1
|
Luo L, Jiang L, Chen T, Zhao Z, Kang C, Chen D, Long Y. Analysis of spatiotemporal changes mechanism of cell wall biopolymers and monosaccharide components in kiwifruit during Botryosphaeria dothidea infection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 322:124837. [PMID: 39059260 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
To further reveal the interaction mechanism between plants and pathogens, this study used confocal Raman microscopy spectroscopy (CRM) combined with chemometrics to visualize the biopolymers distribution of kiwifruit cell walls at different infection stages at the cellular micro level. Simultaneously, the changes in the content of various monosaccharides in fruit were studied at the molecular level using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There were significant differences in the composition of various nutrient components in the cell wall structure of kiwifruit at different infection times after infection by Botryosphaeria dothidea. PCA could cluster samples with infection time of 0-9 d into different infection stages, and SVM was used to predict the PCA classification results, the accuracy >96 %. Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) helped to identify single substance spectra and concentration signals from mixed spectral signals. The pure substance chemical imaging maps of low methylated pectin (LMP), high methylated pectin (HMP), cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were obtained by analyzing the resolved concentration data. The imaging results showed that the lignin content in the kiwifruit cell wall increased significantly to resist pathogens infection after the infection of B. dothidea. With the development of infection, B. dothidea decomposed various substances in the host cell walls, allowing them to penetrate the interior of fruit cells. This caused significant changes in the form, structure, and distribution of various chemicals on the fruit cell walls in time and space. HPLC showed that glucose was the main carbon source and energy substance obtained by pathogens from kiwifruit during infection. The contents of galactose and arabinose, which maintained the structure and function of the fruit cell walls, decreased significantly and the cell wall structure was destroyed in the late stage of pathogens infection. This study provided a new perspective on the cellular structure changes caused by pathogenic infection of fruit and the defense response process of fruit and provided effective references for further research on the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in fruit infected by pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Kiwifruit, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhibo Zhao
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Kiwifruit, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Youhua Long
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Kiwifruit, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Li Q, Qu G, Cao J, Jiang W. Fractionation and characterization of sodium carbonate-soluble fractions of cell wall pectic polysaccharides involved in the rapid mealiness of 'Hongjiangjun' apple fruit. Food Chem 2024; 455:139961. [PMID: 38850983 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Apple flesh tends to turn mealy and textural deterioration commonly occurs during storage. The comparative investigation of three sub-fractions separated from sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (SSP) of 'Hongjiangjun' apples between crisp and mealy stages was performed to unveil the textural alterations related to mealiness. In situ immunofluorescence labelling showed that galactans declined in parenchyma cell walls during the fruit mealiness. FTIR analysis, monosaccharide compositions and structural polymers configurated that loss of rhammogalacturonan-I (RG-I) from SSP sub-fragments (SC0.0-P and S-M0.0-P) might be closely involved in the mealiness. The NMR spectroscopy revealed that loss of the substituted galactans from α-Rhap residues repeat unit in SC0.0-P constituting RG-I in crisp stage that subsequently converted to S-M0.0-P in mealy stage might be closely associated with the modifications of pectin in cell walls during mealiness. These findings provided novel evidence for understanding the underlying modifications of SSP polymers during the mealiness of 'Hongjiangjun' apples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Guiqin Qu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiankang Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferreira C, Ribeiro C, Nunes FM. Effect of Storage Conditions on the Volatilome, Biochemical Composition and Quality of Golden Delicious and Red Delicious Apple ( Malus domestica) Varieties. Molecules 2024; 29:2954. [PMID: 38998906 PMCID: PMC11243091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29132954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of normal (NA) and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage and postharvest treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before CA storage for 5 months on the volatilome, biochemical composition and quality of 'Golden Delicious' (GD) and 'Red Delicious' (RD) apples were studied. Apples stored under NA and CA maintained and 1-MCP treatment increased firmness in both cultivars. NA storage resulted in a decrease of glucose, sucrose and fructose levels in both cultivars. When compared to CA storage, 1-MCP treatment caused a more significant decrease in sucrose levels and an increase in glucose levels. Additionally, 1-MCP-treated apples exhibited a significant decrease in malic acid content for both cultivars. All storage conditions led to significant changes in the abundance and composition of the volatilome in both cultivars. GD and RD apples responded differently to 1-MCP treatment compared to CA storage; higher abundance of hexanoate esters and (E,E)-α-farnesene was observed in RD apples treated with 1-MCP. While 1-MCP was effective in reducing (E,E)-α-farnesene abundance in GD apples, its impact on RD apples was more limited. However, for both cultivars, all storage conditions resulted in lower levels of 2-methylbutyl acetate, butyl acetate and hexyl acetate. The effectiveness of 1-MCP is cultivar dependent, with GD showing better results than RD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Ferreira
- Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Research Center-Vila Real (CQ-VR), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Ribeiro
- Research and Technology Center for Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Research Center-Vila Real (CQ-VR), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gunaseelan K, Schröder R, Rebstock R, Ninan AS, Deng C, Khanal BP, Favre L, Tomes S, Dragulescu MA, O'Donoghue EM, Hallett IC, Schaffer RJ, Knoche M, Brummell DA, Atkinson RG. Constitutive expression of apple endo-POLYGALACTURONASE1 in fruit induces early maturation, alters skin structure and accelerates softening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1413-1431. [PMID: 38038980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
During fruit ripening, polygalacturonases (PGs) are key contributors to the softening process in many species. Apple is a crisp fruit that normally exhibits only minor changes to cell walls and limited fruit softening. Here, we explore the effects of PG overexpression during fruit development using transgenic apple lines overexpressing the ripening-related endo-POLYGALACTURONASE1 gene. MdPG1-overexpressing (PGox) fruit displayed early maturation/ripening with black seeds, conversion of starch to sugars and ethylene production occurring by 80 days after pollination (DAP). PGox fruit exhibited a striking, white-skinned phenotype that was evident from 60 DAP and most likely resulted from increased air spaces and separation of cells in the hypodermis due to degradation of the middle lamellae. Irregularities in the integrity of the epidermis and cuticle were also observed. By 120 DAP, PGox fruit cracked and showed lenticel-associated russeting. Increased cuticular permeability was associated with microcracks in the cuticle around lenticels and was correlated with reduced cortical firmness at all time points and extensive post-harvest water loss from the fruit, resulting in premature shrivelling. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that early maturation was associated with upregulation of genes involved in stress responses, and overexpression of MdPG1 also altered the expression of genes involved in cell wall metabolism (e.g. β-galactosidase, MD15G1221000) and ethylene biosynthesis (e.g. ACC synthase, MD14G1111500). The results show that upregulation of PG not only has dramatic effects on the structure of the fruit outer cell layers, indirectly affecting water status and turgor, but also has unexpected consequences for fruit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kularajathevan Gunaseelan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Annu S Ninan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bishnu P Khanal
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laurie Favre
- Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Monica A Dragulescu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Erin M O'Donoghue
- Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - David A Brummell
- Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu D, Zhou W, Zhong Y, Xie X, Liu H, Huang H, Wang Q, Xiao G. Involvement of branched RG-I pectin with hemicellulose in cell-cell adhesion of tomato during fruit softening. Food Chem 2023; 413:135574. [PMID: 36739644 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion of four cultivars of tomato fruit, "Micro Tom (MT)", "Heinz 1706 (H1706)", "Money Maker (MM)", "Ailsa Craig (AC)" were evaluated and cell walls were analyzed in order to assess the possible contribution of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides to the softening and altered cell adhesion at two different stages of ripeness. Cell wall material (CWM) and solubilised fractions of green and red ripe fruit were analyzed by chemical, enzymatic techniques. In comparison with the four cultivars of tomato fruits, H1706 and MM are harder than MT and AC at both green and red ripe stage. The ripening-associated solubilisation of rhamnogalacturonan-riched pectic polysaccharides was reduced in H1706 and MM, and the content of side -chain sugars from RG-I reduced by more than 50% in MT and AC. In addition to recognized pectic modifying enzymes, RGase had a good effect on cell separation of H1706 and MM fruit at red ripe stage. The higher RG-I content and branching degree have been associated with increased cell adhesion and reduced cell wall porosity, thus maintained fruit firmness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food of Ministry and Rural Affairs, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food of Ministry and Rural Affairs, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yuming Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, PR China
| | - Xi Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food of Ministry and Rural Affairs, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Huifan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food of Ministry and Rural Affairs, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food of Ministry and Rural Affairs, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Gengsheng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food of Ministry and Rural Affairs, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie J, Deng B, Wang W, Zhang H. Changes in sugar, organic acid and free amino acid levels and the expression of genes involved in the primary metabolism of oleocellosis in citrus peels. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153877. [PMID: 36436240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oleocellosis is a physiological disorder in citrus fruit and causes extensive economic damage due to the surface blemishes it creates. It was reported that oleocellosis always occurs during preharvest maturation and postharvest storage. In the present study, the oleocellosis incidence of Jincheng orange, Navel orange and Ponkan were found to be different during preharvest maturation, however, no differences were found during postharvest storage. Additionally, it was interesting that the outbreak period of oleocellosis incidence was 0-12 d during postharvest storage. Climate change has been reported as a factor promoting oleocellosis development. However, little information is available regarding how primary metabolites and the expression of genes involved in sugar, organic acid and free amino acid metabolism in citrus change to adjust to new environments. Metabolic profiling obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) and amino acid analysis showed that the accumulations of fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, mannose, citric acid, α-ketoglutarate, 2-keto-d-gluconic acid, glutamate, valine, glycine and threonine might play major roles in adaptation to changes in oleocellosis peels for three types of citrus fruit. However, decreased contents of malic acid, gluconic acid and proline were observed, possibly due to consumption in energy metabolism or reflecting a unique characteristic in this disorder. Regarding gene expression in primary metabolism pathways obtained by high-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology, upregulated genes encoding alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-fructofuranosidase, alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, malate dehydrogenase, CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolysing), serine-glyoxylate transaminase, serine/glycine hydroxymethyltransferase and proline dehydrogenase were the main changes in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; College of Food Science, Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Bing Deng
- College of Food Science, Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Food Science, Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pan H, Sun Y, Qiao M, Qi H. Beta-galactosidase gene family genome-wide identification and expression analysis of members related to fruit softening in melon (Cucumis melo L.). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:795. [PMID: 36460944 PMCID: PMC9716742 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Texture quality is impotent for melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit. β-galactosidase (β-Gal, EC 3.2.1.23) is an important cell wall glycosyl hydrolase involved in fruit softening, However, the β-Gal gene (BGALs) family hasn't been identified genome-wide in melon. Thus, it's necessary to conduct an in-depth bioinformatic analysis on melon BGALs family and to seek out the key members who participated in melon fruit softening. RESULTS A total of 21 BGALs members designated as CmBGAL1-CmBGAL21 were identified genome-wide in melon, clustered into A-G seven clades. Among them, three duplications CmBGAL1:CmBGAL3, CmBGAL19:CmBGAL21, and CmBGAL20:CmBGAL21 happened. For conserved domains, besides the Glyco_hydro_35 domain (PF01301), all the members also contained the GHD domain (PF17834) except for CmBGAL12, and the Gal_Lectin (PF02140) domain existed in most CmBGALs at the C-termini. Motifs, protein secondary and tertiary structure analysis showed that the CmBGAL12 is a unique member. Moreover, protein-protein association network analysis showed that the CmBGAL12 is the only node protein. Furthermore, spatiotemporal expression pattern analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) suggested that most of CmBGALs expressed in tissues with vigorous cell wall remodeling/disassembly. In addition, cis-acting regulatory elements analysis in promoters inferred that CmBGALs might participate in diverse responsiveness to phytohormone, biotic and abiotic signaling. CONCLUSIONS A novel clade of CmBGAL members (Clade F) related to melon fruit softening was discovered, since their expression showed a specific surge in the mature fruit of 'HPM' with mealy texture (softening sharply), but not in 'HDB' with crisp texture (softening bluntly). The homologous CmBGAL7-11 in Clade F exhibited identical spatiotemporal expression patterns may multiple genes leading to melon fruit softening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Pan
- grid.412557.00000 0000 9886 8131College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China ,Northern National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinhan Sun
- grid.412557.00000 0000 9886 8131College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China ,Northern National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Qiao
- grid.412557.00000 0000 9886 8131College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China ,Northern National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- grid.412557.00000 0000 9886 8131College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China ,Northern National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning 110866 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jobert F, Soriano A, Brottier L, Casset C, Divol F, Safran J, Lefebvre V, Pelloux J, Robert S, Péret B. Auxin triggers pectin modification during rootlet emergence in white lupin. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1127-1140. [PMID: 36178138 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of secondary roots through parental tissue is a highly controlled developmental process. Although the model plant Arabidopsis has been useful to uncover the predominant role of auxin in this process, its simple root structure is not representative of how emergence takes place in most plants, which display more complex root anatomy. White lupin is a legume crop producing structures called cluster roots, where closely spaced rootlets emerge synchronously. Rootlet primordia push their way through several cortical cell layers while maintaining the parent root integrity, reflecting more generally the lateral root emergence process in most multilayered species. In this study, we showed that lupin rootlet emergence is associated with an upregulation of cell wall pectin modifying and degrading genes under the active control of auxin. Among them, we identified LaPG3, a polygalacturonase gene typically expressed in cells surrounding the rootlet primordium and we showed that its downregulation delays emergence. Immunolabeling of pectin epitopes and their quantification uncovered a gradual pectin demethylesterification in the emergence zone, which was further enhanced by auxin treatment, revealing a direct hormonal control of cell wall properties. We also report rhamnogalacturonan-I modifications affecting cortical cells that undergo separation as a consequence of primordium outgrowth. In conclusion, we describe a model of how external tissues in front of rootlet primordia display cell wall modifications to allow for the passage of newly formed rootlets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Jobert
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Supagro, 34060, Montpellier, France
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Soriano
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Supagro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Brottier
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Supagro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Célia Casset
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Supagro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanchon Divol
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Supagro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Péret
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Supagro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brummell DA, Bowen JK, Gapper NE. Biotechnological approaches for controlling postharvest fruit softening. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102786. [PMID: 36081292 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fruit softening is the major factor determining the postharvest life of fruit, affecting bruise and damage susceptibility, pathogen colonisation, and consumer satisfaction, all of which contribute to product losses in the supply chain and consumers' homes. Ripening-related changes to the cell wall, cuticle and soluble sugars largely determine softening, and some are amenable to biotechnological intervention, for example, by manipulation of the expression of genes encoding cell wall-modifying proteins or wax and cutin synthases. In this review, we discuss work exploring the role of genes involved in cell wall and cuticle properties, and recent developments in the silencing of multiple genes by targeting single transcription factors. Identification of transcription factors that control the expression of suites of genes encoding cell wall-modifying proteins provides exciting targets for biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nigel E Gapper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang L, Cong P, He J, Bu H, Qin S, Lyu D. Differential pulp cell wall structures lead to diverse fruit textures in apple (Malus domestica). PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1205-1217. [PMID: 34985723 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of pulp cell wall structure on fruit hardness and crispness in apples. To this end, we studied the cell wall polysaccharides in two apple varieties, "Hanfu" and "Honeycrisp," during fruit development. Compared with Hanfu, the crispness of Honeycrisp was higher, whereas its harness was lower. The intensity and distribution of immunofluorescence signals indicated that galactose and arabinose contributed to the higher hardness of Hanfu, whereas arabinose, egg-box structure, and fucosylated xyloglucans, distributed in the corners of tricellular junctions, enhanced the cell-cell adhesion and improved the crispness of Honeycrisp. Besides, fucosylated xyloglucan played an important role in promoting the formation and maintaining the strength of the cell wall skeleton and, consequently, retaining the fruit crispness. The esterification state of pectin had little effect on the fruit hardness and crispness in both varieties. Collectively, our findings provided information on the underlying mechanism of fruit texture formation in apples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, 125100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Peihua Cong
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali He
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Bu
- Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, 157000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijun Qin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguo Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cao X, Bai G, Zheng J, Zhu D, Li J. Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the texture of Nanguo pear. J Texture Stud 2022; 53:662-671. [PMID: 35661160 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Freezing is a way to preserve the quality of fruit for a long time. Nanguo pear stored at low temperature is prone to browning and lignification. In this study, freeze-thaw cycles were used to simulate the temperature fluctuation in the process, storage and transportation. The texture properties were taken as the research focus to analyze the lignification phenomenon of Nanguo pear under freeze-thaw cycles. The results showed that freeze-thaw treatment significantly reduced the firmness and propectin content of Nanguo pear, increased the content of stone cells in the fruit, but also destroyed the size of stone cells in the fruit. However, with the increase of freezing-thawing cycles, the content of lignin, stone cell content and PAL activity increased significantly, while the content of chlorogenic acid increased first and then decreased. These results are helpful to further understand the correlation between texture change with fruit firmness and formation mechanism of stone cells during freeze-thaw cycles of Nanguo pear. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Ge Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianrong Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Danshi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Uchendu K, Njoku DN, Paterne A, Rabbi IY, Dzidzienyo D, Tongoona P, Offei S, Egesi C. Genome-Wide Association Study of Root Mealiness and Other Texture-Associated Traits in Cassava. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:770434. [PMID: 34975953 PMCID: PMC8719520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.770434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cassava breeders have made significant progress in developing new genotypes with improved agronomic characteristics such as improved root yield and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, these new and improved cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties in cultivation in Nigeria have undergone little or no improvement in their culinary qualities; hence, there is a paucity of genetic information regarding the texture of boiled cassava, particularly with respect to its mealiness, the principal sensory quality attribute of boiled cassava roots. The current study aimed at identifying genomic regions and polymorphisms associated with natural variation for root mealiness and other texture-related attributes of boiled cassava roots, which includes fibre, adhesiveness (ADH), taste, aroma, colour, and firmness. We performed a genome-wide association (GWAS) analysis using phenotypic data from a panel of 142 accessions obtained from the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria, and a set of 59,792 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed across the cassava genome. Through genome-wide association mapping, we identified 80 SNPs that were significantly associated with root mealiness, fibre, adhesiveness, taste, aroma, colour and firmness on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17 and 18. We also identified relevant candidate genes that are co-located with peak SNPs linked to these traits in M. esculenta. A survey of the cassava reference genome v6.1 positioned the SNPs on chromosome 13 in the vicinity of Manes.13G026900, a gene recognized as being responsible for cell adhesion and for the mealiness or crispness of vegetables and fruits, and also known to play an important role in cooked potato texture. This study provides the first insights into understanding the underlying genetic basis of boiled cassava root texture. After validation, the markers and candidate genes identified in this novel work could provide important genomic resources for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) to accelerate genetic improvement of root mealiness and other culinary qualities in cassava breeding programmes in West Africa, especially in Nigeria, where the consumption of boiled and pounded cassava is low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Uchendu
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement (WACCI), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria
| | | | - Agre Paterne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Daniel Dzidzienyo
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement (WACCI), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Pangirayi Tongoona
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement (WACCI), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Offei
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement (WACCI), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Chiedozie Egesi
- National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lahaye M, Tabi W, Le Bot L, Delaire M, Orsel M, Campoy JA, Quero Garcia J, Le Gall S. Comparison of cell wall chemical evolution during the development of fruits of two contrasting quality from two members of the Rosaceae family: Apple and sweet cherry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:93-104. [PMID: 34627026 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall composition was studied during the development of apple cultivars (14-161/182 days after full bloom, DAA) maintaining firm fruit (Ariane) or evolving to mealy texture (Rome Beauty) when ripe and in sweet cherry cultivars (21/26-70/75 DAA) to assess their skin-cracking susceptibility (tolerant Regina and susceptible Garnet). Pectin sugar composition and hemicellulose fine structure assessed by enzymatic degradation coupled to MALDI-TOF MS analysis were shown to vary markedly between apples and cherries during fruit development. Apple showed decreasing rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) and increasing homogalacturonan (HG) pectic domain proportions from young to mature fruit. Hemicellulose-cellulose (HC) sugars peaked at the beginning of fruit expansion corresponding to the maximum cell wall content of glucose and mannose. In contrast, HG peaked very early in the cell wall of young developing cherries and remained constant until ripening whereas RGI content continuously increased. HC content decreased very early and remained low in cell walls. Only the low content of mannose and to a lesser extent fucose increased and then slowly decreased from the beginning of the fruit expansion phase. Hemicellulose structural profiling showed strong varietal differences between cherry cultivars. Both apples and cherries demonstrated a peak of glucomannan oligomers produced by β-glucanase hydrolysis of the cell wall at the onset of cell expansion. The different glucomannan contents and related oligomers released from cell walls are discussed with regard to the contribution of glucomannan to cell wall mechanical properties. These hemicellulose features may prove to be early markers of apple mealiness and cherry skin-cracking susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wafae Tabi
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Lucie Le Bot
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Mickael Delaire
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Orsel
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - José Antonio Campoy
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50289, Cologne, Germany
| | - José Quero Garcia
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Niu J, Sun Z, Shi Y, Huang K, Zhong Y, Chen J, Chen J, Luan M. Comparative Analysis of Akebia trifoliata Fruit Softening at Different Flesh Ripening Stages Using Tandem Mass Tag Technology. Front Nutr 2021; 8:684271. [PMID: 34291071 PMCID: PMC8287030 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.684271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to its medicinal and high nutritional values, Akebia trifoliata can be considered as a new type of medicinal and edible homologous resources, and it has begun to be widely cultivated in many areas of China. Over-softening of fruit would affect the sensorial quality, utilization rate, and consumer acceptance of the fruit postharvest. However, fruit softening has not been characterized and the molecular mechanism underlying A. trifoliata fruit softening during ripening remains unclear. A comparative proteomic analysis was performed on the fruit at three developmental stages using tandem mass tag technology. In total, 2,839 proteins and 302 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that most DAPs were implicated in oxidoreductase activity, protein domain-specific binding and pyruvate metabolism. Moreover, 29 DAPs associated with cell wall metabolism, plant hormone, and stress and defense response pathways were validated using quantitative PCR. Notably, pectinesterase, pectate lyase, and β-galactosidase, which are involved in cell wall degradation, as well as gibberellin regulated protein, cysteine protease, thaumatin-like protein and heat shock proteins which is involved in plant hormone, and stress and defense response, were significantly up-regulated in softening fruit compared with the levels in non-softening fruit. This indicated that they might play key roles in A. trifoliata fruit softening. Our findings will provide new insights into potential genes influencing fruit softening traits of A. trifoliata, which will help to develop strategies to improve fruit quality and reduce softening-related losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Niu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Yaliang Shi
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Kunyong Huang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Yicheng Zhong
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Mingbao Luan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Montecchiarini ML, Silva-Sanzana C, Valderramo L, Alemano S, Gollán A, Rivadeneira MF, Bello F, Vázquez D, Blanco-Herrera F, Podestá FE, Tripodi KEJ. Biochemical differences in the skin of two blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties with contrasting firmness: Implication of ions, metabolites and cell wall related proteins in two developmental stages. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:483-495. [PMID: 33756354 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of firmer and better-quality blueberries is a continuous task that aims at a more profitable production. To this end it is essential to understand the biological processes linked to fruit firmness, which may diverge among tissues. By contrasting varieties with opposing firmness, we were able to elucidate events that, taking place at immature stage, lay the foundation to produce a firmer ripe fruit. A deep analysis of blueberry skin was carried out, involving diverse comparative approaches including proteomics and metabolomics coupled to immunolocalization assays. In'O'Neal' (low firmness) enhanced levels of aquaporins, expansins and pectin esterases at the green stage were found to be critical in distinguishing it from 'Emerald' (high firmness). The latter featured higher levels of ABA, low methyl esterified pectins in tricellular junctions and high levels of catechin at this stage. Meanwhile, in 'Emerald' 's ripe fruit epicarp, several mechanisms of cell wall reinforcement such as calcium and probably boron bridges, appear to be more prominent than in 'O'Neal'. This study highlights the importance of cell wall reorganization and structure, abundance of specific metabolites, water status, and hormonal signalling in connection to fruit firmness. These findings result particularly valuable in order to improve the fertilization procedures or in the search of molecular markers related with firmness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Montecchiarini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C Silva-Sanzana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Valderramo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - S Alemano
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Gollán
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Colonia Yeruá, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M F Rivadeneira
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Colonia Yeruá, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F Bello
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Colonia Yeruá, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - D Vázquez
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Colonia Yeruá, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - F E Podestá
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - K E J Tripodi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu H, Gu H, Ye C, Guo C, Zhu Y, Huang H, Liu Y, He X, Yang M, Zhu S. Planting Density Affects Panax notoginseng Growth and Ginsenoside Accumulation by Balancing Primary and Secondary Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628294. [PMID: 33936125 PMCID: PMC8086637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adjusting planting density is a common agricultural practice used to achieve maximum yields. However, whether the quality of medicinal herbs can be improved by implementing appropriate planting densities is still uncertain. The medicinal crop Panax notoginseng was used to analyze the effects of planting density on growth and ginsenoside accumulation, and the possible mechanisms of these effects were revealed through metabonomics. The results showed that P. notoginseng achieved high ginsenoside accumulation at high planting densities (8 × 8 and 10 × 10 cm), while simultaneously achieved high biomass and ginsenoside accumulation at moderate planting density of 15 × 15 cm. At the moderate planting density, the primary metabolism (starch and sucrose metabolism) and secondary metabolism (the biosynthesis of phytohormone IAA and ginsenoside) of the plants were significantly enhanced. However, the strong intraspecific competition at the high planting densities resulted in stress as well as the accumulation of phytohormones (SA and JA), antioxidants (gentiobiose, oxalic acid, dehydroascorbic acid) and other stress resistance-related metabolites. Interestingly, the dry biomass and ginsenoside content were significantly lower at low densities (20 × 20 and 30 × 30 cm) with low intraspecific competition, which disturbed normal carbohydrate metabolism by upregulating galactose metabolism. In summary, an appropriate planting density was benefit for the growth and accumulation of ginsenosides in P. notoginseng by balancing primary metabolism and secondary metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongrui Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Cunwu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiahong He
- School of Landscape and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang WW, Zhao SQ, Zhang LC, Xing Y, Jia WS. Changes in the cell wall during fruit development and ripening in Fragaria vesca. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:54-65. [PMID: 32526611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although fruit expansion during ripening has been extensively studied, the structural and metabolic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we report the critical roles of cell separation and cell wall metabolism in the coordinated regulation of fruit expansion in Fragaria vesca. Anatomical observations indicated that a syndrome of cell separation occurred from the very earliest stage of fruit set. Cell separation led to an increase in apoplastic space, and the time course of this increase coincided with the period of fruit development and ripening. Moreover, massive cellulose disassembly occurred when cells were fully separated, which coincided with the expansion of cell and fruit volume. Consistent with the anatomical observations, both histochemistry and composition analysis indicated correlations between cell separation and the cell wall metabolism. These observations suggest that cell separation, cell elongation and cell wall disassembly occur simultaneously during fruit ripening in Fragaria vesca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Shuai-Qi Zhao
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Ling-Chao Zhang
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, China.
| | - Wen-Suo Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Q, Xu R, Fang Q, Yuan Y, Cao J, Jiang W. Analyses of microstructure and cell wall polysaccharides of flesh tissues provide insights into cultivar difference in mealy patterns developed in apple fruit. Food Chem 2020; 321:126707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
19
|
Fullerton CG, Prakash R, Ninan AS, Atkinson RG, Schaffer RJ, Hallett IC, Schröder R. Fruit From Two Kiwifruit Genotypes With Contrasting Softening Rates Show Differences in the Xyloglucan and Pectin Domains of the Cell Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:964. [PMID: 32714354 PMCID: PMC7343912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening is controlled by hormonal and developmental cues, causing an upregulation of cell wall-associated enzymes that break down the complex sugar matrices in the cell wall. The regulation of this process is complex, with different genotypes demonstrating quite different softening patterns, even when they are closely related. Currently, little is known about the relationship between cell wall structure and the rate of fruit softening. To address this question, the softening of two Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis (kiwifruit) genotypes (a fast 'AC-F' and a slow 'AC-S' softening genotype) was examined using a range of compositional, biochemical, structural, and molecular techniques. Throughout softening, the cell wall structure of the two genotypes was fundamentally different at identical firmness stages. In the hemicellulose domain, xyloglucanase enzyme activity was higher in 'AC-F' at the firm unripe stage, a finding supported by differential expression of xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolase genes during softening. In the pectin domain, differences in pectin solubilization and location of methyl-esterified homogalacturonan in the cell wall between 'AC-S' and 'AC-F' were shown. Side chain analyses and molecular weight elution profiles of polyuronides and xyloglucans of cell wall extracts revealed fundamental differences between the genotypes, pointing towards a weakening of the structural integrity of cell walls in the fast softening 'AC-F' genotype even at the firm, unripe stage. As a consequence, the polysaccharides in the cell walls of 'AC-F' may be easier to access and hence more susceptible to enzymatic degradation than in 'AC-S', resulting in faster softening. Together these results suggest that the different rates of softening between 'AC-F' and 'AC-S' are not due to changes in enzyme activities alone, but that fundamental differences in the cell wall structure are likely to influence the rates of softening through differential modification and accessibility of specific cell wall polysaccharides during ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina G. Fullerton
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
- Joint Graduate School of Plant and Food Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annu Smitha Ninan
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J. Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
- Joint Graduate School of Plant and Food Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian C. Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pieczywek PM, Cybulska J, Zdunek A. An Atomic Force Microscopy Study on the Effect of β-Galactosidase, α-L-Rhamnosidase and α-L-Arabinofuranosidase on the Structure of Pectin Extracted from Apple Fruit Using Sodium Carbonate. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4064. [PMID: 32517129 PMCID: PMC7312408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme driven changes in plant cell wall structure during fruit ripening result in debranching, depolymerization and solubilization of pectin polysaccharides, which has an effect in terms of the postharvest quality losses in fruit. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has revealed that diluted alkali soluble pectins (DASP) from fruit and vegetables have an interesting tendency to self-assemble into regular structures. However, the mechanism is not yet fully understood. The current study is aimed at investigating the role of neutral sugars, namely galactose, rhamnose and arabinose in the formation of the branched structure of DASP. β-galactosidase, α-L-rhamnosidase and α-L-arabinofuranosidase enzymes were used for the treatment of DASP extracted from Golden Delicious apple flesh (Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious). The effects of the selective degradation of pectic polysaccharides after 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min of incubation were observed using AFM. The α-L-rhamnosidase enzyme activity on pectin extracted with Na2CO3 did not cause any visible or measurable degradation of the molecular structure. The moderate effects of β-galactosidase enzymatic treatment suggested the possible role of galactose in the branching of DASP molecules deposited on mica. Data obtained for α-L-arabinofuranosidase indicated the crucial role of arabinose in the formation and preservation of the highly branched structure of the DASP fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mariusz Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20–270 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.Z.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effect of pectin osmosis or degradation on the water migration and texture properties of apple cube dried by instant controlled pressure drop drying (DIC). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Lahaye M, Falourd X, Laillet B, Le Gall S. Cellulose, pectin and water in cell walls determine apple flesh viscoelastic mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 232:115768. [PMID: 31952582 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The viscoelastic mechanical properties are important quality traits for fleshy fruit uses. The contribution of cell wall polysaccharides chemistry and organization on their variability was studied in six varieties of apple. Correlation between damping and storage modulus of plasmolyzed tissue distinguished better apple varieties on their viscoelasticity than fresh samples. Galactose, arabinose and uronic acids correlated positively with the storage modulus of fresh apple samples (E'f). These corresponded to 4-linked galactan but no specific arabinose linkage. Galacturonic acid branched on O-3 and terminal rhamnose correlated negatively with E'f. These correlations formed two groups of fruit except for branched methyl-esterified galacturonic. Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy analyses showed that E'f correlated negatively with cellulose C4 T1ρH relaxation and positively with pectin methyl esters THH proton diffusion. The results point to the key roles of pectin structure and hydration and cellulose microfibrils distribution on apple mechanical properties.
Collapse
|
23
|
Collins PP, O'donoghue EM, Rebstock R, Tiffin HR, Sutherland PW, Schröder R, McAtee PA, Prakash R, Ireland HS, Johnston JW, Atkinson RG, Schaffer RJ, Hallett IC, Brummell DA. Cell type-specific gene expression underpins remodelling of cell wall pectin in exocarp and cortex during apple fruit development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6085-6099. [PMID: 31408160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In apple (Malus×domestica) fruit, the different layers of the exocarp (cuticle, epidermis, and hypodermis) protect and maintain fruit integrity, and resist the turgor-driven expansion of the underlying thin-walled cortical cells during growth. Using in situ immunolocalization and size exclusion epitope detection chromatography, distinct cell type differences in cell wall composition in the exocarp were revealed during apple fruit development. Epidermal cell walls lacked pectic (1→4)-β-d-galactan (associated with rigidity), whereas linear (1→5)-α-l-arabinan (associated with flexibility) was exclusively present in the epidermal cell walls in expanding fruit and then appeared in all cell types during ripening. Branched (1→5)-α-l-arabinan was uniformly distributed between cell types. Laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to explore transcriptomic differences controlling cell type-specific wall modification. The RNA-seq data indicate that the control of cell wall composition is achieved through cell-specific gene expression of hydrolases. In epidermal cells, this results in the degradation of galactan side chains by possibly five β-galactosidases (BGAL2, BGAL7, BGAL10, BGAL11, and BGAL103) and debranching of arabinans by α-arabinofuranosidases AF1 and AF2. Together, these results demonstrate that flexibility and rigidity of the different cell layers in apple fruit during development and ripening are determined, at least in part, by the control of cell wall pectin remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Collins
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heather R Tiffin
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter A McAtee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary S Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- PFR, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu D, Zheng J, Mao G, Hu W, Ye X, Linhardt RJ, Chen S. Rethinking the impact of RG-I mainly from fruits and vegetables on dietary health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2938-2960. [PMID: 31607142 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1672037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) pectin is composed of backbone of repeating disaccharide units →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→ and neutral sugar side-chains mainly consisting of arabinose and galactose having variable types of linkages. However, since traditional pectin extraction methods damages the RG-I structure, the characteristics and health effects of RG-I remains unclear. Recently, many studies have focused on RG-I, which is often more active than the homogalacturonan (HG) portion of pectic polysaccharides. In food products, RG-I is common to fruits and vegetables and possesses many health benefits. This timely and comprehensive review describes the many different facets of RG-I, including its dietary sources, history, metabolism and potential functionalities, all of which have been compiled to establish a platform for taking full advantage of the functional value of RG-I pectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guizhu Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Intensifying soluble dietary fiber production and properties of soybean curd residue via autoclaving treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
26
|
Liu D, Lopez-Sanchez P, Martinez-Sanz M, Gilbert EP, Gidley MJ. Adsorption isotherm studies on the interaction between polyphenols and apple cell walls: Effects of variety, heating and drying. Food Chem 2019; 282:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
27
|
Raman Spectroscopy in Nonwoody Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1992:83-107. [PMID: 31148033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Confocal Raman spectroscopy (RS) enables obtaining molecular information from the nondestructive analysis of plant material in situ. It can thereby be a useful method to investigate spatial distribution and heterogeneity of cell-wall polymers. The authors' intention is to present some examples of RS application and its capabilities for investigations of nonwoody plants. In this context, we present protocols for qualitative analysis of main polymers of plant wall and application of RS in a semiquantitative study of the arrangement of selected polymers in the wall in its native state.
Collapse
|
28
|
A nanostructural view of the cell wall disassembly process during fruit ripening and postharvest storage by atomic force microscopy. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
29
|
Montecchiarini ML, Margarit E, Morales L, Rivadeneira MF, Bello F, Gollán A, Vázquez D, Podestá FE, Tripodi KEJ. Proteomic and metabolomic approaches unveil relevant biochemical changes in carbohydrate and cell wall metabolisms of two blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties with different quality attributes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 136:230-244. [PMID: 30708258 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quality maintenance in rapidly decaying fruit such as blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) is of essential importance to guarantee the economic success of the crop. Fruit quality is a multifaceted subject that encompasses flavor, aroma, visual and physical issues as main factors. In this paper we report an ample characterization of different biochemical and physical aspects in two varieties (O'Neal and Emerald) of blueberries that differ in firmness, aspect, flavor and harvesting times, at two different phenological stages (fruit set vs. ripe), with the intention of unveiling how the metabolic signature of each contributes to their contrasting quality. To this effect a metabolomic, ionomic and proteomic approach was selected. The results presented here show marked differences in several variables at the two stages and between varieties. Emerald is an early variety with a large, good taste and firm fruit, while O'Neal is soft, medium sized and very sweet. Proteomic data comparison between both cultivars showed that, at fruit set, processes related with the response to inorganic compounds and small molecule metabolisms are relevant in both varieties. However, solute accumulation (mainly amino acids and organic acids), enzymes related with C: N balance, water transport and cell wall recycling are enhanced in Emerald. In ripe fruit, Emerald showed an enrichment of proteins associated with TCA, nitrogen, small molecules and cell wall in muro recycling processes, while mannitol and fatty acid metabolism were enhanced in the soft variety. The measured variation in metabolite levels gave strong support to the precedent results. This study suggests that at fruit set, a composite scenario of active metabolic recycling of the cell wall, improved C: N balance and solute accumulation give place to a more efficient carbon and water resource management. During the ripe stage, an increased and efficient in muro and metabolic recycling of the cell wall, added to enhanced inositol and secondary metabolism may be responsible for a best turgor conservation in Emerald. These findings may yield clues for improvements in fertilization practices, as well as to assist the guided development of new varieties based on biochemical quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Montecchiarini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E Margarit
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L Morales
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M F Rivadeneira
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F Bello
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - A Gollán
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - D Vázquez
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F E Podestá
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - K E J Tripodi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lahaye M, Bouin C, Barbacci A, Le Gall S, Foucat L. Water and cell wall contributions to apple mechanical properties. Food Chem 2018; 268:386-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
31
|
Wefers D, Flörchinger R, Bunzel M. Detailed Structural Characterization of Arabinans and Galactans of 14 Apple Cultivars Before and After Cold Storage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1451. [PMID: 30333848 PMCID: PMC6175989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and textural properties of apples are greatly influenced by both cultivar and structural composition of their pectic polysaccharides. In previous studies, it was demonstrated that neutral pectic side chains (arabinans and galactans) play a major role during fruit development and postharvest processes. However, these complex polymers have a high structural heterogeneity, and some structural elements such as side chain substituents and substitution of neighboring residues cannot be analyzed by using conventional analytical methods. Therefore, fine structures of arabinans and galactans were analyzed in 14 apple cultivars before and after storage. Besides conventional methods such as methylation analysis, profiling approaches based on enzymatic cleavage were applied to obtain detailed information on the neutral side chains of pectins. Structurally different, highly branched arabinans and linear β-1,4-linked galactans were detected in all cultivars. By using enzymatic profiling approaches, rare structural elements such as β-arabinofuranose and α-arabinopyranose residues were detected. In addition, the combination of all methods indicated structural differences with regard to ramification position or patterns. Cold storage resulted in decreased portions of branched arabinans. It was demonstrated that arabinan decomposition is independent of previously detected structural variations. In addition, analysis of endo-arabinanase hydrolysates demonstrated that β-arabinofuranose containing side chains are enriched after storage and may play a major role in postharvest processes. Analysis of endo-galactanase hydrolysates showed decreased portions of galactan-bound, terminal α-arabinopyranose units after storage. Therefore, these residues are most likely removed during postharvest galactan decomposition. The results of this study demonstrate the high complexity of neutral pectin side chains in apples and that pectic structural elements are differently prone to postharvest modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wefers
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang H, Liu J, Dang M, Zhang B, Li H, Meng R, Qu D, Yang Y, Zhao Z. Analysis of β-Galactosidase During Fruit Development and Ripening in Two Different Texture Types of Apple Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:539. [PMID: 29740469 PMCID: PMC5928752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
β-galactosidase (β-Gal), one of the cell wall modifying enzymes, plays an important role in fruit ripening and softening. However, its role in apple fruit texture remains unclear. In this study, the role of β-Gal was analyzed in two apple cultivars, 'Fuji' and 'Qinguan,' which are characterized by different fruit texture types, during fruit development and ripening. The firmness and pectin content of the fruits rapidly decreased and were much lower in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan' from 105 days after full bloom (DAFB). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the pectin-rich middle lamella was substantially degraded from 105 to 180 DAFB in the two apple cultivars. However, the degradation was more severe in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan.' Subcellular localization analysis showed that the Mdβ-Gal1, Mdβ-Gal2, and Mdβ-Gal5 proteins were located in the cell wall. β-Gal activity continuously increased during all fruit developmental stages and was much higher in the mature fruits of 'Fuji' than in those of 'Qinguan,' indicating that pectin was degraded by β-Gal. Consistent with the enzyme activities, expression levels of β-Gal genes (Mdβ-Gal1, Mdβ-Gal2, and Mdβ-Gal5) showed only slight changes from 60 to 105 DAFB but then dramatically increased until fruit ripening, with higher values in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan.' Furthermore, we found that activities of deletion derivatives in the Mdβ-Gal2 promoter and transcript level of Mdβ-Gal2 were induced by the treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene (ETH) hormones. Two ETH and one MeJA hormone-responsive elements were identified by analyzing the promoter sequence. These results suggest that β-Gals, induced by ETH and MeJA, are involved in different fruit texture types of apple cultivars by influencing the degradation of pectin during the mature fruit stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meile Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dong Qu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yazhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Apple Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Frost JKT, Flanagan BM, Brummell DA, O'Donoghue EM, Mishra S, Gidley MJ, Monro JA. Composition and structure of tuber cell walls affect in vitro digestibility of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Food Funct 2018; 7:4202-4212. [PMID: 27722373 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The digestibility of starchy foods, such as potatoes, can be characterized by the proportion of starch that is rapidly digestible by in vitro hydrolysis (rapidly digestible starch, RDS). This study evaluated the RDS content in a potato germplasm collection consisting of 98 genotypes and identified three advanced lines, Crop39, Crop71 and Crop85, where cooked potato RDS content was significantly lower than that of their respective isolated starches (P < 0.05). In Crop39, Crop71 and Crop85, the properties of their isolated starch did not differ significantly from that of five control lines with higher RDS contents. Cell wall analyses revealed that, compared with other lines tested, Crop39, Crop71 and Crop85 had at least four times the amount of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) galactan side-chains that were very firmly attached to the wall and requiring 4 M KOH for extraction. Pectin solubilization during cooking was also remarkably low (2-4%) in these three lines compared with other lines tested (7-19%). The findings suggest that possession of higher amounts of RG-I galactan that interact strongly with cellulose may provide a sturdier wall that better resists solubilization during cooking, and effectively impedes access of digestive enzymes for starch hydrolysis in an in vitro model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovyn K T Frost
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Bernadine M Flanagan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Erin M O'Donoghue
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Suman Mishra
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - John A Monro
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cáez-Ramírez G, Alamilla-Beltrán L, Gutiérrez-López GF. Morphometric analysis and tissue structural continuity evaluation of senescence progression in fresh cut papaya ( Carica papaya L.). J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
35
|
Videcoq P, Barbacci A, Assor C, Magnenet V, Arnould O, Le Gall S, Lahaye M. Examining the contribution of cell wall polysaccharides to the mechanical properties of apple parenchyma tissue using exogenous enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5137-5146. [PMID: 29036637 PMCID: PMC5853499 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelastic mechanical properties of water-rich plant tissues are fundamental for many aspects of organ physiology and plant functioning. These properties are determined partly by the water in cellular vacuole and partly by the mechanical properties of the cell wall, the latter varying according to the composition and organization of its polysaccharides. In this study, relationships between the viscoelastic properties of apple cortex parenchyma tissue and cell wall pectin, hemicelluloses, and cellulose structures were studied by infusing the tissue with selected sets of purified enzymes in a controlled osmoticum. The results showed that tissue elasticity and viscosity were related, and controlled to variable extents by all the targeted polysaccharides. Among them, pectic homogalacturonan domains, crystalline cellulose, and fucosylated xyloglucan were revealed as being of prime importance in determining the viscoelastic mechanical properties of apple cortex tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Videcoq
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Adelin Barbacci
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Carole Assor
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Université de Montpellier, LMGC, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Magnenet
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7357 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICube), CNRS, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Prakash R, Hallett IC, Wong SF, Johnston SL, O’Donoghue EM, McAtee PA, Seal AG, Atkinson RG, Schröder R. Cell separation in kiwifruit without development of a specialised detachment zone. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:86. [PMID: 28486974 PMCID: PMC5424339 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike in abscission or dehiscence, fruit of kiwifruit Actinidia eriantha develop the ability for peel detachment when they are ripe and soft in the absence of a morphologically identifiable abscission zone. Two closely-related genotypes with contrasting detachment behaviour have been identified. The 'good-peeling' genotype has detachment with clean debonding of cells, and a peel tissue that does not tear. The 'poor-peeling' genotype has poor detachability, with cells that rupture upon debonding, and peel tissue that fragments easily. RESULTS Structural studies indicated that peel detachability in both genotypes occurred in the outer pericarp beneath the hypodermis. Immunolabelling showed differences in methylesterification of pectin, where the interface of labelling coincided with the location of detachment in the good-peeling genotype, whereas in the poor-peeling genotype, no such interface existed. This zone of difference in methylesterification was enhanced by differential cell wall changes between the peel and outer pericarp tissue. Although both genotypes expressed two polygalacturonase genes, no enzyme activity was detected in the good-peeling genotype, suggesting limited pectin breakdown, keeping cell walls strong without tearing or fragmentation of the peel and flesh upon detachment. Differences in location and amounts of wall-stiffening galactan in the peel of the good-peeling genotype possibly contributed to this phenotype. Hemicellulose-acting transglycosylases were more active in the good-peeling genotype, suggesting an influence on peel flexibility by remodelling their substrates during development of detachability. High xyloglucanase activity in the peel of the good-peeling genotype may contribute by having a strengthening effect on the cellulose-xyloglucan network. CONCLUSIONS In fruit of A. eriantha, peel detachability is due to the establishment of a zone of discontinuity created by differential cell wall changes in peel and outer pericarp tissues that lead to changes in mechanical properties of the peel. During ripening, the peel becomes flexible and the cells continue to adhere strongly to each other, preventing breakage, whereas the underlying outer pericarp loses cell wall strength as softening proceeds. Together these results reveal a novel and interesting mechanism for enabling cell separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Ian C. Hallett
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sally F. Wong
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sarah L. Johnston
- PFR, Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Cnr Crosses and St George’s Roads, Havelock North, 4130 New Zealand
| | - Erin M. O’Donoghue
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Fitzherbert Science Centre, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Peter A. McAtee
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Alan G. Seal
- PFR, Te Puke Research Centre, 412 No 1 Road RD 2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Guillon F, Moïse A, Quemener B, Bouchet B, Devaux MF, Alvarado C, Lahaye M. Remodeling of pectin and hemicelluloses in tomato pericarp during fruit growth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 257:48-62. [PMID: 28224918 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruit texture depends on histology and cell wall architecture, both under genetic and developmental controls. If ripening related cell wall modifications have been well documented with regard to softening, little is known about cell wall construction during early fruit development. Identification of key events and their kinetics with regard to tissue architecture and cell wall development can provide new insights on early phases of texture elaboration. In this study, changes in pectin and hemicellulose chemical characteristics and location were investigated in the pericarp tissue of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon var Levovil) at four stages of development (7, 14 and 21day after anthesis (DPA) and mature green stages). Analysis of cell wall composition and polysaccharide structure revealed that both are continuously modified during fruit development. At early stages, the relative high rhamnose content in cell walls indicates a high synthesis of rhamnogalacturonan I next to homogalacturonan. Fine tuning of rhamnogalacturonan I side chains appears to occur from the cell expansion phase until prior to the mature green stage. Cell wall polysaccharide remodelling also concerns xyloglucans and (galacto)glucomannans, the major hemicelluloses in tomato cell walls. In situ localization of cell wall polysaccharides in pericarp tissue revealed non-ramified RG-I rich pectin and XyG at cellular junctions and in the middle lamella of young fruit. Blocks of non-methyl esterified homogalacturonan are detected as soon as 14 DPA in the mesocarp and remained restricted to cell corner and middle lamella whatever the stages. These results point to new questions about the role of pectin RGI and XyG in cell adhesion and its maintenance during cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Guillon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Moïse
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Quemener
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Devaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Camille Alvarado
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Slow softening of Kanzi apples (Malus×domestica L.) is associated with preservation of pectin integrity in middle lamella. Food Chem 2016; 211:883-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
39
|
Xu J, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Hou Y, Dong W. Transcriptome Analysis and Ultrastructure Observation Reveal that Hawthorn Fruit Softening Is due to Cellulose/Hemicellulose Degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1524. [PMID: 27790234 PMCID: PMC5063854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Softening, a common phenomenon in many fruits, is a well coordinated and genetically determined process. However, the process of flesh softening during ripening has rarely been described in hawthorn. In this study, we found that 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits became softer during ripening, whereas 'Qiu JinXing' fruits remained hard. At late developmental stages, the firmness of 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits rapidly declined, and that of 'Qiu JinXing' fruits remained essentially unchanged. According to transmission electron microscopy, the middle lamella of 'Qiu JinXing' and 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruit flesh was largely degraded as the fruits matured. Microfilaments in 'Qiu JinXing' flesh were arranged close together and were deep in color, whereas those in 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruit flesh were arranged loosely, partially degraded and light in color. RNA-Seq analysis yielded approximately 46.72 Gb of clean data and 72,837 unigenes. Galactose metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions are involved in cell wall metabolism, play an important role in hawthorn texture. We identified 85 unigenes related to the cell wall between hard- and soft-fleshed hawthorn fruits. Based on data analysis and real-time PCR, we suggest that β-GAL and PE4 have important functions in early fruit softening. The genes Ffase, Gns,α-GAL, PE63, XTH, and CWP, which are involved in cell wall degradation, are responsible for the different textures of hawthorn fruits. Thus, we hypothesize that the different textures of 'Qiu JinXing' and 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits at maturity mainly result from cellulose/hemicelluloses degradation rather than from lamella degradation. Overall, we propose that different types of hydrolytic enzymes in cells interact to degrade the cell wall, resulting in ultramicroscopic Structure changes in the cell wall and, consequently, fruit softening. These results provide fundamental insight regarding the mechanisms by which hawthorn fruits acquire different textures and also lay a solid foundation for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yali Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dheilly E, Gall SL, Guillou MC, Renou JP, Bonnin E, Orsel M, Lahaye M. Cell wall dynamics during apple development and storage involves hemicellulose modifications and related expressed genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:201. [PMID: 27630120 PMCID: PMC5024441 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit quality depends on a series of biochemical events that modify appearance, flavour and texture throughout fruit development and ripening. Cell wall polysaccharide remodelling largely contributes to the elaboration of fleshy fruit texture. Although several genes and enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and modifications are known, their coordinated activity in these processes is yet to be discovered. RESULTS Combined transcriptomic and biochemical analyses allowed the identification of putative enzymes and related annotated members of gene families involved in cell wall polysaccharide composition and structural changes during apple fruit growth and ripening. The early development genes were mainly related to cell wall biosynthesis and degradation with a particular target on hemicelluloses. Fine structural evolutions of galactoglucomannan were strongly correlated with mannan synthase, glucanase (GH9) and β-galactosidase gene expression. In contrast, fewer genes related to pectin metabolism and cell expansion (expansin genes) were observed in ripening fruit combined with expected changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition. CONCLUSIONS Hemicelluloses undergo major structural changes particularly during early fruit development. The high number of early expressed β-galactosidase genes questions their function on galactosylated structures during fruit development and storage. Their activity and cell wall substrate remains to be identified. Moreover, new insights into the potential role of peroxidases and transporters, along with cell wall metabolism open the way to further studies on concomitant mechanisms involved in cell wall assembly/disassembly during fruit development and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Dheilly
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Guillou
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Orsel
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Szymańska-Chargot M, Chylińska M, Pieczywek PM, Rösch P, Schmitt M, Popp J, Zdunek A. Raman imaging of changes in the polysaccharides distribution in the cell wall during apple fruit development and senescence. PLANTA 2016; 243:935-45. [PMID: 26733465 PMCID: PMC4819746 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Du ring on-tree ripening, the pectin distribution changed from polydispersed in cell wall to cumulated in cell wall corners. During apple storage, the pectin distribution returned to evenly dispersed along the cell wall. The plant cell wall influences the texture properties of fruit tissue for example apples become softer during ripening and postharvest storage. This softening process is believed to be mainly connected with changes in the cell wall composition due to polysaccharides undergoing an enzymatic degradation. These changes in polysaccharides are currently mainly investigated via chemical analysis or monoclonal labeling. Here, we propose the application of Raman microscopy for evaluating the changes in the polysaccharide distribution in the cell wall of apples during both ripening and postharvest storage. The apples were harvested 1 month and 2 weeks before optimal harvest date as well as at the optimal harvest date. The apples harvested at optimal harvest date were stored for 3 months. The Raman maps, as well as the chemical analysis were obtained for each harvest date and after 1, 2 and 3 months of storage, respectively. The analysis of the Raman maps showed that the pectins in the middle lamella and primary cell wall undergo a degradation. The changes in cellulose and hemicellulose were less pronounced. These findings were confirmed by the chemical analysis results. During development changes of pectins from a polydispersed form in the cell walls to a cumulated form in cell wall corners could be observed. In contrast after 3 months of apple storage we could observe an substantial pectin decrease. The obtained results demonstrate that Raman chemical imaging might be a very useful tool for a first identification of compositional changes in plant tissue during their development. The great advantage Raman microspectroscopy offers is the simultaneous localization and identification of polysaccharides within the cell wall and plant tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szymańska-Chargot
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin 27, Poland.
| | - Monika Chylińska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin 27, Poland
| | - Piotr M Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin 27, Poland
| | - Petra Rösch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin 27, Poland
| |
Collapse
|