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Tian W, Liu L, Wang R, Quan Y, Tang B, Yu D, Zhang L, Hua H, Zhao J. Gut microbiota in insulin resistance: a bibliometric analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:173-188. [PMID: 38932838 PMCID: PMC11196565 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance (IR) is considered the pathogenic driver of diabetes, and can lead to obesity, hypertension, coronary artery disease, metabolic syndrome, and other metabolic disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that the connection between gut microbiota and IR. This bibliometric analysis aimed to summarize the knowledge structure of gut microbiota in IR. Methods Articles and reviews related to gut microbiota in IR from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), and the bibliometric analysis and visualization were performed by Microsoft Excel, Origin, R package (bibliometrix), Citespace, and VOSviewer. Results A total of 4 749 publications from WoSCC were retrieved, including 3 050 articles and 1 699 reviews. The majority of publications were from China and USA. The University Copenhagen and Shanghai Jiao Tong University were the most active institutions. The journal of Nutrients published the most papers, while Nature was the top 1 co-cited journal, and the major area of these publications was molecular, biology, and immunology. Nieuwdorp M published the highest number of papers, and Cani PD had the highest co-citations. Keyword analysis showed that the most frequently occurring keywords were "gut microbiota", "insulin-resistance", "obesity", and "inflammation". Trend topics and thematic maps showed that serum metabolome and natural products, such as resveratrol, flavonoids were the research hotspots in this field. Conclusion This bibliometric analysis summarised the hotspots, frontiers, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies, providing a clear and comprehensive profile of gut microbiota in IR. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01342-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Tian
- Key Lab.: Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Genuine Regional Drug, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Formation Principle and Quality Evaluation of Genuine Medicinal Materials, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Lab.: Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Genuine Regional Drug, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Formation Principle and Quality Evaluation of Genuine Medicinal Materials, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyun Quan
- Key Lab.: Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Genuine Regional Drug, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Formation Principle and Quality Evaluation of Genuine Medicinal Materials, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Bihua Tang
- Key Lab.: Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Genuine Regional Drug, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Formation Principle and Quality Evaluation of Genuine Medicinal Materials, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Key Lab.: Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Genuine Regional Drug, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Formation Principle and Quality Evaluation of Genuine Medicinal Materials, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Hua
- Key Lab.: Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Genuine Regional Drug, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Formation Principle and Quality Evaluation of Genuine Medicinal Materials, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Junning Zhao
- Key Lab.: Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Genuine Regional Drug, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Formation Principle and Quality Evaluation of Genuine Medicinal Materials, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, 610041 Chengdu, China
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Shi J, Zhu L, Tang BY, Yang WQ, Xi SY, Zhang CL, Li PF, Wang YJ, Guo KH, Huang JR, Huang CR, Yu ZX, Yu BK, Zhang CF, Zhang YM. Regulatory effect of Yinchenhao decoction on bile acid metabolism to improve the inflammatory microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. J Nat Med 2024; 78:633-643. [PMID: 38704807 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with extremely high mortality. The tumor microenvironment is the "soil" of its occurrence and development, and the inflammatory microenvironment is an important part of the "soil". Bile acid is closely related to the occurrence of HCC. Bile acid metabolism disorder is not only directly involved in the occurrence and development of HCC but also affects the inflammatory microenvironment of HCC. Yinchenhao decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, can regulate bile acid metabolism and may affect the inflammatory microenvironment of HCC. To determine the effect of Yinchenhao decoction on bile acid metabolism in mice with HCC and to explore the possible mechanism by which Yinchenhao decoction improves the inflammatory microenvironment of HCC by regulating bile acid metabolism, we established mice model of orthotopic transplantation of hepatocellular carcinoma. These mice were treated with three doses of Yinchenhao decoction, then liver samples were collected and tested. Yinchenhao decoction can regulate the disorder of bile acid metabolism in liver cancer mice. Besides, it can improve inflammatory reactions, reduce hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, and even reduce liver weight and the liver index. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and taurohyodeoxycholic acid are important molecules in the regulation of the liver inflammatory microenvironment, laying a foundation for the regulation of the liver tumor inflammatory microenvironment based on bile acids. Yinchenhao decoction may improve the inflammatory microenvironment of mice with HCC by ameliorating hepatic bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Bang-Yi Tang
- Department of Science and Education, Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Wan-Qing Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sheng-Yan Xi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen-Long Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kai-Hang Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing-Ru Huang
- Central Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen-Rui Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhou-Xin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bao-Kang Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chun-Fang Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yu-Mei Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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3
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Sekar M, Thirumurugan K. Autophagic Regulation of Adipogenesis Through TP53INP2: Insights from In Silico and In Vitro Analysis. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1188-1205. [PMID: 38238641 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease associated with multimorbidity resulting in higher mortality risk. The imbalance between energy storage and expenditure is the prime factor in the prognosis of the disease. Specifically, excessive lipid storage through adipogenesis leads to obesity. Adipogenesis is the process that converts preadipocytes into mature adipocytes by regulating major transcription factors like PPARγ and C/EBPα, contributes to lipid storage in adipose tissue. On the contrary, autophagy is a self-degradative process that maintains homeostasis in adipose tissue by regulating adipogenesis and lipolysis. TP53INP2 is a key player that regulates the autophagy process, and it negatively regulates adipogenesis and lipid storage. The gene expression profile GSE93637 was retrieved from the GEO database and analyzed using an integrated bioinformatics approach. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using R-Bioconductor for TP53INP2 knockdown microarray dataset of 3T3L1 cells, and the DEGs were analyzed for the functional enrichment analysis. Further, the genes involved in the potential biological and molecular functions were evaluated for pathway enrichment analysis by KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). A total of 726 DEGs were found including 391 upregulated and 335 downregulated genes. Further, the functional and pathway enrichment analysis was employed to identify the highly interacting genes, and we identified a total of 56 genes that are highly interacting through a protein-protein interaction network. The DEGs mainly regulate the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, lipolysis, and autophagy. Further, we investigated the associated Hub genes for enriched pathway genes and found the involvement of two autophagic genes ATG7 and sequestosome 1 (p62). In addition, in vitro studies of qRT-PCR (Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and Western blot analysis revealed that increased autophagy resulted in reduced lipid storage through down-regulation of the adipogenic gene. Moreover, increased expression of autophagic gene TP53INP2 and ATG7 facilitates the down-regulation of p62 and PPARγ gene resulting in lipolysis in mature adipocytes through autophagy. There is no specific treatment to reduce obesity other than a caloric diet and exercise. Hence, this study provides sufficient evidence to conclude that TP53INP2 negatively regulates adipogenesis and increases the degradation of lipids in mature adipocytes which is crucial for reducing obesity. Therefore, it is plausible to consider TP53INP2 as a promising therapeutic target for managing adipogenesis and obesity. However, further studies are necessary to validate their functional and molecular pathway analysis in the regulation of adipogenesis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouliganesh Sekar
- Structural Biology Lab, #412, Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Kavitha Thirumurugan
- Structural Biology Lab, #412, Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Schmid A, Karrasch T, Schäffler A. The emerging role of bile acids in white adipose tissue. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:718-734. [PMID: 37648561 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of bile acids (BAs) on liver, enteroendocrine function, small intestine, and brown adipose tissue have been described extensively. Outside the liver, BAs in the peripheral circulation system represent a specific but underappreciated physiological compartment. We discuss how systemic BAs can be regarded as specific steroidal hormones that act on white adipocytes, and suggest the name 'bilokines' ('bile hormones') for the specific FXR/TGR5 receptor interaction in adipocytes. Some BAs and their agonists regulate adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, hypoxia, autophagy, adipokine and cytokine secretion, insulin signaling, and glucose uptake. BA signaling could provide a new therapeutic avenue for adipoflammation and metaflammation in visceral obesity, the causal mechanisms underlying insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Basic Research Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Adipocyte Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Giessen, D 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University of Giessen, D 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University of Giessen, D 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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5
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Dehondt H, Marino A, Butruille L, Mogilenko DA, Nzoussi Loubota AC, Chávez-Talavera O, Dorchies E, Vallez E, Haas J, Derudas B, Bongiovanni A, Tardivel M, Kuipers F, Lefebvre P, Lestavel S, Tailleux A, Dombrowicz D, Caron S, Staels B. Adipocyte-specific FXR-deficiency protects adipose tissue from oxidative stress and insulin resistance and improves glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2023; 69:101686. [PMID: 36746333 PMCID: PMC9958065 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with metabolic dysfunction of white adipose tissue (WAT). Activated adipocytes secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting in the recruitment of pro-inflammatory macrophages, which contribute to WAT insulin resistance. The bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) controls systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, we studied the role of FXR in adipose tissue function. METHODS We first investigated the immune phenotype of epididymal WAT (eWAT) from high fat diet (HFD)-fed whole-body FXR-deficient (FXR-/-) mice by flow cytometry and gene expression analysis. We then generated adipocyte-specific FXR-deficient (Ad-FXR-/-) mice and analyzed systemic and eWAT metabolism and immune phenotype upon HFD feeding. Transcriptomic analysis was done on mature eWAT adipocytes from HFD-fed Ad-FXR-/- mice. RESULTS eWAT from HFD-fed whole-body FXR-/- and Ad-FXR-/- mice displayed decreased pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and inflammation. Ad-FXR-/- mice showed lower blood glucose concentrations, improved systemic glucose tolerance and WAT insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress. Transcriptomic analysis identified Gsta4, a modulator of oxidative stress in WAT, as the most upregulated gene in Ad-FXR-/- mouse adipocytes. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that FXR binds the Gsta4 gene promoter. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a role for the adipocyte FXR-GSTA4 axis in controlling HFD-induced inflammation and systemic glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Dehondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Arianna Marino
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laura Butruille
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis A Mogilenko
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Oscar Chávez-Talavera
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Dorchies
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Joel Haas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Derudas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Antonino Bongiovanni
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Meryem Tardivel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Dombrowicz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Caron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
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Valencia-Ortega J, González-Reynoso R, Salcedo-Vargas M, Díaz-Velázquez MF, Ramos-Martínez E, Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Mercado M, Saucedo R. Differential Expression of FXR and Genes Involved in Inflammation and lipid Metabolism Indicate Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Gestational Diabetes. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:189-196. [PMID: 36805269 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most frequent metabolic alteration in pregnancy. Several abnormalities in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) have been described as part of its pathophysiology including hypertrophy, inflammation and altered lipid metabolism. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is involved in adipocyte physiology and inflammation, so its expression may correlate with the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and two fatty acid transporters (SLC27A2, and SLC27A4). AIM To compare the FXR, LPL, SLC27A2, SLC27A4, TNF-α, and IL-10 mRNA expression in VAT between women with GDM and healthy pregnant (HP) women. Secondarily, to evaluate the potential correlation between these expression levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study of 50 GDM and 50 HP women. Conventional biochemical tests were performed and relative mRNA expression in VAT was measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Gene expression levels of FXR and IL-10 were lower, whereas those of LPL, as well as the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, were higher in women with GDM compared to HP. Pre-pregnancy BMI was the main significant independent variable for FXR levels in VAT from women with GDM. In all women, LPL expression levels correlated positively with those of SLC27A2. Only in women with GDM, IL-10 expression levels correlated negatively with those of SLC27A2, and SLC27A4. CONCLUSIONS GDM is associated with decreased expression of FXR and IL-10 and increased expression of LPL, as well as a higher TNF/IL-10 ratio in VAT. These results suggest increased lipid storage and pro-inflammatory state indicating VAT dysfunction in this metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Valencia-Ortega
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rebeca González-Reynoso
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio Salcedo-Vargas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mary Flor Díaz-Velázquez
- Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia 3, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Moisés Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Renata Saucedo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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7
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Xu L, Li Y, Wei Z, Bai R, Gao G, Sun W, Jiang X, Wang J, Li X, Pi Y. Chenodeoxycholic Acid (CDCA) Promoted Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation by Regulating Cell Cycle Progression and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in IPEC-J2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112285. [PMID: 36421471 PMCID: PMC9687205 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a primary bile acid (BA), has been demonstrated to play an important role as a signaling molecule in various physiological functions. However, the role of CDCA in regulating intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) function remains largely unknown. Herein, porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were used as an in vitro model to investigate the effects of CDCA on IEC proliferation and explore the underlying mechanisms. IPEC-J2 cells were treated with CDCA, and flow cytometry and transcriptome analysis were adopted to investigate the effects and potential molecular mechanisms of CDCA on the proliferation of IECs. Our results indicated that adding 50 μmol/L of CDCA in the media significantly increased the proliferation of IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, CDCA treatment also hindered cell apoptosis, increased the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells in the cell cycle progression, reduced intracellular ROS, and MDA levels, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, antioxidation enzyme activity (T-AOC and CAT), and intracellular ATP level (p < 0.05). RNA-seq results showed that CDCA significantly upregulated the expression of genes related to cell cycle progression (Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), cyclin G2 (CCNG2), cell-cycle progression gene 1 (CCPG1), Bcl-2 interacting protein 5 (BNIP5), etc.) and downregulated the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis (ND1, ND2, COX3, ATP6, etc.). Further KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that CDCA significantly enriched the signaling pathways of DNA replication, cell cycle, and p53. Collectively, this study demonstrated that CDCA could promote IPEC-J2 proliferation by regulating cell cycle progression and mitochondrial function. These findings provide a new strategy for promoting the intestinal health of pigs by regulating intestinal BA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanpin Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zixi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Business Economics, Wageningen University, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xianren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.P.); Tel.: +86-010-82108134 (X.L.)
| | - Yu Pi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.P.); Tel.: +86-010-82108134 (X.L.)
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8
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Zhang Y, Gu Y, Jiang J, Cui X, Cheng S, Liu L, Huang Z, Liao R, Zhao P, Yu J, Wang J, Jia Y, Jin W, Zhou F. Stigmasterol attenuates hepatic steatosis in rats by strengthening the intestinal barrier and improving bile acid metabolism. NPJ Sci Food 2022; 6:38. [PMID: 36030278 PMCID: PMC9420112 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-022-00156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stigmasterol (ST) has been shown to improve both lipid and bile acid (BA) metabolism. However, the mechanism(s) by which ST prevents dyslipidemia via BA metabolism, and the potential involvement of other regulatory mechanisms, remains unclear. Here, we found that ST treatment effectively alleviates lipid metabolism disorder induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Moreover, we also show that fecal microbiota transplantation from ST-treated rats displays similar protective effects in rats fed on an HFD. Our data confirm that the gut microbiota plays a key role in attenuating HFD-induced fat deposition and metabolic disorders. In particular, ST reverses HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis in rats by reducing the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae and Allobaculum bacteria in the gut. In addition, ST treatment also modifies the serum and fecal BA metabolome profiles in rats, especially in CYP7A1 mediated BA metabolic pathways. Furthermore, chenodeoxycholic acid combined with ST improves the therapeutic effects in HFD-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. In addition, this treatment strategy also alters BA metabolism profiles via the CYP7A1 pathway and gut microbiota. Taken together, ST exerts beneficial effects against HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and obesity with the underlying mechanism being partially related to both the reprogramming of the intestinal microbiota and metabolism of BAs in enterohepatic circulation. This study provides a theoretical basis for further study of the anti-obesity effects of ST and consideration of the gut microbiota as a potential target for the treatment of HFD-induced dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Zhang
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.,Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Yuyan Gu
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Saibo Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Linling Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Rongxin Liao
- Center of TCM Preventive Treatment, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Center of TCM Preventive Treatment, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Jieying Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yuhua Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Cardiovascular Hospital, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510317, China.
| | - Fenghua Zhou
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China. .,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
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9
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Li H, Xi Y, Liu H, Xin X. Gypenosides ameliorate high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via farnesoid X receptor activation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:914079. [PMID: 36091227 PMCID: PMC9449333 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.914079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gypenosides (Gyps), the major botanical component of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, was found to up-regulate the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the exact role of FXR and underlying mechanisms in Gyps-mediated effects on NASH remain to be elucidated. Purpose This study investigated whether Gyps attenuates NASH through directly activating FXR in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH, and delineated the molecular pathways involved. Study design A mouse model of HFD-induced NSAH was used to examine effects of Gyps on NASH with obeticholic acid (OCA) as a positive control, and the role of FXR in its mechanism of action was investigated in wild-type (WT) and FXR knockout (KO) mice. Methods WT or FXR KO mice were randomly assigned into four groups: normal diet (ND) group as negative control, HFD group, HFD + Gyps group, or HFD + OCA group. Results Treatment with Gyps and OCA significantly improved liver histopathological abnormalities in HFD-induced NASH, reduced the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS), and lowered hepatic triglyceride (TG) content compared with the HFD group. In agreement with these liver tissue changes, biochemical tests of blood samples revealed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), TG, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and fasting insulin (FINS) levels were significantly lower in the HFD + Gyps vs. HFD group. Furthermore, Gyps and OCA treatment significantly up-regulated hepatic FXR, small heterodimer partner (SHP), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, and significantly down-regulated sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthetase (FASN), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) protein levels compared with the HFD group in WT mice but not in FXR KO mice. Notably, Gyps- and OCA-mediated pharmacological effects were significantly abrogated by depletion of the FXR gene in FXR KO mice. Conclusion Gyps ameliorated HFD-induced NASH through the direct activation of FXR and FXR-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Li
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Hongshan Li,
| | - Yingfei Xi
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Shuguang Hospital, Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Zhou W, Anakk S. Enterohepatic and non-canonical roles of farnesoid X receptor in controlling lipid and glucose metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 549:111616. [PMID: 35304191 PMCID: PMC9245558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that transcriptionally regulates bile acid homeostasis along with nutrient metabolism. In addition to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, FXR expression has been widely noted in kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. Except for the liver and gut, the relevance of FXR signaling in metabolism in other tissues remains poorly understood. This review examines the classical and non-canonical tissue-specific roles of FXR in regulating, lipids, and glucose homeostasis under normal and diseased states. FXR activation has been reported to be protective against cholestasis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several ongoing clinical trials are investigating FXR ligands as a therapeutic target for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and NASH, which substantiate the significance of FXR signaling in modulating metabolic processes. This review highlights that FXR ligands, albeit an attractive therapeutic target for treating metabolic diseases, tissue-specific modulation of FXR may be the key to overcoming some of the adverse clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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11
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Hao Y, Zhou P, Zhu YJ, Zou S, Zhao Q, Yu J, Hu Y, Li J. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Altered Bile Acid Catabolism Lead to Metabolic Disorder in Psoriasis Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:853566. [PMID: 35495722 PMCID: PMC9048827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.853566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with psoriasis tend to have significant comorbidities, such as hyperlipemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, which belong to metabolic disorders. The specific mechanism through which psoriasis increases the metabolic disorder risk is uncertain. In this study, we demonstrated that the dysbiotic gut microbiota of 6-month-old psoriasis-like model mice (K14-VEGF-A-transgenic) exacerbated psoriasis disease and induced metabolic disorder when transferred into 2-month-old mice. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we confirmed that the Parabacteroides distasonis decreased with age in K14-VEGF mice, and P. distasonis also decreased in the transferred mice. Metabolomic screening identified an altered bile acid profile, including a decrease in chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in the feces of transferred mice. Additionally, CDCA supplements prevented metabolic disorders in K14-VEGF-A-transgenic mice. Consequently, we found that aberrant bile acid metabolism may contribute to metabolic disorder in K14-VEGF-A-transgenic mice, indicating the possibility to prevent and treat the metabolic disorder in psoriasis mice by targeting gut microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-juan Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Zou
- Department of Cardiology West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qixiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiadong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yawen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jiong Li
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12
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Pharmacological Dose-Effect Profiles of Various Concentrations of Humanised Primary Bile Acid in Encapsulated Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040647. [PMID: 35214975 PMCID: PMC8879575 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BA)s are known surfactants and well-documented to play a major role in food digestion and absorption. Recently, potential endocrinological and formulation-stabilisation effects of BAs have been explored and their pharmacological effects on supporting cell survival and functions have gained wide interest. Hence, this study aimed to explore the hyper-glycaemic dependent dose-effect of the BA chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) when encapsulated with pancreatic β-cells, allowing assessment of CDCA's impacts when encapsulated. Four different concentrations of the BA were prepared, and viable cells were encapsulated and incubated for 2 days. Multiple analyses were carried out including confocal imaging, glucose-induced cellular mitochondrial viability indices, insulin production, inflammatory biomarker analyses and cellular bioenergetics measurements. There was a significant dose-effect with different concentrations of the BA, affecting cellular viability and antioxidant activities, cell functions and insulin release, inflammatory biomarkers, and cellular-bioenergetics at different oxidative stress levels. The results demonstrate that, when encapsulated, the BA CDCA exerts positive pharmacological effects at the cellular level, and such effects are concentration dependent.
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13
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Mooranian A, Jones M, Walker D, Ionescu C, Wagle S, Kovačević B, Chester J, Foster T, Johnston E, Mikov M, Al-Salami H. 'In vitro' assessments of microencapsulated viable cells as a result of primary bile acid-encapsulated formulation for inflammatory disorders. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-36574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background / Aim: Metformin is widely used in type 2 diabetes and exhibits many positive biological effects on pancreatic b-cells and muscle cells, such as supporting insulin release by b-cells and glucose uptake by muscle cells and reducing oxidative stress, particularly due to diabetes-associated hyperglycaemia. Interestingly, for type 1 diabetes, transplantation of healthy b-cells has been proposed as a novel way to replace insulin therapy. Recently, bile acid-formulations containing transplantable b-cells showed best stability. Hence, this study aimed to explore the effects of metformin-bile acid formulations in b-cell encapsulation and on the biological activities of b-cells and muscle-cells. Methods: Two sets of biological effects were examined, using metformin-bile acid formulations, on encapsulated b-cells and on muscle cells exposed to the formulations. Results: Various encapsulated b-cell formulations' cell viability, insulin levels, cellular oxidative stress, cellular inflammatory profile and bioenergetics at the normoand hyperglycaemic states showed differing results based upon the metformin concentration and the inclusion or absence of bile acid. Similar effects were observed with muscle cells. Low ratios of metformin and bile acids showed best biological effects, suggesting a formulation dependent result. The formulations' positive effects were more profound at the hyperglycaemic state suggesting efficient cell protective effects. Conclusion: Overall, metformin had positive impacts on the cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with the addition of chenodeoxycholic acid further improving results.
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14
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Qi L, Tian Y, Chen Y. Circulating Bile Acid Profiles: A Need for Further Examination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3093-3112. [PMID: 34279029 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bile acids (BAs) are increasingly recognized as metabolic and chronobiologic integrators that synchronize the systemic metabolic response to nutrient availability. Alterations in the concentration and/or composition of circulating BAs are associated with a number of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This review summarizes recent evidence that links abnormal circulating BA profiles to multiple metabolic disorders, and discusses the possible mechanisms underlying the connections to determine the role of BA profiling as a novel biomarker for these abnormalities. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The review is based on a collection of primary and review literature gathered from a PubMed search of BAs, T2DM, IR, and MAFLD, among other keywords. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Obese and IR subjects appear to have elevated fasting circulating BAs but lower postprandial increase when compared with controls. The possible underlying mechanisms are disruption in the synchronization between the feeding/fasting cycle and the properties of BA-regulated metabolic pathways. Whether BA alterations are associated per se with MAFLD remains inconclusive. However, increased fasting circulating BAs level was associated with higher risk of advanced fibrosis stage. Thus, for patients with MAFLD, dynamically monitoring the circulating BA profiles may be a promising tool for the stratification of MAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the concentration, composition, and rhythm of circulating BAs are associated with adverse events in systemic metabolism. Subsequent investigations regarding these aspects of circulating BA kinetics may help predict future metabolic disorders and guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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15
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He H, Chen Z, Chen D, Lu X, Huang C, Chen J. Identification of the expression of farnesoid X receptor in astrocytes. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1216-1222. [PMID: 34406989 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have identified a functional expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in neurons in vitro and in vivo. However, whether the FXR is expressed in astrocytes remains unclear. In the present study, we addressed this issue by using an array of experimental methods such as immunofluorescence and western blot. Results showed that the FXR mRNA and protein were expressed in mouse brain primary cultured astrocytes. In mouse primary cultured astrocytes in vitro the FXR was predominantly localized in the nucleus with an obvious punctuate distribution property. Unlike its expressional characteristic in cultured astrocytes, the FXR was not detected in astrocytes in the mouse hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, suggesting that the FXR is not expressed in astrocytes at conditions in vivo. Functional studies in vitro showed that activation of the FXR in primary cultured astrocytes by chenodeoxycholic acid or GW4064 induced a marked increase in expression levels of small heterodimer partner mRNA and protein. Taken together, these findings show a differential expression of FXR in astrocytes at conditions in vitro but not in vivo, and in mouse primary cultured astrocytes the FXR can be activated by its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong University
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong University
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong University
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong University
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16
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Chenodeoxycholic Acid Pharmacology in Biotechnology and Transplantable Pharmaceutical Applications for Tissue Delivery: An Acute Preclinical Study. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092437. [PMID: 34572086 PMCID: PMC8472107 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary bile acids (PBAs) are produced and released into human gut as a result of cholesterol catabolism in the liver. A predominant PBA is chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), which in a recent study in our laboratory, showed significant excipient-stabilizing effects on microcapsules carrying insulinoma β-cells, in vitro, resulting in improved cell functions and insulin release, in the hyperglycemic state. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the applications of CDCA in bio-encapsulation and transplantation of primary healthy viable islets, preclinically, in type 1 diabetes. METHODS Healthy islets were harvested from balb/c mice, encapsulated in CDCA microcapsules, and transplanted into the epididymal tissues of 6 syngeneic diabetic mice, post diabetes confirmation. Pre-transplantation, the microcapsules' morphology, size, CDCA-deep layer distribution, and physical features such as swelling ratio and mechanical strength were analyzed. Post-transplantation, animals' weight, bile acids', and proinflammatory biomarkers' concentrations were analyzed. The control group was diabetic mice that were transplanted encapsulated islets (without PBA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Islet encapsulation by PBA microcapsules did not compromise the microcapsules' morphology or features. Furthermore, the PBA-graft performed better in terms of glycemic control and resulted in modulation of the bile acid profile in the brain. This is suggestive that the improved glycemic control was mediated via brain-related effects. However, the improvement in graft insulin delivery and glycemic control was short-term.
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17
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Hassan RM, Elsayed M, Kholief TE, Hassanen NHM, Gafer JA, Attia YA. Mitigating effect of single or combined administration of nanoparticles of zinc oxide, chromium oxide, and selenium on genotoxicity and metabolic insult in fructose/streptozotocin diabetic rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:48517-48534. [PMID: 33907960 PMCID: PMC8079231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research was intended to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of single or combined administration of nanoparticles of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3NPs), and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), on genetic and metabolic insult in fructose/streptozotocin diabetic rat model. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by feeding sixty adult male albino rats with a high fructose diet accompanied by a single i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The rats were divided into 6 groups (10 rats/each) and the doses of nanoparticles were 10 mg/kg b.wt for ZnONPs, 1 mg/kg b.wt for Cr2O3, and 0.4 mg/kg b.wt for SeNPs. The results displayed that diabetes significantly decreased bodyweight, serum insulin, C-peptide, adiponectin levels, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, serum superoxide dismutase activities, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and total antioxidant capacity while causing a substantial increase in serum glucose, C-reactive protein, atherogenic index, HOMA-IR, malondialdehyde, lipid profile, interleukin-6 levels, and liver function and kidney function parameters. Furthermore, the findings showed a decrease in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) hepatic mRNA expression level and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) adipocyte mRNA expression level in type 2 diabetic rats. DNA damage was confirmed by performing the comet assay. Moreover, histological observation of pancreatic and hepatic tissues was performed, which were consistent with the biochemical results. The present study confirmed that oral administration of ZnONPs, Cr2O3NPs, SeNPs, and their mixture improved all the biochemical and genetic parameters toward normal levels and ameliorated the diabetic consequences that were manifested by restricting cellular DNA damage which maintaining pancreatic and hepatic tissues from oxidative damage. The best reported antidiabetic effect was observed in the mixture administered group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hassan
- Department of biochemistry and nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11757, Egypt
- Egyptian Ministry of Environment, Cairo, 11728, Egypt
| | - Mai Elsayed
- Department of biochemistry and nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11757, Egypt
| | - Tahany E Kholief
- Department of biochemistry and nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11757, Egypt
| | - Naglaa H M Hassanen
- Department of Special Food and Nutrition, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Jehan A Gafer
- Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Giza, 12556, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Attia
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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18
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Song M, Zhang F, Chen L, Yang Q, Su H, Yang X, He H, Ling M, Zheng J, Duan C, Lai X, Pan M, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Shu G, Jiang Q, Wang S. Dietary chenodeoxycholic acid improves growth performance and intestinal health by altering serum metabolic profiles and gut bacteria in weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:365-375. [PMID: 34258424 PMCID: PMC8245770 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional diarrhea and subsequent performance degradation in weaned piglets are major challenges for the pig industry. Bile acids (BA) can be added to the diet as emulsifiers. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a major primary BA, on growth performance, serum metabolic profiles and gut health in weaned piglets. A total of 72 healthy weaned piglets were randomly assigned to the control (CON) and the CDCA groups, which were feed a basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg CDCA for 30 d, respectively. Our results demonstrated that CDCA significantly increased final BW and average daily gain (ADG), decreased feed-to-gain (F:G) ratio and tended to reduce diarrhea incidence. In addition, CDCA increased the villus height-to-crypt depth (V:C) ratio, elevated goblet cell numbers and the expression of tight junction proteins, suggesting the enhancement of intestinal barrier function. As an emulsifier, CDCA increased jejunal lipase activity and the mRNA expression of pancreatic lipases. CDCA supplementation also altered the serum metabolic profiles, including increasing the levels of indole 3-acetic acid, N'-formylkynurenine and theobromine that were beneficial for gut health. Moreover, the relative abundance of 2 beneficial gut bacteria, Prevotella 9 and Prevotellaceae TCG-001, were increased, whereas the relative abundance of a harmful bacteria, Dorea, was decreased in the gut of weaned piglets supplemented with CDCA. Importantly, the altered serum metabolic profiles showed a strong correlation with the changed gut bacteria. In conclusion, CDCA improved the growth performance of weaned piglets by improving intestinal morphology and barrier function, and enhancing lipid digestion, accompanied by alterations of serum metabolic profiles, and changes in relative abundance of certain gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Han Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haiwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mingfa Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jisong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chen Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xumin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mushui Pan
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Han SY, Song HK, Cha JJ, Han JY, Kang YS, Cha DR. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist ameliorates systemic insulin resistance, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, and alterations of various organs in a type 2 diabetic kidney animal model. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:495-503. [PMID: 33399988 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a role in homeostasis of bile acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. However, the systemic effects of FXR in diabetic nephropathy are controversial. We aimed to clarify the systemic effects of FXR on various organs in a type 2 diabetic animal model. METHODS We treated db/db mice with the FXR agonist GW4064 for 3 months and evaluated insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, renal functional changes, and structural changes in organs including those of the kidney, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, aorta, and heart. RESULTS The FXR agonist significantly improved plasma lipid profiles and insulin resistance and showed beneficial systemic effects on several organs. In the kidney, the FXR agonist ameliorated albuminuria, pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory changes and improved renal lipid metabolism. These changes were also associated with a decrease in lipid hydroperoxide in the kidney. Similar beneficial effects were shown in other organs, including restoration of pancreatic beta cell hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis and aortic medial hypertrophy, more differentiated phenotypic changes in adipose tissue, and improvement of cardiomyocyte disarray and left ventricular mass index. CONCLUSIONS The FXR agonist improves insulin resistance, renal lipid metabolism, and functional and structural changes in the kidney and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Jee Young Han
- Department of Pathology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea.
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20
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Ma C, Guo Y, Klaassen CD. Effect of Gender and Various Diets on Bile Acid Profile and Related Genes in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:62-71. [PMID: 33093018 PMCID: PMC7804885 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is an important factor for many diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that several diets had remarkable effects on bile acid (BA) homeostasis, but no comprehensive information for both genders has been reported. Therefore, the current study characterized the nine most used laboratory animal diets fed to both genders of mice for a comparable evaluation of the topic. The results revealed that marked gender difference of BA homeostasis is ubiquitous in mice fed the various diets, and of the nine diets fed to mice, the atherogenic and calorie-restricted diets had the most marked effects on BA homeostasis, followed by the laboratory chow and essential fatty acid-deficient diets. More specifically, females had higher concentrations of total BAs in serum when fed six of the nine diets compared with male mice, and 26 of the 35 BA-related genes had marked gender difference in mice fed at least one diet. Although mice fed the calorie-restricted and atherogenic diets had increased BA, which was more pronounced in serum than liver, the intestinal farnesoid X nuclear receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15 axis changed in the opposite direction and resulted in different hepatic expression patterns of Cyp7a1 Compared with AIN-93M purified diet, higher hepatic expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 was the only alteration in mice fed the laboratory chow diet. The other diets had little or no effect on BA concentrations in the liver and plasma or in the expression of BA-related genes. This study indicates that gender, the atherogenic diet, and the calorie-restricted diet have the most marked effects on BA homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Previous evidence suggested that various diets have effect on bile acid (BA) homeostasis; however, it is not possible to directly compare these findings, as they are all from different studies. The current study was the first to systematically investigate the influence of the nine most used experimental mouse diets on BA homeostasis and potential mechanism in both genders of mice and indicates that gender, the atherogenic diet, and the calorie-restricted diet have the most marked effects on BA homeostasis, which will aid future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China (C.M., Y.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (C.D.K.)
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China (C.M., Y.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (C.D.K.)
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P. R. China (C.M., Y.G.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China (C.M., Y.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (C.D.K.)
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21
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Sarkar P, Thirumurugan K. New insights into TNFα/PTP1B and PPARγ pathway through RNF213- a link between inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance, and Moyamoya disease. Gene 2020; 771:145340. [PMID: 33333224 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are always at a higher risk of ischemic diseases like coronary artery diseases. One such ischemic carotid artery disease is Moyamoya disease (MMD) associated with diabetes Type I and II, but the causality was unclear. Ring Finger Protein 213 (RNF213) is the major susceptible gene for MMD. To understand the association between diabetes mellitus and MMD we chose the major players from both of the anomalies: insulin and RNF213. But before establishing the role of RNF213 in the insulin-regulating pathway we had to understand the involvement of RNF213 within different biological systems. For this, we have adopted a preliminary computational approach to find the prominent interactions of RNF213. Our first objective was to construct an interactome for RNF213. We have analyzed several curated databases and adapted a list of RNF213 interacting partners to develop its interactome. Then to understand the involvement of this interactome in biological functions we have analyzed major biological pathways, biological processes, and prominent clusters related to this interactome through a computational approach. Then to develop a pathway that might give clues for RNF213 involvement in the insulin regulatory pathway we have validated the intercluster and intracluster predictions and identified a regulatory pathway for RNF213. RNF213 interactome was observed to be involved in adaptive immunity with 4 major clusters; one of the clusters involved TNFα. The immune system involves several pathways, and therefore at this point, we have chosen an event-based strategy to obtain an explicit target. Immunity is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNFα. TNFα-mediated inflammation, obesity, and insulin resistance are associated. Therefore we chose to explore the role of RNF213 in TNFα-mediated inflammation in macrophages and inflammation-mediated insulin-resistance in adipocytes. We have observed an enhancement of RNF213 gene expression by LPS mediated pro-inflammatory stimuli and suppression by PPARγ-mediated anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing stimuli in macrophages, and also in adipocytes. Administration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα was able to impede the reduction in RNF213 expression during adipogenesis and this effect was observed to be mediated by PTP1B. Inactivation of PTP1B abolished RNF213 expression which in turn enhanced the adipogenesis process through enhanced PPARγ. Constitutive expression of RNF213 suppressed the adipocyte differentiation by the inhibition of PPARγ. We could show the regulation of RNF213 by TNFα/PTP1B pathway and PPARγ. The constitutive expression of RNF213 during adipogenesis appears to be an adipostatic measure that obese patients acquire to inhibit further adipogenesis. This is verified in silico by analyzing the gene expression data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which showed a higher expression of RNF213 in adipose tissue samples of obese people. Overall this study gives new insights into the TNFα-mediated pathway in adipogenesis and suggests the role of RNF213 in adipogenesis via this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sarkar
- 206, Structural Biology Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kavitha Thirumurugan
- 206, Structural Biology Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India.
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22
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Gu M, Song H, Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Ji G, Huang C. Extract of Schisandra chinensis fruit protects against metabolic dysfunction in high-fat diet induced obese mice via FXR activation. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3063-3077. [PMID: 32583938 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis fruit has been shown to restore carbohydrate- and lipid-metabolic disorders and has anti-hepatotoxicity and anti-hepatitis activities. However, the molecular targets mediating the pharmacological properties of S. chinensis fruit have not been clarified. Here, we assayed the effects of S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract (SCE) on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) transactivity. The pharmacological effects of SCE (1 g/100 g diet) were assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 mice and ob/ob mice. The FXR and Fgf15 signalling pathways were evaluated by FXR silencing, ELISA, Western blot and RT-PCR analyses. The results showed that SCE treatment increased FXR transcription activity and improved obesity, hypercholesteremia and fatty liver in HFD-fed mice, while it had limited effects on ob/ob mice. Our study suggests that SCE treatment may improve HFD-induced metabolic disorders through pharmacological activation of FXR/Fgf15 signalling, and such beneficial effects of SCE may require leptin participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Role of Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Alleviating Insulin Resistance After Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2020; 31:327-336. [PMID: 32974816 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is the most common pathophysiological change in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of IR. Bariatric surgery, as an effective treatment for T2DM, can markedly alleviate IR through mechanisms that have not been elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the changes in the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites (including lipopolysaccharide, short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, bile acids, methylamines, and indole derivatives) after bariatric surgery. Additionally, we discuss the mechanisms that correlate the changes in microbial metabolites with the postoperative alleviation of IR. Furthermore, we discuss the prospect of bariatric surgery as a treatment for T2DM.
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24
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Li C, Yang J, Wang Y, Qi Y, Yang W, Li Y. Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists as Therapeutic Target for Cardiometabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1247. [PMID: 32982723 PMCID: PMC7479173 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases are characterized as a combination of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Cardiometabolic diseases are closely associated with cell glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and mitochondrial function. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, are found to be activated by primary BAs such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA) and synthetic agonists such as obeticholic acid (OCA). FXR plays crucial roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and intestinal microorganism. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that FXR agonists are functional for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases and are considered as a potential therapeutic agent. This review will discuss the pathological mechanism of cardiometabolic disease and reviews the potential mechanisms of FXR agonists in the treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yingzi Qi
- School of Health, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunlun Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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25
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Mishra AK, Ghosh AR. Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis AG5 mitigated high fat diet induced obesity and produced propionic acid stimulated apoptosis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte. Life Sci 2020; 261:118292. [PMID: 32822715 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Probiotics and their metabolites (SCFA) can regulate energy homeostasis. The present study thus evaluates the synergistic effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecalis AG5 on HFD induced obesity and the role of propionic acid (PA) in apoptosis induction of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 24) were used to develop an HFD induced obesity model for 24 weeks. The effect of the orally administered probiotic AG5 (18th-24th weeks, 1 × 109 CFU/ml) was evaluated using physiological, biochemical, anthropometry, histopathological and serological analyses. Apoptosis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte was assessed using flow cytometry, protein expression of PPARγ, 5-LOX, NF-κB, p-AKT, caspase 10 and detection of caspase 3/7 by Immunofluorescence confirmed the apoptosis induced by PA. KEY FINDINGS Probiotic AG5 significantly reduced body weight, BMI, serum cholesterol, triglycerides (p < 0.05) and improved HDL, insulin and leptin but lowered LDL and VLDL (p > 0.05). An inflammatory response was reduced as evident by TNF-α IHC. AG5 reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and fatty acid accumulation. Flow cytometry confirmed late apoptosis in PA-AG5 and standard PA treated 3T3-L1 cells. 5-LOX inhibition is associated with apoptosis induction, and increased caspase 1p 10 is related to cell death initiation. The study initially showed a low PPARγ activity inhibiting 5-LOX which may relate to adipose apoptosis. Finally caspase 3/7 detection using immunofluorescence proved the role of PA in adipocyte apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE The present study is a novel approach towards obesity mitigation involving adipocyte apoptosis. The role of SCFA in adipocyte apoptosis is very limited which can prove to be novel therapeutic approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Mishra
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asit Ranjan Ghosh
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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26
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Promotion of lipogenesis by PPARγ-activated FXR expression in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Liang YY, Huang H, Li Y, Du RK, Li J, Liu YH, Li S, Zhang L. Efficient synthesis of cholic acid derivates through stereoselective C-H functionalization from hyodeoxycholic acid. Steroids 2020; 157:108594. [PMID: 32068077 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Five cholic acid derivatives (including allo-ω-muricholic acid and CDCA) were synthesized from hyodeoxycholic acid via selective oxidation of C3- or C6-hydroxyl groups by IBX and NBS oxidants and stereocontrolled conversion. The hydroxyl group could be introduced through hydrolyzing α-Br keto with K2CO3 aqueous solution or through oxidizing the double bond by monoperoxyphthalic acid. The reduction of C6-O6 carbonyl to methylene could undergo with PTSH, NaBH3CN and ZnCl2 only at 5β configuration. A feasible synthetic route of CDCA from HDCA has been established to avoid the epimerization with the yield of 45% (8 steps). These strategies provided good yields, stereoselectivity and reproducibility for the preparation of cholic acid derivates and CDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huan Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Rong-Kai Du
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Shan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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28
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Clark BJ. The START-domain proteins in intracellular lipid transport and beyond. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 504:110704. [PMID: 31927098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein-related Lipid Transfer (START) domain is a ~210 amino acid sequence that folds into an α/β helix-grip structure forming a hydrophobic pocket for lipid binding. The helix-grip fold structure defines a large superfamily of proteins, and this review focuses on the mammalian START domain family members that include single START domain proteins with identified ligands, and larger multi-domain proteins that may have novel roles in metabolism. Much of our understanding of the mammalian START domain proteins in lipid transport and changes in metabolism has advanced through studies using knockout mouse models, although for some of these proteins the identity and/or physiological role of ligand binding remains unknown. The findings that helped define START domain lipid-binding specificity, lipid transport, and changes in metabolism are presented to highlight that fundamental questions remain regarding the biological function(s) for START domain-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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29
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T MM, T A, P BK, Fathima A, Khanum F. In-silico therapeutic investigations of arjunic acid and arjungenin as an FXR agonist and validation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 84:107163. [PMID: 31767507 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was to illustrate the agonistic property of arjungenin and arjunic acid towards farnesoid X receptor protein (FXR).The pharmacokinetic properties like molecular interactions, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) of the ligands were checked through in-silico studies. Protein-ligand docking was carried out using autodock software. Molecular docking analysis confirmed strong binding energy and interaction of arjungenin and arjunic acid with the target protein and the ADMET profiles identified for both compounds were promising.Further in vitro studies were performed in 3T3-L1 adipocyte to verify the agonistic property of arjungenin and arjunic acid. Oil red O staining was done to check differentiation induction. Adiponectin, leptin, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were quantified. The mRNA expression of FXR, Cyp7a1, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c were quantified using fluorescent real-time PCR. Cytotoxicity assay was confirmed that up to 150 μM concentration there is no significant cell death on treatment with arjunic acid and arjungenin. Treatment with arjungenin and arjunic acid confirms increased differentiation of the cells with significant (P < 0.05) increase in adiponectin (118.07% and 132.92%) and leptin (133.52% and 149.74%) protein levels compared to the negative control group. After treatment with arjungenin and arjunic acid in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes the mRNA expression of FXR, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c were significantly (P < 0.01) increased and cyp7a1 was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased when compared with the negative control group. Overall, our results suggest that arjungenin and arjunic acid acts as an FXR agonist and may be useful for rational therapeutic strategies as a novel drug to treat cholesterol mediated metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Manu T
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India
| | - Anand T
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India.
| | - Bhuvanesh Kumar P
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India
| | - Asra Fathima
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India
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Song M, Ye J, Zhang F, Su H, Yang X, He H, Liu F, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Shu G, Jiang Q, Wang S. Chenodeoxycholic Acid (CDCA) Protects against the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Impairment of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function via the FXR-MLCK Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8868-8874. [PMID: 31319027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a primary bile acid, has been demonstrated to play important roles as a signaling molecule in various physiology functions. However, the role of CDCA in regulating intestinal barrier function remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CDCA on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function and explore the underlying mechanisms. In IPEC-J2 cells, CDCA reversed the LPS-induced increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and decrease in tight junction protein expression. In addition, we found that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) but not Takeda G-protein receptor 5 was responsible for the CDCA-improved epithelial barrier function impaired by LPS. Furthermore, CDCA blocked LPS-induced activation of the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) pathway in a FXR-dependent manner and elicited similar effects to MLCK inhibition. In mice, CDCA supplementation restored LPS-induced elevation of intestinal permeability and MLCK expression and reduction of tight junction protein expression, thus alleviating LPS-induced intestinal barrier impairment. In conclusion, CDCA protected against the LPS-induced impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier function via the FXR-MLCK pathway.
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Xia Y, Zhang F, Zhao S, Li Y, Chen X, Gao E, Xu X, Xiong Z, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhao H, Wang W, Wang H, Guo Y, Liu Y, Li C, Wang S, Zhang L, Yan W, Tao L. Adiponectin determines farnesoid X receptor agonism-mediated cardioprotection against post-infarction remodelling and dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:1335-1349. [PMID: 29668847 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the metabolic nuclear receptor superfamily that plays a critical regulatory role in cardiovascular physiology/pathology. However, the role of systemic FXR activation in the chronic phase in myocardial infarction (MI)-induced cardiac remodelling and dysfunction remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of long-term FXR activation on post-MI cardiac remodelling and dysfunction. Methods and results Mice underwent either MI surgery or sham operation. At 1 week after MI, both sham and MI mice were gavaged with 25 mg/kg/d of a synthetic FXR agonist (GW4064) or a vehicle control for 7 weeks, and cardiac performance was assessed by consecutive echocardiography studies. Administration of GW4064 significantly increased left ventricular ejection fraction at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after MI (both P < 0.01). Moreover, GW4064 treatment increased angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis, reduced cardiomyocyte loss and inflammation, and ameliorated cardiac remodelling as evidenced by heart weight, lung weight, atrial natriuretic peptide/brain natriuretic peptide levels, and myocardial fibrosis at 8 weeks post-MI. At the molecular level, GW4064 significantly increased FXR mRNA expression and transcriptional activity in heart tissue. Moreover, over-expression of myocardial FXR failed to exert significant cardioprotection in vivo, indicating that GW4064 improved post-MI heart remodelling and function independent of myocardial FXR expression/activity. Among the four down-stream soluble molecules of FXR, plasma adiponectin was most significantly increased by GW4064. In cultured adipocytes, GW4064 increased mRNA levels and protein expression of adiponectin. Conditioned medium of GW4064-treated adipocytes activated AMPK-PGC-1α signalling and reduced hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, all of which were attenuated by an adiponectin neutralizing anti-body. More importantly, when knocking-out adiponectin in mice, the cardioprotective effects of GW4064 were attenuated. Conclusions We are the first to show that FXR agonism ameliorated post-MI cardiac dysfunction and remodelling by stimulating adiponectin secretion. Thus, we demonstrated that FXR agonism is a potential therapeutic strategy in post-MI heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shihao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China.,Department of Cardiology, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya 572013, China
| | - Yueyang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiyao Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xinyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhenyu Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jinglong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huishou Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Helin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yanjie Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Congye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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Egg white hydrolysate enhances insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant rats via Akt activation. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:14-24. [PMID: 30982477 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Agents that block the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) improve glucoregulation in the metabolic syndrome disorder. We evaluated the effects of egg white hydrolysate (EWH), previously shown to modulate the protein abundance of RAS component in vivo, on glucose homeostasis in diet-induced insulin-resistant rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce insulin resistance. They were then randomly divided into four groups receiving HFD or HFD supplemented with different concentrations of EWH (1, 2 and 4 %) for another 6 weeks in the first trial. In the second trial, insulin-resistant rats were divided into two groups receiving only HFD or HFD+4 % EWH for 6 weeks. Glucose homeostasis was assessed by oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests. Insulin signalling and protein abundance of RAS components, gluconeogenesis enzymes and PPARγ were evaluated in muscle, fat and liver. Adipocyte morphology and inflammatory markers were evaluated. In vivo administration of EWH increased insulin sensitivity, improved oral glucose tolerance (P < 0·0001) and reduced systemic inflammation (P < 0·05). EWH potentiated insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation in muscle (P = 0·0341) and adipose tissue (P = 0·0276), but minimal differences in the protein abundance of tissue RAS components between the EWH and control groups were observed. EWH treatment also reduced adipocyte size (P = 0·0383) and increased PPARγ2 protein abundance (P = 0·0237). EWH treatment yielded positive effects on the inflammatory profile, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and adipocyte differentiation in HFD-induced insulin resistance rats. The involvement of local RAS activity requires further investigation.
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Chenodeoxycholic Acid Ameliorates AlCl 3-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Deterioration via Enhanced Insulin Signaling in Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101992. [PMID: 31137621 PMCID: PMC6571973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and synthetic Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligands have shown promising outcomes in ameliorating insulin resistance associated with various medical conditions. This study aimed to investigate whether CDCA treatment has any potential in AD management through improving insulin signaling. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups and treated for six consecutive weeks; control (vehicle), AD-model (AlCl3 50 mg/kg/day i.p) and CDCA-treated group (AlCl3 + CDCA 90 mg/kg/day p.o from day 15). CDCA improved cognition as assessed by Morris Water Maze and Y-maze tests and preserved normal histological features. Moreover, CDCA lowered hippocampal beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42). Although no significant difference was observed in hippocampal insulin level, CDCA reduced insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation at serine-307 (pSer307-IRS1), while increased protein kinase B (Akt) activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Additionally, CDCA activated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Ultimately, CDCA was able to improve insulin sensitivity in the hippocampi of AlCl3-treated rats, which highlights its potential in AD management.
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Schmid A, Schlegel J, Thomalla M, Karrasch T, Schäffler A. Evidence of functional bile acid signaling pathways in adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 483:1-10. [PMID: 30543876 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Bile acids (BA) are increasingly recognized as pleiotropic and hormone-like signaling molecules with metabolic and endocrine functions. However, the role of BA in white adipocyte physiology remains somewhat obscure. It was the aim to investigate the BA receptors (FXR, TGR5) and FGFR1 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) as well as Bsep (bile salt export pump) in white adipocytes and in murine and human adipose tissue (AT) and to investigate effects of different BA species in adipocyte physiology. PATIENTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS Receptor mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR in mice, humans and during 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation. Adipokines were measured by ELISA upon stimulation by several BA. Effects of BA on TNF- and LPS-induced MCP-1 secretion and lipolysis were analyzed. TNF-induced lipolysis was investigated by glycerol assay. RESULTS The present data provide for the first time a detailed expression profile of FXR, TGR5, FGFR1, and Bsep during adipocyte differentiation and in murine and human AT. FGFR1 expression is upregulated in adipose tissue of LPS-injected animals. Several BA regulate secretion of adipokines such as adiponectin and resistin differentially. Importantly, TNF- and LPS-induced MCP-1 release from adipocytes as well as TNF-induced lipolysis can be antagonized by cholic acid (CA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA). CONCLUSIONS The present data provide evidence of functional BA signaling pathways in adipocytes and argue for certain MCP-1 related anti-inflammatory effects of BA in TNF- and LPS-induced inflammation, whereas pro-inflammatory resistin is induced by CA and glycocholic acid (GCA). Systemic bile acids might represent a hormonal network regulating white adipocyte physiology including lipolysis.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/drug effects
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipokines/metabolism
- Adult
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Lipolysis/drug effects
- Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects
- Male
- Mice
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Germany.
| | - Jutta Schlegel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Miriam Thomalla
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Germany
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Update on FXR Biology: Promising Therapeutic Target? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072069. [PMID: 30013008 PMCID: PMC6073382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, plays critical roles in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis and the integrity of many organs, including liver and intestine. It regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, and contributes to inter-organ communication, in particular the enterohepatic signaling pathway, through bile acids and fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF-15/19). The metabolic effects of FXR are also involved in gut microbiota. In addition, FXR has various functions in the kidney, adipose tissue, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and tumorigenesis. Consequently, the deregulation of FXR may lead to abnormalities of specific organs and metabolic dysfunction, allowing the protein as an attractive therapeutic target for the management of liver and/or metabolic diseases. Indeed, many FXR agonists have been being developed and are under pre-clinical and clinical investigations. Although obeticholic acid (OCA) is one of the promising candidates, significant safety issues have remained. The effects of FXR modulation might be multifaceted according to tissue specificity, disease type, and/or energy status, suggesting the careful use of FXR agonists. This review summarizes the current knowledge of systemic FXR biology in various organs and the gut–liver axis, particularly regarding the recent advancement in these fields, and also provides pharmacological aspects of FXR modulation for rational therapeutic strategies and novel drug development.
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Jena PK, Sheng L, Di Lucente J, Jin LW, Maezawa I, Wan YJY. Dysregulated bile acid synthesis and dysbiosis are implicated in Western diet-induced systemic inflammation, microglial activation, and reduced neuroplasticity. FASEB J 2018; 32:2866-2877. [PMID: 29401580 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700984rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify the intrinsic links that explain the effect of a Western diet (WD) on cognitive dysfunction. Specific pathogen-free, wild-type mice were fed either a control diet (CD) or a high-fat, high-sucrose WD after weaning and were euthanized at 10 mo of age to study the pathways that affect cognitive health. The results showed that long-term WD intake reduced hippocampal synaptic plasticity and the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the brain and isolated microglia. A WD also activated ERK1/2 and reduced postsynaptic density-95 in the brain, suggesting postsynaptic damage. Moreover, WD-fed mice had increased inflammatory signaling in the brain, ileum, liver, adipose tissue, and spleen, which was accompanied by microglia activation. In the brain, as well as in the digestive tract, a WD reduced signaling regulated by retinoic acid and bile acids (BAs), whose receptors form heterodimers to control metabolism and inflammation. Furthermore, a WD intake caused dysbiosis and dysregulated BA synthesis with reduced endogenous ligands for BA receptors, i.e., farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor in the liver and brain. Together, dysregulated BA synthesis and dysbiosis were accompanied by systemic inflammation, microglial activation, and reduced neuroplasticity induced by WD.-Jena, P. K., Sheng, L., Di Lucente, J., Jin, L.-W., Maezawa, I., Wan, Y.-J. Y. Dysregulated bile acid synthesis and dysbiosis are implicated in Western diet-induced systemic inflammation, microglial activation, and reduced neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasant Kumar Jena
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; and
| | - Lili Sheng
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; and
| | - Jacopo Di Lucente
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; and.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; and.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; and.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; and
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Diet-induced obesity and weight loss alter bile acid concentrations and bile acid-sensitive gene expression in insulin target tissues of C57BL/6J mice. Nutr Res 2017; 46:11-21. [PMID: 29173647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) influence the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and energy expenditure. We hypothesized that BA concentrations and related gene expression would be altered in lean (low-fat diet fed; LFD) vs diet-induced obese (high-fat diet fed; HFD) groups of mice and that some detected changes would remain after weight loss in an HFD group switched to the LFD (SW). Taurine conjugates dominated the bile acid composition of the liver, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and hypothalamus, with the latter having lower levels (~95%, ~95%, and ~80%, respectively; P<.05). Plasma conjugated bile acids were elevated in the HFD relative to the LFD and SW animals. Total hepatic BA concentrations decreased in obese mice fed HFD, and levels returned to preobese levels in the SW group. Subtle changes in unconjugated bile acids were detected in the eWAT, hypothalamus, and muscle. Liver expression of a variety of enzymes involved in BA synthesis (eg, Cyp27a1, Acox2), BA transport (eg, Slc22a8), and BA-sensitive receptors (Fxr, Tgr5) were unchanged by HFD feeding but decreased with SW. Other hepatic enzymes were induced in the SW group (eg, Amacr and Bal). In eWAT, Cyp27a1 and Acox2 also declined in the SW group, whereas the HFD group showed reduced expression of BA transporters (eg, Abcc3), and changes in Fxr and Tgr5 were unclear. Therefore, although most detectable changes in BA metabolism associated with diet-induced obesity are reversed by diet-induced weight loss, some effects on BA composition, concentrations, and gene expression can persist after weight loss.
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Ragavan G, Muralidaran Y, Sridharan B, Nachiappa Ganesh R, Viswanathan P. Evaluation of garlic oil in nano-emulsified form: Optimization and its efficacy in high-fat diet induced dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:203-213. [PMID: 28428086 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Garlic oil nanoemulsion was formulated using ultrasonic emulsification and the optimized garlic oil nanoemulsion ratio (1:2) of oil: surfactant showed spherical, with tiny droplet size 24.9 ± 1.11 nm. It was observed that the prepared nanoemulsion has the zeta potential of -42.63 ± 1.58 mV and a low polydispersity index of 0.2 ± 0.09 with excellent stability. The formulation was subjected to in vivo acute and sub-acute toxicity. In acute toxicity study, single oral administration of 18.63 ml of garlic oil nanoemulsion/kg resulted in immediate mortality. However, garlic oil nanoemulsion (0.46 ml/kg) and tween 80 (0.5 ml/kg) administered rats did not exhibit any toxicity and showed no changes in hematological and histological parameters. Further, both preventive and curative studies of garlic oil nanoemulsion were evaluated in high-fat diet fed dyslipidemic Wistar rats. Garlic oil nanoemulsion administered groups showed a significant effect in reducing the levels of lipid profiles (p < 0.001) compared to atorvastatin and garlic oil. Evaluation of lipid deposits in hepatic tissues was analyzed by Oil Red O staining, which revealed that garlic oil nanoemulsion administered rats markedly reduced the fat depots. Our findings suggest that garlic oil nano-emulsified form reduced toxicity and improved efficacy in preventing and treating dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokulakannan Ragavan
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yuvashree Muralidaran
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Badrinathan Sridharan
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Nachiappa Ganesh
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India
| | - Pragasam Viswanathan
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Qiu Y, Sui X, Cao S, Li X, Ning Y, Wang S, Yin L, Zhi X. Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) Overexpression Reduces Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obese Mice. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3932-3942. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xianxian Sui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Shengxuan Cao
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yanxia Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
| | - Songmei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
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Pohl R, Haberl EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, Zimny S, Neumann M, Aslanidis C, Schacherer D, Krautbauer S, Eisinger K, Weiss TS, Buechler C. Hepatic chemerin mRNA expression is reduced in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:7-18. [PMID: 27797398 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemerin is associated with insulin resistance and is expressed in the liver. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to impaired insulin sensitivity, but studies evaluating hepatic and serum chemerin in NAFLD resulted in discordant data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemerin mRNA was determined in the liver tissue obtained from 33 controls and 76 NAFLD patients. Chemerin serum levels were measured in a different cohort of patients with ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD and the respective controls. Hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes were exposed to selected metabolites and nuclear receptor agonists to study the regulation of chemerin. Effect of recombinant chemerin on hepatocyte released proteins was analysed. RESULTS Hepatic chemerin expression was not related to BMI, gender, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Chemerin mRNA did not correlate with steatosis and was negatively associated with inflammation, fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) score. Patients with NASH had lower chemerin mRNA compared to those with borderline NASH and controls. Factors with a role in NASH mostly did not regulate chemerin in the liver cells. Of note, liver X receptor agonist reduced chemerin protein. Serum chemerin was not changed in NAFLD. Levels positively correlated with age, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, serum FGF21 and lipocalin 2, and negatively with transferrin saturation. Chemerin induced FGF21 in supernatants of primary human hepatocytes. Hepcidin, a major regulator of iron homoeostasis and lipocalin 2, were not regulated by chemerin. CONCLUSION Chemerin mRNA is reduced in the liver of NASH patients, and liver X receptor seems to have a role herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimny
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charalampos Aslanidis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Doris Schacherer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Eisinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Bettaieb A, Cremonini E, Kang H, Kang J, Haj FG, Oteiza PI. Anti-inflammatory actions of (-)-epicatechin in the adipose tissue of obese mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:383-392. [PMID: 27592457 PMCID: PMC5514545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are major public health concerns. Visceral adipose tissue inflammation is considered a significant contributor to obesity-associated T2D development. We previously showed that the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin (EC) can mitigate insulin resistance in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). This study investigated the capacity of EC to inhibit visceral adipose tissue inflammation occurring as a consequence of HFD consumption in C57BL/6J mice, and characterized the underlying mechanisms. In association with the development of obesity and insulin resistance, HFD consumption caused inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue as evidenced by activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB and increased tissue levels of the macrophage marker F4/80, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and the chemokine MCP-1. EC supplementation mitigated all these events. In addition, we observed activation of the three branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and upregulation of NADPH oxidases NOX4 and NOX2 in visceral fat of mice fed HFD. These can account, at least in part, for the associated oxidative stress and activation of the redox sensitive NF-κB. Notably, EC supplementation mitigated this and the release of pro-inflammatory proteins from metabolically stressed adipocytes. Attenuation of adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress by EC could contribute to decreased inflammation and improved visceral adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. Our results support the concept that consumption of EC-rich foods could mitigate obesity-associated insulin resistance through attenuation of adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Heeteak Kang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jiye Kang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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Li X, Yuan Z, Liu R, Hassan HM, Yang H, Sun R, Zhang L, Jiang Z. UDCA and CDCA alleviate 17α-ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis through PKA-AMPK pathways in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 311:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Scheja L, Heeren J. Metabolic interplay between white, beige, brown adipocytes and the liver. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1176-1186. [PMID: 26829204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian evolution, three types of adipocytes have developed, white, brown and beige adipocytes. White adipocytes are the major constituents of white adipose tissue (WAT), the predominant store for energy-dense triglycerides in the body that are released as fatty acids during catabolic conditions. The less abundant brown adipocytes, the defining parenchymal cells of brown adipose tissue (BAT), internalize triglycerides that are stored intracellularly in multilocular lipid droplets. Beige adipocytes (also known as brite or inducible brown adipocytes) are functionally very similar to brown adipocytes and emerge in specific WAT depots in response to various stimuli including sustained cold exposure. The activation of brown and beige adipocytes (together referred to as thermogenic adipocytes) causes both the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides as well as the uptake of lipids and glucose from the circulation. Together, these fuels are combusted for heat production to maintain body temperature in mammals including adult humans. Given that heating by brown and beige adipocytes is a very-well controlled and energy-demanding process which entails pronounced shifts in energy fluxes, it is not surprising that an intensive interplay exists between the various adipocyte types and parenchymal liver cells, and that this influences systemic metabolic fluxes and endocrine networks. In this review we will emphasize the role of hepatic factors that regulate the metabolic activity of white and thermogenic adipocytes. In addition, we will discuss the relevance of lipids and hormones that are secreted by white, brown and beige adipocytes regulating liver metabolism in order to maintain systemic energy metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Piekarski A, Decuypere E, Buyse J, Dridi S. Chenodeoxycholic acid reduces feed intake and modulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic genes in broiler chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 229:74-83. [PMID: 26965947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids have recently become an emerging research hot spot in mammals due to their roles as metabolic regulators and molecular signatures controlling whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Such effects are still unknown in avian (non-mammalian) species. We, therefore, undertook this study to determine the effect of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on growth performance and on the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic genes in broiler chickens. Chickens fed with diet-containing 0.1% or 0.5% CDCA for two weeks exhibited a significant and a dose dependent reduction of feed intake and body weight compared to the control (standard diet). These changes were accompanied with a significant decrease in plasma glucose levels at d10 and d15 post-treatment. At molecular levels, CDCA treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides (NPY, AgRP, ORX, CRH, Ghrl, and MC1R) and down-regulated the hypothalamic expression of SOCS3. CDCA treatment also decreased the mRNA levels of key hepatic lipogenic genes (FAS, ACCα, ME, ATPcl, and SCD-1) and their related transcription factors SREBP-1/2 and PPARα. In addition, CDCA reduced the hepatic expression of FXR and the adipokine, visfatin, and adiponectin genes compared to the control. Together, our data provide evidence that CDCA alters growth performances in broilers and modulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic and adipocytokine genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Piekarski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Eddy Decuypere
- Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KUL, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Buyse
- Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KUL, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
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