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Shin GE, Lee KK, Ku BK, Oh SH, Jang SH, Kang B, Jeoung HY. Prevalence of viral agents causing swine reproductive failure in Korea and the development of multiplex real-time PCR and RT-PCR assays. Biologicals 2024; 86:101763. [PMID: 38641502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of viral agents causing reproductive failure in pigs in Korea. In addition, two types of multiplex real-time PCR (mqPCR) were developed for the simultaneous detection of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) in mqPCR and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in reverse transcription mqPCR (mRT-qPCR). A total of 150 aborted fetus samples collected from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was the most prevalent (49/150 32.7%), followed by porcine circovirus type 2 (31/150, 20.7%), and PPV1 (7/150, 4.7%), whereas ADV, EMCV, and JEV were not detected. The newly developed mqPCR and mRT-qPCR could simultaneously detect and differentiate with high sensitivities and specificities. When applied to aborted fetuses, the newly developed mqPCR for PPV was 33.3% more sensitivities than the previously established diagnostic method. Amino acid analysis of the VP2 sequences of PPV isolates revealed considerable similarity to the highly pathogenic Kresse strain. This study successfully evaluated the prevalence of viral agents causing reproductive failure among swine in Korea, the developed mqPCR and mRT-qPCR methods could be utilized as effective and accurate diagnostic methods for the epidemiological surveillance of ADV, PPV, EMCV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Eun Shin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Hong Oh
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ho Jang
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bokyu Kang
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Guo Z, Xing G, Wang L, Jin Q, Lu Q, Zhang G. Potential Pathogenicity and Genetic Characteristics of a Live-Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Derivative Variant. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:1-6. [DOI: 10.1155/2024/7244445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious disease affecting pigs and causing massive pig production losses with severe global economic recession. The immunization of live-attenuated vaccines is still one of the key measures to CSFV management in endemic countries. However, there are also strong controversies about the usage of live-attenuated vaccines, particularly in pregnant sows and young pigs, such as in Europe, where domestic pigs are routinely not vaccinated until severe outbreaks occur. Here, we report a CSF outbreak in a pig farm in China, which affected more than 90% of the delivery sows and led to ∼45% birth loss. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis showed that the CSFV isolate (named CSFV/HeNLY2022, GenBank No. OR195698) was clustered into subgenotype 1.1a, closely together with the live-attenuated vaccine strains. Further genomic analysis also revealed that the isolate CSFV/HeNLY2022 shared the highest nucleotide identity of 99.7% with the C/HVRI vaccine strain (C-strain, GenBank No. AY805221). Moreover, compared to the C/HVRI strain, a total of eight amino acid mutations, distributed in Erns (H436thY and S476thR), E1 (T502thI and P581thT), E2 (M979thK and A1061thS), NS5A (A2980thT), and NS5B (I3818thM), were characterized in the CSFV/HeNLY2022 isolate. Our results suggested that the CSF outbreak was most likely caused by the live-attenuated CSFV vaccine or its derivative. It raises concern that the unscientific application of CSFV vaccines could potentially lead to CSFV spread in pigs. It is needed to perform a more rigorous evaluation of the safety of the C-strain-derived vaccines in combination with other different live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Longhu Modern Immunity Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhang T, Chen Z, Xie L, Xu R, Chen L, Jia T, Shi W, Wang Y, Song Y, Han Q, Xia X, Yuan T, Zhang J. A fusion protein of vimentin with Fc fragment inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus replication. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1368725. [PMID: 38500602 PMCID: PMC10944967 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1368725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family and a flavivirus, is known to induce acute encephalitis. Vimentin protein has been identified as a potential receptor for JEV, engaging in interactions with the viral membrane protein. The Fc fragment, an integral constituent of immunoglobulins, plays a crucial role in antigen recognition by dendritic cells (DCs) or phagocytes, leading to subsequent antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, or phagocytosis. In this study, we fused the receptor of JEV vimentin with the Fc fragment of IgG and expressed the resulting vimentin-Fc fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Pull-down experiments demonstrated the binding ability of the vimentin-Fc fusion protein to JEV virion in vitro. Additionally, we conducted inhibition assays at the cellular level, revealing the ability of vimentin-Fc protein suppressing JEV replication, it may be a promising passive immunotherapy agent for JEV. These findings pave the way for potential therapeutic strategies against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoping Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Gynecological and Obstetric Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lyu Xie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixian Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Jia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wengang Shi
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yongbo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Department of Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Gynecological and Obstetric Disease, Kunming, China
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Munguía-Ramírez B, Giménez-Lirola L, Zimmerman J. Assessment of Strategies for Preserving Swine Viral RNA Targets in Diagnostic Specimens. Microorganisms 2024; 12:410. [PMID: 38399814 PMCID: PMC10892022 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful downstream molecular analyses of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) in diagnostic laboratories, e.g., reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or next-generation sequencing, are dependent on the quality of the RNA in the specimen. In swine specimens, preserving the integrity of RNA requires proper sample handling at the time the sample is collected on the farm, during transport, and in the laboratory until RNA extraction is performed. Options for proper handling are limited to maintaining the cold chain or using commercial specimen storage matrices. Herein, we reviewed the refereed literature for evidence that commercial specimen storage matrices can play a role in preserving swine viral RNA in clinical specimens. Refereed publications were included if they compared RNA detection in matrix-treated vs. untreated samples. At present, the small number of refereed studies and the inconsistency in reported results preclude the routine use of commercial specimen storage matrices. For example, specimen storage matrices may be useful under specific circumstances, e.g., where it is mandatory to render the virus inactive. In a broader view, statistically sound side-by-side comparisons between specimens, viral RNA targets, and storage conditions are needed to establish if, when, and how commercial specimen storage matrices could be used in diagnostic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Munguía-Ramírez
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (L.G.-L.); (J.Z.)
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Hu X, Feng S, Shi K, Shi Y, Yin Y, Long F, Wei X, Li Z. Development of a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276505. [PMID: 38026635 PMCID: PMC10643766 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) cause similar neurological symptoms in the infected pigs, and their differential diagnosis depends on laboratory testing. Four pairs of specific primers and probes were designed targeting the PHEV N gene, PRV gB gene, CSFV 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), and JEV NS1 gene, respectively, and a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was developed to detect and differentiate PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. The assay showed high sensitivity, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 × 101 copies/μL for each pathogen. The assay specifically detected only PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were less than 1.84%, with great repeatability. A total of 1,977 clinical samples, including tissue samples, and whole blood samples collected from Guangxi province in China, were tested by the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positivity rates of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV were 1.57% (31/1,977), 0.35% (7/1,977), 1.06% (21/1,977), and 0.10% (2/1,977), respectively. These 1,977 samples were also tested by the previously reported qRT-PCR assays, and the coincidence rates of these methods were more than 99.90%. The developed assay is demonstrated to be rapid, sensitive, and accurate for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiankai Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Flores-Contreras EA, Carrasco-González JA, Linhares DCL, Corzo CA, Campos-Villalobos JI, Henao-Díaz A, Melchor-Martínez EM, Iqbal HMN, González-González RB, Parra-Saldívar R, González-González E. Emergent Molecular Techniques Applied to the Detection of Porcine Viruses. Vet Sci 2023; 10:609. [PMID: 37888561 PMCID: PMC10610968 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tests have evolved very rapidly in the field of human health, especially with the arrival of the recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the animal sector is constantly neglected, even though accurate detection by molecular tools could represent economic advantages by preventing the spread of viruses. In this regard, the swine industry is of great interest. The main viruses that affect the swine industry are described in this review, including African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine circovirus (PCV), which have been effectively detected by different molecular tools in recent times. Here, we describe the rationale of molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR, isothermal methods (LAMP, NASBA, RPA, and PSR) and novel methods such as CRISPR-Cas and microfluidics platforms. Successful molecular diagnostic developments are presented by highlighting their most important findings. Finally, we describe the barriers that hinder the large-scale development of affordable, accessible, rapid, and easy-to-use molecular diagnostic tests. The evolution of diagnostic techniques is critical to prevent the spread of viruses and the development of viral reservoirs in the swine industry that impact the possible development of future pandemics and the world economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda A. Flores-Contreras
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Daniel C. L. Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA;
| | | | | | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Reyna Berenice González-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Everardo González-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.A.F.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
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Piri-Gharaghie T, Ghajari G, Lahijani NT, Pecho RDC, Hussam F, Castillo-Acobo RY, Aghassizadeh-Sherbaf M. Simultaneous and rapid detection of avian respiratory diseases of small poultry using multiplex reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction assay. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102852. [PMID: 37354617 PMCID: PMC10404739 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Major viral infections, such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, avian influenza virus, and infectious bursal disease virus, inflict significant injury to small poultry and tremendous economic damage to the poultry sector. This research aims to develop a multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (m-RT-PCR) approach to simultaneously determine these important viral pathogens. The conserved segment of various viral genetic sequences was used to design and synthesize specific primers. Moreover, as positive controls, recombinant vectors were synthesized in this investigation. The d-optimal approach was used to improve PCR conditions in this investigation. Positive controls and clinical samples were used to assess the m-PCR assay's specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. According to the sensitivity test findings, the m-PCR technique could generate the 8 target genes from viral genomes using 1 × 102. In addition, 8 viral pathogens were detected from the infected samples. The findings also suggest that live animal oral swabs were not significantly different from tissue sampling of a dead animal (P < 0.05), and this kit had a high sensitivity for analyzing both types of samples. The suggested m-PCR test may detect and evaluate viral infection in birds with excellent specificity, sensitivity, and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Piri-Gharaghie
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghazal Ghajari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Fahdil Hussam
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Mona Aghassizadeh-Sherbaf
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran East Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang Q, Liu Q, Opriessnig T, Wen D, Gu K, Jiang Y. Multiplex gel-based PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of 5 genotypes of porcine astroviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:132-138. [PMID: 36573660 PMCID: PMC9999398 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221145329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) has been associated experimentally with diarrhea in piglets, but much more knowledge is needed about this virus. PAstV has high genetic variability, and 5 genotypes have been identified, namely PAstV1-5. To obtain information on the epidemiology of PAstV, we established a multiplex PAstV PCR assay to detect and differentiate the 5 PAstV genotypes simultaneously. The assay utilized specific primers for each genotype, producing fragments of 307, 353, 205, 253, and 467 bp, representing PAstV1-5, respectively. Our multiplex PCR assay amplified all 5 DNA fragments from single or mixed viral genomes without cross-reactions with other PAstV genotypes or other viruses in pigs. The limit of detection of the multiplex PCR assay was 5 × 102 copies/μL for PAstV1 and PAstV4, and 5 × 103 copies/μL for PAstV2, PAstV3, and PAstV5. We examined 76 pig fecal specimens with our multiplex PCR assay. PAstV was detected in 36 of 76 (47.4%) samples; ≥2 PAstVs were found in 20 of 76 (26.3%) samples. The multiplex PCR assay results were essentially the same as the results using a monoplex PAstV PCR assay, with a coincidence rate of >96%. Our multiplex PCR method provides a simple, sensitive, and specific detection tool for PAstV detection and epidemiologic surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuya Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dan Wen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keda Gu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Nguyen VG, Dang HA, Nguyen TT, Huynh TML, Nguyen BH, Pham LAM, Le HTP. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of coinfecting DNA viruses in Vietnamese pigs in 2017 and 2021. Vet World 2022; 15:2491-2498. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2491-2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Many studies have reported on the phenomenon of co-infections involving two or more pathogens (bacteria or viruses) over the past few years. However, very few studies on this issue were conducted in Vietnam. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the circulation of single and multiple porcine parvovirus (PPV) (e.g., PPV1, PPV2, PPV3, and PPV4), porcine bocavirus (PBoV), and torque teno virus (TTV) (TTV1 and TTV2) infections in Vietnamese pigs.
Materials and Methods: A total of 174 porcine circovirus 2-positive samples from pigs (n = 86 for 2017 and n = 88 for 2021), including from the sera and internal organs, across 11 provinces were examined by polymerase chain reaction.
Results: This study demonstrated the wide distribution of DNA viruses among pig farms in Vietnam in 2021, with the detection rate for PPV ranging from 3.4% to 27.3% among PPV1-PPV4. Moreover, the detection rates of TTV genotypes were confirmed to be 14.8% (TTV1) and 63.6% (TTV2), respectively, and the positive rate of PBoV was 65.9%. The most frequent combinations were double and triple infections. Double infection was found in 16/86 (18.6%) in 2017 and 26/88 (29.5%) in 2021, while triple infection was found at 19/86 (22.1%) in 2017 and 26/88 (29.5%) in 2021. The incidence of simultaneous detection of more than three viruses was low.
Conclusion: These results provide at least partial information about the occurrence of three viruses, including PPV (including PPV1 to 4), PBoV, and TTV (TTV1 and TTV2), in pigs. Determination of particular viruses in pigs will help to prevent the porcine respiratory disease complex caused by DNA viruses in Vietnamese pigs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huu Anh Dang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Trung Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Internal Medicine and Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi My Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ba Hien Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Anh Minh Pham
- Department of Microbiology Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Thanh Phuong Le
- Department of the Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Chen D, Kang H, Tuo T, Wang L, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Yang H. Astragalus polysaccharide alleviated the inhibition of CSFV C-strain replication caused by PRRSV via the TLRs/NF‑κB/TNF-α pathways. Virus Res 2022; 319:198854. [PMID: 35788015 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is a common phenomenon that PRRSV infection can interfere with the protective efficacy of the CSFV vaccine in clinical settings, and no effective treatment is available. In our previous study, we found that PRRSV infection could inhibit the replication of CSFV-C by promoting the high expression of inflammatory cytokines. In order to further investigate whether Chinese medicine could alleviate the inhibition effect, the PAM39 cells model, which was co-infected with PRRSV and CSFV-C, was established. The effects of Chinese medicine on this co-infection model, as well as the effect of astragalus polysaccharide on the TLRs/NF-κB/TNF-α pathways, were investigated. Our results demonstrated that PAM39 cells inoculated with different pathogenic PRRSV significantly inhibited the replication of CSFV-C and up-regulated the major inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α. For the following studies, 50 µM of astragalus polysaccharide was selected from six kinds of representative Chinese medicine based on their cytotoxicity, viral titers, and inflammatory mediators. Further experiments indicated that astragalus polysaccharide could alleviate the inhibition of CSFV-C replication in the co-infection group with no influence on cell viability. In addition, astragalus polysaccharide treatment clearly reduced P65 phosphorylation and down-regulated the expression of TLR7, TLR9, and TNF-α in co-infection group, implying that the TLRs/NF-κB/TNF-α pathways may play an important role in astragalus polysaccharide's anti-inflammatory response. In conclusion, astragalus polysaccharide treatment alleviated PRRSV-mediated inhibition of CSFV-C replication via the TLRs/NF-κB/TNF-α pathways, and the molecular mechanism of PRRSV co-infection leading to the failure of CSFV vaccine immunization was partially elucidated, providing a scientific basis for effective CSF prevention and control in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengjin Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Kang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianbei Tuo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidan Xia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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11
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Umar S, Anderson BD, Chen K, Wang G, Ma M, Gray GC. Metagenomic analysis of endemic viruses in oral secretions from Chinese pigs. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1982-1992. [PMID: 36047475 PMCID: PMC9514493 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pigs are unique reservoirs for virus ecology. Despite the increased use of improved biosecurity measures, pig viruses readily circulate in Chinese swine farms. Objectives The main objective of this study was to examine archived swine oral secretion samples with a panel of pan‐species viral assays such that we might better describe the viral ecology of swine endemic viruses in Chinese farms. Methodology Two hundred (n = 200) swine oral secretion samples, collected during 2015 and 2016 from healthy pigs on six swine farms in two provinces in China, were screened with molecular pan‐species assays for coronaviruses (CoVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), and paramyxoviruses (PMV). Samples were also screened for porcine circovirus (PCV) 3, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV). Results Among 200 swine oral secretion samples, 152 (76.0%) were found to have at least one viral detection. Thirty‐four samples (17%) were positive for more than one virus, including 24 (70.5%) with dual detection and 10 (29.5%) with triple detection. Seventy‐eight (39.0%) samples were positive for porcine AdVs, 22 (11.0%) were positive for porcine CoVs, 21 (10.5%) were positive for IAVs, 13 (6.5%) were positive for PCV, 7 (3.5%) were positive for PMV, six (3.0%) were positive for PRRSV and five (2.5%) were positive for porcine EV. Conclusion Our findings underscore the high prevalence of numerous viruses among production pigs in China and highlight the need for routine, periodic surveillance for novel virus emergence with the goal of protecting pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Umar
- Global Health Research Center Duke Kunshan University Kunshan Jiangsu China
| | - Benjamin D. Anderson
- Global Health Research Center Duke Kunshan University Kunshan Jiangsu China
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences Duke Kunshan University Kunshan Jiangsu China
| | - Kuanfu Chen
- Global Health Research Center Duke Kunshan University Kunshan Jiangsu China
| | - Guo‐Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Mai‐Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases University of Texas Galveston USA
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore
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12
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Parthiban S, Sowndhraya RKV, Raja P, Parthiban M, Ramesh A, Raj GD, Senthilkumar K, Balasubramanyam D, Hemalatha S, Bharathi R, Ravishankar C, Parveen ST. Molecular detection of porcine parvovirus 1-associated reproductive failure in southern India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:195. [PMID: 35655031 PMCID: PMC9162486 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study used 56 aborted and stillborn fetuses from organized swine farms in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, southern states of India. All samples were screened by using a PCR assay that targets the NS1 gene for PPV. Furthermore, the PCR positive samples were subjected to amplification of the VP2 gene of PPV1 with designed primers and sequenced for further study. The PCR screening of 56 samples found that 14.3% (n = 8) were positive for PPV genome. According to VP2 gene–based PCR for PPV1, 897 bp specific amplicons were detected in all eight of the samples. Two of the eight positive samples (L17 and T5) were sequenced and annotated randomly. The BLAST analysis of contig sequence INDTNCHN-T5 revealed 100% sequence homology with Chinese PPV1genome, whereas sequence from INDTNCHN-L17 revealed 99.43% sequence homology with Spain, Chinese, and German. PPV1 sequences and both the sequences INDTNCHN-T5 and INDTNCHN-L17 were submitted to the GenBank under the accession numbers MW822566 and MW822567 respectively. A phylogenetic analysis of the sequences in this study revealed specific grouping along with PPV1 strains in cluster E. Amino acid analysis of both isolated sequences in addition to the reference sequence from PPV1 showed variations in position 215 (I to T) in both the isolates, variation at position 228 (Q to E) in T5 isolate and variations at position 59 (L to M) and 314 (K to E) in L17 isolate. This study represents the first report of PPV1 cluster E in Tamil Nadu, southern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007, India.
| | - R K V Sowndhraya
- Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - P Raja
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - M Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - A Ramesh
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, CAHS, MMC, Chennai-51, India
| | - G Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - K Senthilkumar
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, India
| | - D Balasubramanyam
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, India
| | - S Hemalatha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, MVC, Chennai, India
| | - R Bharathi
- Central University Laboratory, CAHS, MMC, Chennai, India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, COVAS, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kerala, India
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13
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Development of a Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Four Potential Zoonotic Swine RNA Viruses. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040176. [PMID: 35448674 PMCID: PMC9029180 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine viruses like porcine sapovirus (SaV), porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), porcine rotavirus A (RVA) and porcine astroviruses (AstV) are potentially zoonotic viruses or suspected of potential zoonosis. These viruses have been detected in pigs with or without clinical signs and often occur as coinfections. Despite the potential public health risks, no assay for detecting them all at once has been developed. Hence, in this study, a multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of SaV, EMCV, RVA and AstV from swine fecal samples. The PCR parameters were optimized using specific primers for each target virus. The assay’s sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and application to field samples have been evaluated. Using a pool of plasmids containing the respective viral target fragments as a template, the developed mRT-PCR successfully detected 2.5 × 103 copies of each target virus. The assay’s specificity was tested using six other swine viruses as a template and did not show any cross-reactivity. A total of 280 field samples were tested with the developed mRT-PCR assay. Positive rates for SaV, EMCV, RVA, and AstV were found to be 24.6% (69/280), 5% (14/280), 4.3% (12/280), and 17.5% (49/280), respectively. Compared to performing separate assays for each virus, this mRT-PCR assay is a simple, rapid, and cost-effective method for detecting mixed or single infections of SaV, EMCV, RVA, and AstV.
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14
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Zhang Q, Yang F, Gao J, Zhang W, Xu X. Development of multiplex TaqMan qPCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight common swine viral and bacterial pathogens. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:359-368. [PMID: 34709596 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is laborious to diagnose the infections of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1) because of the similar clinical symptoms in piglets. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus suis (S. suis), Salmonella choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis, serotype: 6,7:c:1,5), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are common secondary bacterial pathogens in viral infections. Furthermore, the mixed infection of these viral and bacterial pathogens is more and more common in practical swine breeding. Therefore, a TaqMan multiplex qPCR method for simultaneous detection and differentiation of their pathogen was established in this study by designing specific primers and probes for the E2 gene of CSFV, the ORF7 gene of PRRSV, the ORF1 gene of PCV2 and the gE gene of SuHV-1, the nuc gene of S. aureus, the ef-tu gene of S. suis, the ivnA gene of S. choleraesuis, and the 23S rRNA gene of E. coli, and its specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility were subsequently tested. The results showed that TaqMan multiplex qPCR method showed a high specificity with no cross reaction between different viruses, and a good repeatability with its coefficient of variation lower than 5%. Besides, the sensitivity of this method was also at least 10 times higher compared with conventional PCR. Overall, this study provided a reliable multiplex TaqMan qPCR method for the diagnosis and differentiation of the mentioned pathogens in pigs, laying a certain technical basis for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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15
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Tu L, Wu S, Gan S, Zhao W, Li S, Cheng Z, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Ji Y. A simplified RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of tomato chlorosis virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomato. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114282. [PMID: 34648823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), a species of single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Crinivirus genus, and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a species of single-stranded circular DNA virus belonging to the Begomovirus genus, are two major emerging viruses transmitted by whiteflies and are causing huge losses to tomato production worldwide. To facilitate the simultaneous detection of both viruses in co-infected plants for disease control, a duplex reverse-transcription PCR assay was developed. The assay used three primers, a degenerate reverse primer targeting a conserved region of TYLCV and the RNA2 of ToCV, and two virus-specific forward primers targeting the minor coat protein gene of ToCV and the C3 gene of TYLCV, respectively, to amplify a 762-bp and a 338-bp fragment from ToCV and TYLCV, respectively, in a single reaction. The concentration of the primers, annealing temperature and amplification cycles used in the assay were optimized, and the sensitivity of the assay was assessed. Using this assay, 150 tomato leaf samples collected from the field during 2018 were tested. The results showed that both viruses could be detected simultaneously in co-infected field samples. The assay should benefit the rapid detection of these two viruses in tomato crops and would facilitate early warning of infections for the control of the two virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Tu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shexiang Gan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhaobang Cheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yinghua Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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16
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Kim SC, Jeong CG, Nazki S, Lee SI, Baek YC, Jung YJ, Kim WI. Evaluation of a multiplex PCR method for the detection of porcine parvovirus types 1 through 7 using various field samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245699. [PMID: 33508002 PMCID: PMC7842984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses that are widespread in the global pig population. PPV type 1 (PPV1) is a major causative agent of reproductive failure and has been recognized since the 1960s. In recent decades, novel PPVs have been identified and designated as PPVs 2 through 7 (PPV2~PPV7). Although the epidemiological impacts of these newly recognized parvoviruses on pigs are largely unknown, continuous surveillance of these PPVs is needed. The aim of this study was to develop an improved and efficient detection tool for these PPVs and to assess the developed method with field samples. Using 7 sets of newly designed primers, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) protocol was developed for the simultaneous detection of the seven genotypes of PPV (PPV1~PPV7). The sensitivity of the mPCR assay was analyzed, and the detection limit was determined to be 3×103 viral copies. The assay was highly specific in detecting one or more of the viruses in various combinations in specimens. The mPCR method was evaluated with 80 serum samples, 40 lung or lymph node samples and 40 intestine or fecal samples. When applied to these samples, the mPCR method could detect the 7 viruses simultaneously, providing rapid results regarding infection and coinfection status. In conclusion, the developed mPCR assay can be utilized as an effective and accurate diagnostic tool for rapid differential detection and epidemiological surveillance of various PPVs in numerous types of field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Ye-Chan Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- * E-mail:
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17
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Liu H, Shi K, Sun W, Zhao J, Yin Y, Si H, Qu S, Lu W. Development a multiplex RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. J Virol Methods 2020; 287:114006. [PMID: 33127443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) have caused considerable financial losses to the pig industry worldwide, and it is critical to achieve early and accurate diagnosis of these viruses to control the diseases induced by them. In this study, three pairs of specific primers were designed based on the highly conserved genome regions of these viruses, and a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) assay for ASFV, CSFV and APPV was established after various reaction conditions were optimized. The mRT-PCR assay consisted of two steps, that is, reverse transcription (RT) and mPCR. The assay was highly specific, sensitive, and reproducible for ASFV, CSFV and APPV without cross-reaction with other swine pathogens. The sensitivity of this assay, which used purified plasmid constructs containing specific viral target fragments as templates, was 6.34 × 102 copies/μL for ASFV and 6.34 × 101 copies/μL for both CSFV and APPV. A total of 384 clinical samples from piglets suspected to be infected in Guangxi Province, Southern China, during 2018-2019 were analyzed by the established mRT-PCR method. The results showed that the positive rates of ASFV, CSFV and APPV were 43.75 %, 13.28 % and 4.17 %, respectively, and the coinfection rates of ASFV/CSFV, ASFV/APPV and CSFV/APPV were 5.47 %, 1.83 % and 1.30 %, respectively. To understand the epidemiological characteristics of APPV, the newly discovered virus, in Guangxi Province, the clinical samples from APPV-positive animals were selected randomly for amplification and sequencing, and the complete genomic sequences of four APPV strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that APPV strains from Guangxi Province had a high degree of genetic diversity. This study provides an important tool for rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of ASFV, CSFV and APPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Sujie Qu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China
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18
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Guo Z, Wang L, Qiao S, Deng R, Zhang G. Genetic characterization and recombination analysis of atypical porcine pestivirus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 81:104259. [PMID: 32087344 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is recognised as the etiology of congenital tremor (CT) Type A-II and poses a challenge to pig production. Here, we described a CT case in piglets caused by APPV infection in central China in 2017. Interestingly, different from a previous report, more CT litters were observed in the second and third parity sows compared to the first and fourth parity. Evolutionary analysis and recombination evaluation were conducted for the isolate and 61 APPV genomes were available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high level of genetic variation of APPV and the coexistence of three clades (Clades I-III) in China. The isolate was clustered into Clade I, which seemed to be prevalent worldwide and displayed higher genetic variability (Subgroups 1-4) compared with Clade II and Clade III, both of which were only reported in China. Notably, three putative recombinants were identified and characterized in APPV. The recombination events occurred in inter-clades (Clade II and III) or intra-clades (Clade I). To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first evidence of homologous recombination within Pestivirus K. These results provide new clinical presentations of APPV infection and may be helpful in better understanding the large amount of genetic variations in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
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19
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Jiang Y, Nie F, Jiang S, Li Y, Wu Y, Yang J, Bao Y, Wang Y, Wang G, Li X, Shi M, Zhou B. Development of multiplex oligonucleotide microarray for simultaneous detection of six swine pathogens. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113921. [PMID: 32598896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish a high-throughput identification technique that simultaneously detects six major pathogens including APP, HPS, PRRSV, Mhp, PCV-2 and CSFV, six pairs of primers and probes were designed based on the specific conservative sequences of the pathogens, a multiplex PCR system was developed, hybrid parameters were optimized, and evaluation of the technology was performed. The results showed that the present detection method had a sensitivity of 5.8 × 102copies/μL for APP, 7.8 × 103 copies/μL for HPS, 6.8 × 103 copies/μL for Mhp, 6.3 × 102 copies/μL for PCV-2, 4.8 × 103 copies/μL for PRRSV, and 5.5 × 102 copies/μL for CSFV, respectively; and it produced no cross reaction against the other nine pathogens like swine-origin pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, swine vesicular disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, bluetongue virus, peste des petits ruminants virus and salmonella. Application of the multiplex oligonucleotide microarray established here to testing 285 clinical blood samples indicated a single infection rate of 18.2 % (52/285) and a mixed infection rate of 6.3 % (18/285) which were consistent with the results of the sequencing verification. This technique might serve as a rapid and high-throughput method of detection for epidemic investigation and clinical diagnosis of multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, China
| | - Fuping Nie
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, China; Engineering Center for Control and Research of Imported Terrestrial Animal Diseases of Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, China
| | - Yingguo Li
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, China.
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, China
| | | | | | - Meimei Shi
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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20
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Goecke NB, Hjulsager CK, Krog JS, Skovgaard K, Larsen LE. Development of a high-throughput real-time PCR system for detection of enzootic pathogens in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 32:51-64. [PMID: 31752620 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719890863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory and intestinal diseases in pigs can have significant negative influence on productivity and animal welfare. A wide range of real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays are used in our laboratory (National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark) for pathogen detection, and PCR analyses are performed on traditional rtPCR platforms in which a limited number of samples can be analyzed per day given limitations in equipment and personnel. To mitigate these restrictions, rtPCR assays have been optimized for the high-throughput rtPCR BioMark platform (Fluidigm). Using this platform, we developed a high-throughput detection system that can be used for simultaneous examination of 48 samples with detection specificity for 18 selected respiratory and enteric viral and bacterial pathogens of high importance to Danish pig production. The rtPCR assays were validated and optimized to run under the same reaction conditions using a BioMark 48.48 dynamic array (DA) integrated fluidic circuit chip, and the sensitivity and specificity were assessed by testing known positive samples. Performance of the 48.48DA was similar to traditional rtPCR analysis, and the specificity of the 48.48DA was high. Application of the high-throughput platform has resulted in a significant reduction in cost and working hours and has provided production herds with a new innovative service with the potential to facilitate the optimal choice of disease control strategies such as vaccination and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Goecke
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Jesper S Krog
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
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Zhou B. Classical Swine Fever in China-An Update Minireview. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:187. [PMID: 31249837 PMCID: PMC6584753 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most economically important viral diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar worldwide. The causative agent is CSF virus, it is highly contagious, with high morbidity and mortality rates; as such, it is an OIE-listed disease. Owing to a nationwide policy of vaccinations of pigs, CSF is well-controlled in China, with large-scale outbreaks rarely seen. Sporadic outbreaks are however still reported every year. In order to cope with future crises and to eradicate CSF, China should strengthen and support biosecurity measures such as the timely reporting of suspected disease, technologies for reliable diagnoses, culling infected herds, and tracing possible contacts, as well as continued vaccination and support of research into drug and genetic therapies. This mini-review summarizes the epidemiology of and control strategies for CSF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Yao M, Zhang X, Gao Y, Song S, Xu D, Yan L. Development and application of multiplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of seven viruses in ducks. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:103. [PMID: 30935399 PMCID: PMC6444421 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major viruses, including duck-origin avian influenza virus, duck-origin Newcastle disease virus, novel duck parvovirus, duck hepatitis A virus, duck Tembusu virus, fowl adenovirus, and duck enteritis virus, pose great harm to ducks and cause enormous economic losses to duck industry. This study aims to establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) method for simultaneous detection of these seven viruses. RESULTS Specific primers were designed and synthesized according to the conserved region of seven viral gene sequences. Then, seven recombinant plasmids, as the positive controls, were reconstructed in this study. Within the study, D-optimal design was adopted to optimize PCR parameters. The optimum parameters for m-PCR were annealing temperature at 57 °C, Mg2+ concentration at 4 mM, Taq DNA polymerase concentration at 0.05 U/μL, and dNTP concentration at 0.32 mM. With these optimal parameters, the m-PCR method produced neither cross-reactions among these seven viruses nor nonspecific reactions with other common waterfowl pathogens. The detection limit of m-PCR for each virus was 1 × 104 viral DNA copies/μL. In addition, the m-PCR method could detect a combination of several random viruses in co-infection analysis. Finally, the m-PCR method was successfully applied to clinical samples, and the detection results were consistent with uniplex PCR. CONCLUSION Given its rapidity, specificity, sensitivity, and convenience, the established m-PCR method is feasible for simultaneous detection of seven duck-infecting viruses and can be applied to clinical diagnosis of viral infection in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Nanjing Tianbang Bio-Industry co., LTD, Nanjing, 211102, China
| | - Suquan Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danning Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Liping Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Simultaneous detection of five pig viruses associated with enteric disease in pigs using EvaGreen real-time PCR combined with melting curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2019; 268:1-8. [PMID: 30844408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a series of porcine diarrhea viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), rotaviruses of group A (RVA), rotaviruses of group C (RVC), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) caused enormous economic losses all over the world. While any of these viruses is capable to cause disease alone, there is often concurrent infection with more than one virus on pig farms. In this study, a multiplex real-time PCR method based on EvaGreen fluorescent dye and melting curve analysis was established to simultaneously detect these five viruses in a single closed tube. Five distinct melt peaks were obtained with different melting temperature (Tm) value corresponding to each of the five viruses. This method was highly sensitive to detect and distinguish TGEV, RVA, RVC, PEDV and PCV2 with the limits of detection ranging from 5 to 50 copies/μL. The intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility were good with coefficient of variation of Tm and cycle threshold values less than 0.32% and 2.86%, respectively. Testing of 90 field samples by the single and multiplex real-time PCR assays demonstrated a concordance of 91.1%. Thus, the EvaGreen multiplex real-time PCR is a rapid, sensitive and low-cost diagnostic tool for differential detection and routine surveillance of TGEV, RVA, RVC, PEDV and PCV2 in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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Chen N, Huang Y, Ye M, Li S, Xiao Y, Cui B, Zhu J. Co-infection status of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circoviruses (PCV2 and PCV3) in eight regions of China from 2016 to 2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 68:127-135. [PMID: 30572028 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circoviruses (PCV2 and PCV3) are economically important swine viruses that cause reproductive failure and/or respiratory symptoms in pigs. However, the co-infection status of these viruses in Chinese swine herds is not well clarified. In this study, we evaluated the co-infection of these four viruses in 159 pigs collected from 63 herds in eight regions of China from 2016 to 2018. CSFV, PRRSV, PCV2 and PCV3 were detected in 14, 56, 43 and 4 of the pigs, respectively. The percentage of singular infections was 32.71%, while the percentages of dual infections and multiple infections were 15.72% and 3.15%, respectively. The E2 of CSFV, ORF5 of PRRSV, ORF2s of PCV2 and PCV3 from all positive samples were determined and used for phylogenetic analyses. E2-based phylogenetic tree showed that all 14 CSFVs identified in this study belong to 2.1b subtype. ORF5-based phylogenetic tree showed that PRRSV2 is predominant in China while PRRSV1 can also be detected. In addition, 35, 16, 4 and 1 of our PRRSVs are clustered with highly pathogenic PRRSV2, NADC30-like PRRSV2, classical PRRSV2 and PRRSV1, respectively. ORF2-based phylogenetic trees showed that our PCVs are grouped with 2 PCV2 subtypes (PCV2d and PCV2b) and 3 PCV3 subtypes (PCV3a, PCV3b and PCV3c), respectively. Our results provide the latest co-infection status and the diversity of four important swine viruses in Chinese swine herds, which is beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Yucheng Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Mengxue Ye
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Bailei Cui
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Adiputra J, Kesoju SR, Naidu RA. The Relative Occurrence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 and Grapevine red blotch virus in Washington State Vineyards. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2129-2135. [PMID: 30226418 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-1962-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vineyard surveys were conducted for three consecutive seasons in eastern Washington State, the major grapevine-growing region in the state, to document the occurrence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV). The majority of samples were collected from red-berried wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars exhibiting symptoms of or suspected for grapevine leafroll (GLD) and red blotch (GRBD) diseases. A limited number of samples from white-berried cultivars were collected randomly due to the lack of visual symptoms. Samples were collected from a total of 2,063 grapevines from 18 red-berried cultivars and seven white-berried cultivars planted in eight American Viticultural Areas and tested for GLRaV-3 and GRBV using RT-PCR and PCR, respectively. The results showed 67.77% and 6.01% of total samples positive for GLRaV-3 and GRBV, respectively, and 9.06% of samples positive for both viruses. About 17% of samples tested negative for the two viruses, but some of these samples were positive for GLRaV-2 and GLRaV-4. Overall results indicated that GLRaV-3 was more common than GRBV, independent of cultivars and the geographic origin of samples. Due to variability in symptoms in red-berried cultivars, virus-specific diagnostic assays were deemed necessary for reliable identification of GLRaV-3 and GRBV and to differentiate GLD and GRBD symptoms from those induced by biotic and abiotic stresses in vineyards. A multiplex PCR protocol was developed for simultaneous detection of GLRaV-3 and GRBV in grapevine samples. A global phylogenetic analysis of GRBV genome sequences revealed segregation of virus isolates from Washington State vineyards into two distinct clades, with the majority of isolates belonging to clade II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jati Adiputra
- Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - Sandya R Kesoju
- Department of Agriculture, Columbia Basin College, Pasco, WA 99301
| | - Rayapati A Naidu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
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Du Q, Wu X, Wang T, Yang X, Wang Z, Niu Y, Zhao X, Liu SL, Tong D, Huang Y. Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Suppresses IL-12p40 Induction via Capsid/gC1qR-Mediated MicroRNAs and Signalings. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:533-547. [PMID: 29858268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2 (PCV2), an immunosuppression pathogen, is often found to increase the risk of other pathogenic infections. Yet the relative immune mechanisms determining the susceptibility of PCV2-infected animals remain unclear. In this study, we confirmed that PCV2 infection suppressed IL-12p40 expression and host Th1 immune response, leading to a weakened pathogenic clearance upon porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or Haemophilus parasuis infection. PCV2 infection suppressed pathogens, LPS/IFN-γ, or LPS/R848-induced IL-12p40 expression in porcine alveolar macrophages. PCV2 capsid (Cap) was the major component to suppress IL-12p40 induction by LPS/IFN-γ, LPS/R848, PRRSV, or H. parasuis Either wild-type PCV2 or mutants PCV2-replicase 1 and PCV type 1-Cap2, which contained PCV2 Cap, significantly decreased IL-12p40 levels and increased the replication of PRRSV and H. parasuis in the lung tissues relative to mock or PCV type 1 infection. gC1qR, a Cap binding protein, was not involved in IL-12p40 induction but mediated the inhibitory effect of PCV2 Cap on IL-12p40 induction. PCV2 also activated PI3K/Akt1 and p38 MAPK signalings to inhibit IL-12p40 expression via inhibition of NF-κB p65 binding to il12B promoter and upregulation of miR-23a and miR-29b. Knockdown of Akt1 and p38 MAPK downregulated miR-23a and miR-29b and increased IL-12p40 expression. Inhibition of miR-23a and miR-29b attenuated the inhibitory effect of PCV2 on IL-12p40 induction, resulting in an increased IL-12p40 expression and Th1 cell population and reduced susceptibility to PRRSV or H. parasuis Taken together, these results demonstrate that PCV2 infection suppresses IL-12p40 expression to lower host Th1 immunity to increase the risk of other pathogenic infection via gC1qR-mediated PI3K/Akt1 and p38 MAPK signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100
| | - Xingchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100
| | - Yingying Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100;
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China 712100;
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Mészáros I, Olasz F, Cságola A, Tijssen P, Zádori Z. Biology of Porcine Parvovirus (Ungulate parvovirus 1). Viruses 2017; 9:v9120393. [PMID: 29261104 PMCID: PMC5744167 DOI: 10.3390/v9120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is among the most important infectious agents causing infertility in pigs. Until recently, it was thought that the virus had low genetic variance, and that prevention of its harmful effect on pig fertility could be well-controlled by vaccination. However, at the beginning of the third millennium, field observations raised concerns about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against newly emerging strains. Subsequent investigations radically changed our view on the evolution and immunology of PPV, revealing that the virus is much more diverse than it was earlier anticipated, and that some of the “new” highly virulent isolates cannot be neutralized effectively by antisera raised against “old” PPV vaccine strains. These findings revitalized PPV research that led to significant advancements in the understanding of early and late viral processes during PPV infection. Our review summarizes the recent results of PPV research and aims to give a comprehensive update on the present understanding of PPV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Peter Tijssen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Québec, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Wang Y, Zhu S, Hong W, Wang A, Zuo W. A multiplex PCR for detection of six viruses in ducks. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:172-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yang K, Tian Y, Zhou D, Duan Z, Guo R, Liu Z, Yuan F, Liu W. A Multiplex RT-PCR Assay to Detect and Discriminate Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses in Clinical Specimens. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080205. [PMID: 28763016 PMCID: PMC5580462 DOI: 10.3390/v9080205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) have led to large economic losses in China. The attenuated vaccine (HP-PRRSV JXA1-R) was used to control HP-PRRSV. However, in recent years, co-infection with classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV), HP-PRRSV, and/or HP-PRRSV JXA1-R has been increasing in China, resulting in a significant impact on PRRSV diagnostics and management. To facilitate rapid discrimination of HP-PRRSV JXA1-R from HP-PRRSV and C-PRRSV, a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the visual detection of HP-PRRSV JXA1-R, HP-PRRSV, and C-PRRSV was established and evaluated with reference PRRSV strains and clinical samples. Primer specificities were evaluated with RNA/DNA extracted from 10 viral strains, and our results revealed that the primers had a high specificity for PRRSV. The assay sensitivity was 24 copies/μL for PRRSVs. A total of 516 serum samples were identified, of which 12.21% (63/516) were HP-PRRSV-positive, 2.33% (12/516) were HP-PRRSV JXA1-R-positive, and 1.16% (6/516) were C-PRRSV-positive, respectively, which was completely consistent with the sequencing method. The high specificity, sensitivity, and reliability of the multiplex RT-PCR assay described in this study indicate that it is useful for the rapid and differential diagnosis of HP-PRRSV JXA1-R, HP-PRRSV, and C-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Zhengying Duan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
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Xing N, Guan X, An B, Cui B, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Du Q, Zhao X, Huang Y, Tong D. Ultrasensitive Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from Fecal Samples Using Functionalized Nanoparticles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167325. [PMID: 27936019 PMCID: PMC5147876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the main causative agent of porcine diarrhea, which has resulted in devastating damage to swine industry and become a perplexed global problem. PEDV infection causes lesions and clinical symptoms, and infected pigs often succumb to severe dehydration. If there is not a timely and effective method to control its infection, PEDV will spread rapidly across the whole swine farm. Therefore, preclinical identification of PEDV is of great significance for preventing the outbreak and spread of this disease. In this study, a functionalized nanoparticles-based PCR method (UNDP-PCR) specific for PEDV was developed through systematic optimization of functionalized magnetic beads and gold nanoparticles which were further used to specifically enrich viral RNA from the lysate of PEDV stool samples, forming a MMPs-RNA-AuNPs complex. Then, oligonucleotides specific for PEDV coated on AuNPs were eluted from the complex and were further amplified and characterized by PCR. The detection limitation of the established UNDP-PCR method for PEDV was 25 copies in per gram PEDV stool samples, which is 400-fold more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR for stool samples. The UNDP-PCR for PEDV exhibited reliable reproducibility and high specificity, no cross-reaction was observed with other porcine viruses. In 153 preclinical fecal samples, the positive detection rate of UNDP-PCR specific for PEDV (30.72%) was much higher than that of conventional RT-PCR (5.88%) and SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR. In a word, this study provided a RNA extraction and transcription free, rapid and economical method for preclinical PEDV infection, which showed higher sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, and exhibited application potency for evaluating viral loads of preclinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Bin An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zengguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DT); (YH)
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DT); (YH)
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Shi X, Liu X, Wang Q, Das A, Ma G, Xu L, Sun Q, Peddireddi L, Jia W, Liu Y, Anderson G, Bai J, Shi J. A multiplex real-time PCR panel assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of 12 common swine viruses. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:258-265. [PMID: 27506582 PMCID: PMC7119729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex real-time PCR panel assay was developed for the detection of 12 major swine pathogens including VSV-IN, VSV-NJ, SVDV, CSFV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PPV, PRV, PRRSV-NA, PRRSV-EU;. The panel assay was 100% specific against common swine pathogens;. Limits of detection of the assay were ranged 1–16 copies per reaction;. Detection sensitivity was not reduced by multiplexing three targets into one PCR reaction.
Mixed infection with different pathogens is common in swine production systems especially under intensive production conditions. Quick and accurate detection and differentiation of different pathogens are necessary for epidemiological surveillance, disease management and import and export controls. In this study, we developed and validated a panel of multiplex real-time PCR/RT-PCR assays composed of four subpanels, each detects three common swine pathogens. The panel detects 12 viruses or viral serotypes, namely, VSV-IN, VSV-NJ, SVDV, CSFV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PPV, PRV, PRRSV-NA, PRRSV-EU and SIV. Correlation coefficients (R2) and PCR amplification efficiencies of all singular and triplex real-time PCR reactions are within the acceptable range. Comparison between singular and triplex real-time PCR assays of each subpanel indicates that there is no significant interference on assay sensitivities caused by multiplexing. Specificity tests on 226 target clinical samples or 4 viral strains and 91 non-target clinical samples revealed that the real-time PCR panel is 100% specific, and there is no cross amplification observed. The limit of detection of each triplex real-time PCR is less than 10 copies per reaction for DNA, and less than 16 copies per reaction for RNA viruses. The newly developed multiplex real-time PCR panel also detected different combinations of co-infections as confirmed by other means of detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiju Shi
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xuming Liu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Amaresh Das
- Foreign Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, APHIS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Guiping Ma
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Wei Jia
- Foreign Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, APHIS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Gary Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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Aishwarya J, Ravishankar C, Rajasekhar R, Sumod K, Bhaskar N, Shaji S, John K, Mini M. First report of detection and molecular characterization of porcine parvovirus in domestic and wild pigs in Kerala, India. Virusdisease 2016; 27:311-314. [PMID: 28466045 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a DNA virus of the genus Parvovirus of family Parvoviridae. It is the causative agent of many disease problems in pigs such as maternal reproductive failure, stillbirth, mummification, embryonic or fetal death, infertility, abortion and neonatal death. A study was conducted to assess the incidence of the virus in pigs in Kerala State in South India. A total of 38 samples were collected from domestic and wild pigs from different districts of the State. Polymerase chain reaction targeting a 265 bp fragment of the NS1 gene of the virus was carried out. Of the samples tested, 2 (5.26 %) were found to be positive for PPV virus genome, one of which was from a wild pig. One of the positive samples was sequenced and the nucleotide sequence obtained was compared with other sequences of PPV from India and abroad. The results revealed that the sequence had very close similarity to PPV sequences previously reported from India and to that of Chinese isolates. This is the first report of the existence of PPV in domestic and wild pigs in Kerala, India. The study highlights the need to test for the presence of PPV in addition to other infectious agents in diagnosis of cases of reproductive disorders in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aishwarya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Kerala 673576 India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Kerala 673576 India
| | - R Rajasekhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Kerala 673576 India
| | - K Sumod
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Kerala 673576 India
| | - Nimisha Bhaskar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Kerala 673576 India
| | - Shiju Shaji
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Kerala 673576 India
| | - Koshy John
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Kerala 673576 India
| | - M Mini
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy P.O., Kerala 680651 India
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Zheng X, Liu G, Opriessnig T, Wang Z, Yang Z, Jiang Y. Development and validation of a multiplex conventional PCR assay for simultaneous detection and grouping of porcine bocaviruses. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:164-169. [PMID: 27448821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine bocavirus (PBoV), a newly described porcine parvovirus, has received attention because it can be commonly identified in clinically affected pigs including pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PWMS) and pigs with diarrhea. In recent years, novel PBoVs have been identified and were classified into three genogroups, but the ability to detect and classify these novel PBoVs is not comprehensive to date. In this study, a multiplex conventional PCR assay for simultaneous detection and grouping of PBoVs was developed by screening combinations of mixed primer pairs followed by optimization of the PCR conditions. This method exclusively amplifies targeted fragments of 531bp from the VP1 gene of PBoV G1, 291bp from the NP1 gene of PBoV G2, and 384bp from the NP1/VP1 gene of PBoV G3. The assay has a detection limit of 1.0×10(3)copies/μL for PBoV G1 4.5×10(3) for PBoV G2 and 3.8×10(3) for PBoV G3 based on testing mixed purified plasmid constructs containing the specific viral target fragments. The performance of the multiplex PCR assay was comparable to that of the single PCRs which used the same primer pairs. Using the newly established multiplex PCR assay, 227 field samples including faeces, serum and tissue samples from pigs were investigated. All three PBoV genogroups were detected in the clinical samples with a detection rate of 1.3%, 2.6% and 12.3%, respectively for PBoV G1, G2 and G3. Additionally, coinfections with two or more PBoV were detected in 1.7% of the samples investigated. These results indicate the multiplex PCR assay is specific, sensitive and rapid, and can be used for the detection and differentiation of single and multiple infections of the three PBoV genogroups in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaopeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Zining Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongqi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
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Lung O, Ohene-Adjei S, Buchanan C, Joseph T, King R, Erickson A, Detmer S, Ambagala A. Multiplex PCR and Microarray for Detection of Swine Respiratory Pathogens. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:834-848. [PMID: 26662640 PMCID: PMC7169873 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is one of the most important health concerns for pig producers and can involve multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. No simple, single‐reaction diagnostic test currently exists for the simultaneous detection of major pathogens commonly associated with PRDC. Furthermore, the detection of most of the bacterial pathogens implicated in PRDC currently requires time‐consuming culture‐based methods that can take several days to obtain results. In this study, a novel prototype automated microarray that integrates and automates all steps of post‐PCR microarray processing for the simultaneous detection and typing of eight bacteria and viruses commonly associated with PRDC is described along with associated multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR. The user‐friendly assay detected and differentiated between four viruses [porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus, porcine circovirus type 2, porcine respiratory corona virus], four bacteria (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, Streptococcus suis), and further differentiated between type 1 and type 2 PRRSV as well as toxigenic and non‐toxigenic P. multocida. The assay accurately identified and typed a panel of 34 strains representing the eight targeted pathogens and was negative when tested with 34 relevant and/or closely related non‐target bacterial and viral species. All targets were also identified singly or in combination in a panel of clinical lung samples and/or experimentally inoculated biological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lung
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - S Ohene-Adjei
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - C Buchanan
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - T Joseph
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - R King
- Animal Health and Assurance Division, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Erickson
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - S Detmer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - A Ambagala
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Chen R, Gao XB, Yu XL, Song CX, Qiu Y. Novel multiplex PCR assay using locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based universal primers for the simultaneous detection of five swine viruses. J Virol Methods 2015; 228:60-6. [PMID: 26615807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel multiplex PCR assay using non-homologous oligonucleotides with locked nucleic acid (LNA) modifications as universal primers was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection of five swine viruses. The assay utilizes five virus-specific primer pairs modified at the 5' end through the addition of the universal primer sequence. In the reaction, small amounts of target templates with the 5' tail were generated and subsequently amplified through the extension of a LNA universal primer set. To validate the specificity of this assay, 27 viral target strains and 12 non-target pathogens were tested. The lower limit of detection of viral nucleic acids was 1.1-1.9 pg per reaction or 11-32 pg in a five-plex viral nucleic acid mixture. The LNA mPCR assay displayed higher analytical sensitivity and efficiency for the detection of plasmid standards compared with the conventional assay, which uses standard primers without the 5' tail. A total of 207 field samples were tested using both assays. The LNA mPCR assay provided numerically higher detection rates for all pathogens in independent samples. Moreover, the LNA mPCR assay had significantly higher detection rates in independent samples compared with the conventional assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chen
- Technical Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Gao
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510675, China
| | - Chang-Xu Song
- Veterinary Medicine Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- Technical Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou 510623, China
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Huang Y, Xing N, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhao X, Du Q, Chang L, Tong D. Ultrasensitive Detection of RNA and DNA Viruses Simultaneously Using Duplex UNDP-PCR Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141545. [PMID: 26544710 PMCID: PMC4636378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed infection of multiple viruses is common in modern intensive pig rearing. However, there are no methods available to detect DNA and RNA viruses in the same reaction system in preclinical level. In this study, we aimed to develop a duplex ultrasensitive nanoparticle DNA probe-based PCR assay (duplex UNDP-PCR) that was able to simultaneously detect DNA and RNA viruses in the same reaction system. PCV2 and TGEV are selected as representatives of the two different types of viruses. PCV2 DNA and TGEV RNA were simultaneously released from the serum sample by boiling with lysis buffer, then magnetic beads and gold nanoparticles coated with single and/or duplex specific probes for TGEV and PCV2 were added to form a sandwich-like complex with nucleic acids released from viruses. After magnetic separation, DNA barcodes specific for PCV2 and TGEV were eluted using DTT and characterized by specific PCR assay for specific DNA barcodes subsequently. The duplex UNDP-PCR showed similar sensitivity as that of single UNDP-PCR and was able to detect 20 copies each of PCV2 and TGEV in the serum, showing approximately 250-fold more sensitivity than conventional duplex PCR/RT-PCR assays. No cross-reaction was observed with other viruses. The positive detection rate of single MMPs- and duplex MMPs-based duplex UNDP-PCR was identical, with 29.6% for PCV2, 9.3% for TGEV and 3.7% for PCV2 and TGEV mixed infection. This duplex UNDP-PCR assay could detect TGEV (RNA virus) and PCV2 (DNA virus) from large-scale serum samples simultaneously without the need for DNA/RNA extraction, purification and reverse transcription of RNA, and showed a significantly increased positive detection rate for PCV2 (29%) and TGEV (11.7%) preclinical infection than conventional duplex PCR/RT-PCR. Therefore, the established duplex UNDP-PCR is a rapid and economical detection method, exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Na Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zengguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Yang Y, Shi R, She R, Mao J, Zhao Y, Du F, Liu C, Liu J, Cheng M, Zhu R, Li W, Wang X, Soomro MH. Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in four weaned pigs in China. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:77. [PMID: 25889526 PMCID: PMC4379595 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection has been recognized as the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and has become a threat to the swine industry. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is another high prevalent pathogen in swine in many regions of the world. PCV2 and HEV are both highly prevalent in pig farms in China. CASE PRESENTATION In this study, we characterized the HEV and PCV2 co-infection in 2-3 month-old piglets, based on pathogen identification and the pathological changes observed, in Hebei Province, China. The pathological changes were severe, and general hyperemia, hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and necrosis were evident in the tissues of dead swine. PCR was used to identify the pathogen and we tested for eight viruses (HEV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PCV2, Classical swine fever virus, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, Porcine parvovirus and Pseudorabies virus) that are prevalent in Chinese pig farms. The livers, kidneys, spleens, and other organs of the necropsied swine were positive for HEV and/or PCV2. Immunohistochemical staining showed HEV- and PCV2-antigen-positive signals in the livers, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes, and intestine. CONCLUSION HEV and PCV2 co-infection in piglets was detected in four out of seven dead pigs from two pig farms in Hebei, China, producing severe pathological changes. The natural co-infection of HEV and PCV2 in pigs in China has rarely been reported. We speculate that co-infection with PCV2 and HEV may bring some negative effect on pig production and recommend that more attention should be paid to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Fang Du
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Can Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jianchai Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Histology and Anatomy, College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, 056021, China.
| | - Minheng Cheng
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Rining Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Majid Hussain Soomro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Chen R, Yu XL, Gao XB, Xue CY, Song CX, Li Y, Cao YC. Bead-based suspension array for simultaneous differential detection of five major swine viruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:919-28. [PMID: 25557628 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel multiplex detection array based on Luminex xMAP technology was developed and validated for simultaneous detection of five major viruses causing swine reproductive diseases. By combining one-step asymmetric multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with xMAP bead-based hybridization and flow cytometry analysis, the resulting multiplex assay was capable of detecting single and mixed infections of PRRSV, PCV-2, PRV, CSFV, and PPV in a single reaction. The assay accurately detected and differentiated 23 viral strains used in this study. The low detection limit was determined as 2.2-22 copies/μL (corresponding to 0.5-6.8 fg/μL DNA template) on plasmid constructs containing viral fragments. The intra-assay and inter-assay variances (CV%) were low that ranged from 2.5 to 5.4 % and 4.1 to 7.6 %, respectively. The assay was applied to test field samples and detected single and mixed viral infections. The detection rate was higher than that of uniplex conventional PCR and RT-PCR methods. The detection of PRRSV by the bead-based multiplex assay was comparable with a commercially available real time RT-PCR kit. The test procedure on purified DNA or RNA samples could be completed within 2 h. In conclusion, the bead-based suspension array presented here proved to be a high-throughput practical tool that provided highly specific and sensitive identification of single and multiple infections of five major viruses in pigs and boar semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chen
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No.66 Huacheng Dadao Ave., Zhujiangxincheng, Guangzhou, 510623, China,
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40
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Aranaz A. Significance and integration of molecular diagnostics in the framework of veterinary practice. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1247:19-30. [PMID: 25399085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The field of molecular diagnostics in veterinary practice is rapidly evolving. An array of molecular techniques of different complexity is available to facilitate the fast and specific diagnosis of animal diseases. The choice for the adequate technique is dependent on the mission and attributions of the laboratory and requires both a knowledge of the molecular biology basis and of its limitations. The ability to quickly detect pathogens and their characteristics would allow for precise decision-making and target measures such as prophylaxis, appropriate therapy, and biosafety plans to control disease outbreaks. In practice, taking benefit of the huge amount of data that can be obtained using molecular techniques highlights the need of collaboration between veterinarians in the laboratory and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Aranaz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain,
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41
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Rao P, Wu H, Jiang Y, Opriessnig T, Zheng X, Mo Y, Yang Z. Development of an EvaGreen-based multiplex real-time PCR assay with melting curve analysis for simultaneous detection and differentiation of six viral pathogens of porcine reproductive and respiratory disorder. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Wu H, Rao P, Jiang Y, Opriessnig T, Yang Z. A sensitive multiplex real-time PCR panel for rapid diagnosis of viruses associated with porcine respiratory and reproductive disorders. Mol Cell Probes 2014; 28:264-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Wernike K, Beer M, Freuling CM, Klupp B, Mettenleiter TC, Müller T, Hoffmann B. Molecular double-check strategy for the identification and characterization of Suid herpesvirus 1. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:110-5. [PMID: 25200377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large scale vaccination with glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines and the rapid and reliable differentiation of wild-type and marker vaccine strains are important aspects in eradication programs for Suid herpesvirus 1 [SuHV-1, syn. Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) or pseudorabies virus (PrV)]. Therefore, two multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) assays for the genetic differentiation of wild-type and gE-deleted vaccine SuHV-1 strains have been developed. In the first multiplex qPCR SuHV-1 gB-gene specific detection was combined with a gE-gene specific assay and an internal control based on heterologous DNA. In the second system, a SuHV-1 UL19 (major capsid protein gene) assay, a different gE-gene specific assay and an internal control based on the beta-actin gene were combined. The gB-gene, UL19 as well as both gE-gene specific assays had an analytical sensitivity of less than 10 genome copies per reaction in the respective multiplex approaches. A series of reference strains including field isolates obtained from domestic and wild animals, and gE-deleted SuHV-1 were reliably detected, while genetically related non-SuHV-1 herpesviruses tested negative. Both newly developed triplex SuHV-1-specific qPCR assays are specific and sensitive methods for the rapid genetic differentiation of wild-type viruses and gE-deleted vaccine strains in a single reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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44
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Zeng Z, Liu Z, Wang W, Tang D, Liang H, Liu Z. Establishment and application of a multiplex PCR for rapid and simultaneous detection of six viruses in swine. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:102-6. [PMID: 25116201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR assay was developed and evaluated subsequently for its effectiveness in simultaneously detecting mixed viral infections of swine. Specific primers were designed and used for testing the six swine viruses: three DNA viruses, including pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2); three common RNA viruses, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). This technique has shown to be highly sensitive in that the minimum detection amounts of nucleic acids from PRV, PPV, PCV2, PRRSV, CSFV, and JEV were 6.6, 96, 12.9, 10.5, 51, and 46 pg, respectively. It also was effective for detecting one or multiple viruses in the specimens, such as the lungs, spleens, lymph nodes, and tonsils collected from clinically ill pigs. The multiplex PCR method can detect simultaneously not only infection of the six viruses, but also other swine DNA and RNA viruses. Given its rapidity, specificity, and sensitivity, the multiplex PCR is a useful tool for diagnosing clinically the mixed infections of swine DNA and RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Veterinary Public Health in Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhijie Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weicheng Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haiying Liang
- Teaching and Experimental Farms, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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45
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Huang Y, Zhang X, Du Q, Wang F, Zhao X, Zhang W, Tong D. Preclinical detection of porcine circovirus type 2 infection using an ultrasensitive nanoparticle DNA probe-based PCR assay. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97869. [PMID: 24842840 PMCID: PMC4026479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has emerged as one of the most important pathogens affecting swine production globally. Preclinical identification of PCV2 is very important for effective prophylaxis of PCV2-associated diseases. In this study, we developed an ultrasensitive nanoparticle DNA probe-based PCR assay (UNDP-PCR) for PCV2 detection. Magnetic microparticles coated with PCV2 specific DNA probes were used to enrich PCV2 DNA from samples, then gold nanoparticles coated with PCV2 specific oligonucleotides were added to form a sandwich nucleic acid-complex. After the complex was formed, the oligonucleotides were released and characterized by PCR. This assay exhibited about 500-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR, with a detection limit of 2 copies of purified PCV2 genomic DNA and 10 viral copies of PCV2 in serum. The assay has a wide detection range for all of PCV2 genotypes with reliable reproducibility. No cross-reactivity was observed from the samples of other related viruses including porcine circovirus type 1, porcine parvovirus, porcine pseudorabies virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and classical swine fever virus. The positive detection rate of PCV2 specific UNDP-PCR in 40 preclinical field samples was 27.5%, which appeared greater than that by conventional and real-time PCR and appeared application potency in evaluation of the viral loads levels of preclinical infection samples. The UNDP-PCR assay reported here can reliably rule out false negative results from antibody-based assays, provide a nucleic acid extraction free, specific, ultrasensitive, economic and rapid diagnosis method for preclinical PCV2 infection in field, which may help prevent large-scale outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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46
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Zhai SL, Chen SN, Xu ZH, Tang MH, Wang FG, Li XJ, Sun BB, Deng SF, Hu J, Lv DH, Wen XH, Yuan J, Luo ML, Wei WK. Porcine circovirus type 2 in China: an update on and insights to its prevalence and control. Virol J 2014; 11:88. [PMID: 24885983 PMCID: PMC4031328 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is considered the major pathogen of porcine circovirus associated-diseases (PCVAD) that causes large economic losses for the swine industry in the world annually, including China. Since the first report of PCV2 in 1998, it has been drawing tremendous attention for the government, farming enterprises, farmers, and veterinary practitioners. Chinese researchers have conducted a number of molecular epidemiological work on PCV2 by molecular approaches in the past several years, which has resulted in the identification of novel PCV2 genotypes and PCV2-like agents as well as the description of new prevalence patterns. Since late 2009, commercial PCV2 vaccines, including the subunit vaccines and inactivated vaccines, have already been used in Chinese swine farms. The aim of this review is to update the insights into the prevalence and control of PCV2 in China, which would contribute to understanding the epidemiology, control measures and design of novel vaccines for PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Man-Lin Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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47
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Luo Y, Li S, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. Classical swine fever in China: a minireview. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:1-6. [PMID: 24793098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is an OIE-listed, highly contagious, often fatal disease of swine worldwide. Currently, the disease is controlled by prophylactic vaccination in China and many other countries using the modified live vaccines derived from C-strain, which was developed in China in the mid-1950s. This minireview summarizes the epidemiology, diagnostic assays, control and challenges of CSF in China. Though CSF is essentially under control, complete eradication of CSF in China remains a challenging task and needs long-term, joint efforts of stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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48
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Dobnik D, Morisset D, Lenarčič R, Ravnikar M. Simultaneous detection of RNA and DNA targets based on multiplex isothermal amplification. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2989-96. [PMID: 24625323 DOI: 10.1021/jf5002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of pathogenic microorganisms present in food, feed, plant, and other samples is important for providing safe food as well as for preventing the spread of microbes. The genome of pathogens is made of DNA or RNA, therefore a multiplex diagnostics tool would ideally be able to amplify and detect both RNA and DNA targets in parallel. With this goal we have developed an isothermal nucleic acid sequence based amplification [NASBA] implemented microarray analysis (NAIMA) procedure, suitable for the simultaneous multiplex amplification of RNA and DNA targets, coupled with the detection on ArrayTubes. The method is demonstrated to be very sensitive and specific for the detection of two economically important quarantine plant pathogens of potato, the potato spindle tuber viroid (RNA target) and Ralstonia solanacearum (DNA target). Because of its isothermal amplification and simple detection equipment, the method is also applicable for on-site analyses. NAIMA can be used in any domain where there is the need to detect RNA and DNA targets simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology , Večna pot 11, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Shariff S, Ibrahim NJ, Md-Zain BM, Idris AB, Suhana Y, Roff MN, Yaakop S. Multiplex PCR in determination of Opiinae parasitoids of fruit flies, Bactrocera sp., infesting star fruit and guava. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:7. [PMID: 25373154 PMCID: PMC4199358 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaysia is a tropical country that produces commercial fruits, including star fruits, Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidales: Oxalidaceae), and guavas, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae). There is a high demand for these fruits, and they are planted for both local consumption and export purposes. Unfortunately, there has been a gradual reduction of these fruits, which has been shown to be related to fruit fly infestation, especially from the Bactrocera species. Most parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) are known as parasitoids of fruit fly larvae. In this study, star fruits and guavas infested by fruit fry larvae were collected from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute. The parasitized larvae were reared under laboratory conditions until the emergence of adult parasitoids. Multiplex PCR was performed to determine the braconid species using two mitochondrial DNA markers, namely cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b. Two benefits of using multiplex PCR are the targeted bands can be amplified simultaneously using the same reaction and the identification process of the braconid species can be done accurately and rapidly. The species of fruit flies were confirmed using the COI marker. The results obtained from our study show that Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Fopius arisanus (Sonan), and Pysttalia incisi (Silvestri) were parasitoids associated with Bactrocera carambolae (Drew and Hancock) (Diptera: Tephritidae) infested star fruits. Fopius arisanus was also the parasitoid associated with Bactrocera papayae (Drew and Hancock) infested guavas. Maximum parsimony was been constructed in Opiinae species to compare tree resolution between these two genes in differentiating among closely related species. The confirmation of the relationship between braconids and fruit fly species is very important, recognized as preliminary data, and highly necessary in biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shariff
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N J Ibrahim
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - B M Md-Zain
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A B Idris
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Y Suhana
- Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M N Roff
- Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Yaakop
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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50
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A multiplex RT-PCR assay for rapid and differential diagnosis of four porcine diarrhea associated viruses in field samples from pig farms in East China from 2010 to 2012. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:107-12. [PMID: 23988656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Since October 2010, clinical outbreaks of diarrhea in suckling piglets have reemerged in pig-producing areas of China, causing an acute increase in the morbidity and mortality in young piglets. Four viruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine group A rotaviruses (GAR), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), are the major causative agents of enteric disease in piglets. A novel multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was developed for simultaneous detection of the four viruses in field samples from piglets. A mixture of four previously published pairs of primers were used for amplification of viral gene, yielding four different amplicons with sizes of 481 bp for PCV2, 651 bp for PEDV, 859 bp for TGEV, and 309 bp for GAR, respectively. The sensitivity of the mRT-PCR using plasmids containing the specific viral target fragments was 2.17 × 10(3), 2.1 × 10(3), 1.74 × 10(4) and 1.26 × 10(4)copies for the four viruses, respectively. A total of 378 field samples were collected from suckling piglets with diarrhea in East China from October 2010 to December 2012, and detected by mRT-PCR. The PEDV-positive rates of the three years were 69.2%, 62.8% and 54.9%, respectively, suggesting that PEDV was a major pathogen in these diarrheal outbreaks. Taken together, all data indicated that this mRT-PCR assay was a simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection method for clinical diagnosis of mixed infections of porcine diarrhea associated viruses.
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