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Zhang M, Yang C, Wu X, Wang Y, Wang L, Cui Q, Tong J, An Y, Cai M, Cheng S, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Zhao C, Wang Y, Huang W. Antigenic analysis of the influenza B virus hemagglutinin protein. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00139-1. [PMID: 39233140 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBVs) primarily infect humans and are a common cause of respiratory infections in humans. Here, to systematically analyze the antigenicity of the IBVs Hemagglutinin (HA) protein, 31 B/Victoria and 19 B/Yamagata representative circulating strains were selected from Global Initiative of Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID), and pseudotyped viruses were constructed with the vesicular stomatitis virus system. Guinea pigs were immunized with three doses of vaccines (one dose of DNA vaccines following two doses of pseudotyped virus vaccines) of the seven IBV vaccine strains, and neutralizing antibodies against the pseudotyped viruses were tested. By comparing differences between various vaccine strains, we constructed several pseudotyped viruses that contained various mutations based on vaccine strain BV-21. The vaccine strains showed good neutralization levels against the epidemic virus strains of the same year, with neutralization titers ranging from 370 to 840, while the level of neutralization against viruses prevalent in previous years decreased 1-10-fold. Each of the high-frequency epidemic strains of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata not only induced high neutralizing titers, but also had broadly neutralizing effects against virus strains of different years, with neutralizing titers ranging from 1000 to 7200. R141G, D197 N, and R203K were identified as affecting the antigenicity of IBV. These mutation sites provide valuable references for the selection and design of a universal IBV vaccine strain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chaoying Yang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China; National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, 101111, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Jincheng Tong
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yimeng An
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Meina Cai
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Shishi Cheng
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, 101111, China.
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China.
| | - Youchun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China.
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Chao Z, Selivanovitch E, Kallitsis K, Lu Z, Pachaury A, Owens R, Daniel S. Recreating the biological steps of viral infection on a cell-free bioelectronic platform to profile viral variants of concern. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5606. [PMID: 38961055 PMCID: PMC11222515 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral mutations frequently outpace technologies used to detect harmful variants. Given the continual emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, platforms that can identify the presence of a virus and its propensity for infection are needed. Our electronic biomembrane sensing platform recreates distinct SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry pathways and reports the progression of entry as electrical signals. We focus on two necessary entry processes mediated by the viral Spike protein: virus binding and membrane fusion, which can be distinguished electrically. We find that closely related variants of concern exhibit distinct fusion signatures that correlate with trends in cell-based infectivity assays, allowing us to report quantitative differences in their fusion characteristics and hence their infectivity potentials. We use SARS-CoV-2 as our prototype, but we anticipate that this platform can extend to other enveloped viruses and cell lines to quantifiably assess virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmou Chao
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ekaterina Selivanovitch
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Konstantinos Kallitsis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Dr., Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Zixuan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Dr., Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Ambika Pachaury
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Róisín Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Dr., Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Thimmiraju SR, Kimata JT, Pollet J. Pseudoviruses, a safer toolbox for vaccine development against enveloped viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:174-185. [PMID: 38164690 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2299380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pseudoviruses are recombinant, replication-incompetent, viral particles designed to mimic the surface characteristics of native enveloped viruses. They are a safer, and cost-effective research alternative to live viruses. With the potential emergence of the next major infectious disease, more vaccine scientists must become familiar with the pseudovirus platform as a vaccine development tool to mitigate future outbreaks. AREAS COVERED This review aims at vaccine developers to provide a basic understanding of pseudoviruses, list their production methods, and discuss their utility to assess vaccine efficacy against enveloped viral pathogens. We further illustrate their usefulness as wet-lab simulators for emerging mutant variants, and new viruses to help prepare for current and future viral outbreaks, minimizing the need for gain-of-function experiments with highly infectious or lethal enveloped viruses. EXPERT OPINION With this platform, researchers can better understand the role of virus-receptor interactions and entry in infections, prepare for dangerous mutations, and develop effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamala R Thimmiraju
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Schuele C, Schmeisser F, Orr M, Meseda CA, Vasudevan A, Wang W, Weiss CD, Woerner A, Atukorale VN, Pedro CL, Weir JP. Neutralizing and protective murine monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin of influenza H5 clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13152. [PMID: 37246149 PMCID: PMC10209644 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian H5 influenza viruses have spread and diversified genetically and antigenically into multiple clades and subclades. Most isolates of currently circulating H5 viruses are in clade 2.3.2.1 or 2.3.4.4. METHODS Panels of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated to the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) of H5 viruses from the clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 vaccine virus A/duck/Bangladesh/19097/2013 and the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 vaccine virus A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014. Antibodies were selected and characterized for binding, neutralization, epitope recognition, cross-reactivity with other H5 viruses, and the ability to provide protection in passive transfer experiments. RESULTS All mAbs bound homologous HA in an ELISA format; mAbs 5C2 and 6H6 were broadly binding for other H5 HAs. Potently neutralizing mAbs were identified in each panel, and all neutralizing mAbs provided protection in passive transfer experiments in mice challenged with a homologous clade influenza virus. Cross-reacting mAb 5C2 neutralized a wide variety of clade 2.3.2.1 viruses, as well as H5 viruses from other clades, and also provided protection against heterologous H5 clade influenza virus challenge. Epitope analysis indicated that the majority of mAbs recognized epitopes in the globular head of the HA. The mAb 5C2 appeared to recognize an epitope below the globular head but above the stalk region of HA. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that these H5 mAbs would be useful for virus and vaccine characterization. The results confirmed the functional cross-reactivity of mAb 5C2, which appears to bind a novel epitope, and suggest the therapeutic potential for H5 infections in humans with further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Schuele
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Megan Orr
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Clement A. Meseda
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Anupama Vasudevan
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Amy Woerner
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Vajini N. Atukorale
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Cyntia L. Pedro
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
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Production and characterization of lentivirus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses with dual reporters: Evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 viral effect of Korean Red Ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:123-132. [PMID: 35855181 PMCID: PMC9283196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudotyped virus systems that incorporate viral proteins have been widely employed for the rapid determination of the effectiveness and neutralizing activity of drug and vaccine candidates in biosafety level 2 facilities. We report an efficient method for producing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus with dual luciferase and fluorescent protein reporters. Moreover, using the established method, we also aimed to investigate whether Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), a valuable Korean herbal medicine, can attenuate infectivity of the pseudotyped virus. Methods A pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-2pv) was constructed and efficiently produced using lentivirus vector systems available in the public domain by the introduction of critical mutations in the cytoplasmic tail of the spike protein. KRG extract was dose-dependently treated to Calu-3 cells during SARS2-pv treatment to evaluate the protective activity against SARS-CoV-2. Results The use of Calu-3 cells or the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in HEK293T cells enabled SARS-2pv infection of host cells. Coexpression of transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), which is the activator of spike protein, with ACE2 dramatically elevated luciferase activity, confirming the importance of the TMPRSS2-mediated pathway during SARS-CoV-2 entry. Our pseudovirus assay also revealed that KRG elicited resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung cells, suggesting its beneficial health effect. Conclusion The method demonstrated the production of SARS-2pv for the analysis of vaccine or drug candidates. When KRG was assessed by the method, it protected host cells from coronavirus infection. Further studies will be followed for demonstrating this potential benefit.
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Wang Y, Zhou Z, Wu X, Li T, Wu J, Cai M, Nie J, Wang W, Cui Z. Pseudotyped Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:1-27. [PMID: 36920689 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Pseudotyped viruses have been constructed for many viruses. They can mimic the authentic virus and have many advantages compared to authentic viruses. Thus, they have been widely used as a surrogate of authentic virus for viral function analysis, detection of neutralizing antibodies, screening viral entry inhibitors, and others. This chapter reviewed the progress in the field of pseudotyped viruses in general, including the definition and the advantages of pseudotyped viruses, their potential usage, different strategies or vectors used for the construction of pseudotyped viruses, and factors that affect the construction of pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Wu
- Beijing Yunling Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Meina Cai
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Cui
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
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High-throughput analysis of anti-poliovirus neutralization antibody titre in human serum by the pseudovirus neutralization test. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16074. [PMID: 36167892 PMCID: PMC9514167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor vulnerability of countries to poliovirus (PV) outbreaks, serosurveillance of anti-PV neutralization antibody is conducted by conventional PV neutralization test (cPNT), which uses live PV strains. We previously developed a pseudovirus PV neutralization test (pPNT) as an alternative to cPNT, which uses PV pseudovirus that expresses luciferase as a reporter in the infection without producing infectious PV. In the present study, we established a high-throughput pPNT (HTpPNT) for a large-scale serosurveillance. The HTpPNT system was evaluated with 600 human serum samples obtained from a broad range of age groups of healthy volunteers (ages of 0–89 years). HTpPNT showed high correlation with cPNT (R2 for anti-type 1, 2, and 3 PV neutralization antibody titres are 0.90, 0.84, and 0.90, respectively). By using HTpPNT, we analyzed relative neutralizing antibody titre of the sera against a type 1 PV wild-type strain (Mahoney strain) to that against the type 1 Sabin strain. As a result, a correlation between the age (≥ 60 years) and the relative neutralizing antibody titre was observed (n = 15–16, P = 0.0000023–0.041), while the types of PV vaccine (i.e., oral PV vaccine and Sabin strain-based IPV) had no effect. HTpPNT would serve as a useful alternative to cPNT in a large-scale serosurveillance.
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Neerukonda SN, Wang R, Vassell R, Baha H, Lusvarghi S, Liu S, Wang T, Weiss CD, Wang W. Characterization of Entry Pathways, Species-Specific Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Residues Determining Entry, and Antibody Neutralization Evasion of Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Variants. J Virol 2022; 96:e0114022. [PMID: 36000843 PMCID: PMC9472608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants were first detected in November 2021, and several Omicron lineages (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5) have since rapidly emerged. Studies characterizing the mechanisms of Omicron variant infection and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies induced upon vaccination are ongoing by several groups. In the present study, we used pseudoviruses to show that the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) enhances infection of BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Omicron variants to a lesser extent than ancestral D614G. We further show that Omicron variants have higher sensitivity to inhibition by soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the endosomal inhibitor chloroquine compared to D614G. The Omicron variants also more efficiently used ACE2 receptors from 9 out of 10 animal species tested, and unlike the D614G variant, used mouse ACE2 due to the Q493R and Q498R spike substitutions. Finally, neutralization of the Omicron variants by antibodies induced by three doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was 7- to 8-fold less potent than the D614G. These results provide insights into the transmissibility and immune evasion capacity of the emerging Omicron variants to curb their ongoing spread. IMPORTANCE The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants with an extensive number of spike mutations poses a significant public health and zoonotic concern due to enhanced transmission fitness and escape from neutralizing antibodies. We studied three Omicron lineage variants (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3) and found that transmembrane serine protease 2 has less influence on Omicron entry into cells than on D614G, and Omicron exhibits greater sensitivity to endosomal entry inhibition compared to D614G. In addition, Omicron displays more efficient usage of diverse animal species ACE2 receptors than D614G. Furthermore, due to Q493R/Q498R substitutions in spike, Omicron, but not D614G, can use the mouse ACE2 receptor. Finally, three doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination elicit high neutralization titers against Omicron variants, although the neutralization titers are still 7- to 8-fold lower those that against D614G. These results may give insights into the transmissibility and immune evasion capacity of the emerging Omicron variants to curb their ongoing spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Vassell
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Haseebullah Baha
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shufeng Liu
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Tony Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Manangeeswaran M, Ireland DDC, Thacker SG, Lee HN, Kelley-Baker L, Lewkowicz AP, Rothlauf PW, Cornejo Pontelli M, Bloyet LM, Eckhaus MA, Mendoza MI, Whelan S, Verthelyi D. BSL2-compliant lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern to evaluate therapeutics targeting the Spike protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919815. [PMID: 35967447 PMCID: PMC9367692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since first reported in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is rapidly acquiring mutations, particularly in the spike protein, that can modulate pathogenicity, transmission and antibody evasion leading to successive waves of COVID19 infections despite an unprecedented mass vaccination necessitating continuous adaptation of therapeutics. Small animal models can facilitate understanding host-pathogen interactions, target selection for therapeutic drugs, and vaccine development, but availability and cost of studies in BSL3 facilities hinder progress. To generate a BSL2-compatible in vivo system that specifically recapitulates spike protein mediated disease we used replication competent, GFP tagged, recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus where the VSV glycoprotein was replaced by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (rVSV-SARS2-S). We show that infection requires hACE2 and challenge of neonatal but not adult, K18-hACE2 transgenic mice (hACE2tg) leads to productive infection of the lungs and brains. Although disease progression was faster in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice, infection with both viruses resulted in neuronal infection and encephalitis with increased expression of Interferon-stimulated Irf7, Bst2, Ifi294, as well as CxCL10, CCL5, CLC2, and LILRB4, and both models were uniformly lethal. Further, prophylactic treatment targeting the Spike protein (Receptor Binding Domain) with antibodies resulted in similar levels of protection from lethal infection against rVSV-SARS2-S and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Strikingly, challenge of neonatal hACE2tg mice with SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (SARS-CoV-2-α, -β, ϒ, or Δ) or the corresponding rVSV-SARS2-S viruses (rVSV-SARS2-Spike-α, rVSV-SARS2-Spike-β, rVSV-SARS2-Spike-ϒ or rVSV-SARS2-Spike-Δ) resulted in increased lethality, suggesting that the Spike protein plays a key role in determining the virulence of each variant. Thus, we propose that rVSV-SARS2-S virus can be used to understand the effect of changes to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on infection and to evaluate existing or experimental therapeutics targeting spike protein of current or future VOC of SARS-CoV-2 under BSL-2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniela Verthelyi, ; Mohanraj Manangeeswaran,
| | - Derek D. C. Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Seth G. Thacker
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Logan Kelley-Baker
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Aaron P. Lewkowicz
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Paul W. Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marjorie Cornejo Pontelli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael A. Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mirian I. Mendoza
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sean Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniela Verthelyi, ; Mohanraj Manangeeswaran,
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10
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Ashur I, Alter J, Werbner M, Ogungbile A, Dessau M, Gal-Tanamy M, Vernick S. Rapid electrochemical immunodetection of SARS-CoV-2 using a pseudo-typed vesicular stomatitis virus model. Talanta 2022; 239:123147. [PMID: 34920254 PMCID: PMC8667521 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for reliable and accurate diagnostic tools that provide quantitative results at the point of care. Real-time RT-PCR requires large laboratories, a skilled workforce, complex and costly equipment, and labor-intensive sample processing. Despite tremendous efforts, scaling up RT-PCR tests is seemingly unattainable. To date, hundreds of millions of COVID-19 tests have been performed globally, but the demand for timely, accurate testing continues to outstrip supply. Antigen-based rapid diagnostic testing is emerging as an alternative to RT-PCR. However, the performance of these tests, namely their sensitivity, is still inadequate. To overcome the limitations of currently employed diagnostic tests, new tools that are both sensitive and scalable are urgently needed. We have developed a miniaturized electrochemical biosensor based on the integration of specific monoclonal antibodies with a biochip and a measurement platform, and applied it in the detection of Spike S1 protein, the binding protein of SARS-CoV-2. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, quantitative detection of sub-nanomolar concentrations of Spike S1 was demonstrated, exhibiting a broad detection range. To demonstrate the applicability of the biosensor, we have further developed a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus based on Spike protein-pseudo-typed VSV platform. Specific detection of different concentrations of pseudovirus particles was feasible in <30 min. This new tool may largely contribute to the fight against COVID-19 by enabling intensive testing to be performed and alleviating most of the hurdles that plague current diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Ashur
- Department of Sensing, Information and Mechanization Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO Volcani Center, 68 Hamaccabim Rd, Rishon lezion, 5025001, Israel.
| | - Joel Alter
- The Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Michal Werbner
- Molecular Virology Lab, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Abraham Ogungbile
- Department of Sensing, Information and Mechanization Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO Volcani Center, 68 Hamaccabim Rd, Rishon lezion, 5025001, Israel; Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel.
| | - Moshe Dessau
- The Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Meital Gal-Tanamy
- Molecular Virology Lab, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Sefi Vernick
- Department of Sensing, Information and Mechanization Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO Volcani Center, 68 Hamaccabim Rd, Rishon lezion, 5025001, Israel.
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11
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Xiang Q, Li L, Wu J, Tian M, Fu Y. Application of pseudovirus system in the development of vaccine, antiviral-drugs, and neutralizing antibodies. Microbiol Res 2022; 258:126993. [PMID: 35240544 PMCID: PMC8848573 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoviruses are viral particles coated with a heterologous envelope protein, which mediates the entry of pseudoviruses as efficiently as that of the live viruses possessing high pathogenicity and infectivity. Due to the deletion of the envelope protein gene and the absence of pathogenic genes, pseudoviruses have no autonomous replication ability and can infect host cells for only a single cycle. In addition, pseudoviruses have the desired characteristics of high safety, strong operability, and can be easily used to perform rapid throughput detection. Therefore, pseudoviruses are widely employed in the mechanistic investigation of viral infection, the screening and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs, and the detection of neutralizing antibody titers in serum after vaccination. In this review, we will discuss the construction of pseudoviruses based on different packaging systems, their current applications especially in the research of SARS-CoV-2, limitations, and further directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linhao Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Tian
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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12
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Delgadillo-Gutiérrez K, Castelán-Vega JA, Jiménez-Alberto A, Fernández-Lizárraga MDC, Aparicio-Ozores G, Monterrubio-López GP, Ribas-Aparicio RM. Characterization and use in neutralization assays of avian influenza codon-optimized H5 and H7 retroviral pseudotypes. J Virol Methods 2021; 300:114391. [PMID: 34890710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a relevant problem for public and animal health, with a significant economic impact. In recent years, outbreaks of avian influenza virus have resulted in devastating losses in the poultry industry worldwide, and although its transmission to humans is very rare, there is always a potential risk for an even more severe outbreak. Currently, vaccination is considered the most effective tool for the control and prevention of influenza infections in both humans and animals. The maintenance of animal welfare and the successful implementation of animal health programs depend on the timely administration of vaccines, which must comply with quality specifications indicated by health authorities; for example, the capability to ensure a minimum antibody titer. The production of viral antigens used in these tests can pose a biosafety risk, and some viral strains can be difficult to grow. Therefore, new biotechnological alternatives are required to overcome these disadvantages. In this study, we produced pseudotypes carrying H5 and H7 hemagglutinins from lowly and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. These pseudotypes were used in neutralization assays to detect neutralizing antibodies in avian sera, which were confirmed positive by inhibition of the hemagglutination test. Our results showed that the pseudotype neutralization assay is a viable alternative for the detection of neutralizing antibodies, by demonstrating subtype specificity and requiring reduced biosafety requirements. Therefore, it represents a versatile platform that can facilitate technology transfer protocols between laboratories, and an immediate application in serological tools for quality control of veterinary vaccines against avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Delgadillo-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Arturo Castelán-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Jiménez-Alberto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Aparicio-Ozores
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Paulina Monterrubio-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Huang Y, Lin Z, Wang W, Weiss C, Xie H, Forshee RA. Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition and hemagglutinin pseudovirus neutralization titres in relation to protection against influenza in a mouse model. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:294-299. [PMID: 34028058 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test has long been used as a standard measure of antibody response for inactivated influenza vaccines. However, the HI test has limitations, such as insensitivity when using some H3N2 virus strains and failure to detect neutralizing antibodies that target regions distant from the receptor binding site. We therefore examined a hemagglutinin pseudovirus neutralization (PVN) test as a possible supplement or alternative to the HI test. We evaluated the association of HI or PVN titres with protection against influenza infection in mice based on morbidity (where the illness was defined as 25% body weight loss). We assessed this relationship using dose-response models incorporating HI or PVN titres as a variable. The morbidity was correlated with the pre-exposure titres, and such a correlation was well described by a modified dose-response model. The mathematical modelling suggests that PVN titres consistently show a stronger association with in vivo protection as compared to HI titres in mice. Given our findings, the PVN test warrants further investigation as a tool for evaluating antibody responses to influenza vaccines containing hemagglutinin. The resulting models may also be useful for analyzing human clinical data to identify potentially protective antibody titres against influenza illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Z Lin
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - W Wang
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - C Weiss
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - H Xie
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - R A Forshee
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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14
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Weiss CD, Wang W, Lu Y, Billings M, Eick-Cost A, Couzens L, Sanchez JL, Hawksworth AW, Seguin P, Myers CA, Forshee R, Eichelberger MC, Cooper MJ. Neutralizing and Neuraminidase Antibodies Correlate With Protection Against Influenza During a Late Season A/H3N2 Outbreak Among Unvaccinated Military Recruits. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:3096-3102. [PMID: 31840159 PMCID: PMC7819518 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies that inhibit hemagglutination have long been considered a correlate of protection against influenza, but these antibodies are only a subset of potentially protective antibodies. Neutralizing and neuraminidase antibodies may also contribute to protection, but data on their associations with protection are limited. Methods We measured preoutbreak hemagglutinin pseudovirus neutralization (PVN) and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) antibody titers in unvaccinated military recruits who experienced an H3N2 influenza outbreak during training. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between titers and protection against influenza illness or H3N2-associated pneumonia using logistic regression. Results With every 2-fold increase in PVN titer, the odds of medically attended polymerase chain reaction–confirmed H3N2 infection (H3N2+) decreased by 41% (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], .45 to .77; P < .001). Among those who were H3N2+, the odds for pneumonia decreased by 52% (OR, 0.48; CI, .25 to .91; P = .0249). With every 2-fold increase in NAI titer, the odds of medically attended H3N2 infection decreased by 32% (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, .53 to .87; P = .0028), but there was no association between NAI titers and H3N2-associated pneumonia. There was also no synergistic effect of PVN and NAI antibodies. Conclusions PVN and NAI titers were independently associated with reduced risk of influenza illness. NAI titers associated with protection had greater breadth of reactivity to drifted strains than PVN titers. These findings show that PVN and NAI titers are valuable biomarkers for assessing the odds of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol D Weiss
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Monisha Billings
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelia Eick-Cost
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Couzens
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jose L Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony W Hawksworth
- Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Christopher A Myers
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Forshee
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Cooper
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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15
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Neerukonda SN, Vassell R, Herrup R, Liu S, Wang T, Takeda K, Yang Y, Lin TL, Wang W, Weiss CD. Establishment of a well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 lentiviral pseudovirus neutralization assay using 293T cells with stable expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248348. [PMID: 33690649 PMCID: PMC7946320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoviruses are useful surrogates for highly pathogenic viruses because of their safety, genetic stability, and scalability for screening assays. Many different pseudovirus platforms exist, each with different advantages and limitations. Here we report our efforts to optimize and characterize an HIV-based lentiviral pseudovirus assay for screening neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 using a stable 293T cell line expressing human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). We assessed different target cells, established conditions that generate readouts over at least a two-log range, and confirmed consistent neutralization titers over a range of pseudovirus input. Using reference sera and plasma panels, we evaluated assay precision and showed that our neutralization titers correlate well with results reported in other assays. Overall, our lentiviral assay is relatively simple, scalable, and suitable for a variety of SARS-CoV-2 entry and neutralization screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Russell Vassell
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel Herrup
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shufeng Liu
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tony Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ye Yang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tsai-Lien Lin
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Du R, Cheng H, Cui Q, Peet NP, Gaisina IN, Rong L. Identification of a novel inhibitor targeting influenza A virus group 2 hemagglutinins. Antiviral Res 2021; 186:105013. [PMID: 33428962 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and occasional but devastating pandemics, which are major public health concerns. The putative antiviral therapeutics are useful for the treatment of influenza, however, the emerging resistant strains necessitate a constant search for new drug candidates. Here we report the discovery of a novel antiviral agent, compound CBS1194, which was identified by a parallel high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign using two retroviral pseudotypes bearing H7 or H5 hemagglutinins (HAs). Subsequent analyses demonstrated that CBS1194 is specific to IAVs of group 2, while it has no effect against those of group 1. In a time-of-addition assay, CBS1194 showed a significant inhibitory effect during the early phase of viral infection. In addition, HA-mediated hemolysis can be inhibited by CBS1194 treatment, indicating that this compound may target the HA stalk region, which is responsible for membrane fusion. Escape mutant analyses and in silico docking further revealed that CBS1194 fits into a pocket near the fusion peptide, causing steric hindrance that blocks the low-pH induced rearrangement of HA. In summary, our study identifies a novel fusion inhibitor of group 2 IAVs, which has the potential as lead compound for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Han Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Norton P Peet
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., 2242 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Irina N Gaisina
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., 2242 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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17
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Hyseni I, Molesti E, Benincasa L, Piu P, Casa E, Temperton NJ, Manenti A, Montomoli E. Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 Lentiviral Pseudotypes and Correlation between Pseudotype-Based Neutralisation Assays and Live Virus-Based Micro Neutralisation Assays. Viruses 2020; 12:E1011. [PMID: 32927639 PMCID: PMC7551040 DOI: 10.3390/v12091011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of a novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid spread across the continents has generated an urgent need for assays to detect the neutralising activity of human sera or human monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and to evaluate the serological immunity in humans. Since the accessibility of live virus microneutralisation (MN) assays with SARS-CoV-2 is limited and requires enhanced bio-containment, the approach based on "pseudotyping" can be considered a useful complement to other serological assays. After fully characterising lentiviral pseudotypes bearing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, we employed them in pseudotype-based neutralisation assays in order to profile the neutralising activity of human serum samples from an Italian sero-epidemiological study. The results obtained with pseudotype-based neutralisation assays mirrored those obtained when the same panel of sera was tested against the wild type virus, showing an evident convergence of the pseudotype-based neutralisation and MN results. The overall results lead to the conclusion that the pseudotype-based neutralisation assay is a valid alternative to using the wild-type strain, and although this system needs to be optimised and standardised, it can not only complement the classical serological methods, but also allows serological assessments to be made when other methods cannot be employed, especially in a human pandemic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inesa Hyseni
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Molesti
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Linda Benincasa
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
| | | | - Elisa Casa
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
- VisMederi s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham ME7 4TB, UK;
| | - Alessandro Manenti
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
- VisMederi s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
- VisMederi s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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18
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Wang W, Alvarado-Facundo E, Vassell R, Collins L, Colombo RE, Ganesan A, Geaney C, Hrncir D, Lalani T, Markelz AE, Maves RC, McClenathan B, Mende K, Richard SA, Schofield C, Seshadri S, Spooner C, Utz GC, Warkentien TE, Levine M, Coles CL, Burgess TH, Eichelberger M, Weiss CD. Comparison of A(H3N2) neutralizing antibody responses elicited by 2018-2019 season quadrivalent influenza vaccines derived from eggs, cells, and recombinant hemagglutinin. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e4312-e4320. [PMID: 32898271 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low vaccine effectiveness against A(H3N2) influenza in seasons with little antigenic drift has been attributed to substitutions in hemagglutinin (HA) acquired during vaccine virus propagation in eggs. Clinical trials comparing recombinant HA vaccine (rHA) and cell-derived inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) to egg-derived IIVs provide opportunities to assess how egg-adaptive substitutions influence HA immunogenicity. METHODS Neutralization titers in pre- and post-immunization sera from 133 adults immunized with one of three types of influenza vaccines in a randomized, open-label trial during the 2018-2019 influenza season were measured against egg- and cell-derived A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016-like and circulating A(H3N2) influenza viruses using HA-pseudoviruses. RESULTS All vaccines elicited neutralizing antibodies to all H3 vaccine antigens, but the rHA vaccine elicited the highest titers and seroconversion rates against all strains tested. Egg- and cell-derived IIVs elicited responses similar to each other. Pre-immunization titers against H3 HA-pseudoviruses containing egg-adaptive substitutions T160K and L194P were high, but lower against H3 HA-pseudoviruses without those substitutions. All vaccines boosted neutralization titers against HA-pseudoviruses with egg-adaptive substitutions, but poorly neutralized wildtype 2019-2020 A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2) HA-pseudoviruses. CONCLUSION Egg- and cell-derived 2018-2019 season influenza vaccines elicited similar neutralization titers and response rates, indicating that the cell-derived vaccine did not improve immunogenicity against the A(H3N2) viruses. The higher responses after rHA vaccination may be due to its higher HA content. All vaccines boosted titers to HA with egg-adaptive substitutions, suggesting boosting from past antigens or better exposure of HA epitopes. Studies comparing immunogenicity and effectiveness of different influenza vaccines across many seasons are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Russell Vassell
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Limone Collins
- Defense Health Agency- Immunization Healthcare Division, Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, VA, USA.,Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rhonda E Colombo
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Madigan Army Medical Center, Fort Lewis, Washington, USA
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Casey Geaney
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Hrncir
- Defense Health Agency- Immunization Healthcare Division Regional Office, Wilford Hall Loop, Lackland AFB, TX, USA
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Naval Medical Center, John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth VA
| | | | - Ryan C Maves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bruce McClenathan
- Defense Health Agency- Immunization Healthcare Division Regional Office, Ft. Bragg, NC, USA
| | - Katrin Mende
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Brooke Army Medical Center, Roger Brooke Dr, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie A Richard
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christina Schofield
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Madigan Army Medical Center, Fort Lewis, Washington, USA
| | - Srihari Seshadri
- Defense Health Agency- Immunization Healthcare Division, Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Christina Spooner
- Defense Health Agency- Immunization Healthcare Division, Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Gregory C Utz
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Min Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Christian L Coles
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maryna Eichelberger
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Wang W, Chen Q, Ford-Siltz LA, Katzelnick LC, Parra GI, Song HS, Vassell R, Weiss CD. Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Homologous and Heterologous H1 and H3 Influenza A Strains After Vaccination With Inactivated Trivalent Influenza Vaccine Vary With Age and Prior-year Vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:2067-2078. [PMID: 30256912 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior influenza immunity influences the homologous neutralizing antibody responses elicited by inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV), but neutralizing antibody responses to heterologous strains have not been extensively characterized. METHODS We analyzed neutralizing antibody titers in individuals aged 1-88 who received the 2009-2010 season IIV before infection by or vaccination against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Neutralization titers to homologous and heterologous past, recent, and advanced H1 and H3 strains, as well as H2, H5, and H7 strains, were measured using influenza hemagglutinin pseudoviruses. We performed exploratory analyses based on age, prior-year IIV, and prevaccination titer, without controlling for Type I errors. RESULTS IIV elicited neutralizing antibodies to past and advanced H1 and H3 strains, as well as to an H2 strain in individuals who were likely infected early in life. The neutralization of avian subtype viruses was rare, and there was no imprinting of neutralization responses to novel avian subtype viruses based on the influenza group. Compared to adults, children had higher seroresponse rates to homologous and heterologous strains, and their sera generated larger antigenic distances among strains. Seroresponse rates to homologous and heterologous strains were lower in subjects vaccinated with prior-year IIV, though postimmunization titers were generally high. CONCLUSIONS IIV elicited neutralizing antibodies to heterologous H1 and H3 strains in all ages groups, but titers and seroresponse rates were usually higher in children. Prior-year vaccination with the same strains tended to blunt IIV neutralization responses to all strains in young and old age groups, yet postimmunization titers were high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Qiong Chen
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lauren A Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Gabriel I Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Hyo Sook Song
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Russell Vassell
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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20
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Huang SW, Tai CH, Hsu YM, Cheng D, Hung SJ, Chai KM, Wang YF, Wang JR. Assessing the application of a pseudovirus system for emerging SARS-CoV-2 and re-emerging avian influenza virus H5 subtypes in vaccine development. Biomed J 2020; 43:375-387. [PMID: 32611537 PMCID: PMC7274974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly pathogenic emerging and re-emerging viruses continuously threaten lives worldwide. In order to provide prophylactic prevention from the emerging and re-emerging viruses, vaccine is suggested as the most efficient way to prevent individuals from the threat of viral infection. Nonetheless, the highly pathogenic viruses need to be handled in a high level of biosafety containment, which hinders vaccine development. To shorten the timeframe of vaccine development, the pseudovirus system has been widely applied to examine vaccine efficacy or immunogenicity in the emerging and re-emerging viruses. Methods We developed pseudovirus systems for emerging SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and re-emerging avian influenza virus H5 subtypes which can be handled in the biosafety level 2 facility. Through the generated pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2 and avian influenza virus H5 subtypes, we successfully established a neutralization assay to quantify the neutralizing activity of antisera against the viruses. Results The result of re-emerging avian influenza virus H5Nx pseudoviruses provided valuable information for antigenic evolution and immunogenicity analysis in vaccine candidate selection. Together, our study assessed the potency of pseudovirus systems in vaccine efficacy, antigenic analysis, and immunogenicity in the vaccine development of emerging and re-emerging viruses. Conclusion Instead of handling live highly pathogenic viruses in a high biosafety level facility, using pseudovirus systems would speed up the process of vaccine development to provide community protection against emerging and re-emerging viral diseases with high pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wen Huang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hui Tai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Mei Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dayna Cheng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Jhen Hung
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kit Man Chai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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21
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Generation of a protective murine monoclonal antibody against the stem of influenza hemagglutinins from group 1 viruses and identification of resistance mutations against it. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222436. [PMID: 31513662 PMCID: PMC6742228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that elicit broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies, including antibodies that target the conserved stem of hemagglutinin (HA), are being developed as a strategy for next-generation influenza vaccines that protect against influenza across multiple years. However, efficient induction of cross-neutralizing antibodies remains a challenge, and potential escape mutations have not been well characterized. Here we elicited cross-neutralizing antibodies by immunizing animals with the hemagglutinins from H5 and H9 subtype influenza A viruses that are sensitive to neutralization by stem antibodies. We further isolated and characterized an HA stem monoclonal antibody 4C2 that broadly neutralizes group 1 influenza viruses and identified HA mutations that reduced sensitivity to stem antibodies. Our results offer insights for next-generation influenza vaccine strategies for inducing cross-neutralizing antibodies.
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22
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Arita M, Iwai-Itamochi M. Evaluation of antigenic differences between wild and Sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus using the pseudovirus neutralization test. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11970. [PMID: 31427704 PMCID: PMC6700111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the endgame of global polio eradication, serosurveillance is essential to monitor each country's vulnerability to poliomyelitis outbreaks. Previously, we developed pseudovirus poliovirus (PV) neutralization test (pPNT) with type 1, 2, and 3 PV pseudovirus (PVpv), which possess a luciferase-encoding PV replicon in the capsids of wild-type strains (PVpv[WT]), showing that pPNT with type 2 and 3 PVpv(WT) but not type 1 shows high correlation with the conventional PV neutralization test (cPNT) performed with vaccine strains. Here, we analyse the antigenicity of PVpv(WT) and PVpv with capsid proteins of Sabin vaccine strains (PVpv[Sabin]) in human serum. Type 2 and 3 PVpv(WT) and PVpv(Sabin) show similar antigenicity in the analysed set of human sera in contrast to type 1 PVpv. The levels of PVpv(Sabin) infection (%), including about 70% of PVpv infection (%) measured in the presence of human serum diluted to the cPNT titre, serve as the optimal threshold values for pPNT (5% for type 1 and 2, 10% for type 3) to show high correlation with cPNT results. Our results suggest that pPNT with PVpv(Sabin) could serve as an alternative to cPNT and provide a rationale for pPNT threshold values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Masae Iwai-Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
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23
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Millet JK, Tang T, Nathan L, Jaimes JA, Hsu HL, Daniel S, Whittaker GR. Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30882796 DOI: 10.3791/59010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protocol aims to generate coronavirus (CoV) spike (S) fusion protein pseudotyped particles with a murine leukemia virus (MLV) core and luciferase reporter, using a simple transfection procedure of the widely available HEK-293T cell line. Once formed and released from producer cells, these pseudovirions incorporate a luciferase reporter gene. Since they only contain the heterologous coronavirus spike protein on their surface, the particles behave like their native coronavirus counterparts for entry steps. As such, they are the excellent surrogates of native virions for studying viral entry into host cells. Upon successful entry and infection into target cells, the luciferase reporter gets integrated into the host cell genome and is expressed. Using a simple luciferase assay, transduced cells can be easily quantified. An important advantage of the procedure is that it can be performed in biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) facilities instead of BSL-3 facilities required for work with highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Another benefit comes from its versatility as it can be applied to envelope proteins belonging to all three classes of viral fusion proteins, such as the class I influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP), the class II Semliki forest virus E1 protein, or the class III vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein. A limitation of the methodology is that it can only recapitulate virus entry steps mediated by the envelope protein being investigated. For studying other viral life cycle steps, other methods are required. Examples of the many applications these pseudotype particles can be used in include investigation of host cell susceptibility and tropism and testing the effects of virus entry inhibitors to dissect viral entry pathways used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Millet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University
| | - Lakshmi Nathan
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University
| | - Javier A Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Hung-Lun Hsu
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University; Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University;
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24
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Delgadillo-Gutiérrez K, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Jiménez-Alberto A, Aparicio-Ozores G, Castelán-Vega JA. Stability of retroviral pseudotypes carrying the hemagglutinin of avian influenza viruses under various storage conditions. J Virol Methods 2018; 263:44-49. [PMID: 30347199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral pseudotypes are broadly used as safe instruments to mimic the structure and surface of highly pathogenic viruses. They have been employed for the discovery of new drugs, as diagnostic tools in vaccine studies, and part of serological assays. Because of their widespread use in research and their potential as tools for quality control, it is important to know their shelf life, stability, and best storage conditions. In this study, we produced pseudotypes carrying the lacZ reporter gene and the hemagglutinin (HA) of avian influenza virus subtypes H5 and H7 to investigate their stability under various storage conditions. We produced pseudotypes with titers of approximately 106 RLU/mL, which decreased to 105-106 RLU/mL after short-term storage at 4 °C (up to 4 weeks). Stability was maintained after long-term storage at -20 °C (up to 12 months), even under storage variations such as freeze-thaw cycles. We conclude that, although the titers decreased by 1 log10 under the different storage conditions, the remaining titers can be readily applicable in many techniques, such as neutralization assays. These findings show that large quantities of retroviral pseudotypes can be safely stored for short- or long-term use, allowing standardization and reduced variation in assays involving retroviral pseudotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Delgadillo-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Jiménez-Alberto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Aparicio-Ozores
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Castelán-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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25
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Das DK, Govindan R, Nikić-Spiegel I, Krammer F, Lemke EA, Munro JB. Direct Visualization of the Conformational Dynamics of Single Influenza Hemagglutinin Trimers. Cell 2018; 174:926-937.e12. [PMID: 29961575 PMCID: PMC6086748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the canonical type I viral envelope glycoprotein and provides a template for the membrane-fusion mechanisms of numerous viruses. The current model of HA-mediated membrane fusion describes a static "spring-loaded" fusion domain (HA2) at neutral pH. Acidic pH triggers a singular irreversible conformational rearrangement in HA2 that fuses viral and cellular membranes. Here, using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET)-imaging, we directly visualized pH-triggered conformational changes of HA trimers on the viral surface. Our analyses reveal reversible exchange between the pre-fusion and two intermediate conformations of HA2. Acidification of pH and receptor binding shifts the dynamic equilibrium of HA2 in favor of forward progression along the membrane-fusion reaction coordinate. Interaction with the target membrane promotes irreversible transition of HA2 to the post-fusion state. The reversibility of HA2 conformation may protect against transition to the post-fusion state prior to arrival at the target membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Kumar Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Ramesh Govindan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ivana Nikić-Spiegel
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Edward A Lemke
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Mullerweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James B Munro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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26
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Conformational Stability of the Hemagglutinin of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses Influences Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Stem Antibodies. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00247-18. [PMID: 29593038 PMCID: PMC5974491 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00247-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to the conserved stem of hemagglutinin (HA) are being developed as universal influenza vaccines that protect against influenza across multiple years. However, different influenza virus strains, even those in the same subtype with identical stem sequences, can vary in susceptibility to broadly neutralizing stem antibodies, and the reasons are not understood. Here we studied potential mechanisms underlying the differing sensitivities of a panel of H5N1 HA pseudoviruses to broadly neutralizing stem antibodies. We found that greater HA conformational stability, as measured by thermal inactivation and pH triggering of conformational changes, correlates with reduced neutralization sensitivity and antibody binding to HA under neutral- and low-pH conditions. Our data indicate that the conformational stability of HA is an important attribute of susceptibility to broadly neutralizing stem antibodies and is influenced by residues outside the stem antibody epitopes. IMPORTANCE The influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) mediates virus attachment and membrane fusion between virus and host cells, allowing the viral core to enter the host cell cytoplasm for replication. Fusion occurs when HA undergoes low-pH-induced-conformational changes during endocytosis. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeted to the conserved stem region of HA interfere with conformational changes required for fusion. Vaccines that elicit such antibodies are being developed as novel universal influenza vaccines for multiyear protection. We investigated why H5N1 HAs from different strains differ in their sensitivity to broadly neutralizing stem antibodies despite having conserved epitopes. We report that HA conformational stability due to residues outside the antibody binding site accounted for much of the variation in susceptibility to neutralization by stem antibodies. These findings highlight the importance of nonepitope residues in influencing neutralization sensitivity to stem antibodies and the complexities in developing universal vaccines targeting conserved epitopes in the HA stem.
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27
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Meseda CA, Atukorale V, Soto J, Eichelberger MC, Gao J, Wang W, Weiss CD, Weir JP. Immunogenicity and Protection Against Influenza H7N3 in Mice by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vectors Expressing Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin or Neuraminidase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5364. [PMID: 29599502 PMCID: PMC5876369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza subtypes such as H7 have pandemic potential since they are able to infect humans with severe consequences, as evidenced by the ongoing H7N9 infections in China that began in 2013. The diversity of H7 viruses calls for a broadly cross-protective vaccine for protection. We describe the construction of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) from three H7 viruses representing both Eurasian and North American H7 lineages – A/mallard/Netherlands/12/2000 (H7N3), A/Canada/rv444/2004 (H7N3), and A/Shanghai/02/2013 (H7N9). These vectors were evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against H7N3 virus in a murine model of intranasal challenge. High levels of H7-, N3-, and N9-specific antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies, were induced by the MVA-HA and MVA-NA vectors. Mice vaccinated with MVA vectors expressing any of the H7 antigens were protected, suggesting cross-protection among H7 viruses. In addition, MVA vectors expressing N3 but not N9 elicited protection against H7N3 virus challenge. Similar outcomes were obtained when immune sera from MVA vector-immunized mice were passively transferred to naïve mice prior to challenge with the H7N3 virus. The results support the further development of an MVA vector platform as a candidate vaccine for influenza strains with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement A Meseda
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Vajini Atukorale
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jackeline Soto
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jin Gao
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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28
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Li Q, Liu Q, Huang W, Li X, Wang Y. Current status on the development of pseudoviruses for enveloped viruses. Rev Med Virol 2017; 28. [PMID: 29218769 PMCID: PMC7169153 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases have a strong negative impact on public health. However, because many of these pathogens must be handled in biosafety level, 3 or 4 containment laboratories, research and development of antivirals or vaccines against these diseases are often impeded. Alternative approaches to address this issue have been vigorously pursued, particularly the use of pseudoviruses in place of wild‐type viruses. As pseudoviruses have been deprived of certain gene sequences of the virulent virus, they can be handled in biosafety level 2 laboratories. Importantly, the envelopes of these viral particles may have similar conformational structures to those of the wild‐type viruses, making it feasible to conduct mechanistic investigation on viral entry and to evaluate potential neutralizing antibodies. However, a variety of challenging issues remain, including the production of a sufficient pseudovirus yield and the inability to produce an appropriate pseudotype of certain viruses. This review discusses current progress in the development of pseudoviruses and dissects the factors that contribute to low viral yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Division of Regulatory Research, Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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29
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Liu S, Song D, Bai H, Lu W, Dai X, Hao C, Zhang Z, Guo H, Zhang Y, Li X. A safe and reliable neutralization assay based on pseudovirus to measure neutralizing antibody titer against poliovirus. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2075-2083. [PMID: 28786502 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the promotion of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) and live attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV), the global reported cases of poliomyelitis have reduced sharply from 0.35 million in 1988 to 74 in 2015. The Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan published by WHO in 2013 included the strategy of implementation of poliovirus safe handling and containment measures to minimize the risks of facility-associated reintroduction of virus into the polio-free community to prevent the re-import of poliovirus. Toward this strategy, we produced replication-incompetent pseudovirus of poliovirus type 1, 2, 3 attenuated strains by constructing poliovirus capsid expression vectors and poliovirus replicon then transfecting HEK293T cells and developed a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay (pNA) to determine neutralizing antibody titer which is more secure, time-saving and reliable than conventional neutralization assay (cNA). By using anti-poliovirus rat serum, we demonstrated excellent correlation between neutralizing antibody titers measured by cNA and pNA. It was concluded that pNA can be a potential alternative to replace cNA as a safe and time-saving system for titer determination after live poliovirus's safekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Liu
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Song
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Han Bai
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxian Dai
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Hao
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | - Huijie Guo
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
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Menou A, Duitman J, Flajolet P, Sallenave JM, Mailleux AA, Crestani B. Human airway trypsin-like protease, a serine protease involved in respiratory diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L657-L668. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00509.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 2% of all human genes are coding for a complex system of more than 700 proteases and protease inhibitors. Among them, serine proteases play extraordinary, diverse functions in different physiological and pathological processes. The human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), also referred to as TMPRSS11D and serine 11D, belongs to the emerging family of cell surface proteolytic enzymes, the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). Through the cleavage of its four major identified substrates, HAT triggers specific responses, notably in epithelial cells, within the pericellular and extracellular environment, including notably inflammatory cytokine production, inflammatory cell recruitment, or anticoagulant processes. This review summarizes the potential role of this recently described protease in mediating cell surface proteolytic events, to highlight the structural features, proteolytic activity, and regulation, including the expression profile of HAT, and discuss its possible roles in respiratory physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awen Menou
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Pauline Flajolet
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Arnaud André Mailleux
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
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Verma S, Soto J, Vasudevan A, Schmeisser F, Alvarado-Facundo E, Wang W, Weiss CD, Weir JP. Determination of influenza B identity and potency in quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines using lineage-specific monoclonal antibodies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175733. [PMID: 28423025 PMCID: PMC5396888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-circulation of two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of influenza B virus, represented by prototype viruses B/Victoria/2/1987 and B/Yamagata/16/1988, has led to the development of quadrivalent influenza vaccines that contain two influenza B antigens. The inclusion of two influenza B antigens presents challenges for the production and regulation of inactivated quadrivalent vaccines, including the potential for cross-reactivity of the reagents used in identity and potency assays because of the relative close relatedness of the hemagglutinin (HA) from the two virus lineages. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the two lineages of influenza B HA were generated and characterized and used to set-up simple identity tests that distinguish the influenza B antigens in inactivated trivalent and quadrivalent vaccines. The lineage-specific mAbs bound well to the HA of influenza B strains included in influenza vaccines over a period of more than 10 years, suggesting that identity tests using such lineage-specific mAbs would not necessarily have to be updated with every influenza B vaccine strain change. These lineage-specific mAbs were also used in an antibody capture ELISA format to quantify HA in vaccine samples, including monovalent, trivalent, and quadrivalent vaccine samples from various manufacturers. The results demonstrated correlation with HA values determined by the traditional single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. Further, the antibody-capture ELISA was able to distinguish heat-stressed vaccine from unstressed vaccine, and was similar to the SRID in quantifying the resultant loss of potency. These mAb reagents should be useful for further development of antibody-based alternative influenza B identity and potency assays.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodiffusion/methods
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/analysis
- Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Protein Binding
- Vaccines, Inactivated
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Zygote/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Verma
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jackeline Soto
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Anupama Vasudevan
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Esmeralda Alvarado-Facundo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Scott SD, Kinsley R, Temperton N, Daly JM. The Optimisation of Pseudotyped Viruses for the Characterisation of Immune Responses to Equine Influenza Virus. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5040068. [PMID: 27983716 PMCID: PMC5198168 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudotyped viruses (PVs) produced by co-transfecting cells with plasmids expressing lentiviral core proteins and viral envelope proteins are potentially powerful tools for studying various aspects of equine influenza virus (EIV) biology. The aim of this study was to optimise production of equine influenza PVs. Co-transfection of the HAT protease to activate the haemagglutinin (HA) yielded a higher titre PV than TMPRSS2 with the HA from A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8), whereas for A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8), both proteases resulted in equivalent titres. TMPRSS4 was ineffective with the HA of either strain. There was also an inverse relationship between the amount of protease-expression plasmids and the PV titre obtained. Interestingly, the PV titre obtained by co-transfection of a plasmid encoding the cognate N8 NA was not as high as that generated by the addition of exogenous neuraminidase (NA) from Clostridium perfringens to allow the release of nascent PV particles. Finally, initial characterisation of the reliability of PV neutralisation tests (PVNTs) demonstrated good intra-laboratory repeatability. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that equine influenza PV production can be readily optimised to provide a flexible tool for studying EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
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Alvarado-Facundo E, Vassell R, Schmeisser F, Weir JP, Weiss CD, Wang W. Glycosylation of Residue 141 of Subtype H7 Influenza A Hemagglutinin (HA) Affects HA-Pseudovirus Infectivity and Sensitivity to Site A Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149149. [PMID: 26862918 PMCID: PMC4749315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections with H7 subtype influenza virus have been reported, including an H7N7 outbreak in Netherlands in 2003 and H7N9 infections in China in 2013. Previously, we reported murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize the antigenic site A of H7 hemagglutinin (HA). To better understand protective immunity of H7 vaccines and vaccine candidate selection, we used these mAbs to assess the antigenic relatedness among two H7 HA isolated from past human infections and determine residues that affect susceptibility to neutralization. We found that these mAbs neutralize pseudoviruses bearing HA of A/Shanghai/02/2013(H7N9), but not A/Netherlands/219/2003(H7N7). Glycosylation of the asparagine residue at position 141 (N141) (N133, H3 HA numbering) in the HA of A/Netherlands/219/2003 HA is responsible for this resistance, and it affects the infectivity of HA-pseudoviruses. The presence of threonine at position 143 (T135, H3 HA numbering) in the HA of A/Netherlands/219/2003, rather than an alanine found in the HA of A/Shanghai/02/2013(H7N9), accounts for these differences. These results demonstrate a key role for glycosylation of residue N141 in affecting H7 influenza HA-mediated entry and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies, which have implications for candidate vaccine design.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Glycosylation
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Neutralization Tests
- Open Reading Frames
- Plasmids/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Alvarado-Facundo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
| | - Russell Vassell
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CDW); (WW)
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CDW); (WW)
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Intermonomer Interactions in Hemagglutinin Subunits HA1 and HA2 Affecting Hemagglutinin Stability and Influenza Virus Infectivity. J Virol 2015; 89:10602-11. [PMID: 26269180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00939-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mediates virus entry by binding to cell surface receptors and fusing the viral and endosomal membranes following uptake by endocytosis. The acidic environment of endosomes triggers a large-scale conformational change in the transmembrane subunit of HA (HA2) involving a loop (B loop)-to-helix transition, which releases the fusion peptide at the HA2 N terminus from an interior pocket within the HA trimer. Subsequent insertion of the fusion peptide into the endosomal membrane initiates fusion. The acid stability of HA is influenced by residues in the fusion peptide, fusion peptide pocket, coiled-coil regions of HA2, and interactions between the surface (HA1) and HA2 subunits, but details are not fully understood and vary among strains. Current evidence suggests that the HA from the circulating pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus [A(H1N1)pdm09] is less stable than the HAs from other seasonal influenza virus strains. Here we show that residue 205 in HA1 and residue 399 in the B loop of HA2 (residue 72, HA2 numbering) in different monomers of the trimeric A(H1N1)pdm09 HA are involved in functionally important intermolecular interactions and that a conserved histidine in this pair helps regulate HA stability. An arginine-lysine pair at this location destabilizes HA at acidic pH and mediates fusion at a higher pH, while a glutamate-lysine pair enhances HA stability and requires a lower pH to induce fusion. Our findings identify key residues in HA1 and HA2 that interact to help regulate H1N1 HA stability and virus infectivity. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is the principal antigen in inactivated influenza vaccines and the target of protective antibodies. However, the influenza A virus HA is highly variable, necessitating frequent vaccine changes to match circulating strains. Sequence changes in HA affect not only antigenicity but also HA stability, which has important implications for vaccine production, as well as viral adaptation to hosts. HA from the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus is less stable than other recent seasonal influenza virus HAs, but the molecular interactions that contribute to HA stability are not fully understood. Here we identify molecular interactions between specific residues in the surface and transmembrane subunits of HA that help regulate the HA conformational changes needed for HA stability and virus entry. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling HA function and antigen stability.
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Wang W, Alvarado-Facundo E, Chen Q, Anderson CM, Scott D, Vassell R, Weiss CD. Serum Samples From Middle-aged Adults Vaccinated Annually with Seasonal Influenza Vaccines Cross-neutralize Some Potential Pandemic Influenza Viruses. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:403-6. [PMID: 26243315 PMCID: PMC7313900 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined serum samples from adults ages 48–64 who received multiple seasonal influenza vaccines from 2004 to 2009 for cross-neutralizing antibodies to potential pandemic strains. Using pseudoviruses bearing various hemagglutinins (HA-pseudoviruses), we found serum neutralization titers (≥160) in 100% against A/Japan/305/1957 (H2N2), 53% against A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (H9N2), 56% against the H3N2 variant A/Indiana/08/11 (H3N2v), 11% against A/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2), and 36% A/chicken/Hong Kong/SF4/01 (H6N1). None had titers >160 to A/Shanghai/2/13 (H7N9) or A/Netherlands/219/03 (H7N7). Thirty-six percent to 0% had neutralization titers to various H5N1 strains. Titers to H9, H6, and H5 HA-pseudoviruses correlated with each other, but not with H3N2v, suggesting group-specific cross-neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products
| | | | - Qiong Chen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products
| | - Christine M Anderson
- Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Dorothy Scott
- Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Carol D Weiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products
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36
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Ferrara F, Molesti E, Temperton N. The application of pseudotypes to influenza pandemic preparedness. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human and animal populations are constantly exposed to multiple influenza strains due to zoonotic spillover and rapid viral evolution driven by intrinsic error-prone replication and immunological pressure. In this context, antibody responses directed against the hemagglutinin protein on the surface of the virus are of importance since they have been shown to correlate with protective immunity. Serological techniques, detecting these responses, play a critical role in influenza pandemic preparedness in particular with regard to the measurement of vaccine immunogenicity. As the recent human pandemics (H1N1) and avian influenza outbreaks (H5 and H7) have demonstrated, there is an urgent need to be better prepared to assess the contribution of the antibody response to protection against newly emerged viruses and to evaluate the extent of pre-existing heterosubtypic immunity in populations. This review compares pseudotype-based assays with wild-type and virus-like particle virus assays and discusses their place in the pandemic preparedness against the influenza virus. It additionally addresses the state-of-the-art developments of pseudotype-based assays (chimeric hemagglutinins, multiplex and post-attachment) including the development and future deployment of assay kits and approaches toward standardization to both preclinical and clinical endpoints. Progress toward the development of an influenza pseudotype library for the purposes of pandemic preparedness is also outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Eleonora Molesti
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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Carnell GW, Ferrara F, Grehan K, Thompson CP, Temperton NJ. Pseudotype-based neutralization assays for influenza: a systematic analysis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:161. [PMID: 25972865 PMCID: PMC4413832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of vaccination against the influenza virus remains the most effective method of mitigating the significant morbidity and mortality caused by this virus. Antibodies elicited by currently licensed influenza vaccines are predominantly hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)-competent antibodies that target the globular head of hemagglutinin (HA) thus inhibiting influenza virus entry into target cells. These antibodies predominantly confer homosubtypic/strain specific protection and only rarely confer heterosubtypic protection. However, recent academia or pharma-led R&D toward the production of a “universal vaccine” has centered on the elicitation of antibodies directed against the stalk of the influenza HA that has been shown to confer broad protection across a range of different subtypes (H1–H16). The accurate and sensitive measurement of antibody responses elicited by these “next-generation” influenza vaccines is, however, hampered by the lack of sensitivity of the traditional influenza serological assays HI, single radial hemolysis, and microneutralization. Assays utilizing pseudotypes, chimeric viruses bearing influenza glycoproteins, have been shown to be highly efficient for the measurement of homosubtypic and heterosubtypic broadly neutralizing antibodies, making them ideal serological tools for the study of cross-protective responses against multiple influenza subtypes with pandemic potential. In this review, we will analyze and compare literature involving the production of influenza pseudotypes with particular emphasis on their use in serum antibody neutralization assays. This will enable us to establish the parameters required for optimization and propose a consensus protocol to be employed for the further deployment of these assays in influenza vaccine immunogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George William Carnell
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
| | - Keith Grehan
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
| | - Craig Peter Thompson
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK
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Establishment of MDCK Stable Cell Lines Expressing TMPRSS2 and MSPL and Their Applications in Propagating Influenza Vaccine Viruses in Absence of Exogenous Trypsin. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:402628. [PMID: 25918647 PMCID: PMC4396729 DOI: 10.1155/2015/402628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We established two Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines stably expressing human airway transmembrane protease: transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and mosaic serine protease large form (MSPL) which support multicycle growth of two H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) recombinant vaccines (Re-5 and Re-6) and an H9 avian influenza virus (AIV) recombinant vaccine (Re-9) in the absence of trypsin. Data showed that the cell lines stably expressed TMPRSS2 and MSPL after 20 serial passages. Both MDCK-TMPRSS2 and MDCK-MSPL could proteolytically cleave the HA of Re-5, Re-6, and Re-9 and supported high-titer growth of the vaccine without exogenous trypsin. Re-5, Re-6, and Re-9 efficiently infected and replicated within MDCK-TMPRSS2 and MDCK-MSPL cells and viral titer were comparable to the virus grown in MDCK cells with TPCK-trypsin. Thus, our results indicate a potential application for these cell lines in cell-based influenza vaccine production and may serve as a useful tool for HA proteolytic cleavage-related studies.
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39
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Aguilar-Madrid G, Castelán-Vega JA, Juárez-Pérez CA, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Estrada-García I, Baltierra-Jasso L, Cervantes-Servín N, Méndez-Ortega V, Haro-García LC, Sánchez-Román FR, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Fabila-Castillo LH, Magaña-Hernández A, Chávez-Negrete A, Salamanca-Gómez FA, Jiménez-Alberto A. Seroprevalence of Pandemic A(H1N1) pmd09 Virus Antibodies in Mexican Health Care Workers Before and After Vaccination. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:154-63. [PMID: 25796508 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In April 2009, a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) was identified in Mexico and in the U.S. In June 2009, WHO declared this a pandemic. Health care workers constituted a risk group for their close contact with infected individuals. The aim was to estimate seropositivity for A(H1N1)pdm09 in health staff at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. METHODS A two-stage cross-sectional study, before and after vaccination in the same workers, was performed on a random sample of health-care workers. A socio-occupational questionnaire was applied and serum antibodies against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were determined through neutralization of retroviral pseudotypes; two logistic regression models for both were constructed. RESULTS The average (median/mean) age of 1378 participants from 13 work centers was 41.7 years and 68.7% (947) were women. Seroprevalence for the first stage was 26.5% (365) (7.4-43%) vs. 20.8% (11) in a control group from the blood bank; for the second stage, the vaccinated group was 33% (215) (18.2-47%) and 27% (196) (11.6-50%) for the unvaccinated group. In regression models, seropositivity was associated with occupational exposure to suspected influenza infected patients, being physicians, and being vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS Seropositivity against pandemic virus is similar to what was reported, both for vaccinated (2.8-40.9%) and unvaccinated (18.8-64.7%). Low seroprevalence in the vaccinated group indicates that between 67% and 73% were susceptible to infection. Given the relatively low vaccine-induced seropositivity, it is imperative to increase, hygiene and safety for health staff and at-risk populations, and strengthen epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Aguilar-Madrid
- Occupational Health Research Unit, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Juan Arturo Castelán-Vega
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Arturo Juárez-Pérez
- Occupational Health Research Unit, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Baltierra-Jasso
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicté Cervantes-Servín
- Immunology Research Unit, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, La Raza National Medical Center, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vanessa Méndez-Ortega
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis C Haro-García
- Academia de Salud Comunitaria, Promoción a la Salud. Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Raúl Sánchez-Román
- Department of Workplace Health, Disability Division, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis H Fabila-Castillo
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anastasia Magaña-Hernández
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Chávez-Negrete
- Education and Research, Specialties Hospital, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabio Abdel Salamanca-Gómez
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Jiménez-Alberto
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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Schmeisser F, Vasudevan A, Verma S, Wang W, Alvarado E, Weiss C, Atukorale V, Meseda C, Weir JP. Antibodies to antigenic site A of influenza H7 hemagglutinin provide protection against H7N9 challenge. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117108. [PMID: 25629172 PMCID: PMC4309539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying major antigenic and protective epitopes of the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) will be important for understanding the antibody response to vaccines developed against the novel influenza H7N9 viruses that emerged in China in 2013. To facilitate antigenic characterization of the H7N9 HA and to develop reagents for evaluation of H7N9 candidate vaccines, we generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the HA of A/Shanghai/2/2013 using mammalian cell-derived virus-like particles (VLP) containing the H7 HA. Neutralizing antibodies identified an HA epitope corresponding to antigenic site A on the structurally similar influenza H3 hemagglutinin. Importantly, the neutralizing antibodies protect against A/Shanghai/2/2013 challenge. This antigenic site is conserved among many H7 viruses, including strains of both Eurasian and North American lineage, and the isolated neutralizing antibodies are cross-reactive with older H7 vaccine strains. The results indicate that the identified antigenic site is a potentially important protective epitope and suggest the potential benefit of cross-reactive antibody responses to vaccination with H7 candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Anupama Vasudevan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Swati Verma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Esmeralda Alvarado
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Carol Weiss
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Vajini Atukorale
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Clement Meseda
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Influenza virus M2 protein ion channel activity helps to maintain pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus hemagglutinin fusion competence during transport to the cell surface. J Virol 2014; 89:1975-85. [PMID: 25473053 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03253-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) envelope protein mediates virus entry by first binding to cell surface receptors and then fusing viral and endosomal membranes during endocytosis. Cleavage of the HA precursor (HA0) into a surface receptor-binding subunit (HA1) and a fusion-inducing transmembrane subunit (HA2) by host cell enzymes primes HA for fusion competence by repositioning the fusion peptide to the newly created N terminus of HA2. We previously reported that the influenza virus M2 protein enhances pandemic 2009 influenza A virus [(H1N1)pdm09] HA-pseudovirus infectivity, but the mechanism was unclear. In this study, using cell-cell fusion and HA-pseudovirus infectivity assays, we found that the ion channel function of M2 was required for enhancement of HA fusion and HA-pseudovirus infectivity. The M2 activity was needed only during HA biosynthesis, and proteolysis experiments indicated that M2 proton channel activity helped to protect (H1N1)pdm09 HA from premature conformational changes as it traversed low-pH compartments during transport to the cell surface. While M2 has previously been shown to protect avian influenza virus HA proteins of the H5 and H7 subtypes that have polybasic cleavage motifs, this study demonstrates that M2 can protect HA proteins from human H1N1 strains that lack a polybasic cleavage motif. This finding suggests that M2 proton channel activity may play a wider role in preserving HA fusion competence among a variety of HA subtypes, including HA proteins from emerging strains that may have reduced HA stability. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus infects cells when the hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein undergoes irreversible pH-induced conformational changes after the virus is taken into the cell by endocytosis. HA fusion competence is primed when host cell enzymes cleave the HA precursor. The proton channel function of influenza virus M2 protein has previously been shown to protect avian influenza virus HA proteins that contain a polybasic cleavage site from pH-induced conformational changes during biosynthesis, but this effect is less well understood for human influenza virus HA proteins that lack polybasic cleavage sites. Using assays that focus on HA entry and fusion, we found that the M2 protein also protects (H1N1)pdm09 influenza A virus HA from premature conformational changes as it transits low-pH compartments during biosynthesis. This work suggests that M2 may play a wider role in preserving HA function in a variety of influenza virus subtypes that infect humans and may be especially important for HA proteins that are less stable.
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Trombetta CM, Perini D, Mather S, Temperton N, Montomoli E. Overview of Serological Techniques for Influenza Vaccine Evaluation: Past, Present and Future. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:707-34. [PMID: 26344888 PMCID: PMC4494249 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological techniques commonly used to quantify influenza-specific antibodies include the Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI), Single Radial Haemolysis (SRH) and Virus Neutralization (VN) assays. HI and SRH are established and reproducible techniques, whereas VN is more demanding. Every new influenza vaccine needs to fulfil the strict criteria issued by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in order to be licensed. These criteria currently apply exclusively to SRH and HI assays and refer to two different target groups-healthy adults and the elderly, but other vaccine recipient age groups have not been considered (i.e., children). The purpose of this timely review is to highlight the current scenario on correlates of protection concerning influenza vaccines and underline the need to revise the criteria and assays currently in use. In addition to SRH and HI assays, the technical advantages provided by other techniques such as the VN assay, pseudotype-based neutralization assay, neuraminidase and cell-mediated immunity assays need to be considered and regulated via EMA criteria, considering the many significant advantages that they could offer for the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Daniele Perini
- VisMederi srl, Enterprise in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stuart Mather
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- VisMederi srl, Enterprise in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Sawoo O, Dublineau A, Batéjat C, Zhou P, Manuguerra JC, Leclercq I. Cleavage of hemagglutinin-bearing lentiviral pseudotypes and their use in the study of influenza virus persistence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106192. [PMID: 25166303 PMCID: PMC4148439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a major cause of infectious respiratory human diseases and their transmission is dependent upon the environment. However, the role of environmental factors on IAV survival outside the host still raises many questions. In this study, we used lentiviral pseudotypes to study the influence of the hemagglutinin protein in IAV survival. High-titered and cleaved influenza-based lentiviral pseudoparticles, through the use of a combination of two proteases (HAT and TMPRSS2) were produced. Pseudoparticles bearing hemagglutinin proteins derived from different H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 IAV strains were subjected to various environmental parameters over time and tested for viability through single-cycle infectivity assays. We showed that pseudotypes with different HAs have different persistence profiles in water as previously shown with IAVs. Our results also showed that pseudotypes derived from H1N1 pandemic virus survived longer than those derived from seasonal H1N1 virus from 1999, at high temperature and salinity, as previously shown with their viral counterparts. Similarly, increasing temperature and salinity had a negative effect on the survival of the H3N2 and H5N1 pseudotypes. These results showed that pseudotypes with the same lentiviral core, but which differ in their surface glycoproteins, survived differently outside the host, suggesting a role for the HA in virus stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Sawoo
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité (Cellule Pasteur), Paris, France
| | - Amélie Dublineau
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Batéjat
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Paris, France
| | - Paul Zhou
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Unit of Antiviral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Paris, France
| | - India Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité (Cellule Pasteur), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Discordant correlation between serological assays observed when measuring heterosubtypic responses against avian influenza H5 and H7 viruses in unexposed individuals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:231365. [PMID: 25013769 PMCID: PMC4071775 DOI: 10.1155/2014/231365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human population is constantly exposed to multiple influenza A subtypes due to zoonotic spillover and rapid viral evolution driven by intrinsic error-prone replication and immunological pressure. In this context, antibody responses directed against the HA protein are of importance since they have been shown to correlate with protective immunity. Serological techniques, detecting these responses, play a critical role for influenza surveillance, vaccine development, and assessment. As the recent human pandemics and avian influenza outbreaks have demonstrated, there is an urgent need to be better prepared to assess the contribution of the antibody response to protection against newly emerged viruses and to evaluate the extent of preexisting heterosubtypic immunity in populations. In this study, 68 serum samples collected from the Italian population between 1992 and 2007 were found to be positive for antibodies against H5N1 as determined by single radial hemolysis (SRH), but most were negative when evaluated using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralisation (MN) assays. As a result of these discordant serological findings, the increased sensitivity of lentiviral pseudotypes was exploited in pseudotype-based neutralisation (pp-NT) assays and the results obtained provide further insight into the complex nature of humoral immunity against influenza A viruses.
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45
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Cheresiz SV, Kononova AA, Razumova YV, Dubich TS, Chepurnov AA, Kushch AA, Davey R, Pokrovsky AG. A vesicular stomatitis pseudovirus expressing the surface glycoproteins of influenza A virus. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2651-8. [PMID: 24888312 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pseudotyped viruses bearing the glycoprotein(s) of a donor virus over the nucleocapsid core of a surrogate virus are widely used as safe substitutes for infectious virus in virology studies. Retroviral particles pseudotyped with influenza A virus glycoproteins have been used recently for the study of influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase-dependent processes. Here, we report the development of vesicular-stomatitis-virus-based pseudotypes bearing the glycoproteins of influenza A virus. We show that pseudotypes bearing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of H5N1 influenza A virus mimic the wild-type virus in neutralization assays and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. We demonstrate the requirement of NA for the infectivity of pseudotypes and show that viruses obtained with different NA proteins are significantly different in their transduction activities. Inhibition studies with oseltamivir carboxylate show that neuraminidase activity is required for pseudovirus production, but not for the infection of target cells with H5N1-VSV pseudovirus. The HA-NA-VSV pseudoviruses have high transduction titers and better stability than the previously reported retroviral pseudotypes and can replace live influenza virus in the development of neutralization assays, screening of potential antivirals, and the study of different HA/NA reassortants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Cheresiz
- Department of Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia,
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46
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Zimmer G, Locher S, Berger Rentsch M, Halbherr SJ. Pseudotyping of vesicular stomatitis virus with the envelope glycoproteins of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1634-1639. [PMID: 24814925 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudotype viruses are useful for studying the envelope proteins of harmful viruses. This work describes the pseudotyping of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with the envelope glycoproteins of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. VSV lacking the homotypic glycoprotein (G) gene (VSVΔG) was used to express haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) or the combination of both. Propagation-competent pseudotype viruses were only obtained when HA and NA were expressed from the same vector genome. Pseudotype viruses containing HA from different H5 clades were neutralized specifically by immune sera directed against the corresponding clade. Fast and sensitive reading of test results was achieved by vector-mediated expression of GFP. Pseudotype viruses expressing a mutant VSV matrix protein showed restricted spread in IFN-competent cells. This pseudotype system will facilitate the detection of neutralizing antibodies against virulent influenza viruses, circumventing the need for high-level biosafety containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Samira Locher
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Berger Rentsch
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan J Halbherr
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Wallerström S, Lagerqvist N, Temperton NJ, Cassmer M, Moreno A, Karlsson M, Leijon M, Lundkvist A, Falk KI. Detection of antibodies against H5 and H7 strains in birds: evaluation of influenza pseudovirus particle neutralization tests. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2014; 4:23011. [PMID: 24455106 PMCID: PMC3895261 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v4.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Avian influenza viruses circulate in bird populations, and it is important to maintain and uphold our knowledge of the viral strains that are currently of interest in this context. Here, we describe the use of hemagglutinin-pseudotype retroviruses based on highly pathogenic influenza viruses for the screening of avian sera for influenza A antibodies. Our aim was also to determine whether the pseudovirus neutralization tests that we assessed were sensitive and simple to use compared to the traditional methods, including hemagglutination inhibition assays and microneutralization tests. Material and methods H5 and H7 pseudovirus neutralization tests were evaluated by using serum from infected rabbits. Subsequently, the assays were further investigated using a panel of serum samples from avian species. The panel contained samples that were seropositive for five different hemagglutinin subtypes as well as influenza A seronegative samples. Results and discussion The results suggest that the pseudovirus neutralization test is an alternative to hemagglutination inhibition assays, as we observed comparable titers to those of both standard microneutralizations assays as well as hemagglutinin inhibition assays. When evaluated by a panel of avian sera, the method also showed its capability to recognize antibodies directed toward low-pathogenic H5 and H7. Hence, we conclude that it is possible to use pseudoviruses based on highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses to screen avian sera for antibodies directed against influenza A subtypes H5 and H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Wallerström
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nina Lagerqvist
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Michaela Cassmer
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ana Moreno
- Reparto di Virologia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Malin Karlsson
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mikael Leijon
- National Veterinary Institute, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ake Lundkvist
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden ; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin I Falk
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
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Almajhdi FN. A report on the association of influenza B virus with respiratory tract infection of hospitalized children in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 16:109-11. [PMID: 23961050 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are recognized as one of the major causes of respiratory tract infection in young children and elderly people throughout the world. In this report, influenza B virus was detected when 200 clinical samples of nasopharyngeal aspirates, collected from hospitalized children aged from one month to three years with respiratory tract infections, were tested by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). PCR products on the conserved regions sequence of the non-structural gene identified the presence of influenza B virus in the clinical samples. This finding is important and it may become a real threat if not well considered. Due to massive mutations that influenza virus type B undergone, high protective measured should be taken. Therefore, further characterization and isolation of the virus are essentially needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, and Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Munier S, Rolland T, Diot C, Jacob Y, Naffakh N. Exploration of binary virus-host interactions using an infectious protein complementation assay. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2845-55. [PMID: 23816991 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.028688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise mapping of pathogen-host interactions is essential for comprehensive understanding of the processes of infection and pathogenesis. The most frequently used techniques for interactomics are the yeast two-hybrid binary methodologies, which do not recapitulate the pathogen life cycle, and the tandem affinity purification mass spectrometry co-complex methodologies, which cannot distinguish direct from indirect interactions. New technologies are thus needed to improve the mapping of pathogen-host interactions. In the current study, we detected binary interactions between influenza A virus polymerase and host proteins during the course of an actual viral infection, using a new strategy based on trans-complementation of the Gluc1 and Gluc2 fragments of Gaussia princeps luciferase. Infectious recombinant influenza viruses that encode a Gluc1-tagged polymerase subunit were engineered to infect cultured cells transiently expressing a selected set of Gluc2-tagged cellular proteins involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways. A random set and a literature-curated set of Gluc2-tagged cellular proteins were tested in parallel. Our assay allowed the sensitive and accurate recovery of previously described interactions, and it revealed 30% of positive, novel viral-host protein-protein interactions within the exploratory set. In addition to cellular proteins involved in the nuclear import pathway, components of the nuclear pore complex such as NUP62 and mRNA export factors such as NXF1, RMB15B, and DDX19B were identified for the first time as interactors of the viral polymerase. Gene silencing experiments further showed that NUP62 is required for efficient viral replication. Our findings give new insights regarding the subversion of host nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways by influenza A viruses. They also demonstrate the potential of our infectious protein complementation assay for high-throughput exploration of influenza virus interactomics in infected cells. With more infectious reverse genetics systems becoming available, this strategy should be widely applicable to numerous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandie Munier
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, F-75015 Paris, France
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50
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Rimmelzwaan GF, Katz JM. Immune responses to infection with H5N1 influenza virus. Virus Res 2013; 178:44-52. [PMID: 23735534 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A H5N1 viruses remain a substantial threat to global public health. In particular, the expanding genetic diversity of H5N1 viruses and the associated risk for human adaptation underscore the importance of better understanding host immune responses that may protect against disease or infection. Although much emphasis has been placed on investigating early virus-host interactions and the induction of innate immune responses, little is known of the consequent adaptive immune response to H5N1 virus infection. In this review, we describe the H5N1 virus-specific and cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses in humans and animal models. Data from limited studies suggest that although initially robust, there is substantial waning of the serum antibody responses in survivors of H5N1 virus infection. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated from memory B cells of survivors of H5N1 virus infection has provided an understanding of the fine specificity of the human antibody response to H5N1 virus infection and identified strategies for immunotherapy. Human T cell responses induced by infection with seasonal influenza viruses are directed to relatively conserved internal proteins and cross-react with the H5N1 subtype. A role for T cell-based heterosubtypic immunity against H5N1 viruses is suggested in animal studies. Further studies on adaptive immune responses to H5N1 virus infection in both humans and animals are needed to inform the design of optimal immunological treatment and prevention modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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