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Zhang Y, Zhao L, Sun Y. Using single-sample networks to identify the contrasting patterns of gene interactions and reveal the radiation dose-dependent effects in multiple tissues of spaceflight mice. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:45. [PMID: 38575629 PMCID: PMC10995210 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome profiles are sensitive to space stressors and serve as valuable indicators of the biological effects during spaceflight. Herein, we transformed the expression profiles into gene interaction patterns by single-sample networks (SSNs) and performed the integrated analysis on the 301 spaceflight and 290 ground control samples, which were obtained from the GeneLab platform. Specifically, an individual SSN was established for each sample. Based on the topological structures of 591 SSNs, the differentially interacted genes (DIGs) were identified between spaceflights and ground controls. The results showed that spaceflight disrupted the gene interaction patterns in mice and resulted in significant enrichment of biological processes such as protein/amino acid metabolism and nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) metabolism (P-value < 0.05). We observed that the mice exposed to radiation doses within the three intervals (4.66-7.14, 7.592-8.295, 8.49-22.099 mGy) exhibited similar gene interaction patterns. Low and medium doses resulted in changes to the circadian rhythm, while the damaging effects on genetic material became more pronounced in higher doses. The gene interaction patterns in response to space stressors varied among different tissues, with the spleen, lung, and skin being the most responsive to space radiation (P-value < 0.01). The changes observed in gene networks during spaceflight conditions might contribute to the development of various diseases, such as mental disorders, depression, and metabolic disorders, among others. Additionally, organisms activated specific gene networks in response to virus reactivation. We identified several hub genes that were associated with circadian rhythms, suggesting that spaceflight could lead to substantial circadian rhythm dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 116026, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Chang J, Xu Y, Fu Y, Liu J, Jiang D, Pan J, Ouyang H, Liu W, Xu J, Tian Y, Huang Y, Ruan J, Shen X. The dynamic landscape of chromatin accessibility and active regulatory elements in the mediobasal hypothalamus influences the seasonal activation of the reproductive axis in the male quail under long light exposure. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:197. [PMID: 38373887 PMCID: PMC10877898 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cold and temperate zones, seasonal reproduction plays a crucial role in the survival and reproductive success of species. The photoperiod influences reproductive processes in seasonal breeders through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, in which the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) serves as the central region responsible for transmitting light information to the endocrine system. However, the cis-regulatory elements and the transcriptional activation mechanisms related to seasonal activation of the reproductive axis in MBH remain largely unclear. In this study, an artificial photoperiod program was used to induce the HPG axis activation in male quails, and we compared changes in chromatin accessibility changes during the seasonal activation of the HPG axis. RESULTS Alterations in chromatin accessibility occurred in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and stabilized at LD7 during the activation of the HPG axis. Most open chromatin regions (OCRs) are enriched mainly in introns and distal intergenic regions. The differentially accessible regions (DARs) showed enrichment of binding motifs of the RFX, NKX, and MEF family of transcription factors that gained-loss accessibility under long-day conditions, while the binding motifs of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily and BZIP family gained-open accessibility. Retinoic acid signaling and GTPase-mediated signal transduction are involved in adaptation to long days and maintenance of the HPG axis activation. According to our footprint analysis, three clock-output genes (TEF, DBP, and HLF) and the THRA were the first responders to long days in LD3. THRB, NR3C2, AR, and NR3C1 are the key players associated with the initiation and maintenance of the activation of the HPG axis, which appeared at LD7 and tended to be stable under long-day conditions. By integrating chromatin and the transcriptome, three genes (DIO2, SLC16A2, and PDE6H) involved in thyroid hormone signaling showed differential chromatin accessibility and expression levels during the seasonal activation of the HPG axis. TRPA1, a target of THRB identified by DAP-seq, was sensitive to photoactivation and exhibited differential expression levels between short- and long-day conditions. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that trans effects were the main factors affecting gene expression during the seasonal activation of the HPG axis. This study could lead to further research on the seasonal reproductive behavior of birds, particularly the role of MBH in controlling seasonal reproductive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Chang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yanglong Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jianqiu Pan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Hongjia Ouyang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Jue Ruan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
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Geervliet E, Terstappen LWMM, Bansal R. Hepatocyte survival and proliferation by fibroblast growth factor 7 attenuates liver inflammation, and fibrogenesis during acute liver injury via paracrine mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115612. [PMID: 37797460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte damage during liver injury instigates activation of macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) resulting in liver inflammation and fibrosis respectively. Improving hepatocyte survival and proliferation thereby ameliorating inflammation and fibrosis represents a promising approach for the treatment of liver injury. In the liver, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play a crucial role in promoting hepatocyte proliferation and tissue regeneration. Among 22 FGFs, FGF7 induces hepatocyte survival and liver regeneration as shown previously in mouse models of cholestatic liver injury and partial hepatectomy. We hypothesized that FGF7 promotes hepatocyte survival and proliferation by interacting with FGFR2b, expressed on hepatocytes, and ameliorates liver injury (inflammation and early fibrogenesis) via paracrine mechanisms. To prove this hypothesis and to study the effect of FGF7 on hepatocytes and liver injury, we administered FGF7 exogenously to mice with acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. We thereafter studied the underlying mechanisms and the effect of exogenous FGF7 on hepatocyte survival and proliferation, and the consequent paracrine effects on macrophage-induced inflammation, and HSCs activation in vitro and in vivo. We observed that the expression of FGF7 as well as FGFR2 is upregulated during acute liver injury. Co-immunostaining of FGF7 and collagen-I confirmed that FGF7 is expressed by HSCs and is possibly captured by the secreted ECM. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver sections showed increased hepatocyte proliferation upon exogenous FGF7 treatment as determined by Ki67 expression. Mechanistically, exogenous FGF7 improved hepatocyte survival (and increased drug detoxification) via AKT and ERK pathways while maintaining hepatocyte quiescence restricting hepatocarcinogenesis via P27 pathways. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that improved hepatocyte survival and proliferation leads to a decrease in infiltrated monocytes-derived macrophages, as a result of reduced CCL2 (and CXCL8) expression by hepatocytes. Moreover, conditioned medium studies showed reduced collagen-I secretion by HSCs (indicative of HSCs activation) upon treatment with FGF7-treated hepatocytes conditioned medium. Altogether, we show that exogenous administration of FGF7 induces hepatocyte survival and proliferation and leads to amelioration of inflammatory response and fibrosis in acute liver injury via paracrine mechanisms. Our study further demonstrates that FGF7, FGF7 derivatives, or nano-engineered FGF7 may benefit patients with hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Geervliet
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, the Netherlands; Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, the Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, the Netherlands.
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4
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Salfer IJ, Matamoros CI, Bartell PA, Harvatine KJ. Effects of the timing of protein infusion on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00293-X. [PMID: 37268575 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Milk synthesis exhibits a daily rhythm that is modified by the timing of feed intake. However, it is unknown how specific nutrients entrain this daily rhythm. Amino acids have an important role in milk synthesis, and may have a role in entrainment of mammary circadian rhythms. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of intestinally absorbed protein on daily rhythms of milk and milk component synthesis and key plasma hormones and metabolites. Nine lactating Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment sequences in a 3 × 3 Latin square. Treatments included abomasal infusions of 500 g/d of sodium caseinate either continuously throughout the day (CON), for 8 h/d from 0900 to 1700 h (DAY), or for 8 h/d from 2100 to 0500 h (NGT). Cows were milked every 6 h during the final 8 d of each period. A 24-h rhythm was fit to data using cosine analysis and the amplitude and acrophase were determined. Night infusion of protein decreased the daily milk yield and milk protein yield by 8.2% and 9.2%, respectively. Milk fat yield was increased 5.5% by DAY and milk fat concentration was increased 8.8% by NGT. Milk yield exhibited a daily rhythm in all treatments, with NGT increasing the amplitude of the daily rhythm 33% compared with CON. Milk fat concentration fit a daily rhythm in CON and NGT, but not DAY, whereas milk protein concentration fit a daily rhythm in CON and DAY, but not NGT. Moreover, DAY abolished the daily rhythm of plasma glucose concentration, but induced rhythms of plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Results suggest that feeding increased protein levels during the early part of the day may increase milk fat yield and modify energy metabolism through increased daily variation in insulin-stimulated lipid release, but additional research focused on feeding multiple diets across the day is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Salfer
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Cesar I Matamoros
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - P A Bartell
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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5
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Liu Q, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Insulin ameliorates dim blue light at night-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons via the IR/IRS1/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 250:114488. [PMID: 36586168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the damaging effects of night light pollution, one of the environmental pollutions, on memory has been attracting attention. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which light at night, especially blue light at night, impairs memory remains unclear. Here, a total of 42 C57BL6/J mice that exposed to no light at night, dim white light at night (dLAN-WL), or dim blue light at night (dLAN-BL) for 28 days. Behavioral data indicated that exposure to dLAN-BL resulted in severe recognition memory impairment, as evidenced by the reduced recognition index and discrimination index in the novel object recognition test. At the same time, we observed a decrease in plasma insulin levels. Consistent with these changes, we also observed that dLAN-BL reduced the number of neurons in the CA1, CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus, up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Bax, down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and the protein expression level of pIRS1, pAKT, pGSK3β, β-catenin in the hippocampus. In vitro experiments, we found that insulin (10 nM) inhibited apoptosis and up-regulated the protein expression levels of pAKT, pGSK3β, β-catenin of HT22 cells induced by H2O2 (200 μM). However, these changes disappeared when the insulin receptors (IR) in HT22 cells were silenced. Taken together, our findings suggested that the impairment of memory in mice induced by dLAN-BL was mediated by insulin via the IR/IRS1/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. DATA AVAILABILITY: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China.
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6
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Chu CMJ, Modi H, Ellis C, Krentz NAJ, Skovsø S, Zhao YB, Cen H, Noursadeghi N, Panzhinskiy E, Hu X, Dionne DA, Xia YH, Xuan S, Huising MO, Kieffer TJ, Lynn FC, Johnson JD. Dynamic Ins2 Gene Activity Defines β-Cell Maturity States. Diabetes 2022; 71:2612-2631. [PMID: 36170671 DOI: 10.2337/db21-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional and functional cellular specialization has been described for insulin-secreting β-cells of the endocrine pancreas. However, it is not clear whether β-cell heterogeneity is stable or reflects dynamic cellular states. We investigated the temporal kinetics of endogenous insulin gene activity using live cell imaging, with complementary experiments using FACS and single-cell RNA sequencing, in β-cells from Ins2GFP knockin mice. In vivo staining and FACS analysis of islets from Ins2GFP mice confirmed that at a given moment, ∼25% of β-cells exhibited significantly higher activity at the evolutionarily conserved insulin gene, Ins2. Live cell imaging over days captured Ins2 gene activity dynamics in single β-cells. Autocorrelation analysis revealed a subset of oscillating cells, with mean oscillation periods of 17 h. Increased glucose concentrations stimulated more cells to oscillate and resulted in higher average Ins2 gene activity per cell. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that Ins2(GFP)HIGH β-cells were enriched for markers of β-cell maturity. Ins2(GFP)HIGH β-cells were also significantly less viable at all glucose concentrations and in the context of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the heterogeneity of insulin production, observed in mouse and human β-cells, can be accounted for by dynamic states of insulin gene activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Min Jamie Chu
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Honey Modi
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cara Ellis
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicole A J Krentz
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Søs Skovsø
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yiwei Bernie Zhao
- Biomedical Research Centre, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Haoning Cen
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nilou Noursadeghi
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Evgeniy Panzhinskiy
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xiaoke Hu
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Derek A Dionne
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yi Han Xia
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shouhong Xuan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Francis C Lynn
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Diabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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7
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Liang Z. Mining associations between glycemic variability in awake-time and in-sleep among non-diabetic adults. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:1026830. [DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.1026830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often assumed that healthy people have the genuine ability to maintain tight blood glucose regulation. However, a few recent studies revealed that glucose dysregulation such as hyperglycemia may occur even in people who are considered normoglycemic by standard measures and were more prevalent than initially thought, suggesting that more investigations are needed to fully understand the within-day glucose dynamics of healthy people. In this paper, we conducted an analysis on a multi-modal dataset to examine the relationships between glycemic variability when people were awake and that when they were sleeping. The interstitial glucose levels were measured with a wearable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology FreeStyle Libre 2 at every 15 min interval. In contrast to the traditional single-time-point measurements, the CGM data allow the investigation into the temporal patterns of glucose dynamics at high granularity. Sleep onset and offset timestamps were recorded daily with a Fitbit Charge 3 wristband. Our analysis leveraged the sleep data to split the glucose readings into segments of awake-time and in-sleep, instead of using fixed cut-off time points as has been done in existing literature. We combined repeated measure correlation analysis and quantitative association rules mining, together with an original post-filtering method, to identify significant and most relevant associations. Our results showed that low overall glucose in awake time was strongly correlated to low glucose in subsequent sleep, which in turn correlated to overall low glucose in the next day. Moreover, both analysis techniques identified significant associations between the minimal glucose reading in sleep and the low blood glucose index the next day. In addition, the association rules discovered in this study achieved high confidence (0.75–0.88) and lift (4.1–11.5), which implies that the proposed post-filtering method was effective in selecting quality rules.
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Sankaranarayanan C, Subramanian P. Molecular mechanisms interlinking biological clock and diabetes mellitus: Effective tools for better management. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102639. [PMID: 36279704 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Advances in circadian biology have delineated the link between perturbed biological clock and metabolic diseases. Circadian disturbances are associated with the onset, progression and severity of diabetes mellitus. METHODS We conducted a literature survey using the key terms - circadian, diabetes, circadian and diabetes, clock genes and diabetes, chronotherapy and peripheral clocks in science direct, PubMed, Google, and Embase till August 23, 2021. RESULTS Misalignment between peripheral clocks located in pancreas, intestine, liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and with the central oscillator alters the secretion of insulin, incretins, adipokines and soluble factors resulting in the derangement of metabolism leading to chronic hyperglycemia. CONCLUSION Management of circadian health restores glucose homeostasis confirming that chronotherapy will help in the management of diabetes mellitus. Further, administration of circadian clock modifiers has proved potential therapeutic agents to treat diabetes mellitus. The aim of the review is to highlight the molecular mechanisms linking biological clock and diabetes mellitus and how they are useful for effective management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekaran Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Yong HJ, Toledo MP, Nowakowski RS, Wang YJ. Sex Differences in the Molecular Programs of Pancreatic Cells Contribute to the Differential Risks of Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac156. [PMID: 36130190 PMCID: PMC10409906 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies demonstrate that women are at a significantly lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to men. However, the molecular basis of this risk difference is not well understood. In this study, we examined the sex differences in the genetic programs of pancreatic endocrine cells. We combined pancreas perifusion data and single-cell genomic data from our laboratory and from publicly available data sets to investigate multiple axes of the sex differences in the human pancreas at the single-cell type and single-cell level. We systematically compared female and male islet secretion function, gene expression program, and regulatory principles of pancreatic endocrine cells. The perifusion data indicate that female endocrine cells have a higher secretion capacity than male endocrine cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis suggests that endocrine cells in male controls have molecular signatures that resemble T2D. In addition, we identified genomic elements associated with genome-wide association study T2D loci to have differential accessibility between female and male delta cells. These genomic elements may play a sex-specific causal role in the pathogenesis of T2D. We provide molecular mechanisms that explain the differential risk of T2D between women and men. Knowledge gained from our study will accelerate the development of diagnostics and therapeutics in sex-aware precision medicine for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Yong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Maria Pilar Toledo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Richard S Nowakowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Yue J Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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10
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Grasset E, Puel A, Charpentier J, Klopp P, Christensen JE, Lelouvier B, Servant F, Blasco-Baque V, Tercé F, Burcelin R. Gut microbiota dysbiosis of type 2 diabetic mice impairs the intestinal daily rhythms of GLP-1 sensitivity. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:243-258. [PMID: 34648088 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain-beta cell glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-dependent axis and the clock genes both control insulin secretion. Evidence shows that a keystone of this molecular interaction could be the gut microbiota. We analyzed in mice the circadian profile of GLP-1 sensitivity on insulin secretion and the impact of the autonomic neuropathy, antibiotic treated in different diabetic mouse models and in germ-free colonized mice. We show that GLP-1sensitivity is maximal during the dark feeding period, i.e., the postprandial state. Coincidently, the ileum expression of GLP-1 receptor and peripherin is increased and tightly correlated with a subset of clock gene. Since both are markers of enteric neurons, it suggests a role in the gut-brain-beta cell GLP-1-dependent axis. We evaluated the importance of gut microbiota dysbiosis and found that the abundance of ileum bacteria, particularly Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, oscillated diurnally, with a maximum during the dark period, along with expression patterns of a subset of clock genes. This diurnal pattern of circadian gene expression and Lachnospiraceae abundance was also observed in two separate mouse models of gut microbiota dysbiosis and of autonomic neuropathy with impaired GLP-1 sensitivity (1.high-fat diet-fed type 2 diabetic, 2.antibiotic-treated/germ-free mice). Our data show that GLP-1 sensitivity relies on specific pattern of intestinal clock gene expression and specific gut bacteria. This new statement opens opportunities to treat diabetic patient with GLP-1-based therapies by using on a possible pre/probiotic co-treatment to improve the time-dependent efficiency of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Grasset
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France.
- UMR) 1048, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, Dyslipidemia, France.
| | - Anthony Puel
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- UMR) 1048, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, Dyslipidemia, France
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- UMR) 1048, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, Dyslipidemia, France
| | - Pascale Klopp
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- UMR) 1048, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, Dyslipidemia, France
| | - Jeffrey E Christensen
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- UMR) 1048, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, Dyslipidemia, France
| | - Benjamin Lelouvier
- Vaiomer SAS, Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Florence Servant
- Vaiomer SAS, Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège Innopole, France
| | - Vincent Blasco-Baque
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- UMR) 1048, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, Dyslipidemia, France
| | - François Tercé
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- UMR) 1048, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, Dyslipidemia, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Directeur de Recherche Inserm I²MC, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm U 1027, Rue Jean Poulhès, 31400, Toulouse, France.
- Research Director Inserm I²MC, Institute for research on cardiometabolic diseases, Inserm U 1027, Rue Jean Poulhès, 31400, Toulouse, France.
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11
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Tsekmekidou X, Tsetsos F, Koufakis T, Georgitsi M, Papanas N, Papazoglou D, Roumeliotis A, Panagoutsos S, Thodis E, Theodoridis M, Passadakis P, Maltezos E, Paschou P, Kotsa K. Variants in clock genes could be associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes in an elderly Greek population. Maturitas 2021; 152:20-25. [PMID: 34674804 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent evidence has linked circadian rhythm dysregulation to an increased risk of metabolic disorders. This study explores a potential association between variation in genes regulating the endogenous circadian timing system (clock genes) and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a sample of Greek elderly people. STUDY DESIGN Variants within and upstream or downstream of PPARA, PPARD, CLOCK/TMEM165, PER1, PER2 and PER3 genes were genotyped in 716 individuals with T2D (A) and 569 normoglycemic controls (B), and allele frequencies were compared between the groups in a case control study design. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Samples were genotyped on Illumina Human PsychArray. Permutation test analysis was implemented to determine statistical significance. To avoid the possibility of subjects with prediabetes being included in the control group, people with HbA1c <5.7% and fasting glucose <100 mg/dl comprised group C (n = 393), for whom a separate analysis was performed (secondary analysis). RESULTS A protective role against T2D was identified for 14 variants in the PPARA gene. The rs7291444, rs36125344, rs6008384 in PKDREJ, located upstream of PPARA, and rs2859389 in UTS2, located upstream of PER3, demonstrated a protective role against T2D in both analyses. In contrast, rs6744132, located between HES6 and PER2, was positively correlated with T2D risk. Only in the secondary analysis, rs2278637 in VAMP2, located downstream of PER1, and rs11943456 in CLOCK/TMEM165 were found to confer protection against T2D. In a recessive model analysis of all groups, PPARD variants exhibited a protective role against disease. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a possible implication of clock genes in T2D susceptibility. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms that connect circadian rhythm dysfunction and T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthippi Tsekmekidou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotis Tsetsos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianthi Georgitsi
- 1st Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papazoglou
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Athanasios Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stylianos Panagoutsos
- Department of Nephrology, Alexandroupolis University General Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Health Sciences
| | - Elias Thodis
- Department of Nephrology, Alexandroupolis University General Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Health Sciences
| | - Marios Theodoridis
- Department of Nephrology, Alexandroupolis University General Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Health Sciences
| | - Ploumis Passadakis
- Department of Nephrology, Alexandroupolis University General Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Health Sciences
| | - Efstratios Maltezos
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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12
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de Assis LVM, Oster H. The circadian clock and metabolic homeostasis: entangled networks. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4563-4587. [PMID: 33683376 PMCID: PMC8195959 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock exerts an important role in systemic homeostasis as it acts a keeper of time for the organism. The synchrony between the daily challenges imposed by the environment needs to be aligned with biological processes and with the internal circadian clock. In this review, it is provided an in-depth view of the molecular functioning of the circadian molecular clock, how this system is organized, and how central and peripheral clocks communicate with each other. In this sense, we provide an overview of the neuro-hormonal factors controlled by the central clock and how they affect peripheral tissues. We also evaluate signals released by peripheral organs and their effects in the central clock and other brain areas. Additionally, we evaluate a possible communication between peripheral tissues as a novel layer of circadian organization by reviewing recent studies in the literature. In the last section, we analyze how the circadian clock can modulate intracellular and tissue-dependent processes of metabolic organs. Taken altogether, the goal of this review is to provide a systemic and integrative view of the molecular clock function and organization with an emphasis in metabolic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Oster
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Marie Curie Street, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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13
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Van Drunen R, Eckel-Mahan K. Circadian Rhythms of the Hypothalamus: From Function to Physiology. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:189-226. [PMID: 33668705 PMCID: PMC7931002 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nearly ubiquitous expression of endogenous 24 h oscillations known as circadian rhythms regulate the timing of physiological functions in the body. These intrinsic rhythms are sensitive to external cues, known as zeitgebers, which entrain the internal biological processes to the daily environmental changes in light, temperature, and food availability. Light directly entrains the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which lies in the hypothalamus of the brain and is responsible for synchronizing internal rhythms. However, recent evidence underscores the importance of other hypothalamic nuclei in regulating several essential rhythmic biological functions. These extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei also express circadian rhythms, suggesting distinct regions that oscillate either semi-autonomously or independent of SCN innervation. Concurrently, the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei are also sensitized to fluctuations in nutrient and hormonal signals. Thus, food intake acts as another powerful entrainer for the hypothalamic oscillators' mediation of energy homeostasis. Ablation studies and genetic mouse models with perturbed extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei function reveal their critical downstream involvement in an array of functions including metabolism, thermogenesis, food consumption, thirst, mood and sleep. Large epidemiological studies of individuals whose internal circadian cycle is chronically disrupted reveal that disruption of our internal clock is associated with an increased risk of obesity and several neurological diseases and disorders. In this review, we discuss the profound role of the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei in rhythmically regulating and coordinating body wide functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Van Drunen
- MD Anderson UTHealth School Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA;
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- MD Anderson UTHealth School Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA;
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Garrigos D, Martínez-Morga M, Toval A, Kutsenko Y, Barreda A, Do Couto BR, Navarro-Mateu F, Ferran JL. A Handful of Details to Ensure the Experimental Reproducibility on the FORCED Running Wheel in Rodents: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:638261. [PMID: 34040580 PMCID: PMC8141847 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.638261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-documented method and experimental design are essential to ensure the reproducibility and reliability in animal research. Experimental studies using exercise programs in animal models have experienced an exponential increase in the last decades. Complete reporting of forced wheel and treadmill exercise protocols would help to ensure the reproducibility of training programs. However, forced exercise programs are characterized by a poorly detailed methodology. Also, current guidelines do not cover the minimum data that must be included in published works to reproduce training programs. For this reason, we have carried out a systematic review to determine the reproducibility of training programs and experimental designs of published research in rodents using a forced wheel system. Having determined that most of the studies were not detailed enough to be reproducible, we have suggested guidelines for animal research using FORCED exercise wheels, which could also be applicable to any form of forced exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Morga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Barreda
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Navarro-Mateu
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Unidad de Docencia, Investigación y Formación en Salud Mental (UDIF-SM), Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Luis Ferran,
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15
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Gopalakrishnan S, Kannan NN. Only time will tell: the interplay between circadian clock and metabolism. Chronobiol Int 2020; 38:149-167. [PMID: 33345624 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1842436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to humans, the endogenous timekeeping system temporally coordinates the behavioral, physiological, and metabolic processes with a periodicity close to 24 h. The timing of these daily rhythms is orchestrated by the synchronized oscillations of both the central pacemaker in the brain and the peripheral clocks located across multiple organs and tissues. A growing body of evidence suggests that the central circadian clock and peripheral clocks residing in the metabolically active tissues are incredibly well coordinated to confer coherent metabolic homeostasis. The interplay between nutrient metabolism and circadian rhythms can occur at various levels supported by the molecular clock network, multiple systemic mechanisms, and the neuroendocrine signaling pathways. While studies suggest the reciprocal regulation between circadian clock and metabolism, it is important to understand the precise mechanisms and the underlying pathways involved in the cross-talk among circadian oscillators and diverse metabolic networks. In addition to the internal synchronization of the metabolic rhythms, feeding time is considered as a potential external synchronization cue that fine tunes the timing of the circadian rhythms in metabolic peripheral clocks. A deeper understanding of how the timing of food intake and the diet composition drive the tissue-specific metabolic rhythms across the body is concomitantly important to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the metabolic disorders arising from circadian misalignment. This review summarizes the recent advancements in the circadian clock regulation of nutrient metabolism and discusses the current understanding of the metabolic feedback signals that link energy metabolism with the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Gopalakrishnan
- Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Nisha N Kannan
- Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Thiruvananthapuram, India
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16
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Martchenko A, Martchenko SE, Biancolin AD, Brubaker PL. Circadian Rhythms and the Gastrointestinal Tract: Relationship to Metabolism and Gut Hormones. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5909225. [PMID: 32954405 PMCID: PMC7660274 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-hour biological rhythms within organisms that have developed over evolutionary time due to predefined environmental changes, mainly the light-dark cycle. Interestingly, metabolic tissues, which are largely responsible for establishing diurnal metabolic homeostasis, have been found to express cell-autonomous clocks that are entrained by food intake. Disruption of the circadian system, as seen in individuals who conduct shift work, confers significant risk for the development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the first point of contact for ingested nutrients and is thus an essential organ system for metabolic control. This review will focus on the circadian function of the GI tract with a particular emphasis on its role in metabolism through regulation of gut hormone release. First, the circadian molecular clock as well as the organization of the mammalian circadian system is introduced. Next, a brief overview of the structure of the gut as well as the circadian regulation of key functions important in establishing metabolic homeostasis is discussed. Particularly, the focus of the review is centered around secretion of gut hormones; however, other functions of the gut such as barrier integrity and intestinal immunity, as well as digestion and absorption, all of which have relevance to metabolic control will be considered. Finally, we provide insight into the effects of circadian disruption on GI function and discuss chronotherapeutic intervention strategies for mitigating associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: P.L. Brubaker, Rm 3366 Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada. E-mail:
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17
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The cytokine MIF controls daily rhythms of symbiont nutrition in an animal-bacterial association. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27578-27586. [PMID: 33067391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016864117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent recognition that many symbioses exhibit daily rhythms has encouraged research into the partner dialogue that drives these biological oscillations. Here we characterized the pivotal role of the versatile cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in regulating a metabolic rhythm in the model light-organ symbiosis between Euprymna scolopes and Vibrio fischeri As the juvenile host matures, it develops complex daily rhythms characterized by profound changes in the association, from gene expression to behavior. One such rhythm is a diurnal shift in symbiont metabolism triggered by the periodic provision of a specific nutrient by the mature host: each night the symbionts catabolize chitin released from hemocytes (phagocytic immune cells) that traffic into the light-organ crypts, where the population of V. fischeri cells resides. Nocturnal migration of these macrophage-like cells, together with identification of an E. scolopes MIF (EsMIF) in the light-organ transcriptome, led us to ask whether EsMIF might be the gatekeeper controlling the periodic movement of the hemocytes. Western blots, ELISAs, and confocal immunocytochemistry showed EsMIF was at highest abundance in the light organ. Its concentration there was lowest at night, when hemocytes entered the crypts. EsMIF inhibited migration of isolated hemocytes, whereas exported bacterial products, including peptidoglycan derivatives and secreted chitin catabolites, induced migration. These results provide evidence that the nocturnal decrease in EsMIF concentration permits the hemocytes to be drawn into the crypts, delivering chitin. This nutritional function for a cytokine offers the basis for the diurnal rhythms underlying a dynamic symbiotic conversation.
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18
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Role of the Immune System and the Circadian Rhythm in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pancreatitis: Establishing a Personalized Signature for Improving the Effect of Immunotherapies for Chronic Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2020; 49:1024-1032. [PMID: 32833942 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis, in both acute and chronic forms, poses a major therapeutic challenge and is associated with great morbidity and several complications. The nature of pancreatic injury in chronic pancreatitis (CP) and the wide range of causative processes that lead to CP have made effective therapy a true unmet need. Multiple physiological, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors contribute to the development of CP. As a result, several fields of research are aimed at identifying and addressing the factors that contribute to pancreatic injury. In this article, we review the current understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of CP. We focus on the autonomous nervous system, immune system, and role of a chronobiological therapeutic approach to alleviate symptoms and prevent or reverse pancreatic injury associated with CP. We aim to demonstrate that individualizing chronopharmacological treatments for CP is a promising direction for future treatment using immune, nervous, and circadian systems.
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19
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García-Costela M, Escudero-Feliú J, Puentes-Pardo JD, San Juán SM, Morales-Santana S, Ríos-Arrabal S, Carazo Á, León J. Circadian Genes as Therapeutic Targets in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 33042011 PMCID: PMC7516350 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide due to its symptoms, early metastasis, and chemoresistance. Thus, the mechanisms contributing to pancreatic cancer progression require further exploration. Circadian rhythms are the daily oscillations of multiple biological processes regulated by an endogenous clock. Several evidences suggest that the circadian clock may play an important role in the cell cycle, cell proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, timing of chemotherapy or radiation treatment can influence the efficacy and toxicity treatment. Here, we revisit the studies on circadian clock as an emerging target for therapy in pancreatic cancer. We highlight those potential circadian genes regulators that are commonly affected in pancreatic cancer according to most recent reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Costela
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Julia Escudero-Feliú
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose D. Puentes-Pardo
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Jose D. Puentes-Pardo
| | - Sara Moreno San Juán
- Cytometry and Michroscopy Research Service, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Morales-Santana
- Proteomic Research Service, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology Division, CIBER of Fragility and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Sandra Ríos-Arrabal
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sandra Ríos-Arrabal
| | - Ángel Carazo
- Genomic Research Service, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa León
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Disease, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
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20
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Sardon Puig L, Pillon NJ, Näslund E, Krook A, Zierath JR. Influence of obesity, weight loss, and free fatty acids on skeletal muscle clock gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E1-E10. [PMID: 31613643 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00289.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular circadian clock plays a role in metabolic homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis obesity and systemic factors associated with insulin resistance affect skeletal muscle clock gene expression. We determined clock gene expression in skeletal muscle of obese women (n = 5) and men (n = 18) before and 6 mo after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and normal-weight controls (women n = 6, men n = 8). Skeletal muscle clock gene expression was affected by obesity and weight loss. CRY1 mRNA (P = 0.05) was increased and DBP mRNA (P < 0.05) was decreased in obese vs. normal weight women and restored to control levels after RYGB-induced weight loss. CLOCK, CRY1, CRY2, and DBP mRNA (P < 0.05) was decreased in obese men compared with normal weight men. Expression of all other clock genes was unaltered by obesity or weight loss in both cohorts. We correlated clock gene expression with clinical characteristics of the participants. Among the genes studied, DBP and PER3 expression was inversely correlated with plasma lipids in both cohorts. Circadian time-course studies revealed that core clock genes oscillate over time (P < 0.05), with BMAL1, CIART, CRY2, DBP, PER1, and PER3 expression profiles altered by palmitate treatment. In conclusion, skeletal muscle clock gene expression and function is altered by obesity, coincident with changes in plasma lipid levels. Palmitate exposure disrupts clock gene expression in myotubes, indicating that dyslipidemia directly alters the circadian program. Strategies to reduce lipid overload and prevent elevations in nonesterified fatty acid and cholesterol levels may sustain circadian clock signals in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sardon Puig
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Skinner NJ, Rizwan MZ, Grattan DR, Tups A. Chronic Light Cycle Disruption Alters Central Insulin and Leptin Signaling as well as Metabolic Markers in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2257-2270. [PMID: 31276158 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the circadian timing system plays a role in energy and glucose homeostasis, and disruptions to this system are a risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders. We exposed animals to a constantly shifting lighting environment comprised of a 6-hour advance, occurring every 6 days, to chronically disrupt their circadian timing system. This treatment caused a gradual increase in body weight of 12 ± 2% after 12 phase shifts, compared with a 6 ± 1% increase in mice under control lighting conditions. Additionally, after the fifth phase shift, light cycle-disrupted (CD) animals showed a reversal in their diurnal pattern of energy homeostasis and locomotor activity, followed by a subsequent loss of this rhythm. To investigate potential molecular mechanisms mediating these metabolic alterations, we assessed central leptin and insulin sensitivity. We discovered that CD mice had a decrease in central leptin signaling, as indicated by a reduction in the number of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 immunoreactive cells in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Furthermore, CD animals exhibited a marked increase in fasting blood glucose (269.4 ± 21.1 mg/dL) compared with controls (108.8 ± 21.3 mg/dL). This dramatic increase in fasting glucose levels was not associated with an increase in insulin levels, suggesting impairments in pancreatic insulin release. Peripheral hyperglycemia was accompanied by central alterations in insulin signaling at the level of phospho Akt and insulin receptor substrate 1, suggesting that light cycle disruption alters central insulin signaling. These results provide mechanistic insights into the association between light cycle disruption and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Skinner
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mohammed Z Rizwan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Tups
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Yun JW, Zhao Z, Yan X, Vatamaniuk MZ, Lei XG. Glutathione peroxidase-1 inhibits transcription of regenerating islet-derived protein-2 in pancreatic islets. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:385-393. [PMID: 30703484 PMCID: PMC6588445 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our group previously demonstrated that overexpression of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) in mice (OE) led to escalated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia. Because we found a strong correlation of this phenotype with a diminished expression of regenerating islet-derived protein 2 (REG2) in the OE pancreatic islets, the present study was to reveal underlying mechanisms for that down-regulation of REG2 by GPX1 as a major scavenger of reactive oxygen species. We first treated the OE and wild-type (WT) mice and their islets with ROS-generating diquat, streptozotocin, and H2O2 and ROS-scavenging ebselen and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Their effects on pancreatic and islet REG2 protein and(or) secretion were opposite (P < 0.05). Thereafter, we identified 13 transcriptional factors with putative binding sites in the Reg2 proximate promoter, and found that only activator protein-1 (AP-1) and albumin D box-binding protein (DBP) mRNA and protein levels were affected (elevated) (P < 0.05) by the GPX1 overproduction in the OE pancreatic islets compared with the WT islets. Contrary to that of Reg2 expression, their mRNA abundances in the cultured islets were elevated (P < 0.05) by ebselen and NAC, but decreased (P < 0.05) by H2O2. Both AP-1 and DBP could bind to the Reg2 promoter at the location of -168 to 0 base pair (bp) in the OE islets. Deleting the AP-1 (-143/-137 and -60/-57 bp) and(or) DBP (-35/-29 bp) binding domains in the Reg2 promoter attenuated and(or) abolished the inhibition of Reg2 promoter activation by ebselen as the GPX1 mimic in βTC-3 cells. In conclusion, the down-regulation of Reg2 expression in the GPX1-overproducing pancreatic islets was mediated by a transcriptional inhibition of the gene through two ROS responsive transcription factors AP-1 and DBP. Our findings reveal GPX1 as a novel regulator of Reg2 expression, and linking these two previously-unrelated proteins will have broad biomedical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Zeping Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xi Yan
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Petrenko V, Philippe J, Dibner C. Time zones of pancreatic islet metabolism. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:116-126. [PMID: 30230177 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most living beings possess an intrinsic system of circadian oscillators, allowing anticipation of the Earth's rotation around its own axis. The mammalian circadian timing system orchestrates nearly all aspects of physiology and behaviour. Together with systemic signals originating from the central clock that resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, peripheral oscillators orchestrate tissue-specific fluctuations in gene transcription and translation, and posttranslational modifications, driving overt rhythms in physiology and behaviour. There is accumulating evidence of a reciprocal connection between the circadian oscillator and most aspects of physiology and metabolism, in particular as the circadian system plays a critical role in orchestrating body glucose homeostasis. Recent reports imply that circadian clocks operative in the endocrine pancreas regulate insulin secretion, and that islet clock perturbation in rodents leads to the development of overt type 2 diabetes. While whole islet clocks have been extensively studied during the last years, the heterogeneity of islet cell oscillators and the interplay between α- and β-cellular clocks for orchestrating glucagon and insulin secretion have only recently gained attention. Here, we review recent findings on the molecular makeup of the circadian clocks operative in pancreatic islet cells in rodents and in humans, and focus on the physiologically relevant synchronizers that are resetting these time-keepers. Moreover, the implication of islet clock functional outputs in the temporal coordination of metabolism in health and disease will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Petrenko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Du S, Shi MJ, Sun ZZ, Li W. Clinical diagnosis for dusk phenomenon of diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11873. [PMID: 30142783 PMCID: PMC6112941 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diabetes dusk phenomenon (spontaneous and transient pre-dinner hyperglycemia) anecdotally exists but has not been investigated.A total of 80 diabetic patients that received continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions were retrospectively studied. They were grouped into a routine group (R) (consecutive δDG [dusk blood glucose difference] <0 mmol/L) and a classic dusk phenomenon group (CDP, consecutive δDG≥0 mmol/L). δDG represents differences in blood glucose measurements between pre-dinner and post-lunch (δDG: dusk blood glucose difference). Other patients were placed in a suspicious group (S). The suspicious group was further divided into 3 groups based on the frequency at which the δDG occurred: suspicious 1 group (S1), δDG≥0 mmol/L occurred once only; suspicious 3 group (S3), δDG < 0 mmol/L occurred once only, and the remaining patients were grouped in the suspicious 2 group (S2).We identified the CDP and S3 groups as the "clinical dusk phenomenon" group (CLDP). We confirmed that the S1 and R groups to be in the "clinical routine" group. The S2 group was significantly different from the CDP group. In addition, the S2 group had significant differences in δDG measurements and post-lunch blood glucose values compared with the R group, but no differences in other parameters were seen. Multiple comparisons with the other suspicious groups also showed no statistical difference in many parameters. Thus, we placed these patients into the "suspicious clinical dusk phenomenon" group (SDP). The δDG cut-off for the CLDP group was 1.0167 mmol/L. The pre-dinner-pre-lunch blood glucose cut-off for this group was 2.72 mmol/L. The δDG cut-off for the SDP group was -0.95 mmol/L. The pre-dinner-pre-lunch blood glucose cut-off for this group was 0.87 mmol/L. The cut-off points for the post-dinner-post-lunch blood glucose measurements in the CLDP and SDP groups were both 1.2667 mmol/L.A consecutive δDG≥0 or a once only δDG < 0 could be diagnosed as falling into the CLDP group. The CLDP could be excluded when a consecutive δDG < 0 or a once only δDG≥0 was found. Patients falling into other categories were placed into the SDP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi
| | - Min-jia Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi
| | - Zhan-zhan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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25
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Zibolka J, Bazwinsky-Wutschke I, Mühlbauer E, Peschke E. Distribution and density of melatonin receptors in human main pancreatic islet cell types. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12480. [PMID: 29464840 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations of our group established that melatonin modulates hormone secretion of pancreatic islets via melatonin receptor types MT1 and MT2. Expression of MT1 and MT2 has been shown in mouse, rat, and human pancreatic islets as well as in the β-, α-, and δ-cell lines INS-1, αTC1.9, and QGP-1. In view of these earlier investigations, this study was performed to analyze in detail the distribution and density of melatonin receptors on the main islet cell types in human pancreatic tissue obtained from nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic patients. Immunohistochemical analysis established the presence of MT1 and MT2 in β-, α-, and δ-cells, but notably, with differences in receptor density. In general, the lowest MT1 and MT2 receptor density was measured in α-cells compared to the 2 other cell types. In type 2 diabetic islets, MT1 and MT2 receptor density was increased in δ-cells compared to normoglycemic controls. In human islets in batch culture of a nondiabetic donor, an increase of somatostatin secretion was observed under melatonin treatment while in islets of a type 2 diabetic donor, an inhibitory influence could be observed, especially in the presence of 5.5 mmol/L glucose. These data suggest the following: i) cell-type-specific density of MT1 and MT2 receptors in human pancreatic islets, which should be considered in context of the hormone secretion of islets, ii) the influence of diabetes on density of MT1 and MT2 as well as iii) the differential impact of melatonin on somatostatin secretion of nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Zibolka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ivonne Bazwinsky-Wutschke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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26
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Draijer S, Chaves I, Hoekman MFM. The circadian clock in adult neural stem cell maintenance. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:41-53. [PMID: 29886147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells persist in the adult central nervous system as a continuing source of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. Various signalling pathways and transcription factors actively maintain this population by regulating cell cycle entry and exit. Similarly, the circadian clock is interconnected with the cell cycle and actively maintains stem cell populations in various tissues. Here, we discuss emerging evidence for an important role of the circadian clock in neural stem cell maintenance. We propose that the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 exerts control over the circadian clock in adult neural stem cell function to limit exhaustion of their population. Conversely, disruption of the circadian clock may compromise neural stem cell quiescence resulting in a premature decline of the neural stem cell population. As such, energy metabolism and the circadian clock converge in adult neural stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swip Draijer
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inês Chaves
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco F M Hoekman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Lee J, Ma K, Moulik M, Yechoor V. Untimely oxidative stress in β-cells leads to diabetes - Role of circadian clock in β-cell function. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 119:69-74. [PMID: 29458148 PMCID: PMC5910243 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes results from a loss of β-cell function. With the number of people with diabetes reaching epidemic proportions globally, understanding mechanisms that are contributing to this increasing prevalence is critical. One such factor has been circadian disruption, with shift-work, light pollution, jet-lag, increased screen time, all acting as potential contributory factors. Though circadian disruption has been epidemiologically associated with diabetes and other metabolic disorders for many decades, it is only recently that there has been a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Experimental circadian disruption, via manipulation of environmental or genetic factors using gene-deletion mouse models, has demonstrated the importance of circadian rhythms in whole body metabolism. Genetic disruption of core clock genes, specifically in the β-cells in mice, have, now demonstrated the importance of the intrinsic β-cell clock in regulating function. Recent work has also shown the interaction of the circadian clock and enhancers in β-cells, indicating a highly integrated regulation of transcription and cellular function by the circadian clock. Disruption of either the whole body or only the β-cell clock leads to significant impairment of mitochondrial function, uncoupling, impaired vesicular transport, oxidative stress in β-cells and finally impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and diabetes. In this review, we explore the role of the circadian clock in mitigating oxidative stress and preserving β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop, BST-1058W, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - K Ma
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - M Moulik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - V Yechoor
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop, BST-1058W, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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28
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Mahmoud TI, Wang J, Karnell JL, Wang Q, Wang S, Naiman B, Gross P, Brohawn PZ, Morehouse C, Aoyama J, Wasserfall C, Carter L, Atkinson MA, Serreze DV, Braley-Mullen H, Mustelin T, Kolbeck R, Herbst R, Ettinger R. Autoimmune manifestations in aged mice arise from early-life immune dysregulation. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:361ra137. [PMID: 27798262 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies can be present years to decades before the onset of disease manifestations in autoimmunity. This finding suggests that the initial autoimmune trigger involves a peripheral lymphoid component, which ultimately drives disease pathology in local tissues later in life. We show that Sjögren's syndrome manifestations that develop in aged NOD.H-2h4 mice were driven by and dependent on peripheral dysregulation that arose in early life. Specifically, elimination of spontaneous germinal centers in spleens of young NOD.H-2h4 mice by transient blockade of CD40 ligand (CD40L) or splenectomy abolished Sjögren's pathology of aged mice. Strikingly, a single injection of anti-CD40L at 4 weeks of age prevented tertiary follicle neogenesis and greatly blunted the formation of key autoantibodies implicated in glandular pathology, including anti-muscarinic receptor antibodies. Microarray profiling of the salivary gland characterized the expression pattern of genes that increased with disease progression and showed that early anti-CD40L greatly repressed B cell function while having a broader effect on multiple biological pathways, including interleukin-12 and interferon signaling. A single prophylactic treatment with anti-CD40L also inhibited the development of autoimmune thyroiditis and diabetes in NOD.H-2h4 and nonobese diabetic mice, respectively, supporting a key role for CD40L in the pathophysiology of several autoimmune models. These results strongly suggest that early peripheral immune dysregulation gives rise to autoimmune manifestations later in life, and for diseases predated by autoantibodies, early prophylactic intervention with biologics may prove efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer I Mahmoud
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jingya Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jodi L Karnell
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Qiming Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Brian Naiman
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Phillip Gross
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Philip Z Brohawn
- Translational Sciences-Pharmacogenomics, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Chris Morehouse
- Translational Sciences-Pharmacogenomics, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jordan Aoyama
- Translational Sciences-Pharmacogenomics, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laura Carter
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | - Tomas Mustelin
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Forrestel AC, Miedlich SU, Yurcheshen M, Wittlin SD, Sellix MT. Chronomedicine and type 2 diabetes: shining some light on melatonin. Diabetologia 2017; 60:808-822. [PMID: 27981356 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the circadian timing system drives rhythms of physiology and behaviour, including the daily rhythms of feeding and activity. The timing system coordinates temporal variation in the biochemical landscape with changes in nutrient intake in order to optimise energy balance and maintain metabolic homeostasis. Circadian disruption (e.g. as a result of shift work or jet lag) can disturb this continuity and increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease. Obesity and metabolic disease can also disturb the timing and amplitude of the clock in multiple organ systems, further exacerbating disease progression. As our understanding of the synergy between the timing system and metabolism has grown, an interest has emerged in the development of novel clock-targeting pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Recently, the pineal hormone melatonin has received some attention as a potential chronotherapeutic drug for metabolic disease. Melatonin is well known for its sleep-promoting effects and putative activity as a chronobiotic drug, stimulating coordination of biochemical oscillations through targeting the internal timing system. Melatonin affects the insulin secretory activity of the pancreatic beta cell, hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus have lower night-time serum melatonin levels and increased risk of comorbid sleep disturbances compared with healthy individuals. Further, reduced melatonin levels, and mutations and/or genetic polymorphisms of the melatonin receptors are associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Herein we review our understanding of molecular clock control of glucose homeostasis, detail the influence of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism in critical peripheral tissues, explore the contribution of melatonin signalling to the aetiology of type 2 diabetes, and discuss the pros and cons of melatonin chronopharmacotherapy in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Forrestel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 693, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Susanne U Miedlich
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 693, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Michael Yurcheshen
- UR Medicine Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven D Wittlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 693, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Michael T Sellix
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 693, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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30
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Lopez-Minguez J, Saxena R, Bandín C, Scheer FA, Garaulet M. Late dinner impairs glucose tolerance in MTNR1B risk allele carriers: A randomized, cross-over study. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1133-1140. [PMID: 28455106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Late-night dinner eating is associated with increased risk for type-2 diabetes. The underlying mechanism is unclear. One explanatory hypothesis is that the concurrence of elevated circulating melatonin and high glucose concentrations (characterizing late eating) leads to impaired glucose tolerance. However, to date no study has tested the influence of physiological melatonin concentrations on glucose-tolerance. The discovery of melatonin receptor MTNR1B as a diabetes risk gene provides evidence for a role of physiological levels of melatonin in glucose control. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that elevated endogenous melatonin concentrations worsen glucose control when eating late. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT03003936. METHODS We performed a randomized, cross-over trial to compare glucose tolerance in the presence (late dinner) or absence (early dinner) of elevated physiological melatonin concentrations and we compared the results between homozygous carriers and non-carriers of the MTNR1B risk allele. RESULTS The concurrence of meal timing with elevated endogenous melatonin concentrations resulted in impaired glucose tolerance. This effect was stronger in MTNR1B risk-carriers than in non-carriers. Furthermore, eating late significantly impaired glucose tolerance only in risk-carriers and not in the non-risk carriers. CONCLUSIONS The interaction of dinner timing with MTNR1B supports a causal role of endogenous melatonin in the impairment of glucose tolerance. These results suggest that moving the dinner to an earlier time may result in better glucose tolerance specially in MTNR1B carriers. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03003936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Lopez-Minguez
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia Spain; IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Bandín
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia Spain; IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Frank A Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia Spain; IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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31
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Taurine Treatment Modulates Circadian Rhythms in Mice Fed A High Fat Diet. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36801. [PMID: 27857215 PMCID: PMC5114685 DOI: 10.1038/srep36801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Close ties have been made among certain nutrients, obesity, type 2 diabetes and circadian clocks. Among nutrients, taurine has been documented as being effective against obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the impact of taurine on circadian clocks has not been elucidated. We investigated whether taurine can modulate or correct disturbances in daily rhythms caused by a high-fat diet in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided in four groups: control (C), control + taurine (C+T), high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD + taurine (HFD+T). They were administered 2% taurine in their drinking water for 10 weeks. Mice were euthanized at 6:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 24:00. HFD mice increased body weight, visceral fat and food intake, as well as higher levels of glucose, insulin and leptin, throughout the 24 h. Taurine prevented increments in food intake, body weight and visceral fat, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and reduced disturbances in the 24 h patterns of plasma insulin and leptin. HFD downregulated the expression of clock genes Rev-erbα, Bmal1, and Per1 in pancreatic islets. Taurine normalized the gene and protein expression of PER1 in beta-cells, which suggests that it could be beneficial for the correction of daily rhythms and the amelioration of obesity and diabetes.
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Brubaker PL, Gil-Lozano M. Glucagon-like peptide-1: The missing link in the metabolic clock? J Diabetes Investig 2016; 7 Suppl 1:70-5. [PMID: 27186359 PMCID: PMC4854508 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian expression of clock genes in peripheral tissues is critical to the coordinated regulation of intestinal digestive and absorptive functions, insulin secretion, and peripheral tissue nutrient deposition during periods of nutrient ingestion, thereby preventing metabolic dysregulation. As glucagon-like peptide-1 is a key incretin hormone that regulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, we hypothesized that this intestinal hormone is a player in the peripheral metabolic clock, linking nutrient ingestion to insulin secretion. We have now established that secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 from the intestinal L cell shows a rhythmic pattern in rats and humans in vivo that is altered by circadian disruptors, such as constant light exposure, consumption of a Western diet and feeding at inappropriate times (i.e., during the light period in rodents). Interestingly, the alterations in the rhythm of the glucagon-like peptide-1 secretory responses were found to parallel the changes in the pattern of insulin responses in association with significant impairments in glucose tolerance. Furthermore, we have detected circadian clock gene expression, and showed circadian secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 from both the murine and human L cell in vitro. These findings demonstrate that glucagon-like peptide-1 is a functional component of the peripheral metabolic clock, and suggest that altered release of glucagon-like peptide-1 might play a role in the metabolic perturbations that result from circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada; Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Manuel Gil-Lozano
- Department of Physiology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Bose S, Ganguly S, Kumar S, Boockfor FR. A Pit-1 Binding Site Adjacent to E-box133 in the Rat PRL Promoter is Necessary for Pulsatile Gene Expression Activity. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1390-400. [PMID: 26875730 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence reveals that prolactin gene expression (PRL-GE) in mammotropes occurs in pulses, but the molecular process(es) underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Earlier, we have identified an E-box (E-box133) in the rat PRL promoter that binds several circadian elements and is critical for this dynamic process. Preliminary analysis revealed a Pit-1 binding site (P2) located immediately adjacent to this E-box133 raising the possibility that some type of functional relationship may exist between these two promoter regions. In this study, using serum shocked GH3 cell culture system to synchronize PRL-GE activity, we determined that Pit-1 gene expression occurred in pulses with time phases similar to that for PRL. Interestingly, EMSA analysis not only confirmed Pit-1 binding to the P2 site, but also revealed an interaction with factor(s) binding to the adjacent E-box133 promoter element. Additionally, down-regulation of Pit-1 by siRNA reduced PRL levels during pulse periods. Thus, using multiple evidences, our results demonstrate clearly that the Pit-1 P2 site is necessary for PRL-GE elaboration. Furthermore, the proximity of this critical Pit-1 binding site (P2) and the E-box133 element coupled with the evidences of a site-to-site protein interactions suggest that the process of PRL-GE pulse activity might involve more dynamic and intricate cross-talks between promoter elements that may span some, or all, of the proximal region of the PRL promoter in driving its pulsatile expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Bose
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Sector-125, Noida, UP, 201313, India. .,Laboratory of Molecular Dynamics, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Surajit Ganguly
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, 254 Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Sector-125, Noida, UP, 201313, India
| | - Fredric R Boockfor
- Laboratory of Molecular Dynamics, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Malmgren S, Ahrén B. Evidence for time dependent variation of glucagon secretion in mice. Peptides 2016; 76:102-7. [PMID: 26774585 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is subjected to diurnal variation, which might be mediated by alterations in the transcription pattern of clock genes and regulated by hormonal factors, as has been demonstrated for insulin. However, whether also glucagon is involved in the diurnal variation of glucose homeostasis is not known. We therefore examined glucagon secretion after meal ingestion (meal tolerance test) and during hypoglycemia (hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamp at 2.5mmol/L glucose) and in vitro from isolated islets at ZT3 versus ZT15 in normal C57BL/6J mice and, furthermore, glucose levels and the insulin response to meal ingestion were also examined at these time points in glucagon receptor knockout mice (GCGR-/-) and their wildtype (wt) littermates. We found in normal mice that whereas the glucagon response to meal ingestion was not different between ZT3 and ZT15, the glucagon response to hypoglycemia was lower at ZT3 than at ZT15 and glucagon secretion from isolated islets was higher at ZT3 than at ZT15. GCGR-/- mice displayed lower basal glucose, a lower insulin response to meal and a higher insulin sensitivity than wt mice at ZT3 but not at ZT15. We conclude that there is a time dependent variation in glucagon secretion in normal mice, which is dependent both on intraislet and extraislet regulatory mechanisms and that the phenotype characteristics of a lower glucose and reduced insulin response to meal in GCGR-/- mice are evident only during the light phase. These findings suggest that glucagon signaling is a plausible contributor to the diurnal variation in glucose homeostasis which may explain that the phenotype of the GCGR-/- mice is dependent on the time of the day when it is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Malmgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Section of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Section of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Okano S. Unique Aspects of Cryptochrome in Chronobiology and Metabolism, Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction, and Regeneration: Research into Cysteine414-Alanine Mutant CRY1. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:3459246. [PMID: 28105441 PMCID: PMC5220486 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3459246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochrome proteins (CRYs), which can bind noncovalently to cofactor (chromophore) flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), occur widely among organisms. CRYs play indispensable roles in the generation of circadian rhythm in mammals. Transgenic mice (Tg mice), ubiquitously expressing mouse CRY1 having a mutation in which cysteine414 (the zinc-binding site of CRY1) being replaced with alanine, display unique phenotypes in their circadian rhythms. Moreover, male Tg mice exhibit symptoms of diabetes characterized by beta-cell dysfunction, resembling human maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). The lowered proliferation of β-cells is a primary cause of age-dependent β-cell loss. Furthermore, unusually enlarged duct-like structures developed prominently in the Tg mice pancreases. The duct-like structures contained insulin-positive cells, suggesting neogenesis of β-cells in the Tg mice. This review, based mainly on the author's investigation of the unique features of Tg mice, presents reported results and recent findings related to molecular processes associated with mammalian cryptochromes, especially their involvement in the regulation of metabolism. New information is described with emphasis on the aspects of islet architecture, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okano
- Research Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- *Satoshi Okano:
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Abstract
Robust circadian rhythms in metabolic processes have been described in both humans and animal models, at the whole body, individual organ, and even cellular level. Classically, these time-of-day-dependent rhythms have been considered secondary to fluctuations in energy/nutrient supply/demand associated with feeding/fasting and wake/sleep cycles. Renewed interest in this field has been fueled by studies revealing that these rhythms are driven, at least in part, by intrinsic mechanisms and that disruption of metabolic synchrony invariably increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease. The objectives of this paper are to provide a comprehensive review regarding rhythms in glucose, lipid, and protein/amino acid metabolism, the relative influence of extrinsic (eg, neurohumoral factors) versus intrinsic (eg, cell autonomous circadian clocks) mediators, the physiologic roles of these rhythms in terms of daily fluctuations in nutrient availability and activity status, as well as the pathologic consequences of dyssynchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R McGinnis
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Lee J, Liu R, de Jesus D, Kim BS, Ma K, Moulik M, Yechoor V. Circadian control of β-cell function and stress responses. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17 Suppl 1:123-33. [PMID: 26332977 PMCID: PMC4762487 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian disruption is the bane of modern existence and its deleterious effects on health; in particular, diabetes and metabolic syndrome have been well recognized in shift workers. Recent human studies strongly implicate a 'dose-dependent' relationship between circadian disruption and diabetes. Genetic and environmental disruption of the circadian clock in rodents leads to diabetes secondary to β-cell failure. Deletion of Bmal1, a non-redundant core clock gene, leads to defects in β-cell stimulus-secretion coupling, decreased glucose-stimulated ATP production, uncoupling of OXPHOS and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Both genetic and environmental circadian disruptions are sufficient to induce oxidative stress and this is mediated by a disruption of the direct transcriptional control of the core molecular clock and Bmal1 on Nrf2, the master antioxidant transcription factor in the β-cell. In addition, circadian disruption also leads to a dysregulation of the unfolded protein response and leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress in β-cells. Both the oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contribute to an impairment of mitochondrial function and β-cell failure. Understanding the basis of the circadian control of these adaptive stress responses offers hope to target them for pharmacological modulation to prevent and mitigate the deleterious metabolic consequences of circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Diabetes Research Center & Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas USA 77030
| | - R Liu
- Diabetes Research Center & Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas USA 77030
| | - D de Jesus
- Diabetes Research Center & Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas USA 77030
| | - BS Kim
- Diabetes Research Center & Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas USA 77030
| | - K Ma
- Center for Diabetes Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston Texas USA 77030
| | - M Moulik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston Texas USA 77030
| | - V Yechoor
- Diabetes Research Center & Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas USA 77030
- Dept of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas USA 77030
- Corresponding Author: Vijay Yechoor, MD, R612, One Baylor Plaza, Baylor College of Medicine, DERC & Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, Phone: 713-798-4146; Fax: 713-798-8764,
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Sharma S, Singh H, Ahmad N, Mishra P, Tiwari A. The role of melatonin in diabetes: therapeutic implications. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2015; 59:391-9. [PMID: 26331226 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin referred as the hormone of darkness is mainly secreted by pineal gland, its levels being elevated during night and low during the day. The effects of melatonin on insulin secretion are mediated through the melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2). It decreases insulin secretion by inhibiting cAMP and cGMP pathways but activates the phospholipaseC/IP3 pathway, which mobilizes Ca2+from organelles and, consequently increases insulin secretion. Both in vivo and in vitro, insulin secretion by the pancreatic islets in a circadian manner, is due to the melatonin action on the melatonin receptors inducing a phase shift in the cells. Melatonin may be involved in the genesis of diabetes as a reduction in melatonin levels and a functional interrelationship between melatonin and insulin was observed in diabetic patients. Evidences from experimental studies proved that melatonin induces production of insulin growth factor and promotes insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. The disturbance of internal circadian system induces glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, which could be restored by melatonin supplementation. Therefore, the presence of melatonin receptors on human pancreatic islets may have an impact on pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nabeel Ahmad
- School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Peschke E, Bähr I, Mühlbauer E. Experimental and clinical aspects of melatonin and clock genes in diabetes. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:1-23. [PMID: 25904189 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pineal hormone melatonin influences insulin secretion, as well as glucagon and somatostatin secretion, both in vivo and in vitro. These effects are mediated by two specific, high-affinity, seven transmembrane, pertussis toxin-sensitive, Gi-protein-coupled melatonin receptors, MT1 and MT2. Both isoforms are expressed in the β-cells, α-cells as well as δ-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and are involved in the modulation of insulin secretion, leading to inhibition of the adenylate cyclase-dependent cyclic adenosine monophosphate as well as cyclic guanosine monophosphate formation in pancreatic β-cells by inhibiting the soluble guanylate cyclase, probably via MT2 receptors. In this way, melatonin also likely inhibits insulin secretion, whereas using the inositol triphosphate pathway after previous blocking of Gi-proteins by pertussis toxin, melatonin increases insulin secretion. Desynchrony of receptor signaling may lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. This notion has recently been supported by genomewide association studies pinpointing variances of the MT2 receptor as a risk factor for this rapidly spreading metabolic disturbance. As melatonin is secreted in a clearly diurnal fashion, it is safe to assume that it also has a diurnal impact on the blood-glucose-regulating function of the islet. Observations of the circadian expression of clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, Per1,2,3, and Cry1,2) in pancreatic islets, as well as in INS1 rat insulinoma cells, may indicate that circadian rhythms are generated in the β-cells themselves. The circadian secretion of insulin from pancreatic islets is clock-driven. Disruption of circadian rhythms and clock function leads to metabolic disturbances, for example, type 2 diabetes. The study of melatonin-insulin interactions in diabetic rat models has revealed an inverse relationship between these two hormones. Both type 2 diabetic rats and patients exhibit decreased melatonin levels and slightly increased insulin levels, whereas type 1 diabetic rats show extremely reduced levels or the absence of insulin, but statistically significant increases in melatonin levels. Briefly, an increase in melatonin levels leads to a decrease in stimulated insulin secretion and vice versa. Melatonin levels in blood plasma, as well as the activity of the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis, AA-NAT (arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase) in pineal, are lower in type 2 diabetic rats compared to controls. In contrast, melatonin and pineal AA-NAT mRNA are increased and insulin receptor mRNA is decreased in type 1 diabetic rats, which also indicates a close relationship between insulin and melatonin. As an explanation, it was hypothesized that catecholamines, which reduce insulin levels and stimulate melatonin synthesis, control insulin-melatonin interactions. This conviction stems from the observation that catecholamines are increased in type 1 but are diminished in type 2 diabetes. In this context, another important line of inquiry involves the fact that melatonin protects β-cells against functional overcharge and, consequently, hinders the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ina Bähr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Abstract
Circadian rhythm, or daily oscillation, of behaviors and biological processes is a fundamental feature of mammalian physiology that has developed over hundreds of thousands of years under the continuous evolutionary pressure of energy conservation and efficiency. Evolution has fine-tuned the body's clock to anticipate and respond to numerous environmental cues in order to maintain homeostatic balance and promote survival. However, we now live in a society in which these classic circadian entrainment stimuli have been dramatically altered from the conditions under which the clock machinery was originally set. A bombardment of artificial lighting, heating, and cooling systems that maintain constant ambient temperature; sedentary lifestyle; and the availability of inexpensive, high-calorie foods has threatened even the most powerful and ancient circadian programming mechanisms. Such environmental changes have contributed to the recent staggering elevation in lifestyle-influenced pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, obesity, and diabetes. This review scrutinizes the role of the body's internal clocks in the hard-wiring of circadian networks that have evolved to achieve energetic balance and adaptability, and it discusses potential therapeutic strategies to reset clock metabolic control to modern time for the benefit of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Section for Metabolic Receptology (Z.G.-H.), Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (M.A.L.), Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Section for Metabolic Receptology (Z.G.-H.), Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (M.A.L.), Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Abstract
Most living beings, including humans, must adapt to rhythmically occurring daily changes in their environment that are generated by the Earth's rotation. In the course of evolution, these organisms have acquired an internal circadian timing system that can anticipate environmental oscillations and thereby govern their rhythmic physiology in a proactive manner. In mammals, the circadian timing system coordinates virtually all physiological processes encompassing vigilance states, metabolism, endocrine functions and cardiovascular activity. Research performed during the past two decades has established that almost every cell in the body possesses its own circadian timekeeper. The resulting clock network is organized in a hierarchical manner. A master pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, is synchronized every day to the photoperiod. In turn, the SCN determines the phase of the cellular clocks in peripheral organs through a wide variety of signalling pathways dependent on feeding cycles, body temperature rhythms, oscillating bloodborne signals and, in some organs, inputs of the peripheral nervous system. A major purpose of circadian clocks in peripheral tissues is the temporal orchestration of key metabolic processes, including food processing (metabolism and xenobiotic detoxification). Here, we review some recent findings regarding the molecular and cellular composition of the circadian timing system and discuss its implications for the temporal coordination of metabolism in health and disease. We focus primarily on metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, although circadian misalignments (shiftwork or 'social jet lag') have also been associated with the aetiology of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dibner
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Hypertension, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Shore-Lorenti C, Brennan SL, Sanders KM, Neale RE, Lucas RM, Ebeling PR. Shining the light on Sunshine: a systematic review of the influence of sun exposure on type 2 diabetes mellitus-related outcomes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:799-811. [PMID: 25066830 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prospective observational studies uniformly link vitamin D deficiency with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet trials supplementing participants at risk of T2DM with vitamin D to reduce progression to T2DM have yielded inconsistent results. Inconsistencies between supplementation trials may be due to insufficient dosing or small sample sizes. Observational studies may also have reported spurious associations due to uncontrolled confounding by lifestyle or genetic factors. Alternatively, observational and intervention studies may not be entirely comparable. Observational studies show an association between higher vitamin D status, which is predominantly derived from sun exposure, and decreased incidence of T2DM. Trials intervene with vitamin D supplementation, and therefore may be missing alternate causes of the effect of sun exposure, as seen in observational studies. We propose that sun exposure may be the driving force behind the associations seen in observational studies; sun exposure may have additional benefits beyond increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels. We performed an electronic literature search to identify articles that examined associations between sun exposure and T2DM and/or glucose metabolism. A best evidence synthesis was then conducted using outcomes from analyses deemed to have high methodological quality. Ten eligible full-text articles were identified, yielding 19 T2DM-related outcomes. The best evidence analysis considered 11 outcomes which were grouped into six outcome types: T2DM, fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, fasting insulin, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. There was moderate evidence to support a role of recreational sun exposure in reducing odds of T2DM incidence. High-level evidence was lacking; evidence presented for other outcomes was of low or insufficient level. This review highlights significant gaps in research pertaining to sun exposure and T2DM-related outcomes. Further research is encouraged as we aim to identify novel preventative strategies for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Shore-Lorenti
- NorthWest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Vieira E, Burris TP, Quesada I. Clock genes, pancreatic function, and diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:685-93. [PMID: 25457619 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Circadian physiology is responsible for the temporal regulation of metabolism to optimize energy homeostasis throughout the day. Disturbances in the light/dark cycle, sleep/wake schedule, or feeding/activity behavior can affect the circadian function of the clocks located in the brain and peripheral tissues. These alterations have been associated with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Animal models with molecular manipulation of clock genes and genetic studies in humans also support these links. It has been demonstrated that the endocrine pancreas has an intrinsic self-sustained clock, and recent studies have revealed an important role of clock genes in pancreatic β cells, glucose homeostasis, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Vieira
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08033 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ivan Quesada
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08033 Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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Gil-Lozano M, Mingomataj EL, Wu WK, Ridout SA, Brubaker PL. Circadian secretion of the intestinal hormone GLP-1 by the rodent L cell. Diabetes 2014; 63:3674-85. [PMID: 24789917 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral clocks are known to modulate circadian patterns of insulin secretion. GLP-1 is an incretin hormone produced by the intestinal L cell that acts as a link between the gut and pancreatic β-cell. Herein, we demonstrate the existence of a diurnal rhythm in GLP-1 secretory responses to an oral glucose load in rats, with increased release immediately preceding the normal feeding period. This profile of GLP-1 release correlated with the pattern in insulin secretion, and both rhythms were completely inverted in animals subjected to a 12-h feeding cycle disruption and abolished in rats maintained under constant light conditions. A daily variation in the insulin response to exogenous GLP-1 was also found. Consistent with these in vivo findings, we demonstrated a circadian pattern in the GLP-1 secretory response to different secretagogues in murine GLUTag L cells, as well as in the mRNA levels of several canonical clock genes. Furthermore, significant changes in the expression of several genes were demonstrated by microarray and knockdown of two of them, thyrotroph embryonic factor and protein tyrosine phosphatase 4a1, resulted in altered GLP-1 secretion. Collectively, these results indicate that an independent peripheral clock in the L cell drives a circadian rhythm in GLP-1 secretory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gil-Lozano
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erli L Mingomataj
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Kelly Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean A Ridout
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Organisms experience dramatic fluctuations in demands and stresses over the course of the day. In order to maintain biological processes within physiological boundaries, mechanisms have evolved for anticipation of, and adaptation to, these daily fluctuations. Endocrine factors have an integral role in homeostasis. Not only do circulating levels of various endocrine factors oscillate over the 24 h period, but so too does responsiveness of target tissues to these signals or stimuli. Emerging evidence suggests that these daily endocrine oscillations do not occur solely in response to behavioural fluctuations associated with sleep-wake and feeding-fasting cycles, but are orchestrated by an intrinsic timekeeping mechanism known as the circadian clock. Disruption of circadian clocks by genetic and/or environmental factors seems to precipitate numerous common disorders, including the metabolic syndrome and cancer. Collectively, these observations suggest that strategies designed to realign normal circadian rhythmicities hold potential for the treatment of various endocrine-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Gamble
- Division of Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stuart J. Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Martin E. Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Timing of food intake and obesity: A novel association. Physiol Behav 2014; 134:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kalsbeek A, la Fleur S, Fliers E. Circadian control of glucose metabolism. Mol Metab 2014; 3:372-83. [PMID: 24944897 PMCID: PMC4060304 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen to epidemic proportions. The pathophysiology of T2DM is complex and involves insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and visceral adiposity. It has been known for decades that a disruption of biological rhythms (which happens the most profoundly with shift work) increases the risk of developing obesity and T2DM. Recent evidence from basal studies has further sparked interest in the involvement of daily rhythms (and their disruption) in the development of obesity and T2DM. Most living organisms have molecular clocks in almost every tissue, which govern rhythmicity in many domains of physiology, such as rest/activity rhythms, feeding/fasting rhythms, and hormonal secretion. Here we present the latest research describing the specific role played by the molecular clock mechanism in the control of glucose metabolism and speculate on how disruption of these tissue clocks may lead to the disturbances in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kuang J, Hou X, Zhang J, Chen Y, Su Z. Identification of insulin as a novel retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor α target gene. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1071-9. [PMID: 24583012 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin plays an important role in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα) modulates physiopathological processes such as dyslipidemia and diabetes. In this study, we found overexpression of RORα in INS1 cells resulted in increased expression and secretion of insulin. Suppression of endogenous RORα caused a decrease of insulin expression. Luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) assays demonstrated that RORα activated insulin transcription via direct binding to its promoter. RORα was also observed to regulate BETA2 expression, which is one of the insulin active transfactors. In vivo analyses showed that the insulin transcription is increased by the synthetic RORα agonist SR1078. These findings identify RORα as a transcriptional activator of insulin and suggest novel therapeutic opportunities for management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Kuang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiguang Su
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Lee J, Moulik M, Fang Z, Saha P, Zou F, Xu Y, Nelson DL, Ma K, Moore DD, Yechoor VK. Bmal1 and β-cell clock are required for adaptation to circadian disruption, and their loss of function leads to oxidative stress-induced β-cell failure in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2327-38. [PMID: 23547261 PMCID: PMC3648066 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01421-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption has deleterious effects on metabolism. Global deletion of Bmal1, a core clock gene, results in β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. However, it is unknown if this is due to loss of cell-autonomous function of Bmal1 in β cells. To address this, we generated mice with β-cell clock disruption by deleting Bmal1 in β cells (β-Bmal1(-/-)). β-Bmal1(-/-) mice develop diabetes due to loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). This loss of GSIS is due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent mitochondrial uncoupling, as it is fully rescued by scavenging of the ROS or by inhibition of uncoupling protein 2. The expression of the master antioxidant regulatory factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and its targets, Sesn2, Prdx3, Gclc, and Gclm, was decreased in β-Bmal1(-/-) islets, which may contribute to the observed increase in ROS accumulation. In addition, by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we show that Nrf2 is a direct transcriptional target of Bmal1. Interestingly, simulation of shift work-induced circadian misalignment in mice recapitulates many of the defects seen in Bmal1-deficient islets. Thus, the cell-autonomous function of Bmal1 is required for normal β-cell function by mitigating oxidative stress and serves to preserve β-cell function in the face of circadian misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongkyung Lee
- Diabetes Research Center and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Mousumi Moulik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston
| | - Zhe Fang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Pradip Saha
- Diabetes Research Center and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Fang Zou
- Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David L. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Ke Ma
- Center for Diabetes Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vijay K. Yechoor
- Diabetes Research Center and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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