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thalles Barbosa Grangeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Jaskolowski A, Poirier Y. Phosphate deficiency increases plant susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection by inducing the abscisic acid pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38804074 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved finely regulated defense systems to counter biotic and abiotic threats. In the natural environment, plants are typically challenged by simultaneous stresses and, amid such conditions, crosstalk between the activated signaling pathways becomes evident, ultimately altering the outcome of the defense response. As an example of combined biotic and abiotic stresses, inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency, common in natural and agricultural environments, can occur along with attack by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, a devastating necrotrophic generalist pathogen responsible for massive crop losses. We report that Pi deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana increases its susceptibility to infection by B. cinerea by influencing the early stages of pathogen infection, namely spore adhesion and germination on the leaf surface. Remarkably, Pi-deficient plants are more susceptible to B. cinerea despite displaying the appropriate activation of the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways, as well as producing secondary defense metabolites and reactive oxygen species. Conversely, the callose deposition in response to B. cinerea infection is compromised under Pi-deficient conditions. The levels of abscisic acid (ABA) are increased in Pi-deficient plants, and the heightened susceptibility to B. cinerea observed under Pi deficiency can be reverted by blocking ABA biosynthesis. Furthermore, high level of leaf ABA induced by overexpression of NCED6 in Pi-sufficient plants also resulted in greater susceptibility to B. cinerea infection associated with increased spore adhesion and germination, and reduced callose deposition. Our findings reveal a link between the enhanced accumulation of ABA induced by Pi deficiency and an increased sensitivity to B. cinerea infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aime Jaskolowski
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Poirier
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ruan Z, Jiao J, Zhao J, Liu J, Liang C, Yang X, Sun Y, Tang G, Li P. Genome sequencing and comparative genomics reveal insights into pathogenicity and evolution of Fusarium zanthoxyli, the causal agent of stem canker in prickly ash. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:502. [PMID: 38773367 PMCID: PMC11110190 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium zanthoxyli is a destructive pathogen causing stem canker in prickly ash, an ecologically and economically important forest tree. However, the genome lack of F. zanthoxyli has hindered research on its interaction with prickly ash and the development of precise control strategies for stem canker. RESULTS In this study, we sequenced and annotated a relatively high-quality genome of F. zanthoxyli with a size of 43.39 Mb, encoding 11,316 putative genes. Pathogenicity-related factors are predicted, comprising 495 CAZymes, 217 effectors, 156 CYP450s, and 202 enzymes associated with secondary metabolism. Besides, a comparative genomics analysis revealed Fusarium and Colletotrichum diverged from a shared ancestor approximately 141.1 ~ 88.4 million years ago (MYA). Additionally, a phylogenomic investigation of 12 different phytopathogens within Fusarium indicated that F. zanthoxyli originated approximately 34.6 ~ 26.9 MYA, and events of gene expansion and contraction within them were also unveiled. Finally, utilizing conserved domain prediction, the results revealed that among the 59 unique genes, the most enriched domains were PnbA and ULP1. Among the 783 expanded genes, the most enriched domains were PKc_like kinases and those belonging to the APH_ChoK_Like family. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the genetic basis of F. zanthoxyli's pathogenicity and evolution which provides valuable information for future research on its molecular interactions with prickly ash and the development of effective strategies to combat stem canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqiong Liang
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Vatankhah M, Kennedy JF. Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131105. [PMID: 38531527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is composed of N-acetylglucosamine units. Chitin a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, can elicit a potent defense response in plants. Through the activation of defense genes, stimulation of defensive compound production, and reinforcement of physical barriers, chitin enhances the plant's ability to defend against pathogens. Chitin-based treatments have shown efficacy against various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and have been integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, chitin treatments have demonstrated additional benefits, such as promoting plant growth and improving tolerance to abiotic stresses. Further research is necessary to optimize treatment parameters, explore chitin derivatives, and conduct long-term field studies. Continued efforts in these areas will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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Sun P, Pu J, Lei D, Li J, Ren X, Jin L, Pan L. Novel Aminocoumarin Derivatives against Phytopathogenic Fungi: Design, Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400311. [PMID: 38494946 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi is the most devastating reason for the decrease of the agricultural production and food safety. To develop new fungicidal agents for resistance concerning, a novel series of aminocoumarin derivatives were synthesized and their fungicidal activity were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), RNA-Seq, 3D-QSAR and molecular docking were applied to reveal the underlying anti-fungal mechanisms. Most of the compounds exhibited significant fungicidal activity. Notably, compound 10c had a more extensive fungicidal effect than positive control. TEM indicated that compound 10c could cause abnormal morphology of cell walls, vacuoles and release of cellular contents. Transcriptional analysis data indicated that 895 and 653 out of 1548 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated and down-regulated respectively. The Go and KEGG enrichment indicated that the coumarin derivatives could induce significant changes of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACCA) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) genes, which contributed to the disorders of glucolipid metabolism and the dysfunction of mitochondrial. The results demonstrated that aminocoumarins with schiff-base as core moieties could be the promising lead compounds for the discovery of novel fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Jiangping Pu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Dongyu Lei
- Department of Physiology, Preclinical School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Jiashan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Xingyu Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Lu Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
| | - Le Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052
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Tu T, Ren Y, Gong W, Huang J, Zhu C, Salah M, Zhao L, Xia X, Wang Y. Endoglucanase H from Aspergillus westerdijkiae Plays an Important Role in the Virulence on Pear Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8415-8422. [PMID: 38573226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus westerdijkiae can infect many agricultural products including cereals, grapes, and pear. Pathogenic fungi secrete diverse effectors as invasive weapons for successful invasion the host plant. During the pathogen-host interaction, 4486 differentially expressed genes were observed in A. westerdijkiae with 2773 up-regulated and 1713 down-regulated, whereas 8456 differentially expressed genes were detected in pear fruits with 4777 up-regulated and 3679 down-regulated. A total of 309 effector candidate genes were identified from the up-regulated genes in A. westerdijkiae. Endoglucanase H (AwEGH) was significantly induced during the pathogen-host interaction. Deletion of AwEGH resulted in altered fungal growth and morphology and reduced conidia production and germination compared to the wild-type. Further experiments demonstrated that AwEGH plays a role in cell wall integrity. Importantly, disruption of AwEGH significantly reduced the fungal virulence on pear fruits, and this defect can be partly explained by the impaired ability of A. westerdijkiae to penetrate host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yun Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weifeng Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Juanying Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chenyang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mahmoud Salah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Environmental Agricultural Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Environmental Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Luning Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- Center of Analysis, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Zhan W, Zhou R, Mao P, Yuan C, Zhang T, Liu Y, Tian J, Wang H, Xue W. Synthesis, antifungal activity and mechanism of action of novel chalcone derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Mol Divers 2024; 28:461-474. [PMID: 36964852 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of chalcone derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole was designed and synthesized. Structures of all compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, and HRMS. The biological activities of the compounds were determined with the mycelial growth rate method, and further studies showed that some compounds had good antifungal activities at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The EC50 value of compound L31 was 15.9 μg/mL against Phomopsis sp., which were better than that of azoxystrobin (EC50 value was 69.4 μg/mL). In addition, the mechanism of action of compound L31 shown that compound can affect mycelial growth by disrupting membrane integrity against Phomopsis sp., and that the higher the concentration of the compound is, the greater the disruption of membrane integrity is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Piao Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
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Santiago KAA, Wong WC, Goh YK, Tey SH, Ting ASY. Pathogenicity of monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia of Ganoderma boninense revealed via LC-MS-based metabolomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5330. [PMID: 38438519 PMCID: PMC10912678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the pathogenicity of monokaryotic (monokaryon) and dikaryotic (dikaryon) mycelia of the oil palm pathogen Ganoderma boninense via metabolomics approach. Ethyl acetate crude extracts of monokaryon and dikaryon were analysed by liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) coupled with multivariate data analysis using MetaboAnalyst. The mummichog algorithm was also used to identify the functional activities of monokaryon and dikaryon without a priori identification of all their secondary metabolites. Results revealed that monokaryon produced lesser fungal metabolites than dikaryon, suggesting that monokaryon had a lower possibility of inducing plant infection. These findings were further supported by the identified functional activities. Monokaryon exhibits tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan metabolism, which are important for fungal growth and development and to produce toxin precursors. In contrast, dikaryon exhibits the metabolism of cysteine and methionine, arginine and proline, and phenylalanine, which are important for fungal growth, development, virulence, and pathogenicity. As such, monokaryon is rendered non-pathogenic as it produces growth metabolites and toxin precursors, whereas dikaryon is pathogenic as it produces metabolites that are involved in fungal growth and pathogenicity. The LC-MS-based metabolomics approach contributes significantly to our understanding of the pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense, which is essential for disease management in oil palm plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle Angelique A Santiago
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wei Chee Wong
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - You Keng Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Seng Heng Tey
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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12
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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13
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de Oliveira Silva A, Fernando Devasahayam BR, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Glienke C, Deising HB. The serine-threonine protein kinase Snf1 orchestrates the expression of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and is required for full virulence of the maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 171:103876. [PMID: 38367799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola, the causal agent of maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot, differentiates a pressurized infection cell called an appressorium in order to invade the epidermal cell, and subsequently forms biotrophic and necrotrophic hyphae to colonize the host tissue. While the role of force in appressorial penetration is established (Bechinger et al., 1999), the involvement of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) in this process and in tissue colonization is poorly understood, due to the enormous number and functional redundancy of these enzymes. The serine/threonine protein kinase gene SNF1 identified in Sucrose Non-Fermenting yeast mutants mediates de-repression of catabolite-repressed genes, including many genes encoding CWDEs. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized the SNF1 homolog of C. graminicola. Δsnf1 mutants showed reduced vegetative growth and asexual sporulation rates on media containing polymeric carbon sources. Microscopy revealed reduced efficacies in appressorial penetration of cuticle and epidermal cell wall, and formation of unusual medusa-like biotrophic hyphae by Δsnf1 mutants. Severe and moderate virulence reductions were observed on intact and wounded leaves, respectively. Employing RNA-sequencing we show for the first time that more than 2,500 genes are directly or indirectly controlled by Snf1 in necrotrophic hyphae of a plant pathogenic fungus, many of which encode xylan- and cellulose-degrading enzymes. The data presented show that Snf1 is a global regulator of gene expression and is required for full virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan de Oliveira Silva
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bennet Rohan Fernando Devasahayam
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Chirlei Glienke
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Holger B Deising
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Knapp SJ, Cole GS, Pincot DDA, Dilla-Ermita CJ, Bjornson M, Famula RA, Gordon TR, Harshman JM, Henry PM, Feldmann MJ. Transgressive segregation, hopeful monsters, and phenotypic selection drove rapid genetic gains and breakthroughs in predictive breeding for quantitative resistance to Macrophomina in strawberry. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad289. [PMID: 38487295 PMCID: PMC10939388 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Two decades have passed since the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, a necrotrophic soilborne fungal pathogen, began surfacing in California, Florida, and elsewhere. This disease has since become one of the most common causes of plant death and yield losses in strawberry. The Macrophomina problem emerged and expanded in the wake of the global phase-out of soil fumigation with methyl bromide and appears to have been aggravated by an increase in climate change-associated abiotic stresses. Here we show that sources of resistance to this pathogen are rare in gene banks and that the favorable alleles they carry are phenotypically unobvious. The latter were exposed by transgressive segregation and selection in populations phenotyped for resistance to Macrophomina under heat and drought stress. The genetic gains were immediate and dramatic. The frequency of highly resistant individuals increased from 1% in selection cycle 0 to 74% in selection cycle 2. Using GWAS and survival analysis, we found that phenotypic selection had increased the frequencies of favorable alleles among 10 loci associated with resistance and that favorable alleles had to be accumulated among four or more of these loci for an individual to acquire resistance. An unexpectedly straightforward solution to the Macrophomina disease resistance breeding problem emerged from our studies, which showed that highly resistant cultivars can be developed by genomic selection per se or marker-assisted stacking of favorable alleles among a comparatively small number of large-effect loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Knapp
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Glenn S Cole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dominique D A Pincot
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christine Jade Dilla-Ermita
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal Street, CA 93905, USA
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Randi A Famula
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas R Gordon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Julia M Harshman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter M Henry
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research, USDA-ARS, 1636 E. Alisal Street, CA 93905, USA
| | - Mitchell J Feldmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Waqar S, Bhat AA, Khan AA. Endophytic fungi: Unravelling plant-endophyte interaction and the multifaceted role of fungal endophytes in stress amelioration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108174. [PMID: 38070242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi colonize interior plant tissue and mostly form mutualistic associations with their host plant. Plant-endophyte interaction is a complex mechanism and is currently a focus of research to understand the underlying mechanism of endophyte asymptomatic colonization, the process of evading plant immune response, modulation of gene expression, and establishment of a balanced mutualistic relationship. Fungal endophytes rely on plant hosts for nutrients, shelter, and transmission and improve the host plant's tolerance against biotic stresses, including -herbivores, nematodes, bacterial, fungal, viral, nematode, and other phytopathogens. Endophytic fungi have been reported to improve plant health by reducing and eradicating the harmful effect of phytopathogens through competition for space or nutrients, mycoparasitism, and through direct or indirect defense systems by producing secondary metabolites as well as by induced systemic resistance (ISR). Additionally, for efficient crop improvement, practicing them would be a fruitful step for a sustainable approach. This review article summarizes the current research progress in plant-endophyte interaction and the fungal endophyte mechanism to overcome host defense responses, their subsequent colonization, and the establishment of a balanced mutualistic interaction with host plants. This review also highlighted the potential of fungal endophytes in the amelioration of biotic stress. We have also discussed the relevance of various bioactive compounds possessing antimicrobial potential against a variety of agricultural pathogens. Furthermore, endophyte-mediated ISR is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waqar
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Adil Ameen Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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16
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Masmoudi F, Pothuvattil NS, Tounsi S, Saadaoui I, Trigui M. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bacillus velezensis M3-7 lipopeptides: Enhanced antifungal activity and potential use as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium crown rot disease of wheat seedlings. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110420. [PMID: 37783113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis M3-7 is a hyperactive mutant, 12-fold improved in its antifungal activity, obtained during a previous study from the wild strain BLB371 after a combination of random mutagenesis and medium component optimization. This study explores the use of this mutant in synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for the control of Fusarium crown rot disease (FCR) in wheat seedlings. LC-MS/MS analysis proved that both strains co-produced different families of lipopeptides and that mutagenesis caused the hyper-production of iturin A C14 and C15, the liberation of iturin A C10 and C12, and the inhibition of fengycin release. Our aim was a further improvement in the antifungal activity of the wild strain and the mutant M3-7 in order to control Fusarium crown rot disease (FCR) in wheat seedlings. Therefore, a nanotechnology approach was adopted, and different lipopeptide concentrations produced by the wild strain and the mutant M3-7 were used as capping agents to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with enhanced antifungal activity. Ag-NPs formed using 3 mg·mL-1 of the mutant lipopeptides were found to exhibit a good distribution, improved antifungal activity, a promising potential to be used as a biofortified agent for seed germination, and an effective compound to control FCR in wheat seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Masmoudi
- Biotechnology Program, Center of Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | - Slim Tounsi
- Laboratory of Biopesticides (LBPES), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Saadaoui
- Biotechnology Program, Center of Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Trigui
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development (LASED) Sfax Preparatory Engineering Institute, BP 1172-3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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17
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Tian B, Chen Z, Yu Y, Yang Y, Fang A, Bi C, Qu Z, Fu Y, Mehmood MA, Zhou C, Jiang D. Transcriptional plasticity of schizotrophic Sclerotinia sclerotiorum responds to symptomatic rapeseed and endophytic wheat hosts. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0261223. [PMID: 37905914 PMCID: PMC10714719 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02612-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The broad host range of fungi with differential fungal responses leads to either a pathogenic or an endophytic lifestyle in various host plants. Yet, the molecular basis of schizotrophic fungal responses to different plant hosts remains unexplored. Here, we observed a general increase in the gene expression of S. sclerotiorum associated with pathogenicity in symptomatic rapeseed, including small protein secretion, appressorial formation, and oxalic acid toxin production. Conversely, in wheat, many carbohydrate metabolism and transport-associated genes were induced, indicating a general increase in processes associated with carbohydrate acquisition. Appressorium is required for S. sclerotiorum during colonization in symptomatic hosts but not in endophytic wheat. These findings provide new clues for understanding schizotrophic fungi, fungal evolution, and the emergence pathways of new plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mirza Abid Mehmood
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Changyong Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez A, Plasencia J, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Ruíz-May E, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Virulence factors of the genus Fusarium with targets in plants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127506. [PMID: 37783182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. comprise various species of filamentous fungi that cause severe diseases in plant crops of both agricultural and forestry interest. These plant pathogens produce a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Genetic functional analyses of some of these compounds have shown their role as virulence factors (VF). However, their mode of action and contributions to the infection process for many of these molecules are still unknown. This review aims to analyze the state of the art in Fusarium VF, emphasizing their biological targets on the plant hosts. It also addresses the current experimental approaches to improve our understanding of their role in virulence and suggests relevant research questions that remain to be answered with a greater focus on species of agroeconomic importance. In this review, a total of 37 confirmed VF are described, including 22 proteinaceous and 15 non-proteinaceous molecules, mainly from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum and, to a lesser extent, in Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan L Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - José A Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Investigador por México - CONAHCyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
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19
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Funnell-Harris DL, Sattler SE, O'Neill PM, Gries T, Ge Z, Nersesian N. Effects of Altering Three Steps of Monolignol Biosynthesis on Sorghum Responses to Stalk Pathogens and Water Deficit. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3984-3995. [PMID: 37430480 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1959-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The drought-resilient crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is grown worldwide for multiple uses, including forage or potential lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock. A major impediment to biomass yield and quality are the pathogens Fusarium thapsinum and Macrophomina phaseolina, which cause Fusarium stalk rot and charcoal rot, respectively. These fungi are more virulent with abiotic stresses such as drought. Monolignol biosynthesis plays a critical role in plant defense. The genes Brown midrib (Bmr)6, Bmr12, and Bmr2 encode the monolignol biosynthesis enzymes cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, respectively. Plant stalks from lines overexpressing these genes and containing bmr mutations were screened for pathogen responses with controlled adequate or deficit watering. Additionally, near-isogenic bmr12 and wild-type lines in five backgrounds were screened for response to F. thapsinum with adequate and deficit watering. All mutant and overexpression lines were no more susceptible than corresponding wild-type under both watering conditions. The bmr2 and bmr12 lines, near-isogenic to wild-type, had significantly shorter mean lesion lengths (were more resistant) than RTx430 wild-type when inoculated with F. thapsinum under water deficit. Additionally, bmr2 plants grown under water deficit had significantly smaller mean lesions when inoculated with M. phaseolina than under adequate-water conditions. When well-watered, bmr12 in cultivar Wheatland and one of two Bmr2 overexpression lines in RTx430 had shorter mean lesion lengths than corresponding wild-type lines. This research demonstrates that modifying monolignol biosynthesis for increased usability may not impair plant defenses but can even enhance resistance to stalk pathogens under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Funnell-Harris
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Patrick M O'Neill
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Tammy Gries
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
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20
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Álvarez-Aragón R, Pastor-Mediavilla A, Maestre-Guillén A, del Olmo I, De Francesco A, Meile L, Sánchez-Vallet A. Sas3-mediated histone acetylation regulates effector gene activation in a fungal plant pathogen. mBio 2023; 14:e0138623. [PMID: 37642412 PMCID: PMC10653901 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01386-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pathogen infections require the production of effectors that enable host colonization. Effectors have diverse functions and are only expressed at certain stages of the infection cycle. Thus, effector genes are tightly regulated by several mechanisms, including chromatin remodeling. Here, we investigate the role of histone acetylation in effector gene activation in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We demonstrate that lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) are essential for the spatiotemporal regulation of effector genes. We show that the KAT Sas3 is involved in leaf symptom development and pycnidia formation. Importantly, our results indicate that Sas3 controls histone acetylation of effector loci and is a regulator of effector gene activation during stomatal penetration. Overall, our work demonstrates the key role of histone acetylation in regulating gene expression associated with plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rocio Álvarez-Aragón
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pastor-Mediavilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Maestre-Guillén
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan del Olmo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustina De Francesco
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lukas Meile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Jin P, Kong Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Dong Y, Lamour K, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Hu J. Comparative genomics and transcriptome analysis reveals potential pathogenic mechanisms of Microdochium paspali on seashore paspalum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1259241. [PMID: 37795300 PMCID: PMC10546424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sparse leaf patch of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) caused by Microdochium paspali seriously impacts the landscape value of turf and poses a challenge to the maintenance and management of golf courses. Little is known about the genome of M. paspali or the potential genes underlying pathogenicity. In this study, we present a high-quality genome assembly of M. paspali with 14 contigs using the Nanopore and Illumina platform. The M. paspali genome is roughly 37.32 Mb in size and contains 10,365 putative protein-coding genes. These encompass a total of 3,830 pathogen-host interactions (PHI) genes, 481 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) coding genes, 105 effectors, and 50 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (SMGCs) predicted to be associated with pathogenicity. Comparative genomic analysis suggests M. paspali has 672 species-specific genes (SSGs) compared to two previously sequenced non-pathogenic Microdochium species, including 24 species-specific gene clusters (SSGCs). Comparative transcriptomic analyses reveal that 739 PHIs, 198 CAZymes, 40 effectors, 21 SMGCs, 213 SSGs, and 4 SSGCs were significantly up-regulated during the process of infection. In conclusion, the study enriches the genomic resources of Microdochium species and provides a valuable resource to characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of M. paspali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Jin
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Kong
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huangwei Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinglu Dong
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Zhimin Yang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Hu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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22
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de Freitas STF, Faria G, Silva FG, Batista MA, Augusto DSS, Dyszy FH, Vitorino LC. The morphoanatomy of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) provides evidence of biotrophic interactions by endophytic fungi within leaves. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15980. [PMID: 37727689 PMCID: PMC10506578 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The leaves of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) are renowned in ethnobotany for their medicinal properties and are significant as a medicinal resource for traditional Brazilian communities. As necrotic spots are common on these leaves, indicating interaction with phytopathogenic fungi, it was hypothesized that biotrophic fungal species colonize the leaf tissues of S. erecta. Methods To test this hypothesis, we employed standard techniques in plant anatomy, which enabled us to investigate the interaction of fungal structures with plant tissues and describe the morphoanatomical and histochemical characteristics of the epidermis and limbus of S. erecta. Results The anatomical analysis showed the existence of leaf teeth on the leaf tips. Additionally, hyphae, conidiospores, and spores of Bipolaris/Curvularia species were detected on the adaxial epidermis. Moreover, melanized microsclerotia were found in glandular areas of the leaf teeth and the phloem, providing evidence of biotrophic behavior. The hypothesis that biotrophic phytopathogenic fungi interact with S. erecta leaf tissues was confirmed, despite the presence of many bioactive compounds (such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils), as evidenced by histochemical analyses. The presence of tector, glandular, and scabiform trichomes on the leaf teeth and epidermis was also revealed. This study presents, for the first time, the synthesis of essential oils and alkaloids in the leaves of S. erecta. Additionally, it investigates previously unexplained aspects of the anatomy and histochemistry of the species, as well as its interaction with resident microorganisms. Therefore, it is recommended that future research focus on extracting and characterizing the oils and alkaloids of S. erecta, as well as exploring other aspects related to its microbiome and its relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samylla Tássia Ferreira de Freitas
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Giselle Faria
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Batista
- Graduate Program in Natural Resources of the Cerrado, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Damiana Souza Santos Augusto
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Fábio Henrique Dyszy
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Luciana Cristina Vitorino
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde, Brazil
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Yang SZ, Peng LT. Significance of the plasma membrane H +-ATPase and V-ATPase for growth and pathogenicity in pathogenic fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 124:31-53. [PMID: 37597947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi are widespread and cause a variety of diseases in human beings and other organisms. At present, limited classes of antifungal agents are available to treat invasive fungal diseases. With the wide use of the commercial antifungal agents, drug resistance of pathogenic fungi are continuously increasing. Therefore, exploring effective antifungal agents with novel drug targets is urgently needed to cope with the challenges that the antifungal area faces. pH homeostasis is vital for multiple cellular processes, revealing the potential for defining novel drug targets. Fungi have evolved a number of strategies to maintain a stable pH internal environment in response to rapid metabolism and a dramatically changing extracellular environment. Among them, plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMA) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) play a central role in the regulation of pH homeostasis system. In this chapter, we will summarize the current knowledge about pH homeostasis and its regulation mechanisms in pathogenic fungi, especially for the recent advances in PMA and V-ATPase, which would help in revealing the regulating mechanism of pH on cell growth and pathogenicity, and further designing effective drugs and identify new targets for combating fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - L T Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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24
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Lee S, Völz R, Lim YJ, Harris W, Kim S, Lee YH. The nuclear effector MoHTR3 of Magnaporthe oryzae modulates host defence signalling in the biotrophic stage of rice infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:602-615. [PMID: 36977203 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play a pivotal role in suppressing the host defence system, and their evolution is highly dynamic. By comparative sequence analysis of plant-pathogenic fungi and Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified the small secreted C2 H2 zinc finger protein MoHTR3. MoHTR3 exhibited high conservation in M. oryzae strains but low conservation among other plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting an emerging evolutionary selection process. MoHTR3 is exclusively expressed in the biotrophic stage of fungal invasion, and the encoded protein localizes to the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and the host cell nucleus. The signal peptide crucial for MoHTR3' secretion to the BIC and the protein section required for its translocation to the nucleus were both identified by a functional protein domain study. The host-nuclear localization of MoHTR3 suggests a function as a transcriptional modulator of host defence gene induction. After ΔMohtr3 infection, the expression of jasmonic acid- and ethylene-associated genes was diminished in rice, in contrast to when the MoHTR3-overexpressing strain (MoHTR3ox) was applied. The transcript levels of salicylic acid- and defence-related genes were also affected after ΔMohtr3 and MoHTR3ox application. In pathogenicity assays, ΔMohtr3 was indistinguishable from the wild type. However, MoHTR3ox-infected plants showed diminished lesion formation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, accompanied by a decrease in susceptibility, suggesting that the MoHTR3-induced manipulation of host cells affects host-pathogen interaction. MoHTR3 emphasizes the role of the host nucleus as a critical target for the pathogen-driven manipulation of host defence mechanisms and underscores the ongoing evolution of rice blast's arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Masmoudi F, Alsafran M, Jabri HA, Hosseini H, Trigui M, Sayadi S, Tounsi S, Saadaoui I. Halobacteria-Based Biofertilizers: A Promising Alternative for Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses-A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1248. [PMID: 37317222 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses such as salt stress and fungal infections significantly affect plant growth and productivity, leading to reduced crop yield. Traditional methods of managing stress factors, such as developing resistant varieties, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, have shown limited success in the presence of combined biotic and abiotic stress factors. Halotolerant bacteria found in saline environments have potential as plant promoters under stressful conditions. These microorganisms produce bioactive molecules and plant growth regulators, making them a promising agent for enhancing soil fertility, improving plant resistance to adversities, and increasing crop production. This review highlights the capability of plant-growth-promoting halobacteria (PGPH) to stimulate plant growth in non-saline conditions, strengthen plant tolerance and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, and sustain soil fertility. The major attempted points are: (i) the various abiotic and biotic challenges that limit agriculture sustainability and food safety, (ii) the mechanisms employed by PGPH to promote plant tolerance and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stressors, (iii) the important role played by PGPH in the recovery and remediation of agricultural affected soils, and (iv) the concerns and limitations of using PGHB as an innovative approach to boost crop production and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Masmoudi
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Alsafran
- Central Laboratories Unit (CLU), Office of VP for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hareb Al Jabri
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hoda Hosseini
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Trigui
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development (LASED), Sfax Preparatory Engineering Institute, University of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Slim Tounsi
- Laboratory of Biopesticides (LBPES), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Imen Saadaoui
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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26
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Yu C, Qi J, Han H, Wang P, Liu C. Progress in pathogenesis research of Ustilago maydis, and the metabolites involved along with their biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:495-509. [PMID: 36808861 PMCID: PMC10098057 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a pathogenic fungus that causes corn smut. Because of its easy cultivation and genetic transformation, U. maydis has become an important model organism for plant-pathogenic basidiomycetes. U. maydis is able to infect maize by producing effectors and secreted proteins as well as surfactant-like metabolites. In addition, the production of melanin and iron carriers is also associated with its pathogenicity. Here, advances in our understanding of the pathogenicity of U. maydis, the metabolites involved in the pathogenic process, and the biosynthesis of these metabolites, are reviewed and discussed. This summary will provide new insights into the pathogenicity of U. maydis and the functions of associated metabolites, as well as new clues for deciphering the biosynthesis of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Haiyan Han
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme‐Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life ScienceNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
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27
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Boutry C, Bohr A, Buchleither S, Ludwig M, Oberhänsli T, Tamm L, Schärer HJ, Flury P. Monitoring Spore Dispersal and Early Infections of Diplocarpon coronariae Causing Apple Blotch Using Spore Traps and a New qPCR Method. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:470-483. [PMID: 36173284 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Apple blotch (AB) is a major disease of apple in Asia and recently emerged in Europe and the United States. It is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon coronariae (formerly Marssonina coronaria; teleomorph: Diplocarpon mali) and leads to severe defoliation of apple trees in late summer, resulting in reduced yield and fruit quality. To develop effective disease management strategies, a sound knowledge of the pathogen's biology is crucial. Data on the early phase of disease development are scarce: No data on spore dispersal in Europe are available. We developed a highly sensitive TaqMan qPCR method to quantify D. coronariae conidia in spore trap samples. We monitored temporal and spatial dispersal of conidia of D. coronariae and the progress of AB in spring and early summer in an extensively managed apple orchard in Switzerland in 2019 and 2020. Our results show that D. coronariae overwinters in leaf litter, and spore dispersal and primary infections occur in late April and early May. We provide the first results describing early-season dispersal of conidia of D. coronariae, which, combined with the observed disease progress, helps to understand the disease dynamics and will be a basis for improved disease forecast models. Using the new qPCR method, we detected D. coronariae in buds, on bark, and on fruit mummies, suggesting that several apple tissues might serve as overwintering habitats for the fungus, in addition to fallen leaves. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Boutry
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Anne Bohr
- Competence Center for Fruit Crops at the Lake of Constance (KOB), Schuhmacherhof 6, 88213 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Buchleither
- Competence Center for Fruit Crops at the Lake of Constance (KOB), Schuhmacherhof 6, 88213 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Ludwig
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Oberhänsli
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Lucius Tamm
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jakob Schärer
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Flury
- Plant Pathology, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstr. 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
- Plant Microbe Interactions, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30/32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Bellah H, Gazeau G, Gélisse S, Amezrou R, Marcel TC, Croll D. A highly multiplexed assay to monitor pathogenicity, fungicide resistance and gene flow in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281181. [PMID: 36745583 PMCID: PMC9901794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop pathogens pose severe risks to global food production due to the rapid rise of resistance to pesticides and host resistance breakdowns. Predicting future risks requires monitoring tools to identify changes in the genetic composition of pathogen populations. Here we report the design of a microfluidics-based amplicon sequencing assay to multiplex 798 loci targeting virulence and fungicide resistance genes, and randomly selected genome-wide markers for the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The fungus causes one of the most devastating diseases on wheat showing rapid adaptation to fungicides and host resistance. We optimized the primer design by integrating polymorphism data from 632 genomes of the same species. To test the performance of the assay, we genotyped 192 samples in two replicates. Analysis of the short-read sequence data generated by the assay showed a fairly stable success rate across samples to amplify a large number of loci. The performance was consistent between samples originating from pure genomic DNA as well as material extracted directly from infected wheat leaves. In samples with mixed genotypes, we found that the assay recovers variations in allele frequencies. We also explored the potential of the amplicon assay to recover transposable element insertion polymorphism relevant for fungicide resistance. As a proof-of-concept, we show that the assay recovers the pathogen population structure across French wheat fields. Genomic monitoring of crop pathogens contributes to more sustainable crop protection and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Bellah
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gwilherm Gazeau
- INRAE, UR BIOGER, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sandrine Gélisse
- INRAE, UR BIOGER, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Reda Amezrou
- INRAE, UR BIOGER, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Thierry C. Marcel
- INRAE, UR BIOGER, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- * E-mail: (TCM); (DC)
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (TCM); (DC)
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Pirc K, Albert I, Nürnberger T, Anderluh G. Disruption of plant plasma membrane by Nep1-like proteins in pathogen-plant interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:746-750. [PMID: 36210522 PMCID: PMC10100409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid membrane destruction by microbial pore-forming toxins (PFTs) is a ubiquitous mechanism of damage to animal cells, but is less prominent in plants. Nep1-like proteins (NLPs) secreted by phytopathogens that cause devastating crop diseases, such as potato late blight, represent the only family of microbial PFTs that effectively damage plant cells by disrupting the integrity of the plant plasma membrane. Recent research has elucidated the molecular mechanism of NLP-mediated membrane damage, which is unique among microbial PFTs and highly adapted to the plant membrane environment. In this review, we cover recent insight into how NLP cytolysins damage plant membranes and cause cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pirc
- Department of Molecular Biology and NanobiotechnologyNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Isabell Albert
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyFAU Erlangen‐Nüremberg91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP)Eberhard‐Karls‐University Tübingen72076TübingenGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland Park2006JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and NanobiotechnologyNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191000LjubljanaSlovenia
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Schmaltz S, Silva MA, Ninaus RG, Guedes JVC, Zabot GL, Tres MV, Mazutti MA. Biomolecules in modern and sustainable agriculture. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:70. [PMID: 36742447 PMCID: PMC9889597 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents scientific findings which indicate biomolecules are excellent candidates for the development of biopesticides. Efforts are being done to find routes to increase their concentrations in the cultivation media because this concentration facilitates applications, storage, and transportation. Some of these routes are co-fermentation and ultrasound-assisted fermentation. Ultrasonication increases metabolite production and growth rates by improvement of cell permeability and nutrient uptake rates through cell membranes. For example, 24% increase in the enzymatic activity of cellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei in solid-state fermentation was achieved with ultrasonication. Also, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase productions were stimulated by ultrasound in Beauveria bassiana cultivation, presenting positive results. The common parameters evaluated in the production of biomolecules by ultrasound-assisted fermentation are the duty cycle, time of application, power, energetic density, and how long the sonication is maintained in the fermentation media. Many successful cases are reported and discussed, which include the final formulation of bioproducts for agricultural applications. In this trend, nanotechnology is a promising tool for the development of nanoformulations. Nanoemulsification, green synthesis, biosynthesis, or biogenic synthesis are technologies used to produce such nanoformulations, allowing the controlled release of control agents, as well as the delivery of biomolecules to specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Schmaltz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Silva
- São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 400, Trabalhador São-Carlense Avenue, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - Renata Gulart Ninaus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Jerson Vanderlei Carus Guedes
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Giovani Leone Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS 96508-010 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS 96508-010 Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Mazutti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
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Ueda M, Kato N, Kurata Y, Imai M, Yang G, Taniguchi K. Host-Selective Phytotoxins Incorporating the Epoxy-Triene-Decacarboxylate Moiety Function through the Hijacking of the Plant-Microbe Interaction System. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:12-17. [PMID: 36547375 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host selective toxins (HSTs) are small molecule phytotoxins that control the pathogenicity of microbes in the host plant, but the mechanistic basis for their selectivity is unknown. We developed AcIle-EDA (Aclle-(+)-9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyldeca-trienoic acid) as a molecular probe of an HST, examined its mode of action in genetically modified Oryza sativa, and found it to trigger ROS production through NADPH-oxidase OsRBOHB, causing the emergence of pathogenic traits. This result strongly suggests that AcIle-EDA functions through the hijacking of the plant-microbe interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kurata
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gangqiang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, 30, Qingquan RD, Laishan District, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Keigo Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Transcriptome Analysis and Functional Characterization Reveal That Peclg Gene Contributes to the Virulence of Penicillium expansum on Apple Fruits. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030479. [PMID: 36766008 PMCID: PMC9914705 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the causal agent of blue mold decay on apple fruits and is also known to be the major producer of patulin, a mycotoxin that represents serious hazard to human health. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the pathogenesis of P. expansum in host plants. Secreted effector proteins are vital for the pathogenicity of many fungal pathogens through manipulating their hosts for efficient colonization. In this study, we performed a RNA-Seq analysis followed by computational prediction of effector proteins from P. expansum during infection of the host apple fruits, and a total of 212 and 268 candidate effector protein genes were identified at 6 and 9 h after inoculation (hai), respectively. One of the candidate effector protein genes was identified as a concanavalin A-like lectin/glucanase (Peclg), which was dramatically induced during the pathogen-host interaction. Targeted knockout of Peclg resulted in significant reduction in conidial production and germination relative to the wild type. Further studies showed that in addition to salt stress, the mutant was much more sensitive to SDS and Congo red, suggesting a defect in cell wall integrity. Pathogenicity assays revealed that the ΔPeclg mutant showed significant decrease in virulence and infectious growth on apple fruits. All these results suggest that Peclg is required for fungal growth, stress response, and the virulence of P. expansum.
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Design, Synthesis, Fungicidal and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Diamide Compounds Combining Pyrazolyl and Polyfluoro-Substituted Phenyl into Alanine or 2-Aminobutyric Acid Skeletons. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020561. [PMID: 36677619 PMCID: PMC9861274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thirty novel diamide compounds combining pyrazolyl and polyfluoro-substituted phenyl groups into alanine or 2-aminobutyric acid skeletons were designed and synthesized with pyflubumide as the lead compound to develop potent and environmentally friendly pesticides. The preliminary bioassay results indicated that the new compounds containing the para-hexa/heptafluoroisopropylphenyl moiety exhibit fungicidal, insecticidal, and acaricidal activities. This is the first time that the para-hexa/heptafluoroisopropylphenyl group is a key fragment of the fungicidal activity of new N-phenyl amide compounds. Most of the target compounds exhibited moderate to good insecticidal activity against Aphis craccivora at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, and some showed moderate activity at a concentration of 200 μg/mL; in particular, compounds I-4, II-a-10, and III-26 displayed higher than 78% lethal rates at 200 μg/mL. Compound II-a-14 exhibited a 61.1% inhibition at 200 μg/mL for Tetranychus cinnabarinus. In addition, some of the target compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella at a concentration of 200 μg/mL; the mortalities of compounds I-1, and II-a-15 were 76.7% and 70.0%, respectively. Preliminary analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) indicated that the insecticidal and acaricidal activities varied significantly depending on the type of substituent and substitution pattern. The fungicidal activity results showed that compounds I-1, II-a-10, II-a-17, and III-26 exhibited good antifungal effects. Enzymatic activity experiments and in vivo efficacy of compound II-a-10 were conducted and discussed.
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Uniting the Role of Endophytic Fungi against Plant Pathogens and Their Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010072. [PMID: 36675893 PMCID: PMC9860820 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are used as the most common microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) against phytopathogens and are ubiquitous in all plant parts. Most of the fungal species have roles against a variety of plant pathogens. Fungal endophytes provide different services to be used as pathogen control agents, using an important aspect in the form of enhanced plant growth and induced systemic resistance, produce a variety of antifungal secondary metabolites (lipopeptides, antibiotics and enzymes) through colonization, and compete with other pathogenic microorganisms for growth factors (space and nutrients). The purpose of this review is to highlight the biological control potential of fungal species with antifungal properties against different fungal plant pathogens. We focused on the introduction, biology, isolation, identification of endophytic fungi, and their antifungal activity against fungal plant pathogens. The endosymbionts have developed specific genes that exhibited endophytic behavior and demonstrated defensive responses against pathogens such as antibiosis, parasitism, lytic enzyme and competition, siderophore production, and indirect responses by induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the host plant. Finally, different microscopic detection techniques to study microbial interactions (endophytic and pathogenic fungal interactions) in host plants are briefly discussed.
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Fei W, Liu Y. Biotrophic Fungal Pathogens: a Critical Overview. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1-16. [PMID: 35951248 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic fungi are one group of heterogeneous organisms and these fungi differ in their traits like mode of nutrition, types of reproduction, and dispersal systems. Generally, based on the nutritional mode, fungi are classified into three broad categories, viz. biotrophs, necrotrophs, and hemi-biotrophs. Biotrophs derive their nutrients and energy from living plant cells and survive within the interstitial space of the cells. Biotrophic fungi cause serious crop diseases but are highly challenging to investigate and develop a treatment strategy. Blumeria (Erysiphe) graminis, Uromyces fabae, Ustilago maydis, Cladosporium fulvum, Puccinia graminis, and Phytophthora infestans are some of the significant biotrophic fungi that affect mainly plants. One among the biotrophic fungus, Pneumocystis jirovecii (Taphrinomycotina subphylum of the Ascomycota) exclusively a human pathogen, can cause lung diseases such as "pneumocystis." Biotrophic fungus widely parasitizing Solanaceae family crops (Tomato and potato) has done massive damage to the crops and has led to economic impact worldwide. During infection and for nutrient absorption, biotrophs develops external appendages such as appressoria or haustoria. The hyphae or appressorium adheres to the plant cell wall and collapses the layers for their nutrient absorption. The pathogen also secretes effector molecules to escape from the plant defense mechanism. Later, plants activate their primary and secondary defense mechanisms; however, the pathogen induces virulence genes to escape the host immune responses. Obligate biotrophic fungi pathogenicity has not been fully understood at the molecular level because of the complex interaction, recognition, and signaling with the host. This review summarizes the mechanism of infection in the host, and immune response to emphasize the understanding of the biotrophic fungal biology and pathogenesis in crops. Thus, the detailed review will pave the way to design methods to overcome the resistance of biotrophic fungi and develop disease-free crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Fei
- Zhengzhou Yongfeng Bio-Fertilizer Co., Ltd, high-tech district, 6 Tsui Zhu Street, 863 Software Park, Building 9 1102, Henan Province, 450001, Zhengzhou City, China.
| | - Ye Liu
- Xiangtan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xiangtan, China
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36
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Drug repurposing strategy II: from approved drugs to agri-fungicide leads. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:131-182. [PMID: 36707717 PMCID: PMC9880955 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemic diseases of crops caused by fungi deeply affected the course of human history and processed a major restriction on social and economic development. However, with the enormous misuse of existing antimicrobial drugs, an increasing number of fungi have developed serious resistance to them, making the diseases caused by pathogenic fungi even more challenging to control. Drug repurposing is an attractive alternative, it requires less time and investment in the drug development process than traditional R&D strategies. In this work, we screened 600 existing commercially available drugs, some of which had previously unknown activity against pathogenic fungi. From the primary screen at a fixed concentration of 100 μg/mL, 120, 162, 167, 85, 102, and 82 drugs were found to be effective against Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. They were divided into nine groups lead compounds, including quinoline alkaloids, benzimidazoles/carbamate esters, azoles, isothiazoles, pyrimidines, pyridines, piperidines/piperazines, ionic liquids and miscellaneous group, and simple structure-activity relationship analysis was carried out. Comparison with fungicides to identify the most promising drugs or lead structures for the development of new antifungal agents in agriculture.
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Zhu X, Ma X, Gao C, Mu Y, Pei Y, Liu C, Zou A, Sun X. Fabrication of CuO nanoparticles composite ε-polylysine-alginate nanogel for high-efficiency management of Alternaria alternate. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1208-1222. [PMID: 36375663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) has a good potential as a green fungicide, high concentration is usually required during its controlling of plant disease. On the other hand, same problems also appeared in the study of CuONP based nano pesticides. In this manuscript, a new composite alginate nanogel (ALGNP) that containing CuONP and ε-PL was fabricated via in situ reduction of CuONP in nanogel and ε-PL surface coating. Based on the chelation of amide bond of ε-PL and Cu2+ released by CuONP, the synergy effect between Cu2+ and ε-PL layer of the nanogel make the nanogel (CuONP@ALGNP@PL) performed high anti-fungal activity under low Cu2+ and ε-PL concentration (Cu concentration was 40.09 μg/mL, ε-PL concentration was 11.90 μg/mL). Study showed that the nanogel could more significantly destroy the fungal cell membrane than CuONP@ALGNP and ALGNP@PL, also better than commercial fungicide CuCaSO4 (Cu concentration was 120 μg/mL). Furthermore, CuONP@ALGNP@PL could seriously affect the spore production, spore germination rate and bud tube elongation length of Alternaria alternate. Moreover, CuONP@ALGNP@PL also inhibit Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Fusarium graminearum. These results showed that composite of CuONP and ε-PL based on nanogel can decrease the raw materials application amount, and achieve a high disease controlling ability, which provides a new perspective for preventing fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhou Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changdan Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanling Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuehong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Aihong Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Elhamouly NA, Hewedy OA, Zaitoon A, Miraples A, Elshorbagy OT, Hussien S, El-Tahan A, Peng D. The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044896. [PMID: 36578344 PMCID: PMC9790997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as secondary metabolites, produced by plants and microorganisms. Plants and fungi are particularly plentiful sources of these molecules, whose physiological functions, in many cases, remain a mystery. Fungal secondary metabolites (SM) are a diverse group of substances that exhibit a wide range of chemical properties and generally fall into one of four main family groups: Terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or a combination of the latter two. They are incredibly varied in their functions and are often related to the increased fitness of the respective fungus in its environment, often competing with other microbes or interacting with plant species. Several of these metabolites have essential roles in the biological control of plant diseases by various beneficial microorganisms used for crop protection and biofertilization worldwide. Besides direct toxic effects against phytopathogens, natural metabolites can promote root and shoot development and/or disease resistance by activating host systemic defenses. The ability of these microorganisms to synthesize and store biologically active metabolites that are a potent source of novel natural compounds beneficial for agriculture is becoming a top priority for SM fungi research. In this review, we will discuss fungal-plant secondary metabolites with antifungal properties and the role of signaling molecules in induced and acquired systemic resistance activities. Additionally, fungal secondary metabolites mimic plant promotion molecules such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which modulate plant growth under biotic stress. Moreover, we will present a new trend regarding phytoremediation applications using fungal secondary metabolites to achieve sustainable food production and microbial diversity in an eco-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Atta Elhamouly
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angelica Miraples
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Omnia T. Elshorbagy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Hussien
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhu Y, Lin X, Wen L, He D. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dipeptide-Based Stilbene Derivatives Bearing a Biheterocyclic Moiety as Potential Fungicides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248755. [PMID: 36557888 PMCID: PMC9784524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The escalating demand for crop production, environmental protection, and food safety warrants the development of new fungicides with greater efficiency, environmental friendliness, and innocuous metabolites to fight against destructive phytopathogens. Herein, we report on the synthesis and antifungal activity of dipeptide-based stilbene derivatives bearing a thiophene-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole fragment for the first time. In vitro bioassay indicated that the target compounds had remarkable antifungal potency superior to previously reported counterparts without a dipeptidyl group, of which compound 3c exhibited the highest activity against Botrytis cinerea with EC50 values of 106.1 μg/mL. Moreover, the in vivo protective effect of compound 3c (59.1%) against tomato gray mold was more potent than that of carboxin (42.0%). Preliminary investigations on the mode of action showed that compound 3c induced marked hyphal malformations and increased the membrane permeability of B. cinerea as well as inhibiting mycelial respiration. These promising results suggest that this novel type of molecular framework has great potential to be further developed as alternative fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchuang Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Xingdong Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lan Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Daohang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8711-0234
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Pancoro A, Karima E, Apriyanto A, Effendi Y. 1H NMR metabolomics analysis of oil palm stem tissue infected by Ganoderma boninense based on field severity Indices. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21087. [PMID: 36473892 PMCID: PMC9726981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal stem rot disease (BSR) caused by G. boninense affects most oil palm plants in Southeast Asia. This disease can be fatal to palm oil production. BSR shows no signs on the tree in the early stages of infection. Therefore, it is essential to find an approach that can detect BSR disease in oil palm, especially at any level of disease severity in the field. This study aims to identify biomarkers of BSR disease in oil palm stem tissue based on various disease severity indices in the field using 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis. The crude extract of oil palm stem tissue with four disease severity indices was analyzed by 1H NMR metabolomics. Approximately 90 metabolites from oil palm stem tissue were identified.Twenty of these were identified as metabolites that significantly differentiated the four disease severity indices. These metabolites include the organic acid group, the carbohydrate group, the organoheterocyclic compound group, and the benzoid group. In addition, different tentative biomarkers for different disease severity indices were also identified. These tentative biomarkers consist of groups of organic acids, carbohydrates, organoheterocyclic compounds, nitrogenous organic compounds, and benzene. There are five pathways in oil palm that are potentially affected by BSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Pancoro
- grid.434933.a0000 0004 1808 0563School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132 Indonesia
| | - Elfina Karima
- grid.434933.a0000 0004 1808 0563School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132 Indonesia
| | - Ardha Apriyanto
- Astra Agro Lestari Tbk, Research and Development, Jakarta, 13920 Indonesia
| | - Yunus Effendi
- grid.9581.50000000120191471Biological Science Department, Al-Azhar Indonesia University, Jakarta, 12110 Indonesia
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41
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Martín I, Gálvez L, Guasch L, Palmero D. Fungal Pathogens and Seed Storage in the Dry State. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223167. [PMID: 36432896 PMCID: PMC9697778 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Seeds can harbor a wide range of microorganisms, especially fungi, which can cause different sanitary problems. Seed quality and seed longevity may be drastically reduced by fungi that invade seeds before or after harvest. Seed movement can be a pathway for the spread of diseases into new areas. Some seed-associated fungi can also produce mycotoxins that may cause serious negative effects on humans, animals and the seeds themselves. Seed storage is the most efficient and widely used method for conserving plant genetic resources. The seed storage conditions used in gene banks, low temperature and low seed moisture content, increase seed longevity and are usually favorable for the survival of seed-borne mycoflora. Early detection and identification of seed fungi are essential activities to conserve high-quality seeds and to prevent pathogen dissemination. This article provides an overview of the characteristics and detection methods of seed-borne fungi, with a special focus on their potential effects on gene bank seed conservation. The review includes the following aspects: types of seed-borne fungi, paths of infection and transmission, seed health methods, fungi longevity, risk of pathogen dissemination, the effect of fungi on seed longevity and procedures to reduce the harmful effects of fungi in gene banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura Martín
- Plant Genetic Resource Centre (CRF), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Laura Gálvez
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Guasch
- Plant Genetic Resource Centre (CRF), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Daniel Palmero
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Wang H, Tian R, Chen Y, Li W, Wei S, Ji Z, Aioub AAA. In vivo and in vitro antifungal activities of five alkaloid compounds isolated from Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn against plant pathogenic fungi. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105246. [PMID: 36464333 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly active and novel antifungal compounds are continuously researched from natural products for pesticide development. Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn, a species of Simaroubaceae, is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat colds and upper respiratory infections. In this study, the active ingredients of P. quassioides and their antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi are investigated to explore the practical application of the plant in the agricultural field. The results showed that the extracts of P. quassioides exhibited highly significant preventive and curative effects on apple valsa canker (AVC) with a reduction of lesion diameter were 80.28% and 83.63%, respectively, and can improve the resistance of apple trees to a pathogen. Five antifungal compounds, namely, canthin-6-one (T1), nigakinone (T2), 4,5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one (T3), 1-methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline (T4), and 1-methoxycarbonyl-3-methoxyl-β-carboline (T5), are isolated from P. quassioides using the bioassay-guided method. This is the first report of 1-methoxycarbonyl-3-methoxyl-β-carboline as a natural product. Canthin-6-one shows strong in vitro inhibitory activity against 11 species of plant pathogenic fungi, and their EC50 values range from 1.49 to 8.80 mg/L. The control efficacy of canthin-6-one at 2000 mg/L are 87.88% and 94.37% against AVC and 80.10% and 84.73% against apple anthracnose (C. gloeosporioides), respectively. Additionally, V. mali is observed after treatment with cannin-6-one, although microscopic. This is the first study on the control of the secondary metabolites of P. quassioides against plant fungal diseases. The results show that P. quassioides is a potential resource for the development of botanical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Runze Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wenqi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhiqin Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R&D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Ahmed A A Aioub
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Zhou Y, Yang CJ, Luo XF, Li AP, Zhang SY, An JX, Zhang ZJ, Ma Y, Zhang BQ, Liu YQ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel berberine derivatives against phytopathogenic fungi. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4361-4376. [PMID: 35758905 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse of chemical fungicides not only leads to toxic residues and resistance in plant pathogenic fungi, but also causes environmental pollution and side effects on in humans and animals. Based on the antifungal activities of berberine, seven different types of berberine derivatives (A1-G1) were synthesized, and their antifungal activities against six plant pathogenic fungi were evaluated (Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Magnaporthe oryzae). RESULTS The results for antifungal activities in vitro showed that berberine derivative E1 displayed good antifungal activity against R. solani with a median effective concentration (EC50 ) of 1.77 μg ml-1 , and berberine derivatives F1 and G1 demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activities with EC50 values ranging from 4.43 to 42.23 μg ml-1 against six plant pathogenic fungi. Berberine derivatives (E2-E29, F2-F18, and G2-G9) were further synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship (SAR), and compound E20 displayed significant antifungal activity against R. solani with an EC50 value of 0.065 μg ml-1 . Preliminary mechanism studies showed that E20 could cause mycelial shrinkage, cell membrane damage, mitochondrial abnormalities and the accumulation of harmful reactive oxygen species, resulting in cell death in R. solani. Moreover, in vivo experimental results showed that the protective effect of E20 was 97.31% at 5 μg ml-1 , which was better than that of the positive control thifluzamide (50.13% at 5 μg ml-1 ). CONCLUSION Berberine derivative E20 merits further development as a new drug candidate with selective and excellent antifungal activity against R. solani. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Fei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Ping Li
- Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia An
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wen Z, Yao W, Han M, Xu X, Wu F, Yang M, Fazal A, Yin T, Qi J, Lu G, Yang R, Song X, Yang Y. Differential assembly of root-associated bacterial and fungal communities of a dual transgenic insect-resistant maize line at different host niches and different growth stages. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1023971. [PMID: 36246225 PMCID: PMC9557180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic technology has been widely applied to crop development, with genetically modified (GM) maize being the world’s second-largest GM crop. Despite the fact that rhizosphere bacterial and fungal populations are critical regulators of plant performance, few studies have evaluated the influence of GM maize on these communities. Plant materials used in this study included the control maize line B73 and the mcry1Ab and mcry2Ab dual transgenic insect-resistant maize line 2A-7. The plants and soils samples were sampled at three growth stages (jointing, flowering, and maturing stages), and the sampling compartments from the outside to the inside of the root are surrounding soil (SS), rhizospheric soil (RS), and intact root (RT), respectively. In this study, the results of alpha diversity revealed that from the outside to the inside of the root, the community richness and diversity declined while community coverage increased. Morever, the different host niches of maize rhizosphere and maize development stages influenced beta diversity according to statistical analysis. The GM maize line 2A-7 had no significant influence on the composition of microbial communities when compared to B73. Compared to RS and SS, the host niche RT tended to deplete Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes and Mortierellomycota at phylum level. Nitrogen-fixation bacteria Pseudomonas, Herbaspirillum huttiense, Rhizobium leguminosarum, and Sphingomonas azotifigens were found to be enriched in the niche RT in comparison to RS and SS, whilst Bacillus was found to be increased and Stenotrophomonas was found to be decreased at the maturing stage as compared to jointing and flowering stages. The nitrogen fixation protein FixH (clusters of orthologous groups, COG5456), was found to be abundant in RT. Furthermore, the pathogen fungus that causes maize stalk rot, Gaeumannomyces radicicola, was found to be abundant in RT, while the beneficial fungus Mortierella hyalina was found to be depleted in RT. Lastly, the abundance of G. radicicola gradually increased during the development of maize. In conclusion, the host niches throughout the soil-plant continuum rather than the Bt insect-resistant gene or Bt protein secretion were primarily responsible for the differential assembly of root-associated microbial communities in GM maize, which provides the theoretical basis for ecological agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengci Wu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Minkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aliya Fazal
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Rongwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Rongwu Yang,
| | - Xinyuan Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Xinyuan Song,
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Yonghua Yang,
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Asadi-sardari A, Mahdikhani-Moghadam E, Zaki-Aghl M. The biochemical changes in two moderately resistant and highly susceptible tomato cultivars at the later stages of Meloidogyne javanica infection. NEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The most effective method of managing root-knot nematodes is employing resistant and tolerant cultivars. Investigating biochemical changes can help determine the cause of resistance or susceptibility of plants to nematodes. In this study, resistance levels of some tomato cultivars, ‘ALYSTE F-1’, ‘ARYZA F-1’, ‘Early Urbana’, ‘Rutgers’, ‘Dutch Mobil’ and ‘Hungarian Mobil’, were evaluated based on nematode reproduction indices under glasshouse conditions. After selecting the most susceptible and resistant cultivar, comparisons of activity of defence enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and phenolic and lignin contents in leaves and roots were investigated. Analysis of nematode reproductive traits revealed that ‘ALYSTE F-1’ had the lowest number of galls per root system, egg masses per root system, eggs per root system, and second-stage juveniles per 1.5 kg of soil and, consequently, the lowest number of nematode populations. Finally, ‘ALYSTE F-1’ and ‘Dutch Mobil’ (based on reproduction factor, gall index and resistance index) were selected as moderately resistant and highly susceptible cultivars, respectively, for biochemical analysis. Biochemical analysis of leaves and roots showed that most of the defence compounds in ‘ALYSTE F-1’ were higher than ‘Dutch Mobil’. These results also showed that ‘ALYSTE F-1’ reacted to nematode attack more rapidly than ‘Dutch Mobil’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Asadi-sardari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Esmat Mahdikhani-Moghadam
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zaki-Aghl
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhang Z, Tian R, Zhu L, Tang L, Tian X, Huang L. Ethyl Phloretate and Ethyl p-Coumarate: Two Phytotoxins from Valsa mali and Their Pathogenic Activities. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2462-2469. [PMID: 35196100 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2724-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Valsa mali, the causal agent of apple Valsa canker, produces several phytotoxic metabolites to promote infection. Bioassay and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-guided isolation from the culture filtrate of V. mali strain 03-8 led to the identification of seven compounds including three unreported ones, ethyl phloretate (1), ethyl p-coumarate (2), and 1-p-hydroxybenzoyl glycerol (3). Compounds 1 and 2 produced significant phytotoxicity, with average lesion areas of 6.22 and 3.74 mm2, along with 2.96 and 3.47 mm2 at 1 mg/ml on mature and tissue-cultured apple leaves, respectively, whereas compound 3 did not cause any symptoms on host plants. The necrotic lesion area of compounds 1 and 2 on tobacco leaves was 52.65 and 48.28 mm2, respectively, compared with the negative control (0.46 mm2) at 1 mg/ml. At the same concentration, compounds 1 and 2 showed no significant influence on the germination rate of lettuce seeds while significantly decreasing the root length of lettuce seedlings to 6.74 and 4.67 mm, respectively, compared with that treated with sterile distilled water (22.01 mm). The discovery indicated that compounds 1 and 2 could be considered as non-host-specific toxins. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 could cause cell shrinkage, organelle damage, plasmolysis, and eventually ruptured protoplasmic membranes with cell death for their phytotoxicity in the host plants under optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results shed light on the mechanism for toxins 1 and 2 in V. mali-infected plants at the macroscopic and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runze Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Wang L, Ge S, Liang W, Liao W, Li W, Jiao G, Wei X, Shao G, Xie L, Sheng Z, Hu S, Tang S, Hu P. Genome-Wide Characterization Reveals Variation Potentially Involved in Pathogenicity and Mycotoxins Biosynthesis of Fusarium proliferatum Causing Spikelet Rot Disease in Rice. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080568. [PMID: 36006230 PMCID: PMC9414198 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum is the primary cause of spikelet rot disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China. The pathogen not only infects a wide range of cereals, causing severe yield losses but also contaminates grains by producing various mycotoxins that are hazardous to humans and animals. Here, we firstly reported the whole-genome sequence of F. proliferatum strain Fp9 isolated from the rice spikelet. The genome was approximately 43.9 Mb with an average GC content of 48.28%, and it was assembled into 12 scaffolds with an N50 length of 4,402,342 bp. There is a close phylogenetic relationship between F. proliferatum and Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of the bakanae disease of rice. The expansion of genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters was observed in F. proliferatum relative to other fungi with different nutritional lifestyles. Species-specific genes responsible for mycotoxins biosynthesis were identified among F. proliferatum and other Fusarium species. The expanded and unique genes were supposed to promote F. proliferatum adaptation and the rapid response to the host's infection. The high-quality genome of F. proliferatum strain Fp9 provides a valuable resource for deciphering the mechanisms of pathogenicity and secondary metabolism, and therefore shed light on development of the disease management strategies and detoxification of mycotoxins contamination for spikelet rot disease in rice.
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Liu N, Qi L, Huang M, Chen D, Yin C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yuan G, Wang RJ, Yang J, Peng YL, Lu X. Comparative Secretome Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Identified Proteins Involved in Virulence and Cell Wall Integrity. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:728-746. [PMID: 34284133 PMCID: PMC9880818 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant fungal pathogens secrete numerous proteins into the apoplast at the plant-fungus contact sites to facilitate colonization. However, only a few secretory proteins were functionally characterized in Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungal pathogen causing rice blast disease worldwide. Asparagine-linked glycosylation 3 (Alg3) is an α-1,3-mannosyltransferase functioning in the N-glycan synthesis of N-glycosylated secretory proteins. Fungal pathogenicity and cell wall integrity are impaired in Δalg3 mutants, but the secreted proteins affected in Δalg3 mutants are largely unknown. In this study, we compared the secretomes of the wild-type strain and the Δalg3 mutant and identified 51 proteins that require Alg3 for proper secretion. These proteins were predicted to be involved in metabolic processes, interspecies interactions, cell wall organization, and response to chemicals. Nine proteins were selected for further validation. We found that these proteins were localized at the apoplastic region surrounding the fungal infection hyphae. Moreover, the N-glycosylation of these proteins was significantly changed in the Δalg3 mutant, leading to the decreased protein secretion and abnormal protein localization. Furthermore, we tested the biological functions of two genes, INV1 (encoding invertase 1, a secreted invertase) and AMCase (encoding acid mammalian chinitase, a secreted chitinase). The fungal virulence was significantly reduced, and the cell wall integrity was altered in the Δinv1 and Δamcase mutant strains. Moreover, the N-glycosylation was essential for the function and secretion of AMCase. Taken together, our study provides new insight into the role of N-glycosylated secretory proteins in fungal virulence and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linlu Qi
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manna Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changfa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui-Jin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding author.
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Action Mechanisms of Effectors in Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126758. [PMID: 35743201 PMCID: PMC9224169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent advances made in the field of plant-pathogen interaction models and the action mechanisms of phytopathogenic effectors. The review illustrates how effectors from different species use similar and distinct strategies to infect host plants. We classify the main action mechanisms of effectors in plant-pathogen interactions according to the infestation process: targeting physical barriers for disruption, creating conditions conducive to infestation, protecting or masking themselves, interfering with host cell physiological activity, and manipulating plant downstream immune responses. The investigation of the functioning of plant pathogen effectors contributes to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. This understanding has important theoretical value and is of practical significance in plant pathology and disease resistance genetics and breeding.
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50
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Paschoal D, Costa JL, da Silva EM, da Silva FB, Capelin D, Ometto V, Aricetti JA, Carvalho GG, Pimpinato RF, de Oliveira RF, Carrera E, López-Díaz I, Rossi ML, Tornisielo V, Caldana C, Riano-Pachon DM, Cesarino I, Teixeira PJPL, Figueira A. Infection by Moniliophthora perniciosa reprograms tomato Micro-Tom physiology, establishes a sink, and increases secondary cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3651-3670. [PMID: 35176760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Witches' broom disease of cacao is caused by the pathogenic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. By using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) as a model system, we investigated the physiological and metabolic consequences of M. perniciosa infection to determine whether symptoms result from sink establishment during infection. Infection of MT by M. perniciosa caused reductions in root biomass and fruit yield, a decrease in leaf gas exchange, and down-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes. The total leaf area and water potential decreased, while ABA levels, water conductance/conductivity, and ABA-related gene expression increased. Genes related to sugar metabolism and those involved in secondary cell wall deposition were up-regulated upon infection, and the concentrations of sugars, fumarate, and amino acids increased. 14C-glucose was mobilized towards infected MT stems, but not in inoculated stems of the MT line overexpressing CYTOKININ OXIDASE-2 (35S::AtCKX2), suggesting a role for cytokinin in establishing a sugar sink. The up-regulation of genes involved in cell wall deposition and phenylpropanoid metabolism in infected MT, but not in 35S::AtCKX2 plants, suggests establishment of a cytokinin-mediated sink that promotes tissue overgrowth with an increase in lignin. Possibly, M. perniciosa could benefit from the accumulation of secondary cell walls during its saprotrophic phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Paschoal
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana L Costa
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Eder M da Silva
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Fábia B da Silva
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Capelin
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Vitor Ometto
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Aricetti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorrenováveis, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Carvalho
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Pimpinato
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F de Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Esther Carrera
- Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Díaz
- Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mônica L Rossi
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Tornisielo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Diego M Riano-Pachon
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
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