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Malla B, Shrestha S, Sthapit N, Hirai S, Raya S, Rahmani AF, Angga MS, Siri Y, Ruti AA, Haramoto E. Beyond COVID-19: Wastewater-based epidemiology for multipathogen surveillance and normalization strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174419. [PMID: 38960169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a critical tool for monitoring community health. Although much attention has focused on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), other pathogens also pose significant health risks. This study quantified the presence of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus (Inf-A), and noroviruses of genogroups I (NoV-GI) and II (NoV-GII) in wastewater samples collected weekly (n = 170) from July 2023 to February 2024 from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, by quantitative PCR. Inf-A RNA exhibited localized prevalence with positive ratios of 59 %-82 % in different WWTPs, suggesting regional outbreaks within specific areas. NoV-GI (94 %, 160/170) and NoV-GII (100 %, 170/170) RNA were highly prevalent, with NoV-GII (6.1 ± 0.8 log10 copies/L) consistently exceeding NoV-GI (5.4 ± 0.7 log10 copies/L) RNA concentrations. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 100 % of the samples, with mean concentrations of 5.3 ± 0.5 log10 copies/L in WWTP E and 5.8 ± 0.4 log10 copies/L each in other WWTPs. Seasonal variability was evident, with higher concentrations of all pathogenic viruses during winter. Non-normalized and normalized virus concentrations by fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and total coliforms), an indicator virus (pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)), and turbidity revealed significant positive associations with the reported disease cases. Inf-A and NoV-GI + GII RNA concentrations showed strong correlations with influenza and acute gastroenteritis cases, particularly when normalized to E. coli (Spearman's ρ = 0.70-0.81) and total coliforms (ρ = 0.70-0.81), respectively. For SARS-CoV-2, non-normalized concentrations showed a correlation of 0.61, decreasing to 0.31 when normalized to PMMoV, suggesting that PMMoV is unsuitable. Turbidity normalization also yielded suboptimal results. This study underscored the importance of selecting suitable normalization parameters tailored to specific pathogens for accurate disease trend monitoring using WBE, demonstrating its utility beyond COVID-19 surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Sadhana Shrestha
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Niva Sthapit
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Soichiro Hirai
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Sunayana Raya
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Aulia Fajar Rahmani
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Made Sandhyana Angga
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Yadpiroon Siri
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Annisa Andarini Ruti
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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Fujita R, Tachi T, Hino M, Nagata K, Saiki M, Inumaru M, Higa Y, Itokawa K, Uemura N, Matsumura R, Kai I, Sawabe K, Kobayashi M, Isawa H, Kusakabe T, Matsuo K, Kasai S. Blowflies are potential vector for avian influenza virus at enzootic area in Japan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10285. [PMID: 38704404 PMCID: PMC11069500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) poses a significant threat to both domestic and wild birds globally. The avian influenza virus, known for environmental contamination and subsequent oral infection in birds, necessitates careful consideration of alternative introduction routes during HPAI outbreaks. This study focuses on blowflies (genus Calliphora), in particular Calliphora nigribarbis, attracted to decaying animals and feces, which migrate to lowland areas of Japan from northern or mountainous regions in early winter, coinciding with HPAI season. Our investigation aims to delineate the role of blowflies as HPAI vectors by conducting a virus prevalence survey in a wild bird HPAI-enzootic area. In December 2022, 648 Calliphora nigribarbis were collected. Influenza virus RT-PCR testing identified 14 virus-positive samples (2.2% prevalence), with the highest occurrence observed near the crane colony (14.9%). Subtyping revealed the presence of H5N1 and HxN1 in some samples. Subsequent collections in December 2023 identified one HPAI virus-positive specimen from 608 collected flies in total, underscoring the potential involvement of blowflies in HPAI transmission. Our observations suggest C. nigribarbis may acquire the HPAI virus from deceased wild birds directly or from fecal materials from infected birds, highlighting the need to add blowflies as a target of HPAI vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujita
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, West-5 543, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Takuji Tachi
- Biosystematics Laboratory, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Hino
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, West-5 543, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nagata
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, West-5 543, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Hokkaido Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saiki
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, West-5 543, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mizue Inumaru
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Uemura
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsumura
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Kai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuo
- Biosystematics Laboratory, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Raya S, Malla B, Shrestha S, Sthapit N, Kattel H, Sharma ST, Tuladhar R, Maharjan R, Takeda T, Kitajima M, Tandukar S, Haramoto E. Quantification of multiple respiratory viruses in wastewater in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Potential implications of wastewater-based epidemiology for community disease surveillance in developing countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170845. [PMID: 38340866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite being the major cause of death, clinical surveillance of respiratory viruses at the community level is very passive, especially in developing countries. This study focused on the surveillance of three respiratory viruses [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus (IFV-A), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)] in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, by implication of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Fifty-one untreated wastewater samples were from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) between April and October 2022. Among eight combinations of the pre-evaluated methods, the combination of concentration by simple centrifugation, pretreatment by DNA/RNA Shield (Zymo Research), and extraction by the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN) showed the best performance for detecting respiratory viruses. Using this method with a one-step reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), SARS-CoV-2 RNA was successfully detected from both WWTPs (positive ratio, 100 % and 81 %) at concentrations of 5.6 ± 0.6 log10 copies/L from each WWTP. Forty-six SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive samples were further tested for three mutation site-specific one-step RT-qPCR (L452R, T478K, and E484A/G339D), where G339D/E484A mutations were frequently detected in both WWTPs (96 %). IFV-A RNA was more frequently detected in WWTP A (84 %) compared to WWTP B (38 %). RSV RNA was also detected in both WWTPs (28 % and 8 %, respectively). This is the first study on detecting IFV-A and RSV in wastewater in Nepal, showing the applicability and importance of WBE for respiratory viruses in developing countries where clinical data are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunayana Raya
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Sadhana Shrestha
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Niva Sthapit
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Hari Kattel
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sangita Tara Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Reshma Tuladhar
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rabin Maharjan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Tomoko Takeda
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | | | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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Malla B, Shrestha S, Haramoto E. Optimization of the 5-plex digital PCR workflow for simultaneous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic viruses in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169746. [PMID: 38159741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is a valuable tool for monitoring pathogenic viruses in the environment, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is widely used for pathogen surveillance in wastewater, it can be affected by inhibition and is limited to relative quantification. Digital PCR (dPCR) offers potential solutions to these limitations. In this study, a 5-plex dPCR workflow was optimized for the simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, enteroviruses (EnV), and noroviruses of genogroups I (NoV-GI) and GII (NoV-GII) in wastewater samples. Wastewater samples (n = 36) were collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Japan between August and October 2022. The optimization included the evaluation of singleplex and 5-plex dPCR assays, and two different concentration methods, extraction kits, and dPCR approaches. The performance of singleplex and 5-plex dPCR assays showed comparable linearity and reliability, with the 5-plex assays showing greater efficiency. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method showed better performance over the centrifugation method, two-step reverse transcription (RT)-dPCR over the one-step RT-dPCR, and AllPrep PowerViral DNA/RNA Kit showed better performance than the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit. The optimal workflow therefore included PEG precipitation, the AllPrep PowerViral DNA/RNA Kit, and two-step RT-dPCR. This workflow was selected to monitor the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic viruses in wastewater samples in a 5-plex dPCR approach, yielding promising results. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the majority of samples, with NoV-GI, NoV-GII, and EnV also being detected. The successful optimization and application of the 5-plex dPCR assay for pathogen surveillance in wastewater offers significant benefits, including enhanced community health assessment and more effective responses to public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Sadhana Shrestha
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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Germano ER, Flores T, Freed GS, Kim K, Tulinsky GH, Yang A, Rose OJ, Ray CA, Autry A, Catallozzi M, Mailloux BJ, Miranda JJL. Building-level wastewater surveillance localizes interseasonal influenza variation. mSphere 2024; 9:e0060023. [PMID: 38168676 PMCID: PMC10826355 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00600-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus poses a recurring threat to public health and infects many populations in annual waves of generally unpredictable magnitude and timing. We aimed to detect the arrival and estimate the case magnitude of seasonal influenza A in urban New York City college dormitory buildings. Our wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) program measured viral RNA in the sewage outflow of three dormitories at Barnard College in 2021 and 2022. Wastewater test positivity strongly correlated with New York County clinical cases (Kendall's τ = 0.58). Positive wastewater samples are also associated with campus clinical cases. The 2022 data stand in stark contrast to the 2021 results by revealing the more frequent and earlier presence of influenza A. The increase in positive tests is significant (P < 0.01). It is further noteworthy that positive samples were not evenly distributed among buildings. Surveillance additionally identified the influenza A H3 subtype but did not detect any influenza B. We also systematically analyzed our viral purification protocol to identify in which fraction influenza can be found. While virus can be found in solid fractions, a substantial quantity remains in the final liquid fraction. Our work focuses on individual buildings rather than larger sewersheds because buildings may localize interseasonal influenza variation to specific subpopulations. Our results highlight the potential value of building-level WBS in measuring influenza incidence to help guide public health intervention.IMPORTANCESeasonal influenza remains a major public health burden. We monitored influenza A in dormitory wastewater of a New York City college in 2021 and 2022. Longitudinal samples acquired over consecutive years allowed measurement of individual buildings between seasons. We uncovered building-level changes in the magnitude and timing of test positivity concordant with clinical cases. Surveillance also localized the heterogeneity of influenza variation during the large 2022 seasonal surge. The ability to detect such changes could be leveraged as part of a public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Germano
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany Flores
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Grace S. Freed
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kang Kim
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Grace H. Tulinsky
- Environmental Science Department, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Annie Yang
- Environmental Science Department, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver J. Rose
- Office of Facilities Services, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caroline A. Ray
- Office of Health and Wellness, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - April Autry
- Office of Health and Wellness, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marina Catallozzi
- Office of Health and Wellness, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian J. Mailloux
- Environmental Science Department, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - JJ L. Miranda
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Mukai E, Fukushima W, Morikawa S, Nakata K, Hiroi S, Fujioka M, Matsushita T, Kubota M, Yagi Y, Takechi T, Takasaki Y, Shindo S, Yamashita Y, Yokoyama T, Kiyomatsu Y, Matsumoto K, Maeda A, Kondo K, Ito K, Kase T, Ohfuji S, Hirota Y. No association between inactivated influenza vaccination and influenza viral load at diagnosis among young Japanese children: An observational study of the 2013/2014 through 2017/2018 influenza seasons. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13213. [PMID: 37885369 PMCID: PMC10603291 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between inactivated influenza vaccination and viral load in young children remains unclear. METHODS During the 2013/2014 to 2017/2018 influenza seasons in Japan, children under 6 years of age with pre-defined influenza-like illness and influenza-positive status by real-time RT-PCR were recruited at pediatric clinics for this observational study. Influenza viral load was measured for the most predominant subtype/lineage in each season. Using median dichotomized viral load as an outcome, a multilevel logistic regression model was applied to estimate the multivariable adjusted odds ratio (MOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for higher viral load. RESULTS A total of 1,185 influenza-positive children were analyzed. The median log10 viral load copy number (copies per milliliter) was 5.5 (interquartile range, 4.6 to 6.1) and did not differ by vaccination status: 5.5 for unvaccinated, 5.7 for one dose, and 5.5 for two doses (p = 0.67). The MOR of vaccinated (one or two doses) versus unvaccinated children was 1.19 (95% CI: 0.86-1.64). Other factors showing significant associations with higher viral load were positive results for A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) in comparison with B/Yamagata. The respective MORs were 3.25 (95% CI: 2.28-4.64) and 1.81 (95% CI: 1.32-2.49). Significantly elevated MORs against higher viral load were also observed for higher body temperature at influenza diagnosis and shorter duration from fever onset to specimen collection. CONCLUSION No association was observed between inactivated-influenza vaccination and viral load at influenza-positive diagnosis. Influenza subtype/lineage, body temperature, and time elapsed since fever onset were significantly associated with viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Mukai
- Department of Public HealthOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Wakaba Fukushima
- Department of Public HealthOsaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease SciencesOsaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Saeko Morikawa
- Department of VirologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | - Keiko Nakata
- Department of VirologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | - Satoshi Hiroi
- Department of VirologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kazuhiro Matsumoto
- Department of Public HealthOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Akiko Maeda
- Department of Public HealthOsaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kyoko Kondo
- Management BureauOsaka Metropolitan University HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuya Ito
- Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of NursingOsakaJapan
| | - Tetsuo Kase
- Department of Public HealthOsaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease SciencesOsaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Satoko Ohfuji
- Department of Public HealthOsaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease SciencesOsaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshio Hirota
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center SOUSEIKAI Medical Group (Medical Co. LTA)FukuokaJapan
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Ando H, Ahmed W, Iwamoto R, Ando Y, Okabe S, Kitajima M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses elucidated by wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:162694. [PMID: 36894088 PMCID: PMC9991320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease in the prevalence of Influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been suggested by clinical surveillance. However, there may be potential biases in obtaining an accurate overview of infectious diseases in a community. To elucidate the impact of the COVID-19 on the prevalence of IAV and RSV, we quantified IAV and RSV RNA in wastewater collected from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sapporo, Japan, between October 2018 and January 2023, using highly sensitive EPISENS™ method. From October 2018 to April 2020, the IAV M gene concentrations were positively correlated with the confirmed cases in the corresponding area (Spearman's r = 0.61). Subtype-specific HA genes of IAV were also detected, and their concentrations showed trends that were consistent with clinically reported cases. RSV A and B serotypes were also detected in wastewater, and their concentrations were positively correlated with the confirmed clinical cases (Spearman's r = 0.36-0.52). The detection ratios of IAV and RSV in wastewater decreased from 66.7 % (22/33) and 42.4 % (14/33) to 4.56 % (12/263) and 32.7 % (86/263), respectively in the city after the COVID-19 prevalence. The present study demonstrates the potential usefulness of wastewater-based epidemiology combined with the preservation of wastewater (wastewater banking) as a tool for better management of respiratory viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ando
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ryo Iwamoto
- Shionogi & Co. Ltd., 1-8, Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka 541-0045, Japan; AdvanSentinel Inc., 1-8 Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ando
- Shionogi & Co. Ltd., 1-8, Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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Malla B, Thakali O, Shrestha S, Segawa T, Kitajima M, Haramoto E. Application of a high-throughput quantitative PCR system for simultaneous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants and other pathogenic viruses in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158659. [PMID: 36096223 PMCID: PMC9461275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are continuously emerging, highlighting the importance of regular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemiologically significant pathogenic viruses in the current context. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is expensive, time-consuming, labor-intensive, requires a large reagent volume, and only tests a few targets in a single run. High-throughput qPCR (HT-qPCR) utilizing the Biomark HD system (Fluidigm) can be used as an alternative. This study applied an HT-qPCR to simultaneously detect SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 nucleotide substituted RNA, and other pathogenic viruses in wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine facility between October 2020 and February 2021 (n = 4) and from the combined and separated sewer lines of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture, Japan, between March and August 2021 (n = 23 each). The samples were analyzed by HT-qPCR using five SARS-CoV-2, nine SARS-CoV-2 spike gene nucleotide substitution-specific, five pathogenic viruses, and three process control assays. All samples from the quarantine facility tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and the nucleotide substitutions N501Y and S69-70 del (Alpha variant) were detected in the December 2020 sample, coinciding with the first clinical case in Japan. Only three WWTP samples were positive when tested with a single SARS-CoV-2 assay, whereas more than eight samples were positive when tested with all assays, indicating that using multiple assays increases the likelihood of detection. The nucleotide substitution L452R (Delta variant) was detected in the WWTP samples of Mie Prefecture in April 2021, but the detection of Delta variant from patients had not been reported until May 2021. Aichi virus 1 and norovirus GII were prevalent in WWTP samples. This study demonstrated that HT-qPCR may be the most time- and cost-efficient method for tracking COVID-19 and broadly monitoring community health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Sadhana Shrestha
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan
| | - Takahiro Segawa
- Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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9
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Yasuura M, Nakaya Y, Ashiba H, Fukuda T. Investigation on the applicability of a long-range reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection of active viruses. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:300. [PMID: 36510144 PMCID: PMC9743722 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are widely used in diagnosis, the titer of the pathogenic virus is difficult to determine based on the PCR. In our prior report, a long-range reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (LR-RT-qPCR) assay was developed to assess the titer of UV-irradiated influenza A virus (IAV) rapidly. In this research, we focused on whether the LR-RT-qPCR assay could evaluate the titer of IAV inactivated by other methods. METHODS IAV was inactivated by: heating at 100 °C for periods ranging from 1 to 15 min, treating with 0.12% sodium hypochlorite for periods ranging from 3 to 30 min, or treating with 70% ethanol for periods ranging from 10 to 30 min. Fifty percent tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay was performed to confirm the efficacy of the inactivation methods, followed by LR-RT-qPCR to investigate the correlation between infectivity and copy number. RESULTS One minute heating, 3 min sodium hypochlorite treatment, or 10 min ethanol treatment was sufficient to deactivate IAV. Changes before and after the inactivations in the copy numbers on LR-RT-qPCR were significantly different among the inactivation methods. Heat-inactivation drastically decreased the copy number to below the cutoff value around 5 copies/μL after 5 min treatment. The inactivation time of heating estimated using LR-RT-qPCR was marginally higher than that determined using TCID50. However, the treatments with sodium hypochlorite or ethanol moderately and minimally affected the copy numbers obtained using LR-RT-qPCR (~ 1 digit or no copy number decrease), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In addition to good applicability in UV-irradiation previously reported, the LR-RT-qPCR method is suitable for evaluating the effect of heat-inactivation on IAV infectivity. However, minor modifications may be made and investigated in the future to reduce the time intervals with TCID50. Although this method is not applicable for the ethanol inactivation, rapid evaluation of the effects of chlorination on IAV can be determined by comparing copy numbers before and after treatment using the LR-RT-qPCR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yasuura
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakaya
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.,Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ashiba
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Fukuda
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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10
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Hamamoto I, Takahashi H, Shimazaki N, Nakamura K, Mizuta K, Sato K, Nishimura H, Yamamoto N, Hasegawa H, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Nobusawa E. Suitability of NIID-MDCK cells as a substrate for cell-based influenza vaccine development from the perspective of adventitious virus susceptibility. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:361-370. [PMID: 35545856 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The practical use of cell-based seasonal influenza vaccines is currently being considered in Japan. From the perspective of adventitious virus contamination, we assessed the suitability of NIID-MDCK cells (NIID-MDCK-Cs) as a safe substrate for the isolation of influenza viruses from clinical specimens. We first established a sensitive multiplex real-time PCR system to screen for 27 respiratory viruses and used it on 34 virus samples that were isolated by passaging influenza-positive clinical specimens in NIID-MDCK-Cs. Incidentally, the limit of detection of the system was 100 or fewer genome copies per reaction. In addition to influenza viruses, human enterovirus 68 (HEV-D68) genomes were detected in two samples after two or three passages in NIID-MDCK-Cs. To further investigate the susceptibility of NIID-MDCK-Cs to adventitious viruses, eight common respiratory viruses were subjected to passages in NIID-MDCK-Cs. The genome copy numbers of seven viruses other than parainfluenza 3 decreased below the limit of detection (LOD) by passage 4. By passaging in NIID-MDCK-Cs, the genome numbers of the input HEV-D68, 1 x 108 copies, declined to 102 at passage 3 and to under the LOD at passage 4, whereas those of the other six viruses were under the LOD by passage 3. These results implied that during the process of isolating influenza viruses with NIID-MDCK-Cs, contaminating viruses other than parainfluenza 3 can be efficiently removed by passages in NIID-MDCK-Cs. NIID-MDCK-Cs could be a safe substrate for isolating influenza viruses that can be used to develop cell-based influenza vaccine candidate viruses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Hamamoto
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimazaki
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakamura
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ko Sato
- Virus Research Center, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Eri Nobusawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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11
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Influence of Prior Influenza Vaccination on Current Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Children Aged 1 to 5 Years. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121447. [PMID: 34960193 PMCID: PMC8706378 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although annual influenza vaccination is an important strategy used to prevent influenza-related morbidity and mortality, some studies have reported the negative influence of prior vaccination on vaccine effectiveness (VE) for current seasons. Currently, the influence of prior vaccination is not conclusive, especially in children. METHODS We evaluated the association between current-season VE and prior season vaccination using a test-negative design in children aged 1-5 years presenting at nine outpatient clinics in Japan during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 influenza seasons. Children with influenza-like illness were enrolled prospectively and tested for influenza using real-time RT-PCR. Their recent vaccination history was categorized into six groups according to current vaccination doses (0/1/2) and prior vaccination status (unvaccinated = 0 doses/vaccinated = 1 dose or 2 doses): (1) 0 doses in the current season and unvaccinated in prior seasons (reference group); (2) 0 doses in the current season and vaccinated in a prior season; (3) 1 dose in the current season and unvaccinated in a prior season; (4) 1 dose in the current season and vaccinated in a prior season; (5) 2 doses in the current season and unvaccinated in a prior season, and (6) 2 doses in the current season and vaccinated in a prior season. RESULTS A total of 799 cases and 1196 controls were analyzed. The median age of the subjects was 3 years, and the proportion of males was 54%. Overall, the vaccination rates (any vaccination in the current season) in the cases and controls were 36% and 53%, respectively. The VEs of the groups were: (2) 29% (95% confidence interval: -25% to 59%); (3) 53% (6% to 76%); (4) 70% (45% to 83%); (5) 56% (32% to 72%), and (6) 61% (42% to 73%). The one- and two-dose VEs of the current season were significant regardless of prior vaccination status. The results did not differ when stratified by influenza subtype/lineage. CONCLUSION Prior vaccination did not attenuate the current-season VE in children aged 1 to 5 years, supporting the annual vaccination strategy.
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12
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Morikawa S, Otsuka M, Yumisashi T, Motomura K. A longitudinal study on respiratory viral infection for healthy volunteers. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e413. [PMID: 34632101 PMCID: PMC8488996 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Morikawa
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | - Maki Otsuka
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
- Department of Public HealthOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Takahiro Yumisashi
- Virology Section, Division of MicrobiologyOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
| | - Kazushi Motomura
- Division of Public HealthOsaka Institute of Public HealthOsakaJapan
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13
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Kinoshita T, Watanabe K, Sakurai Y, Nishi K, Yoshikawa R, Yasuda J. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus causes more severe and prolonged pneumonia in hamsters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21259. [PMID: 34711897 PMCID: PMC8553868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently a serious public health concern worldwide. Notably, co-infection with other pathogens may worsen the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and increase fatality. Here, we show that co-infection with influenza A virus (IAV) causes more severe body weight loss and more severe and prolonged pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. Each virus can efficiently spread in the lungs without interference by the other. However, in immunohistochemical analyses, SARS-CoV-2 and IAV were not detected at the same sites in the respiratory organs of co-infected hamsters, suggesting that either the two viruses may have different cell tropisms in vivo or each virus may inhibit the infection and/or growth of the other within a cell or adjacent areas in the organs. Furthermore, a significant increase in IL-6 was detected in the sera of hamsters co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and IAV at 7 and 10 days post-infection, suggesting that IL-6 may be involved in the increased severity of pneumonia. Our results strongly suggest that IAV co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 can have serious health risks and increased caution should be applied in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kinoshita
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Sakurai
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kodai Nishi
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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14
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Profiling of Intestinal Microbiota in Patients Infected with Respiratory Influenza A and B Viruses. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060761. [PMID: 34204203 PMCID: PMC8233933 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the association between respiratory viral infections and their impact on intestinal microbiota. Here, we compared the effect of influenza types, A and B, and influenza shedding in patients’ stools on the gut microbiota diversity and composition. Deep sequencing analysis was performed for the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Fecal samples were collected from 38 adults with active respiratory influenza infection and 11 age-matched healthy controls. Influenza infection resulted in variations in intestinal bacterial community composition rather than in overall diversity. Overall, infected patients experienced an increased abundance of Bacteroidetes and a corresponding decrease in Firmicutes. Differential abundance testing illustrated that differences in gut microbiota composition were influenza type-dependent, identifying ten differentially abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between influenza A- and influenza B-infected patients. Notably, virus shedding in fecal samples of some patients had significantly reduced gut bacterial diversity (p = 0.023). Further taxonomic analysis revealed that the abundance of Bacteroides fragilis was significantly higher among shedders compared to non-shedders (p = 0.037). These results provide fundamental evidence of the direct effect of influenza infection on gut microbiota diversity, as reported in patients shedding the virus.
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15
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Chung HY, Jian MJ, Chang CK, Lin JC, Yeh KM, Chen CW, Chiu SK, Wang YH, Liao SJ, Li SY, Hsieh SS, Tsai SH, Perng CL, Yang JR, Liu MT, Chang FY, Shang HS. Novel dual multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B, and respiratory syncytial virus using the BD MAX open system. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:161-166. [PMID: 33410371 PMCID: PMC7832498 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1873073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly, causing deaths worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the BD MAX Open System module for identifying viral pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, in nasopharyngeal specimens from individuals with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. We developed and validated a rapid total nucleic acid extraction method based on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the reliable, high-throughput simultaneous detection of common cold viral pathogens using the BD MAX Platform. The system was evaluated using 205 nasopharyngeal swab clinical samples. For assessment of the limit of detection (LoD), we used SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA standards. The BD MAX dual multiplex real-time RT-PCR panel demonstrated a sensitivity comparable to that of the World Health Organization-recommended SARS-CoV-2 assay with an LoD of 50 copies/PCR. The LoD of influenza A/B and RSV was 100-200 copies/PCR. The overall percent agreement between the BD MAX panel and laboratory-developed RT-PCR test on 55 SARS-CoV-2-positive clinical samples was 100%. Among the 55 positive cases of COVID-19 analysed, no coinfection was detected. The BD MAX rapid multiplex PCR provides a highly sensitive, robust, and accurate assay for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B, and RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Yi Chung
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Jr Jian
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Kai Chang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jung-Chung Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Ming Yeh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Wen Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Kang Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hui Wang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Jung Liao
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Yi Li
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shan-Shan Hsieh
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Hung Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cherng-Lih Perng
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ji-Rong Yang
- Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Feng-Yee Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Sheng Shang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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16
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Takayama I, Nguyen BG, Dao CX, Pham TT, Dang TQ, Truong PT, Do TV, Pham TTP, Fujisaki S, Odagiri T, Hasegawa H, Nakajima N. Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis of the Within-Host Genetic Diversity of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts of Patients with Severe Influenza. mSphere 2021; 6:e01043-20. [PMID: 33408229 PMCID: PMC7845592 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01043-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus emerged in April 2009 with an unusual incidence of severe disease and mortality, and currently circulates as a seasonal influenza virus. Previous studies using consensus viral genome sequencing data have overlooked the viral genomic and phenotypic diversity. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) may instead be used to characterize viral populations in an unbiased manner and to measure within-host genetic diversity. In this study, we used NGS analysis to investigate the within-host genetic diversity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in the upper and lower respiratory samples from nine patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). A total of 47 amino acid substitution positions were found to differ between the upper and lower respiratory tract samples from all patients. However, the D222G/N substitution in hemagglutinin (HA) protein was the only amino acid substitution common to multiple patients. Furthermore, the substitution was detected only in the six samples from the lower respiratory tract. Therefore, it is important to investigate influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus populations using multiple paired samples from the upper and lower respiratory tract to avoid overlooking potentially important substitutions, especially in patients with severe disease.IMPORTANCE The D222G/N substitution in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has been reported to be associated with disease severity and mortality in numerous previous studies. In the present study, 75% of lower respiratory samples contained heterogeneous influenza populations that carried different amino acids at position 222 of the HA protein, whereas all upper respiratory samples only contained the wild-type 222D. These results suggest the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has diversified inside the host owing to differences in tissue specificity. In this study, the within-host genetic diversity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was investigated for the first time using next-generation sequencing analysis of the viral whole-genome in samples extracted from the upper and lower respiratory tracts of patients with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Clinical evaluation of fully automated molecular diagnostic system "Simprova" for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13496. [PMID: 32782312 PMCID: PMC7419501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus commonly cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in children and the elderly. Although rapid antigen detection tests for detecting these infections have been introduced recently, these are less sensitive than nucleic acid amplification tests. More recently, highly sensitive point-of-care testings (POCTs) have been developed based on nucleic acid amplification tests, which are easy to use in clinical settings. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based POCT “Simprova” to detect influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus was developed. Simprova system is fully automated and does not require skilled personnel. In addition, positive results can be achieved faster than with PCR. In this study, the accuracy of the POCT was retrospectively analyzed using 241 frozen stocked specimens. Additionally, the usability of the Simprova at clinical sites was assessed in a prospective clinical study using 380 clinical specimens and compared to those of real-time PCR and rapid antigen detection test. The novel LAMP-based POCT demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in characterizing clinical specimens from patients with influenza-like illnesses. The Simprova is a powerful tool for early diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in point-of-care settings.
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18
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Kawakami C, Yamayoshi S, Akimoto M, Nakamura K, Miura H, Fujisaki S, Pattinson DJ, Shimizu K, Ozawa H, Momoki T, Saikusa M, Yasuhara A, Usuku S, Okubo I, Toyozawa T, Sugita S, Smith DJ, Watanabe S, Kawaoka Y. Genetic and antigenic characterisation of influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated in Yokohama during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 influenza seasons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30755292 PMCID: PMC6373070 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.6.1800467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Influenza A(H3N2) virus rapidly evolves to evade human immune responses, resulting in changes in the antigenicity of haemagglutinin (HA). Therefore, continuous genetic and antigenic analyses of A(H3N2) virus are necessary to detect antigenic mutants as quickly as possible. Aim: We attempted to phylogenetically and antigenically capture the epidemic trend of A(H3N2) virus infection in Yokohama, Japan during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 influenza seasons. Methods: We determined the HA sequences of A(H3N2) viruses detected in Yokohama, Japan during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 influenza seasons to identify amino acid substitutions and the loss or gain of potential N-glycosylation sites in HA, both of which potentially affect the antigenicity of HA. We also examined the antigenicity of isolates using ferret antisera obtained from experimentally infected ferrets. Results: Influenza A(H3N2) viruses belonging to six clades (clades 3C.2A1, 3C.2A1a, 3C.2A1b, 3C.2A2, 3C.2A3 and 3C.2A4) were detected during the 2016/17 influenza season, whereas viruses belonging to two clades (clades 3C.2A1b and 3C.2A2) dominated during the 2017/18 influenza season. The isolates in clades 3C.2A1a and 3C.2A3 lost one N-linked glycosylation site in HA relative to other clades. Antigenic analysis revealed antigenic differences among clades, especially clade 3C.2A2 and 3C.2A4 viruses, which showed distinct antigenic differences from each other and from other clades in the antigenic map. Conclusion: Multiple clades, some of which differed antigenically from others, co-circulated in Yokohama, Japan during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 influenza seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Akimoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakamura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideka Miura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David J Pattinson
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kohei Shimizu
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ozawa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Momoki
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miwako Saikusa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Yasuhara
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Usuku
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Okubo
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Sugita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Takagi Y, Imamura T, Endo S, Hayashi K, Akiyama S, Ikuta Y, Kawaguchi T, Sumita T, Katori T, Hashino M, Saito S, Odagiri T, Oba K, Kuroda M, Kageyama T. Neurogenic pulmonary edema following febrile status epilepticus in a 22-month-old infant with multiple respiratory virus co-detection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:388. [PMID: 32487032 PMCID: PMC7266127 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a rare but serious complication of febrile status epilepticus in children. Comprehensive screening for viral pathogens is seldomly performed in the work-up of febrile children. CASE PRESENTATION A 22-month-old girl presented with her first episode of febrile status epilepticus, after which she developed acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. After the termination of seizure activity, the patient was intubated and managed on mechanical ventilation in the emergency room. The resolution of respiratory failure, as well as the neurological recovery, was achieved 9 h after admission, and the patient was discharged 6 days after admission without any complications. Molecular biological diagnostic methods identified the presence of human coronavirus HKU1, influenza C virus, and human parainfluenza virus 2 from the patient's nasopharyngeal specimens. CONCLUSIONS Neurogenic pulmonary edema following febrile status epilepticus was suspected to be the etiology of our patient's acute pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. Timely seizure termination and rapid airway and respiratory intervention resulted in favorable outcomes of the patient. Molecular biological diagnostic methods identified three respiratory viruses; however, their relevance and association with clinical symptoms remain speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takeaki Imamura
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shota Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Satoka Akiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Yoji Ikuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumita
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Katori
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
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20
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Nakauchi M, Takashita E, Fujisaki S, Shirakura M, Ogawa R, Morita H, Miura H, Saito S, Watanabe S, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Rapid detection of an I38T amino acid substitution in influenza polymerase acidic subunit associated with reduced susceptibility to baloxavir marboxil. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:436-443. [PMID: 32064779 PMCID: PMC7298299 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel cap‐dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil was approved in February 2018 for the treatment of influenza virus infection in Japan. In vitro studies have revealed that an I38T substitution in the polymerase acidic subunit (PA) is associated with reduced susceptibility of influenza viruses to baloxavir. Objectives Development of a rapid and simple method for monitoring influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B viruses possessing the I38T substitution in PA. Methods Three assays were developed based on RNase H2‐dependent PCR (rhPCR) and named A/H1pdm PA_I38T rhPCR, A/H3 PA_I38T rhPCR, and B PA_I38T rhPCR. The assays were evaluated using cDNAs synthesized from in vitro‐transcribed PA gene RNA controls, RNAs purified from viruses isolated in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 influenza seasons, and RNAs purified from clinical specimens collected in the 2018/2019 influenza season. Results The assays developed in this study accurately discriminated PA I38 and PA T38 with high sensitivity. Conclusions Our assays should be considered a powerful tool for monitoring the emergence of baloxavir‐resistant influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Takashita
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shirakura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Ogawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Morita
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideka Miura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Inter- Versus Intra-Host Sequence Diversity of pH1N1 and Associated Clinical Outcomes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010133. [PMID: 31963512 PMCID: PMC7022955 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of RNA viruses dictates their evolution in a particular host, community or environment. Here, we reported within- and between-host pH1N1virus diversity at consensus and sub-consensus levels over a three-year period (2015-2017) and its implications on disease severity. A total of 90 nasal samples positive for the pH1N1 virus were deep-sequenced and analyzed to detect low-frequency variants (LFVs) and haplotypes. Parallel evolution of LFVs was seen in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene across three scales: among patients (33%), across years (22%), and at global scale. Remarkably, investigating the emergence of LFVs at the consensus level demonstrated that within-host virus evolution recapitulates evolutionary dynamics seen at the global scale. Analysis of virus diversity at the HA haplotype level revealed the clustering of low-frequency haplotypes from early 2015 with dominant strains of 2016, indicating rapid haplotype evolution. Haplotype sharing was also noticed in all years, strongly suggesting haplotype transmission among patients infected during a specific influenza season. Finally, more than half of patients with severe symptoms harbored a larger number of haplotypes, mostly in patients under the age of five. Therefore, patient age, haplotype diversity, and the presence of certain LFVs should be considered when interpreting illness severity. In addition to its importance in understanding virus evolution, sub-consensus virus diversity together with whole genome sequencing is essential to explain variabilities in clinical outcomes that cannot be explained by either analysis alone.
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22
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Nakamura K, Harada Y, Takahashi H, Trusheim H, Bernhard R, Hamamoto I, Hirata-Saito A, Ogane T, Mizuta K, Konomi N, Konomi Y, Asanuma H, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Yamamoto N. Systematic evaluation of suspension MDCK cells, adherent MDCK cells, and LLC-MK2 cells for preparing influenza vaccine seed virus. Vaccine 2019; 37:6526-6534. [PMID: 31500967 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Suspension Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (MDCK-N), adherent MDCK cells (MDCK-C), and adherent rhesus monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cells (LLC-MK2D) were systematically evaluated for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses for humans on the basis of primary virus isolation efficiency, growth ability, genetic stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, and antigenic properties in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test of each virus isolate upon further passages. All the subtypes/lineages of influenza viruses (A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata) were successfully isolated from clinical specimens by using MDCK-N and MDCK-C, whereas LLC-MK2D did not support virus replication well. Serial passages of A(H1N1) viruses in MDCK-N and MDCK-C induced genetic mutations of HA that resulted in moderate antigenic changes in the HI test. All A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates from MDCK-C acquired amino acid substitutions at the site from K153 to N156 of the HA protein, which resulted in striking antigenic alteration. In contrast, only 30% of MDCK-N isolates showed amino acid changes at this site. The frequency of MDCK-N isolates with less than two-fold reduction in the HI titer was as high as 70%. A(H3N2) and B-Yamagata isolates showed high antigenic stability and no specific amino acid substitution during passages in MDCK-N and MDCK-C. B-Victoria isolates from MDCK-N and MDCK-C acquired genetic changes at HA glycosylation sites that greatly affected their antigenicity. When these cell isolates were applied to passages in hen eggs, A(H1N1), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata viruses grew well in eggs, while none of the cell isolates of A(H3N2) viruses did. Thus, we demonstrate that MDCK-N might be useful for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nakamura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuichi Harada
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Heidi Trusheim
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Emil von Behring Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roth Bernhard
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Emil von Behring Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Itsuki Hamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Asumi Hirata-Saito
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 2145-13 Shimokamoto-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Teruko Ogane
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 2145-13 Shimokamoto-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Tokamachi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Nami Konomi
- Jinjikai Takahashi Clinic, 4595 Iwai, Bando-city, Ibaraki 306-0631, Japan
| | - Yasushi Konomi
- Jinjikai Takahashi Clinic, 4595 Iwai, Bando-city, Ibaraki 306-0631, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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23
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Takayama I, Nakauchi M, Takahashi H, Oba K, Semba S, Kaida A, Kubo H, Saito S, Nagata S, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Development of real-time fluorescent reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay with quenching primer for influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 267:53-58. [PMID: 30831121 PMCID: PMC7113748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in children and the elderly. Early treatment for these infections is thought to be important, so simple and sensitive detection methods are needed for use at clinical sites. Therefore, in this study, real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays with quenching primer for influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus were developed. Evaluation of a total of 113 clinical specimens compared to real-time RT-PCR assays showed that the novel assays could distinguish between the types and subtypes of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus and had 100% diagnostic specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity of each assay exceeded 85.0% and the assays showed sufficient clinical accuracy. Furthermore, positive results could be obtained in around 15 min using the novel assays in cases with high concentrations of virus. The developed assays should be useful for identifying influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus cases not only in experimental laboratories but also in hospital and quarantine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo 187-0002, Japan
| | - Shohei Semba
- Eiken Chemical Co. Ltd., 4-19-9 Taito, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-8408, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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24
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Saito S, Takayama I, Nakauchi M, Nagata S, Oba K, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Development and evaluation of a new real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting the latest H9N2 influenza viruses capable of causing human infection. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:21-31. [PMID: 30599081 PMCID: PMC6590187 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza A viruses (AIV) has spread among domestic poultry and wild birds worldwide. H9N2 AIV is sporadically transmitted to humans from avian species. A total of 42 laboratory‐confirmed cases of non‐fatal human infection with the Eurasian Y280 and G1 lineages have been reported in China, Hong Kong, Bangladesh and Egypt since 1997. H9N2 AIV infections in poultry have become endemic in Asia and the Middle East and are a major source of viral internal genes for other AIV subtypes, such that continuous monitoring of H9N2 AIV is recommended. In this study, a new, one‐step, real‐time RT‐PCR assay was developed to detect two major Eurasian H9 lineages of AIV capable of causing human infection. The sensitivity of this assay was determined using in vitro‐transcribed RNA, and the detection limit was approximately 3 copies/reaction. In this assay, no cross‐reactivity was observed against RNA from H1–15 subtypes of influenza A viruses, influenza B viruses and other viral respiratory pathogens. In addition, this assay could detect the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) gene from artificially reconstituted clinical samples spiked with H9N2 virus without any non‐specific reactions. Therefore, this assay is highly sensitive and specific for H9 HA detection. The assay is useful both for diagnostic purposes in cases of suspected human infection with influenza H9N2 viruses and for the surveillance of both avian and human influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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25
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Nakauchi M, Takayama I, Takahashi H, Semba S, Saito S, Kubo H, Kaida A, Oba K, Nagata S, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Development of real-time fluorescent reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for rhinovirus detection. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1232-1238. [PMID: 30735248 PMCID: PMC7166982 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) belong to the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae, and are classified into RV-A, -B, and -C species. Two assays were developed to detect RVs by a real-time fluorescent reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method: one was designed based on the 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of RV-A and -B, and the other was designed based on the 5'-UTR of RV-C. The competence of both assays for the diagnosis of RV infection was tested using isolated viruses and compared with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays on clinical specimens. Neither assay demonstrated cross-reactivity with other tested enteroviruses, and they detected 19 out of 21 tested RV-As and seven out of eight tested RV-Cs. The specificity of the assays was 100% for the detection of RVs and their sensitivity for RV-A and RV-C was 86.3% and 77.3%, respectively, on clinical specimens by the combined use of both assays. Considering that both developed assays were highly specific and detected the majority of recently circulating RVs, they are helpful for the diagnosis of RV infection. Consequently, the results generated by these assays will enhance the surveillance of respiratory illness and the study of the roles of RVs associated with clinical features and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Semba
- Eiken Chemical Co, Ltd, Taito, Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, Hanakoganei, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Saito S, Nakauchi M, Takayama I, Nagata S, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Development and Evaluation of New Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for Identifying the Influenza A Virus Cluster IV H3N2 Variant. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 72:127-129. [PMID: 30381693 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From 2005 to July 6, 2018, a total of 435 swine-origin influenza A H3N2 variant virus (H3N2v) infections in humans were reported in the USA. The largest H3N2v outbreak in the USA occurred in 2011-2012. This virus obtained the HA gene from the human seasonal H3N2 influenza A viruses (seasonal H3N2) via human-to-swine transmission in the mid-1990s and was classified as Cluster IV H3N2v. For early detection of public health threats associated with Cluster IV H3N2v distinct from seasonal H3N2, we developed highly specific and sensitive one-step real-time RT-PCR assays directly targeting the HA genes of Cluster IV H3N2v and seasonal H3N2. These assays are useful for the systematic surveillance and identification of Cluster IV H3N2v.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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27
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Clinical evaluation of rapid fluorescent diagnostic immunochromatographic test for influenza A virus (H1N1). Sci Rep 2018; 8:13468. [PMID: 30194330 PMCID: PMC6128899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been developed to detect influenza A virus for the swift diagnosis and management of patients. However, despite the simplicity and convenience, the low sensitivity of RDTs remains a limitation for their use in point of care testing (POCT). In this study, we developed a rapid fluorescent immunochromatographic strip test (FICT) and the performance of FICT was confirmed by the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) of H1N1, compared with that of RDT. The limit of detection (LOD) of FICT was improved by 16-fold compared to RDT. FICT showed 85.29% sensitivity (29/34) (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 68.94 to 95.05), 100% specificity (26/26) (95% CI: 86.78 to 100.00), and a strong correlation (kappa; 0. 92) compared with rRT-PCR (20 ≤ Ct ≤ 36). In contrast, RDT (Standard Diagnostics [SD] BIOLINE Influenza Ag A/ B/ A(H1N1) Pandemic) showed 55.88% sensitivity (19/34) (95% CI: 37.87 to 72.82), 100% specificity (26/26) (95% CI: 77.07 to 100), and had a fair correlation with rRT-PCR (kappa; 0. 75). FICT had better sensitivity than RDT (P < 0.01; McNemar’s test). Therefore, FICT has the potential to improve the quality of current rapid POCT for the diagnosis of influenza A/H1N1 infection.
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Hyoung KJ, Hajam IA, Lee JH. A consensus-hemagglutinin-based vaccine delivered by an attenuated Salmonella mutant protects chickens against heterologous H7N1 influenza virus. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38780-38792. [PMID: 28418904 PMCID: PMC5503571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N3 and H7N7 are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses and have posed a great threat not only for the poultry industry but for the human health as well. H7N9, a low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus, is also highly pathogenic to humans, and there is a great concern that these H7 subtypes would acquire the ability to spread efficiently between humans, thereby becoming a pandemic threat. A vaccine candidate covering all the three subtypes must, therefore, be an integral part of any pandemic preparedness plan. To address this need, we constructed a consensus hemagglutinin (HA) sequence of H7N3, H7N7, and H7N9 based on the data available in the NCBI in early 2012-2015. This artificial sequence was then optimized for protein expression before being transformed into an attenuated auxotrophic mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium, JOL1863 strain. Immunizing chickens with JOL1863, delivered intramuscularly, nasally or orally, elicited efficient humoral and cell mediated immune responses, independently of the route of vaccination. Our results also showed that JOL1863 deliver efficient maturation signals to chicken monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) which were characterized by upregulation of costimulatory molecules and higher cytokine induction. Moreover, immunization with JOL1863 in chickens conferred a significant protection against the heterologous LPAI H7N1 virus challenge as indicated by reduced viral sheddings in the cloacal swabs. We conclude that this vaccine, based on a consensus HA, could induce broader spectrum of protection against divergent H7 influenza viruses and thus warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Je Hyoung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Five-year Study of Viral Etiology and Features of Febrile Respiratory Tract Infections With Prolonged Fever in Japanese Pediatric Outpatients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:e358-e360. [PMID: 28777207 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over 5 years, we prospectively collected nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from pediatric outpatients with prolonged fever (≥5 days, ≥38.0°C). Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays identifying 13 different respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were performed on the test samples. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays identified at least 1 pathogen in 273 (75.4%) of the 362 samples assessed (239 single and 34 multiple infections).
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Yeh CY, Wang FD, Chuang YC, Yang CJ, Huang SF, Weng WS, Liaw CH, Sheng WH. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with severe influenza receiving intravenous peramivir salvage therapy in intensive care units. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 51:697-704. [PMID: 28716363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated patients with severe influenza who receive intravenous peramivir for salvage therapy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed data from 71 patients with severe influenza who received intravenous peramivir therapy in the intensive care units of three medical centers between 2012 and 2016. All patients received oseltamivir or zanamivir before the administration of peramivir. RESULTS A total of 44 men and 27 women with a median age of 55 years were enrolled. Fifty-five (78%) had underlying comorbidities and 57 (80%) patients were infected with influenza type A. Forty-four (62%) patients survived and 27 (38%) died. Five patients (7%) had attributable adverse events, including elevated hepatic aminotransferase levels (n = 2), hyperbilirubinemia (n = 2), leukopenia (n = 1), and skin rash (n = 1). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that initial bacteremia (odds ratio [OR], 27.59; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.36-322.07; P = 0.008) and septic shock (OR, 8.00; 95% CI, 1.69-37.90; P = 0.009) were the independent predictors of mortality. However, there was also a trend towards a positive correlation between mortality and steroid use (OR, 11.29; 95% CI, 0.67-188.86; P = 0.092). CONCLUSION As a salvage therapy, intravenous peramivir provided a survival rate of 62% and was well tolerated in patients with severe influenza. The initiation of effective antiviral treatment as early as possible within 48 h is recommended for hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yuan Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Der Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Fen Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Weng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsin Liaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Huei Sheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Nakano T, Ishiwada N, Sumitani T, Uemori M, Isobe K. Inhaled Laninamivir Octanoate as Prophylaxis for Influenza in Children. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-0109. [PMID: 27940664 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single 20-mg dose of inhaled laninamivir octanoate is an effective treatment of influenza. However, the efficacy of laninamivir octanoate for the prevention of influenza in children <10 years of age has not yet been established. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study to determine whether the efficacy of a single 20-mg dose of inhaled laninamivir octanoate to prevent the development of influenza was superior to that of placebo as prophylaxis for influenza in pediatric (<10 years) household members of index cases. Eligible subjects without influenza, in contact with an influenza-infected index case living in the same household, were blindly randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive 20 mg of laninamivir octanoate or placebo. The primary end point was the proportion of subjects who developed clinical influenza during a 10-day period. RESULTS A total of 343 subjects were randomly assigned, with 341 subjects included in the full analysis set for the primary analysis. The proportions of subjects who developed clinical influenza were 11% (18/171) in the laninamivir octanoate group and 19% (33/170) in the placebo group (P = .02). The relative risk reduction was 45.8% (95% confidence interval, 7.5% to 68.2%). The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS A single 20-mg dose of inhaled laninamivir octanoate was effective and well tolerated as prophylaxis for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Hospital, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Ishiwada
- Department of Infectious Diseases Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | | | - Mitsutoshi Uemori
- Clinical Data and Biostatistics Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Introduction: Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) hit the central part of the Philippines on November 8, 2013. To identify possible outbreaks of communicable diseases after the typhoon, nasopharyngeal swabs, stool and blood samples were collected from patients who visited the Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center due to acute respiratory infection (ARI), acute gastroenteritis (AGE) or other febrile illness (OFI) including suspected dengue fever, between November 28, 2013 and February 5, 2014. Methods: Samples were tested on-site for selected pathogens using rapid diagnostic tests. Confirmation and further analysis were conducted at the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) in Manila using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Residues of the rapid diagnostic tests and samples collected in the filter papers (FTATM card) were transported to Manila under suboptimal conditions. PCR results were compared between the kit residues and the filter papers. Results: A total of 185 samples were collected. Of these, 128 cases were ARI, 17 cases were AGE and 40 cases were OFI. For nasopharyngeal swab samples, detection rates for enterovirus and rhinovirus residues were higher than the filter papers. For stool samples, rotavirus positive rate for the filter paper was higher than the kit residues. We also managed to obtain the sequence data from some of the kit residues and filter papers. Discussion: Our results confirmed the importance of PCR for the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases in post-disaster situations when diagnostic options are limited.
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Ikematsu H, Kawai N, Iwaki N, Kashiwagi S. Clinical outcome of laninamivir octanoate hydrate for influenza in the 2013-2014 Japanese season. J Infect Chemother 2015; 21:802-7. [PMID: 26410550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical outcome of laninamivir octanoate hydrate (laninamivir) in the Japanese 2013-2014 influenza season was investigated. A total of 235 patients were enrolled, of whom 222 were evaluated for the duration of fever and other symptoms. The types/subtypes were 101 A(H1N1)pdm09 (45.5%), 37 A(H3N2) (16.7%), and 84 B (37.8%). The median durations of fever were 32.0, 41.0, and 50.0 h, and the median durations of symptoms were 74.5, 85.0, and 95.0 h for A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B, respectively. The differences among the three groups were not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the duration of fever or symptoms between patients under 10 and 10 years or over. The median durations of fever were 46.0 and 58.0 h and the median durations of symptoms were 95.0 and 77.0 h for the Yamagata and Victoria lineages, respectively. The virus positive rates at day 5 were significantly different at 31.5% (28/89), 12.1% (4/33), and 34.7% (26/75) for the three type/subtypes, respectively. The virus positive rates for A(H1N1)pdm09 and B were significantly higher for the patients under 10 years than for the patients 10 years or older. (p = 0.0379 and 0.0320, respectively). No significant increase was found between the IC(50) of days 1 and 5. No adverse drug reactions associated with laninamivir were reported. These results indicate the continuing clinical utility of laninamivir against influenza, irrespective of the virus type/subtype or lineage, and that it is unlikely that the clinical use of laninamivir will lead to selection of resistant virus.
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Hara M, Takao S. Coronavirus Infections in Pediatric Outpatients with Febrile Respiratory Tract Infections in Hiroshima, Japan, over a 3-Year Period. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:523-5. [PMID: 25971327 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we conducted a 3-year prospective study to determine the viral causes of acute respiratory tract infections among 495 febrile pediatric outpatients. We collected 495 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens, and used both real-time PCR assays and viral culture to test each for respiratory viruses other than coronavirus. Here, we used real-time PCR to test the 495 archival specimens for four human coronavirus strains. We identified 15 coronavirus-positive specimens: eight with OC43, 5 with NL63, 2 with HKU1, and none with 229E. Of the 15 children (5 boys) infected with human coronavirus, the mean age was 3.5 years, and the age range was 1.1 to 5.8 years; one child was diagnosed with lower respiratory infection; the other 14 were diagnosed with upper respiratory infection. Of these 15 patients, none were hospitalized, 5 were infected with coronavirus alone, 8 were co-infected with another virus, and 2 were co-infected with 2 other viruses. The multi-virus infections involved 6 adenoviruses, 3 respiratory syncytial viruses, 2 parainfluenza viruses, and 1 rhinovirus. In conclusion, the burden of human coronaviruses was relatively light among this cohort of 495 pediatric outpatients, and the incidence of these infections was low.
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Morikawa S, Hiroi S, Kase T. Detection of respiratory viruses in gargle specimens of healthy children. J Clin Virol 2015; 64:59-63. [PMID: 25728080 PMCID: PMC7106489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gargle samples were collected from children and tested respiratory viruses. In 45(45/200; 22.5%) episodes, some respiratory viruses detected without symptoms. Under asymptomatic conditions, detected viruses were mainly RVs and EV/RV untyped. PIVs, RSV and hCoV OC43 were detected only when clinical symptom was seen. Asymptomatic infections may play an important role in the viral circulation.
Background Respiratory tract viral infection is one of the most common and important diseases in children. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are often used to detect viruses in samples, it is difficult to interpret the clinical significance of PCR positivity, which may reflect a past, imminent or active asymptomatic infection due to their high sensitivity. Although single respiratory viruses have been detected in samples from children with symptoms, other respiratory viruses can also be detected simultaneously. However, the clinical importance of these findings for the symptoms is not known. Objectives To investigate the prevalence of respiratory viruses among children without any symptoms such as acute respiratory illness and/or fever. Study design From week twenty-five 2013 to week twenty-six 2014, gargle samples were collected from children once a week and these samples were subjected to real-time PCR to detect respiratory viruses. On each sampling day, we asked the parents about their children’s health condition. Results Among the 286 samples collected, 200 were from asymptomatic children. In the asymptomatic condition, human parechovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus 229E and HKU1 were observed in 45 episodes. In samples from symptomatic children, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus OC43 were detected in addition to those mentioned above. Conclusions Various viruses of different species were detected in the specimens from the children regardless of their health status. It might be speculated that host factors such as the function of the immune system influence the clinical outcome of the infection. However, this needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Morikawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Hiroi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Kase
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
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Takayama I, Takahashi H, Nakauchi M, Nagata S, Tashiro M, Kageyama T. Development of a diagnostic system for novel influenza A(H7N9) virus using a real-time RT-PCR assay in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 68:113-8. [PMID: 25420657 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were reported in March 2013 in China. The number of confirmed cases continues to increase, although almost all the cases are limited to China. In this study, a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for detecting the novel A(H7N9) virus. This assay was shown to have high specificity, good linearity, and high sensitivity to a broad range of Eurasian H7 viruses. The assay is useful both for diagnostic purposes in cases of suspected human infection with the influenza A(H7N9) virus and in the surveillance of both avian and human influenza viruses. A diagnostic system using this assay was prepared at 74 prefectural and municipal public health institutes and 16 quarantine stations in Japan early into the human H7N9 infection outbreaks, enabling potential diagnoses of H7N9 infection across Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Nishimura K, Misawa S, Kobayashi-Ishihara M, Takahashi H, Takayama I, Ohnishi K, Itamura S, Nguyen HLK, Le MTQ, Dang GT, Nguyen LT, Tashiro M, Kageyama T. Development of a sensitive novel diagnostic kit for the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:362. [PMID: 24992826 PMCID: PMC4227021 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporadic emergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infection in humans is a serious concern because of the potential for a pandemic. Conventional or quantitative RT-PCR is the standard laboratory test to detect viral influenza infections. However, this technology requires well-equipped laboratories and highly trained personnel. A rapid, sensitive, and specific alternative screening method is needed. Methods By a luminescence-linked enzyme immunoassay, we have developed a H5N1 HPAI virus detection kit using anti-H5 hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies in combination with the detection of a universal NP antigen of the type A influenza virus. The process takes 15 minutes by use of the fully automated luminescence analyzer, POCube. Resutls We tested this H5/A kit using 19 clinical specimens from 13 patients stored in Vietnam who were infected with clade 1.1 or clade 2.3.4 H5N1 HPAI virus. Approximately 80% of clinical specimens were H5-positive using the POCube system, whereas only 10% of the H5-positive samples were detected as influenza A-positive by an immunochromatography-based rapid diagnostic kit. Conclusions This novel H5/A kit using POCube is served as a rapid and sensitive screening test for H5N1 HPAI virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Real-time RT-PCR assays for discriminating influenza B virus Yamagata and Victoria lineages. J Virol Methods 2014; 205:110-5. [PMID: 24797457 PMCID: PMC7172331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed one step real-time RT-PCR assays to discriminate two lineages of influenza B viruses. The developed assays were evaluated using in vitro transcribed control RNA, clinical specimens, and clinical isolates. The assays were shown to have high sensitivity and high specificity. The results from the assays were consistent with those from a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, which is a standard method to define the lineage of influenza B virus. The developed assays will be useful for the diagnosis and surveillance of influenza B viruses.
Since the late 1980s, two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of influenza B virus, namely, B/Victoria/2/87-like (B/Victoria) and B/Yamagata/16/88-like (B/Yamagata), have co-circulated. In this study, one-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays were developed to differentiate B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages. The assays were evaluated using in vitro transcribed control RNA, isolated viruses, and other respiratory pathogenic viruses, and were shown to have high sensitivity, good linearity (R2 = 0.99), and high specificity. Using the developed rRT-PCR assays, 169 clinical specimens collected between 2010 and 2013 were then tested, resulting in the identification of 20 clinical specimens as positive for influenza B virus. Of these, 14 and 6 samples were identified as positive for the B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages, respectively, whereas 149 samples were negative for the influenza B virus. The rRT-PCR assays were also examined using 20 clinical isolates from 20 influenza B virus-positive specimens, revealing that there was no discrepancy between the results from the rRT-PCR assays and the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, with the exception that one clinical isolate with different antigenicity could not be discriminated by the HI test. The present results suggest that these highly sensitive and specific assays are useful not only for diagnosing influenza viruses but also for their surveillance.
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Nakauchi M, Takayama I, Takahashi H, Tashiro M, Kageyama T. Development of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid diagnosis of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:101-4. [PMID: 24747008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A genetic diagnosis system for detecting avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection using reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) technology was developed. The RT-LAMP assay showed no cross-reactivity with seasonal influenza A (H3N2 and H1N1pdm09) or influenza B viruses circulating in humans or with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assay was 42.47 copies/reaction. Considering the high specificity and sensitivity of the assay for detecting the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus and that the reaction was completed within 30 min, the RT-LAMP assay developed in this study is a promising rapid diagnostic tool for avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Yano T, Maeda C, Akachi S, Matsuno Y, Yamadera M, Kobayashi T, Nagai Y, Iwade Y, Kusuhara H, Katayama M, Fukuta M, Nakagawa Y, Naraya S, Takahashi H, Hiraoka M, Yamauchi A, Nishinaka T, Amano H, Yamaguchi T, Ochiai H, Ihara T, Matsuzaki Y. Phylogenetic analysis and seroprevalence of influenza C virus in Mie Prefecture, Japan in 2012. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 67:127-31. [PMID: 24647258 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR were used to detect 14 (6.6%) influenza C virus (InfC) among 213 clinical samples collected from children with respiratory symptoms in Mie Prefecture, Japan, between January 2012 and December 2012. Virus isolation using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and/or embryonated chicken eggs was also successful for 3 of the 14 PCR-positive samples. Eleven patients (78.6%) were aged <3 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene showed that the InfC detected in Mie Prefecture belonged to the C/Sao Paulo/82-related lineage. To determine the seroprevalence of InfC, a total of 575 serum samples from patients aged 1 month to 69 years in Mie Prefecture were screened by hemagglutination inhibition test using the C/Mie/199/2012 (C/Sao Paulo/82-related lineage) strain as the antigen. The samples with an antibody titer of ≥1:16 were designated as antibody-positive. The results showed that 53.7% of the 296 serum samples collected in 2011 and 85.3% of the 279 samples collected in 2012 were positive for antibodies against InfC, suggesting that an outbreak of InfC infection occurred in Mie Prefecture in 2012. Therefore, continuous and proactive monitoring is important to determine the number of InfC-infections and to better understand the epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yano
- Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute
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Yoneda M, Okayama A, Kitahori Y. Oseltamivir-Resistant Seasonal A(H1N1) and A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Viruses from the 2007/2008 to 2012/2013 Season in Nara Prefecture, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 67:385-8. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kiyota N, Kobayashi M, Tsukagoshi H, Ryo A, Harada S, Kusaka T, Obuchi M, Shimojo N, Noda M, Kimura H. Genetic analysis of human rhinovirus species A to C detected in patients with acute respiratory infection in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan 2011-2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:90-102. [PMID: 24200591 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We performed detailed genetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 coding region in human rhinovirus species A to C (HRV-ABC) strains detected in patients with a variety of acute respiratory infections in Kumamoto, Japan in the period 2011-12. The phylogenetic tree and evolutionary timescale were obtained by the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the present HRV-A, -B, and -C strains belonged to 25, 4, and 18 genotypes, respectively. Some new genotypes were confirmed as prevalent strains of HRV-C. An ancestor of the present HRV-ABCs could be dated back to about 20,000 years ago. The present HRV-A and -C strains have wide genetic divergence (pairwise distance >0.2) with rapid evolutionary rates (around 7 × 10(-4) to 4 × 10(-3)substitutions/site/year). Over 100 sites were found to be under negative selection, while no positively selected sites were found in the analyzed region. No evidence of recombination events was found in this region of the present strains. Our results indicate that the present HRV strains have rapidly evolved and subsequently diverged over a long period into multiple genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kiyota
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 1240-1 Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Miho Kobayashi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Seiya Harada
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 1240-1 Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusaka
- Maternal Perinatal Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Obuchi
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-shi, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Kwon HJ, Fronczek CF, Angus SV, Nicolini AM, Yoon JY. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of H1N1/2009 Virus from Aerosol Samples with a Microfluidic Immunosensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:322-31. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068213504205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Application of real time RT-PCR for the genetic homogeneity and stability tests of the seed candidates for live attenuated influenza vaccine production. J Virol Methods 2013; 195:18-25. [PMID: 24056261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Development and improvement of quality control tests for live attenuated vaccines are a high priority because of safety concerns. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) viruses are 6:2 reassortants containing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from circulating influenza viruses to induce protective immune responses, and the six internal gene segments from a cold-adapted Master Donor Virus (MDV). LAIV candidate viruses for the 2012-2013 seasons, A/Victoria/361/2011-CDC-LV1 (LV1) and B/Texas/06/2011-CDC-LV2B (LV2B), were created by classical reassortment of A/Victoria/361/2011 and MDV-A A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) or B/Texas/06/2011 and MDV-B B/USSR/60/69. In an attempt to provide better identity and stability testing for quality control of LV1 and LV2B, sensitive real-time RT-PCR assays (rRT-PCR) were developed to detect the presence of undesired gene segments (HA and NA from MDV and the six internal genes from the seasonal influenza viruses). The sensitivity of rRT-PCR assays designed for each gene segment ranged from 0.08 to 0.8EID50 (50% of Egg Infectious Dose) per reaction for the detection of undesired genes in LV1 and from 0.1 to 1EID50 per reaction for the detection of undesired genes in LV2B. No undesired genes were detected either before or after five passages of LV1 or LV2B in eggs. The complete genome sequencing of LV1 and LV2B confirmed the results of rRT-PCR, demonstrating the utility of the new rRT-PCR assays to provide the evidence for the homogeneity of the prepared vaccine candidate.
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Koseki N, Kaiho M, Kikuta H, Oba K, Togashi T, Ariga T, Ishiguro N. Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of zanamivir and laninamivir octanoate for children with influenza A(H3N2) and B in the 2011-2012 season. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 8:151-8. [PMID: 23953886 PMCID: PMC4186462 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the two inhaled neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), zanamivir (ZN) and laninamivir octate (LO), for influenza A(H3N2) and B virus infections. DESIGN A prospective, multicenter observational study was conducted from January to April in 2012. SETTING Outpatients aged 5-18 years who had a temperature of 37.5°C or higher and were diagnosed as having influenza based on an immunochromatographic assay were enrolled. SAMPLE A total of 338 patients treated with ZN and 314 patients treated with LO were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The duration of fever after administration of the first dose of each NAI was evaluated as a primary endpoint. The secondary endpoint was episodes of biphasic fever. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in the duration of fever was found between the ZN and LO groups (log-rank test, P = 0.117). A logistic regression model showed that episodes of biphasic fever increased by 1.19 times for every decrease of 1 year of age (P = 0.016) and that the number of biphasic fever episodes in patients treated with LO was 5.80-times greater than that in patients treated with ZN (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although the duration of fever in the LO group was comparable to that in the ZN group, episodes of biphasic fever were more frequent in younger children and in the LO group than in the ZN group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Koseki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Shcherbik S, Sergent SB, Davis WG, Shu B, Barnes J, Klimov A, Bousse T. WITHDRAWN: Application of real time RT-PCR for the genetic homogeneity and stability tests of the seed candidates for live attenuated influenza vaccine production. J Virol Methods 2013:S0166-0934(13)00269-3. [PMID: 23872266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author and editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shcherbik
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; Battelle, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Molecular evolution of attachment glycoprotein (G) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus detected in Japan 2008-2011. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:168-73. [PMID: 23707845 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the evolution of the C-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of G gene in the prevalent human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroups A (RSV-A) and B (RSV-B) in Japan in 2008-2011. Phylogenetic analysis and the evolutionary timescale was obtained by the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. All 38 RSV-A strains detected were classified into genotype NA1 and the 17 RSV-B strains detected belonged to genotypes BA and GB2. NA1 subdivided around 1998 in the present phylogenetic tree. Genotype BA subdivided around 1994. The evolutionary rates for RSV-A and RSV-B were estimated at 3.63×10⁻³ and 4.56×10⁻³ substitutions/site/year, respectively. The mean evolutionary rate of RSV-B was significantly faster than that of RSV-A during all seasons. The pairwise distance was relatively short (less than 0.06). In addition, some unique sites under positive selection were found. The results suggested that this region of the RSV strains rapidly evolved with some unique amino acid substitutions due to positive pressure.
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Choi JH, Kim MS, Lee JY, Lee NJ, Kwon D, Kang MG, Kang C. Development and evaluation of multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays for seasonal, pandemic A/H1pdm09 and avian A/H5 influenza viruses detection. J Microbiol 2013; 51:252-7. [PMID: 23625229 PMCID: PMC7091309 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 ((H1N1)pdm09) virus spread all over the world, the (H1N1)pdm09 virus has been circulating with seasonal influenza viruses. We developed rapid and sensitive one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays (rRT-PCR) for simultaneous detection of influenza viruses currently circulating in humans, and the avian A/H5 virus. The detection limit of each assay was 4.8 to 1 copies per reaction and no cross-reactivity with other major respiratory pathogens was found. Analytical positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) sensitivity and specificity were 100%, 94.1%, 93.7% and 100%, respectively. Clinical evaluation revealed that 1,976 (16.5%) of 11,963 throat swabs from patients with respiratory symptoms were confirmed as 1,651 (83.6%) A/H1pdm09, 308 (15.6%) A/H3 and 17 (0.8%) B virus during the 2010-2011 influenza season. Collectively, the multiplex rRT-PCR assays described here provide a practical tool for reliable implementation of influenza surveillance and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hoon Choi
- Division of Influenza Virus, Center for Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 363-951, Republic of Korea
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Kiyota N, Kushibuchi I, Kobayashi M, Tsukagoshi H, Ryo A, Nishimura K, Hirata-Saito A, Harada S, Arakawa M, Kozawa K, Noda M, Kimura H. Genetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 coding region in human rhinovirus species C in patients with acute respiratory infection in Japan. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:610-617. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.049072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kiyota
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Izumi Kushibuchi
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Miho Kobayashi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishimura
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Asumi Hirata-Saito
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Seiya Harada
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Mika Arakawa
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Harada D, Nishiuchi R, Iwasaki Y, Watanabe H, Tokorodani C, Kanazawa A, Kiguchi H, Gotoh SI, Miyazawa M, Nakata Y, Morishima T, Kikkawa K. Reliability of a rapid test for the clinical diagnosis of influenza A/H1N1 2009. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 44:776-81. [PMID: 22803629 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2012.686670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid diagnosis of a pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 (H1N1pdm) virus infection is required in ambulatory care settings, since early identification can prevent further transmission. However, the sensitivity of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) is still questionable, and specific indicators for H1N1pdm and/or false-negative results by RIDTs have not been clearly determined. METHODS From June to December 2009, nasal swabs from 324 patients at Kochi Health Science Center were used for the diagnosis of infection by RIDT and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The sensitivity of the RIDT was determined to be 80.0% and the specificity 97.1%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the frequencies of contagiousness and headache were significant in patients with H1N1pdm infection, in addition to common symptoms of respiratory infection. These data indicated that the H1N1pdm virus had high infectivity and was harmful to the endocranial environment. In the false-negative group, the time interval between onset and consultation was 5.5 ± 6.5 h (median ± interquartile range), which was significantly shorter than the 11.5 ± 7.0 h in the true-positive group. The sensitivity of the RIDT was significantly low during the time-period within 3 h from onset (56.0%); however after 4 h the sensitivity was determined to be >80%. These data indicated that the concentration of the virus in nasal swabs was elevated over the course of the disease. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that the RIDT is reliable for the diagnosis of H1N1pdm infection. Taking into consideration the time interval between onset and consultation and other features of H1N1pdm, such as contagiousness and headache, it may be necessary to re-test RIDT-negative cases later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Harada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi, Japan.
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