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Holliday EG, Traylor M, Malik R, Bevan S, Falcone G, Hopewell JC, Cheng YC, Cotlarciuc I, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Boncoraglio GB, Clarke R, Cole JW, Fornage M, Furie KL, Ikram MA, Jannes J, Kittner SJ, Lincz LF, Maguire JM, Meschia JF, Mosley TH, Nalls MA, Oldmeadow C, Parati EA, Psaty BM, Rothwell PM, Seshadri S, Scott RJ, Sharma P, Sudlow C, Wiggins KL, Worrall BB, Rosand J, Mitchell BD, Dichgans M, Markus HS, Levi C, Attia J, Wray NR. Genetic overlap between diagnostic subtypes of ischemic stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:615-9. [PMID: 25613305 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite moderate heritability, the phenotypic heterogeneity of ischemic stroke has hampered gene discovery, motivating analyses of diagnostic subtypes with reduced sample sizes. We assessed evidence for a shared genetic basis among the 3 major subtypes: large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), cardioembolism, and small vessel disease (SVD), to inform potential cross-subtype analyses. METHODS Analyses used genome-wide summary data for 12 389 ischemic stroke cases (including 2167 LAA, 2405 cardioembolism, and 1854 SVD) and 62 004 controls from the Metastroke consortium. For 4561 cases and 7094 controls, individual-level genotype data were also available. Genetic correlations between subtypes were estimated using linear mixed models and polygenic profile scores. Meta-analysis of a combined LAA-SVD phenotype (4021 cases and 51 976 controls) was performed to identify shared risk alleles. RESULTS High genetic correlation was identified between LAA and SVD using linear mixed models (rg=0.96, SE=0.47, P=9×10(-4)) and profile scores (rg=0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.93). Between LAA and cardioembolism and SVD and cardioembolism, correlation was moderate using linear mixed models but not significantly different from zero for profile scoring. Joint meta-analysis of LAA and SVD identified strong association (P=1×10(-7)) for single nucleotide polymorphisms near the opioid receptor μ1 (OPRM1) gene. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that LAA and SVD, which have been hitherto treated as genetically distinct, may share a substantial genetic component. Combined analyses of LAA and SVD may increase power to identify small-effect alleles influencing shared pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Holliday
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Matthew Traylor
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Rainer Malik
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Steve Bevan
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Guido Falcone
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Jemma C Hopewell
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Ioana Cotlarciuc
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Joshua C Bis
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Giorgio B Boncoraglio
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Robert Clarke
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - John W Cole
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Karen L Furie
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Jim Jannes
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Steven J Kittner
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Lisa F Lincz
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Jane M Maguire
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - James F Meschia
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Mike A Nalls
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Eugenio A Parati
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Rodney J Scott
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Cathie Sudlow
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Martin Dichgans
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Hugh S Markus
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Christopher Levi
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - John Attia
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
| | - Naomi R Wray
- From the School of Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., J.A.), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (L.F.L., R.J.S.), and School of Nursing and Midwifery (J.M.M.), University of Newcastle, Australia; Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia (E.G.H., C.O., J.A.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK (M.T., S.B., H.S.M.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität Mün-chen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (G.F., J.R.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (G.F., J.R.); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (J.C.H., R.C.) and Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine (Y.-C.C., B.D.M.) and Department of Neurology (J.W.C., S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Imperial College Cerebrovascular Research Unit (ICCRU), Imperial College, London, UK (I.C.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P., K.L.W.) and Department of Epidemiology (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (E.B., M.F.); Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (G.B.B., E.A.P.); Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (J.W.C., S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (K.L.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.A.I.); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (J.J.); H
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