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Morgan JA, Bednarz JM, Semo R, Clark SR, Schubert KO. Long-term recreational exercise patterns in adolescents and young adults: Trajectory predictors and associations with health, mental-health, and educational outcomes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0284660. [PMID: 38512914 PMCID: PMC10956783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Individual and societal factors influencing the formation of long-term recreational exercise habits during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood are not well explored. Using data from the Longitudinal Survey of Australian Youth (LSAY), a population-representative cohort study of Young People followed from age 15 to 25, we aimed to (1) model longitudinal recreational exercise trajectories from age 16 to 24, (2) examine predictors at age 15 of entering these trajectories, and (3) explore the association between the trajectories and health, mental health and educational achievement outcomes measured at the final study wave (age 25). Self-reported recreational exercise frequency data from 9353 LSAY participants were analysed using group-based trajectory modelling. We modelled the evolution of two patterns of recreational exercise behaviour: daily exercise, as per public health guidelines (Model 1); and at least once weekly exercise (Model 2). Model 1 trajectories were guideline-adherent exercisers (17.9% of the sample), never guideline exercisers (27.5%), guideline drop-outs (15.2%) and towards guideline (39.4%); Model 2 trajectories were weekly exercise (69.5% of the sample), decreasing (17.4%), increasing (4.8%), and infrequent (8.3%). For both models, at age 15, trajectory membership was predicted by gender, self-efficacy, time spent participating in sport, time spent watching TV, parental socioeconomic status, and academic literacy. At age 25, people in the guideline-adherent exerciser trajectory (model 1) reported better general health relative to other trajectories, Those in the weekly exerciser trajectory (model 2) had better general health and reduced rates of psychological distress, were happier with life and were more optimistic for the future relative to participants in less than weekly trajectory groups. Exercise-promoting interventions for Young People should specifically address the needs of females, people with low self-efficacy, reluctant exercisers, higher academic achievers, and those experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ayliffe Morgan
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jana Maria Bednarz
- Adelaide Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ronnie Semo
- National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Scott Richard Clark
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Klaus Oliver Schubert
- Adelaide Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Mental Health Service, SA Health, Salisbury, SA, Australia
- headspace Early Psychosis, headspace Adelaide, Sonder, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Bendau A, Petzold MB, Kaminski J, Plag J, Ströhle A. Exercise as Treatment for "Stress-Related" Mental Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:420-436. [PMID: 37779399 PMCID: PMC10845075 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666230927103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial impact of physical activity on preventing and treating mental disorders has captured growing (research) interest. This article aims to provide a concise overview of essential evidence regarding the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of physical activity for individuals with mental disorders clustered as "stress-related" conditions. Empirical findings (e.g., longitudinalprospective studies, interventional randomized-controlled-trials, reviews, meta-analyses) regarding the effects of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of stress-related mental disorders are summarized. Furthermore, potential mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed, and recommendations regarding the use of physical activity are outlined. The majority of studies indicate good efficacy of physical activity in prospectively lowering the risk for the incidence of subsequent stress-related mental disorders as well as in the treatment of manifest disorders. Most evidence targets unipolar depressive disorder and, secondly, anxiety disorders. Research regarding posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and somatoform disorders is promising but scarce. Physical activity seems to be useful as a stand-alone-treatment as well as in combination with other psychotherapeutic or pharmacological treatments. Multiple intertwined physiological, psychological, and social mechanisms are assumed to mediate the beneficial effects. Recommendations regarding physical activity can orientate on official guidelines but should consider the individual needs and circumstances of each subject. In summary, physical activity seems to be effective in the prevention and treatment of stressrelated mental disorders and, therefore, should be fostered in healthcare-settings. Future studies are needed to clarify partly inconsistent patterns of results and to close research gaps, e.g., concerning somatoform disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bendau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Plag
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Oberberg Fachklinik Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Garant RC, Tobalske BW, Ben Sassi N, van Staaveren N, Tulpan D, Widowski T, Powers DR, Harlander-Matauschek A. Does wing use and disuse cause behavioural and musculoskeletal changes in domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus domesticus)? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220809. [PMID: 36704252 PMCID: PMC9874265 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Domestic chickens may live in environments which restrict wing muscle usage. Notably, reduced wing activity and accompanying muscle weakness are hypothesized risk factors for keel bone fractures and deviations. We used radio-frequency identification (RFID) to measure duration spent at elevated resources (feeders, nest-boxes), ultrasonography to measure muscle thickness (breast and lower leg) changes, radiography and palpation to determine fractures and deviations, respectively, following no, partial (one-sided wing sling) and full (cage) immobilization in white- and brown-feathered birds. We hypothesized partially immobilized hens would reduce elevated resource usage and that both immobilization groups would show decreased pectoralis thickness (disuse) and increased prevalence of fractures and deviations. Elevated nest-box usage was 42% lower following five weeks of partial immobilization for brown-feathered hens but no change in resource usage in white-feathered birds was observed. Fully immobilized, white-feathered hens showed a 17% reduction in pectoralis thickness, while the brown-feathered counterparts showed no change. Lastly, fractures and deviations were not affected in either strain or form of wing immobilization; however, overall low numbers of birds presented with these issues. Altogether, this study shows a profound difference between white- and brown-feathered hens in response to wing immobilization and associated muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée C. Garant
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Bret W. Tobalske
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Neila Ben Sassi
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nienke van Staaveren
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Dan Tulpan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Tina Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Donald R. Powers
- Department of Biology, George Fox University, 414 N Meridian Street, Newberg, OR 97132, USA
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Donofry SD, Stillman CM, Hanson JL, Sheridan M, Sun S, Loucks EB, Erickson KI. Promoting brain health through physical activity among adults exposed to early life adversity: Potential mechanisms and theoretical framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:688-703. [PMID: 34624365 PMCID: PMC8642290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect, and poverty, profoundly alter neurobehavioral development in a manner that negatively impacts health across the lifespan. Adults who have been exposed to such adversities exhibit premature and more severe age-related declines in brain health. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether the negative effects of early life adversity (ELA) on brain health can be remediated through intervention in adulthood. Physical activity may represent a low-cost behavioral approach to address the long-term consequences of ELA on brain health. However, there has been limited research examining the impact of physical activity on brain health among adults with a history of ELA. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to (1) review the influence of ELA on brain health in adulthood and (2) highlight evidence for the role of neurotrophic factors, hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis regulation, inflammatory processes, and epigenetic modifications in mediating the effects of both ELA and physical activity on brain health outcomes in adulthood. We then propose a theoretical framework to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Donofry
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Psychiatric and Behavioral Health Institute, Allegheny Health Network Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jamie L Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Margaret Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shufang Sun
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eric B Loucks
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Yates K, Lång U, Peters EM, Wigman JTW, McNicholas F, Cannon M, DeVylder J, Ramsay H, Oh H, Kelleher I. Hallucinations in the general population across the adult lifespan: prevalence and psychopathologic significance. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 219:652-658. [PMID: 35048871 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community studies have found a relatively high prevalence of hallucinations, which are associated with a range of (psychotic and non-psychotic) mental disorders, as well as with suicidal ideation and behaviour. The literature on hallucinations in the general population has largely focused on adolescents and young adults. AIMS We aimed to explore the prevalence and psychopathologic significance of hallucinations across the adult lifespan. METHOD Using the 1993, 2000, 2007 and 2014 cross-sectional Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey series (N = 33 637), we calculated the prevalence of past-year hallucinations in the general population ages 16 to ≥90 years. We used logistic regression to examine the relationship between hallucinations and a range of mental disorders, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. RESULTS The prevalence of past-year hallucinations varied across the adult lifespan, from a high of 7% in individuals aged 16-19 years, to a low of 3% in individuals aged ≥70 years. In all age groups, hallucinations were associated with increased risk for mental disorders, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, but there was also evidence of significant age-related variation. In particular, hallucinations in older adults were less likely to be associated with a cooccurring mental disorder, suicidal ideation or suicide attempt compared with early adulthood and middle age. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight important life-course developmental features of hallucinations from early adulthood to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Yates
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Ulla Lång
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Evyn M Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Johanna T W Wigman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona McNicholas
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland; Lucena Clinic Services, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service of St. John of God Community Services, Ireland; and Department of Child Psychiatry, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
| | - Hugh Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Ireland
| | - Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, California, USA
| | - Ian Kelleher
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland; and Lucena Clinic Services, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service of St. John of God Community Services, Ireland
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Pila E, Gilchrist JD, Huellemann KL, Adam MEK, Sabiston CM. Body surveillance prospectively linked with physical activity via body shame in adolescent girls. Body Image 2021; 36:276-282. [PMID: 33545529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The socialization of girls to habitually monitor their bodies, via the process of body surveillance, contributes to an increased risk of negative physical and psychological experiences. The present study examined if body surveillance may also contribute to the decrease in physical activity that is observed in girls during adolescence, and if this association is mediated by body shame (operationalized as both experienced and anticipated shame when imagining changes to one's body in the future). Physically active adolescent girls (n = 206) reported body surveillance at baseline, and measures of experienced and anticpated body shame, and physical activity two years later. Body surveillance was indirectly associated with physical activity via the experience and anticipation of body shame. Specifically, the experience of body shame was associated with lower reported engagement in physical activity (b = -0.13, 95 % CI [-0.23, -0.03]), whereas the anticipation of body shame was associated with higher physical activity (b = 0.07, 95 % CI [0.01, 0.15]), possibly for the purpose of appearance management. Due to the opposing directional effects of experienced versus anticipated body shame, it is important to consider both facets of this emotional experience in understanding how vigilant bodily monitoring impacts physical activity engagement in adolescent girls.
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Purborini N, Lee MB, Devi HM, Chang HJ. Associated factors of depression among young adults in Indonesia: A population-based longitudinal study. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 120:1434-1443. [PMID: 33558103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Depression is highly prevalent among young adults in Indonesia; despite this, information pertaining to the associated factors of depression remains scarce. In this study, we aimed to identify these associated factors among young adults in Indonesia by using a longitudinal study design. METHODS We undertook secondary data analyses of the Indonesia Family Life Survey. Questionnaires related to smoking behavior, acute morbidities, perceived health, experience of natural disasters, and sociodemographic records from 2007 were used as independent variables and depression in 2014 was used as the outcome variable. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach was used to investigate the associated factors of depression. RESULTS The prevalence of depression among 1960 young adults was 27.86%. Based on the GEE results, perceived health was significantly negatively correlated with depression in 2014 (p < .001), whereas smoking behavior, smoking cessation, and acute morbidities in 2007 were significantly positively correlated with depression in 2014 (p < .001). CONCLUSION We report that the early identification of depression in this population is pivotal and relevant associated factors should be considered when developing preventive programs to avoid depression in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Purborini
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Ming-Been Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan; Taiwan Suicide Prevention Center, Taiwan; Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; Taiwanese Society of Suicidology, Taiwan; Taiwan Association Against Depression, Taiwan
| | - Hilda Mazarina Devi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tribhuwana Tunggadewi, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Hsiu-Ju Chang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Körperliche Aktivität in der Prävention und Behandlung von Angsterkrankungen. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-020-00414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Adherence to Life-Style Recommendations and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study of Children Aged 10 to 11 Years. Psychosom Med 2020; 82:305-315. [PMID: 32251098 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children and youth is high, and temporal increases have been paralleled by deteriorating life-styles. Poor diet quality, physical inactivity, poor sleep habits, and sedentary behaviors have all been associated with ADHD. However, no earlier prospective study has examined the independent and combined importance of meeting established life-style recommendations in childhood for ADHD in adolescence. We examined the associations of adherence to life-style recommendations with the incidence of ADHD and the utilization of health services associated with ADHD. METHODS Life-style survey among 10- and 11-year-old students (N = 3436) was linked to administrative health data. Associations between adherence to nine established life-style recommendations with ADHD diagnosis and number of physician visits for ADHD until age 14 years were examined using Cox proportional hazard and negative binomial regression. RESULTS Before age 14 years, 10.8% of students received an ADHD diagnosis. Meeting recommendations for vegetables and fruit, meat and alternatives, saturated fat, added sugar, and physical activity was associated with fewer ADHD diagnoses. Compared with children who met one to three recommendations, meeting seven to nine recommendations was associated with substantially lower incidence of ADHD and fewer physician visits related to ADHD (hazard ratio = 0.42 [95% confidence interval = 0.28-0.61]; rate ratio = 0.38 [95% confidence interval = 0.22-0.65]). CONCLUSIONS Life-style recommendations exist to benefit development and physical health. Their promotion comes at no harm and may have benefits for ADHD. Experimental evidence is needed to clarify the potential bidirectional relationship between ADHD and adverse health behaviors.
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Bueno-Antequera J, Munguía-Izquierdo D. Exercise and Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:317-332. [PMID: 32342467 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by distortions of thinking and perception, with no strictly pathognomonic symptoms that can be divided into positive, negative, and cognitive symptom domains. People with schizophrenia have, between others, a reduced life expectancy and cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia compared to the general population. Furthermore, the economic burden of mental disorders including schizophrenia is evident and it is expected to increase to more than double by 2030. Therefore, reducing the growing burden of mental disorders such as schizophrenia should be a health priority. Improved prevention and treatment are two key factors that may reduce the burden of schizophrenia. Pharmacological- and psychotherapy-based interventions have been traditionally considered for treating schizophrenia disorders; however, there is an increasing amount of scientific evidence confirming that physical activity and physical exercise should be highly considered in prevention and treatment of schizophrenia disorders. In this chapter, we aim to summarize and discuss the research progress of physical activity and exercise in prevention and treatment of schizophrenia disorder. Specifically, we summarized and discussed the research progress of the prognostic use of physical activity for incident schizophrenia; the importance of other outcomes typically improved by physical activity/exercise such as obesity and fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness) for future schizophrenia; the research progress of the evidence of the benefits of exercise in people with schizophrenia disorders differentiating between effects of exercise on varied health outcomes, cognitive functioning, and cardiorespiratory fitness; and finally the clinical practice recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bueno-Antequera
- Physical Performance Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- Physical Performance Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain. .,Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging, Madrid, Spain.
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Tacchi MJ, Heggelund J, Scott J. Predictive validity of objective measures of physical fitness for the new onset of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:1310-1318. [PMID: 30666789 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review evidence that objectively assessed level of physical fitness is associated with future risk of adverse mental health outcomes during the peak age range for onset of adult mental disorders. METHODS Searches of Electronic databases (EBSCOhost, SPORTDISCUS, EMBASE, MedLINE, Cochrane database, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Dissertation Abstracts), supplemented by hand searches of journals, conference proceedings and citations. Random-effects meta-analysis models were used to pool the intervention effects. RESULTS Eight studies of adolescents and young adults were included in the qualitative review and six studies derived from four independent cohorts were included in the statistical analyses. Most publications reported on large samples (including >1 million), but male conscripts were over-represented in the study cohorts; quality of included studies was modest, and heterogeneity was significant. Meta-analytic estimates were conducted for different adverse mental health outcomes, but all showed an inverse association between fitness and incidence of mental disorders or suicidality. Overall, higher level of physical fitness was associated with lower rates of onset of mental health problems (odds ratio: 0.59; 95% confidence intervals: 0.54, 0.65). CONCLUSIONS All eligible studies were undertaken since 2010, suggesting this is an emerging but unfinished field of research. The study design and methodological limitations indicate that the reported results should be treated with caution. However, if the meta-analytic findings are reliably replicated for new cohorts of males and females, they have implications for research into the prevention of non-communicable diseases, as our review suggests that interventions should target physical and mental health in equal measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Tacchi
- Crisis Resolution and Home-Based Treatment Service, NTW NHS Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Jorn Heggelund
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Scott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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12
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Suetani S, Stubbs B, McGrath JJ, Scott JG. Physical activity of people with mental disorders compared to the general population: a systematic review of longitudinal cohort studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:1443-1457. [PMID: 31444516 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated if (a) people with lower physical activity have an increased risk of subsequent mental disorders (compared to those with higher physical activity); and (b) people with mental disorders have reduced subsequent physical activity (compared to those without mental disorders). METHODS A systematic review of population-based longitudinal studies examining physical activity and mental disorders was conducted. Mental disorders were defined by International Classification of Diseases or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The results were described in a narrative summary. RESULTS Twenty-two studies were included. The majority (19) examined mood disorders and physical activity. Only two studies found consistent association between lower physical activity and a reduced risk of subsequent mental disorders. One study found the bidirectional association between physical activity and major depression. Twelve studies found mixed results (i.e., no consistency in direction and significance of the findings), and seven studies found no association between the variables of interest. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of consistent evidence linking physical activity to be either a risk factor or consequence of mental disorders. PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID CRD42017071737.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Suetani
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia. .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. .,Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Services, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.,Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John J McGrath
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,National Centre for Register-based Research, The Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - James G Scott
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.,Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
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13
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Perfectly Active Teenagers. When Does Physical Exercise Help Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224525. [PMID: 31731765 PMCID: PMC6888202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the context of physical activity and sport, perfectionism and the regular practice of physical activity are related to psychological well-being and the regulation of psychological resources necessary for adaptation to effort and satisfaction. At the same time, the most active students are also those who show greater appetites for physical education classes. The goal of this work was to identify the influence of perfectionist beliefs and the regularity of the practice of physical exercise on psychological well-being. The participants were adolescents (n = 436) aged between 14 and 19 years (M = 16.80, SD = 0.77). They were administered the Multidimensional Perfection Scale, the Psychological Wellbeing Scale, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQv2), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The results showed, under a non-random and transversal design, that the participants gave important value to physical exercise because they feel both active and vigorous. Regarding perfectionism, the functional aspects of perfectionism (expectations of achievement and organization) correlated positively, while the dysfunctional aspects (fear of committing errors and external expectations) did so negatively with the importance given to physical exercise performed by adolescents; this in turn positively predicted psychological well-being. In this way, the hypothesized model contemplated the relevance of the included variables and reflected the mediation of the degree of importance given to the practice of physical exercise on perfectionist beliefs and psychological well-being. Currently, most physical activity practice proposals for adolescents focus on federated and structured environments for competition, and those that deal with recreational and health-oriented sports are far less common. Hence, “the perfect way of doing sports” for a teenager should be accompanied by cognitive schemes aimed at strengthening psychological resources that allow the regulation of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
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Opdal IM, Morseth B, Handegård BH, Lillevoll K, Ask H, Nielsen CS, Horsch A, Furberg AS, Rosenbaum S, Rognmo K. Change in physical activity is not associated with change in mental distress among adolescents: the Tromsø study: Fit Futures. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:916. [PMID: 31288796 PMCID: PMC6617649 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research shows that physical activity has a protective effect on mental distress in adults, but the relationship is less researched and seems more ambiguous for adolescents. Studies in this field have typically been cross-sectional by design and based on self-reported physical activity measures, which are known to be vulnerable to response bias. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between change in objectively assessed physical activity as measured by accelerometer and change in mental distress among adolescents using longitudinal data from The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures. Method This study was based on data from 676 upper-secondary school students (mean age 16.23 years at baseline, 45.26% boys) from The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures. Physical activity, mental distress and covariates were measured at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) 2 years later. Physical activity was objectively measured with an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer over 7 days. Mental distress was measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). Change score variables were computed as the difference between T1 and T2 in number of steps, number of minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and mental distress between T1 and T2, and analyzed using linear regression analysis. Results Changes in steps per day were not associated with changes in mental distress in neither the crude, partially, nor fully adjusted model. Neither was changes in minutes of MVPA per day. Interaction effects between change in both steps per day and minutes of MVPA and gender were also not statistically significant, nor was the interaction effects between baseline levels of mental distress and physical activity. Conclusion The results of our study indicate that for adolescents in the sample, change in physical activity is unrelated to change in mental distress over a two-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Marie Opdal
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Bente Morseth
- School of Sports Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Handegård
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjersti Lillevoll
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Helga Ask
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Alexander Horsch
- Department of Computer Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Sofie Furberg
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- School of psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kamilla Rognmo
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Hallgren M, Nguyen TTD, Lundin A, Vancampfort D, Stubbs B, Schuch F, Bellocco R, Lagerros YT. Prospective associations between physical activity and clinician diagnosed major depressive disorder in adults: A 13-year cohort study. Prev Med 2019; 118:38-43. [PMID: 30316879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) appears to protect against the emergence of depression, but prospective studies linked to clinician diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) remain scarce. It is also unclear whether PA levels recommended for general health are prospectively related to depression onset. We explored these relationships in a cohort of adults followed over 13 years. In total, 43,863 Swedish adults were surveyed in 1997 and responses linked to clinician-diagnosed MDD obtained from specialist medical registers until 2010. Weekly durations of habitual moderate (including walking) and vigorous PA were self-reported. Relationships between total durations of PA, 0-149 ('below'), 150-299 ('achieve'), and ≥300 min ('exceed') with incident MDD were explored using survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression. Models were adjusted for relevant covariates. Those with indications of depression at baseline were removed from the primary analyses. Of 25,520 participants with complete data (mean age = 49 years, SD = 16, 65% female), 76% met the recommended weekly duration of PA (≥150 min), and 38% exceeded this duration (≥300 min). During 13-years follow-up 549 MDD cases (1.5%) were identified (incidence rate = 111 cases per 100,000 person-years). Compared to participants who were below, those who exceeded the recommended weekly duration (≥300 min/week) had 29% reduced risk of depression onset (HR 0.71, 95% CI = 0.53-0.96). A non-significant inverse association was observed among those who achieved the minimum duration of 150-min/week (HR 0.86, 95% CI = 0.64-1.14). Habitual PA levels that exceed the duration recommended for general health may reduce the risk of clinician-diagnosed major depression in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Hallgren
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Thi-Thuy-Dung Nguyen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe Schuch
- Centro Universitário La Salle (Unilasalle), Canoas, Brazil; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rino Bellocco
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ylva Trolle Lagerros
- Department of Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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Crush E, Arseneault L, Moffitt TE, Danese A, Caspi A, Jaffee SR, Matthews T, Fisher HL. Protective factors for psychotic experiences amongst adolescents exposed to multiple forms of victimization. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 104:32-38. [PMID: 29929082 PMCID: PMC6109202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Experiencing multiple types of victimization (poly-victimization) during adolescence is associated with the onset of psychotic experiences (such as hearing voices, having visions, or being extremely paranoid). However, many poly-victimized adolescents will not develop such subclinical phenomena and the factors that protect them are unknown. This study investigated whether individual, family, or community-level characteristics were associated with an absence of psychotic experiences amongst poly-victimized adolescents. Participants were from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative cohort of 2232 UK-born twins. Exposure to seven different types of victimization between ages 12-18 was ascertained using a modified version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire at age 18. Adolescents were also interviewed about psychotic experiences at age 18. Protective factors were measured at ages 12 and 18. We found that exposure to poly-victimization during adolescence was associated with age-18 psychotic experiences (OR = 4.62, 95% CI 3.59-5.94, P < 0.001), but more than a third of the poly-victimized adolescents reported having no psychotic experiences (40.1%). Greater social support was found to be protective against adolescent psychotic experiences even amongst those exposed to poly-victimization. Engaging in physical activity and greater neighborhood social cohesion were also associated with a reduced likelihood of age-18 psychotic experiences in the whole sample, with non-significant trends in the poly-victimized group. Increasing social support and promoting physical activity appear to be important areas for future research into the development of preventive interventions targeting adolescent psychotic experiences. This adds further weight to calls to increase the promotion of these factors on a public health scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Crush
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Danese
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK,King's College London, Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK,National & Specialist CAMHS Trauma and Anxiety Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sara R. Jaffee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy Matthews
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Helen L. Fisher
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK,Corresponding author. SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Physical Activity and the Development of Substance Use Disorders: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. PROGRESS IN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2018; 3. [PMID: 30345414 PMCID: PMC6192057 DOI: 10.1097/pp9.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise are positive health behaviors that have been shown to reduce the risk of physical and psychological diseases. There is a strong rationale that physical activity could be a protective factor against the development of substance use disorders (SUDs), which include some of the most common mental health conditions such as tobacco and alcohol use disorder. This review examined the epidemiological literature to describe the associations of physical activity and substance use across the lifespan. The findings indicated that physical activity is positively associated with current and future alcohol use but negatively associated with tobacco and other drug use, with the strongest support originating from adolescent and young adult samples. Considerably less data exist on physical activity and other drug use in later life. Limitations in previous studies, such as the indeterminate measurement of physical activity and absence of clinical substance use disorder endpoints, should be addressed in future investigations to provide clarity regarding the strength and directions of these relationships among different substances and populations.
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