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Li PR, Wang ZX, Xu ZK, Wang J, Li B, Shen X, Xu ZL. An RPA-Assisted CRISPR/Cas12a Assay Combining Fluorescence and Lateral Flow Strips for the Rapid Detection of Enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38857358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a foodborne pathogen that can produce tripartite enterotoxins, which can cause a variety of diseases after infection. It is critical to rapidly and accurately detect strains with enteropathogenic potential to safeguard human health. In this study, a dual-signal visualized detection platform with fluorescence assay and paper-based lateral flow assay (LFA) based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), CRISPR/Cas12a system, and self-developed CRISPR nucleic acid test strips was constructed for enterotoxigenic B. cereus. The genes that encode two tripartite enterotoxins─nheA, nheB, and nheC for nonhemolytic enterotoxin and hblA, hblC, and hblD for hemolysin BL─were utilized as detection targets. The platform was capable of detecting six enterotoxin genes at the same genomic DNA level. The limits of detection for each gene were 10-3 ng/μL in fluorescence assay and 10-4 ng/μL in LFA. Furthermore, 101-102 CFU/mL of B. cereus in pure culture was detected. Additionally, a smartphone miniprogram could assist in evaluating the results in LFA. The platform demonstrated good utility by detecting B. cereus in food samples, including milk and rice. The results indicate that our RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a dual-signal visualized detection platform can quickly and easily detect B. cereus with three-component enterotoxin-producing potentials. The whole analytic process took less than 60 min without complex operation or expensive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Ru Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ze-Ke Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Li
- Guangzhou Wanlian Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510670, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Watier-Grillot S, Larréché S, Mazuet C, Baudouin F, Feraudet-Tarisse C, Holterbach L, Dia A, Tong C, Bourget L, Hery S, Pottier E, Bouilland O, Tanti M, Merens A, Simon S, Diancourt L, Chesnay A, Pommier de Santi V. From Foodborne Disease Outbreak (FBDO) to Investigation: The Plant Toxin Trap, Brittany, France, 2018. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:457. [PMID: 37505726 PMCID: PMC10467087 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
On 6 July 2018, the Center for Epidemiology and Public Health of the French Armed Forces was informed of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among customers of a dining facility at a military base in Brittany, France. A total of 200 patients were reported out of a population of 1700 (attack rate: 12%). The symptoms were mainly lower digestive tract disorders and occurred rapidly after lunch on 5 July (median incubation period: 3.3 h), suggesting a toxin-like pathogenic process. A case-control survey was carried out (92 cases and 113 controls). Statistical analysis pointed to the chili con carne served at lunch on 5 July as the very likely source of poisoning. Phytohaemagglutinin, a plant lectin, was found in the chili con carne at a concentration above the potentially toxic dose (400 HAU/gram). The raw kidney beans incorporated in the chili con carne presented a high haemagglutination activity (66,667 HAU/gram). They were undercooked, and the phytohaemagglutinin was not completely destroyed. FBDOs due to PHA are poorly documented. This study highlights the need to develop methods for routine testing of plant toxins in food matrices. Improved diagnostic capabilities would likely lead to better documentation, epidemiology, and prevention of food-borne illnesses caused by plant toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Watier-Grillot
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Sébastien Larréché
- Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France; (S.L.); (A.M.)
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, France & Paris Cité University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- National Reference Centre for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cité University, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France; (C.M.); (L.D.)
| | | | - Cécile Feraudet-Tarisse
- Department of Medications and Healthcare Technologies (DMTS), Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.F.-T.); (S.S.)
| | - Lise Holterbach
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Aïssata Dia
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Christelle Tong
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Laure Bourget
- Laboratory of the French Armed Forces Commissariat, 49130 Les Ponts-de-Cé, France; (L.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Sophie Hery
- Naval Group, Department of Occupational Health, 29200 Brest, France;
| | - Emmanuel Pottier
- Brest Arsenal Medical Center, 29200 Brest, France; (E.P.); (O.B.)
| | | | - Marc Tanti
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Audrey Merens
- Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France; (S.L.); (A.M.)
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, France & Paris Cité University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Department of Medications and Healthcare Technologies (DMTS), Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.F.-T.); (S.S.)
| | - Laure Diancourt
- National Reference Centre for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cité University, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France; (C.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Aurélie Chesnay
- Laboratory of the French Armed Forces Commissariat, 49130 Les Ponts-de-Cé, France; (L.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Vincent Pommier de Santi
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
- Vectors–Tropical and Mediterranean Infections Joint Research Unit (VITROME), Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
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Eid RH, Aref NE, Ibrahim ES. Phenotypic diagnosis and genotypic identification of Bacillus cereus causing subclinical mastitis in cows. Vet World 2023; 16:888-894. [PMID: 37576758 PMCID: PMC10420715 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.888-894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Bovine mastitis is a disease that affects dairy cows and impacts the global dairy industry. Bacillus spp. can infect the mammary gland during lactation, intramammary treatment, or dry cow therapy. This study aimed to isolate and identify Bacillus spp. in raw milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis from dairy farms in Beheira, Giza, Alexandria, and Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. We also investigated their antibiotic sensitivity and detected the enterotoxigenic and antibiotic resistance genes. Materials and Methods A total of 262 milk samples (15-20 ml each) were examined microscopically, biochemically, and phenotypically. A polymerase chain reaction was used for genotypic identification and detecting antibiotic-resistance and enterotoxigenic genes. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested using the agar well diffusion test. Results Bacillus cereus was identified in 47.7% of samples. Nhe and hblD enterotoxin genes were found in 93.64% (103/110) and 91.82% (101/110) of the samples, respectively. Tetracycline and β-lactam antibiotic-resistance genes were present in 0% (0/110) and 98.18% (108/110), respectively, of the samples. All isolates were resistant to cefepime, cefixime, and oxacillin, while they were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic, chloramphenicol, ampicillin/sulbactam, and levofloxacin. Conclusion These results highlight the need to promote awareness regarding B. cereus, the most common pathogen causing mastitis in Egyptian dairy cows. We also emphasized that antibiotic misuse during mastitis is a potential public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha H. Eid
- Department of Mastitis and Neonatal Disease, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha E. Aref
- Department of Mastitis and Neonatal Disease, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman S. Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Jovanovic J, Tretiak S, Begyn K, Rajkovic A. Detection of Enterotoxigenic Psychrotrophic Presumptive Bacillus cereus and Cereulide Producers in Food Products and Ingredients. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040289. [PMID: 35448897 PMCID: PMC9030337 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, foodborne outbreaks and individual cases caused by bacterial toxins showed an increasing trend. The major contributors are enterotoxins and cereulide produced by Bacillus cereus, which can cause a diarrheal and emetic form of the disease, respectively. These diseases usually induce relatively mild symptoms; however, fatal cases have been reported. With the aim to detected potential toxin producers that are able to grow at refrigerator temperatures and subsequently produce cereulide, we screened the prevalence of enterotoxin and cereulide toxin gene carriers and the psychrotrophic capacity of presumptive B. cereus obtained from 250 food products (cereal products, including rice and seeds/pulses, dairy-based products, dried vegetables, mixed food, herbs, and spices). Of tested food products, 226/250 (90.4%) contained presumptive B. cereus, which communities were further tested for the presence of nheA, hblA, cytK-1, and ces genes. Food products were mainly contaminated with the nheA B. cereus carriers (77.9%), followed by hblA (64.8%), ces (23.2%), and cytK-1 (4.4%). Toxigenic B. cereus communities were further subjected to refrigerated (4 and 7 °C) and mild abuse temperatures (10 °C). Overall, 77% (94/121), 86% (104/121), and 100% (121/121) were able to grow at 4, 7, and 10 °C, respectively. Enterotoxin and cereulide potential producers were detected in 81% of psychrotrophic presumptive B. cereus. Toxin encoding genes nheA, hblA, and ces gene were found in 77.2, 55, and 11.7% of tested samples, respectively. None of the psychrotrophic presumptive B. cereus were carriers of the cytotoxin K-1 encoding gene (cytK-1). Nearly half of emetic psychrotrophic B. cereus were able to produce cereulide in optimal conditions. At 4 °C none of the examined psychrotrophs produced cereulide. The results of this research highlight the high prevalence of B. cereus and the omnipresence of toxin gene harboring presumptive B. cereus that can grow at refrigerator temperatures, with a focus on cereulide producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jovanovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety, and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.J.); (K.B.)
| | - Svitlana Tretiak
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, D5 Ingang 78, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Impextraco nv, Wiekevorstsesteenweg 38, 2220 Heist-op-den-Berg, Belgium
| | - Katrien Begyn
- Department of Food Technology, Safety, and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.J.); (K.B.)
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety, and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.J.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang L, Yang H, Wang K, Yang H, Zhao M, Shang Y, Wang F, Dong J, Zhao W, Li L, Liang W, Wang Y. A Visualized Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid and Specific Detection of Emetic and Non-emetic Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:802656. [PMID: 35418965 PMCID: PMC8996228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.802656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is widely distributed in foods, especially dairy products, and can lead to diarrhea (non-emetic B. cereus) and emesis (emetic B. cereus). Although diarrhea due to B. cereus is usually mild, emesis can lead to acute encephalopathy and even death. To develop rapid and sensitive detection methods for B. cereus in foods, specific primers targeting the gyrase B (gyrB) and cereulide synthetase (ces) genes were designed and screened using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). Probes and base substitutions were introduced to improve specificity and eliminate primer-dependent artifacts. The 5' ends of the reverse primers and probes were modified with biotin and fluorescein isothiocyanate for detection of RPA products on a lateral flow strip (LFS). The developed RPA-LFS assay allows detection within 20 min at 37°C with no cross-reactivity with other foodborne pathogens. The limit of detection was 104 copies/ml and 102 CFU/ml in pure cultures and milk, respectively. Comparisons with established methods using cream obtained similar results. A specific, rapid, and sensitive RPA-LFS assay was successfully developed for on-site detection of B. cereus in dairy products to distinguish emetic from non-emetic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huansen Yang
- Lianyungang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lianyungang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Mengdi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuping Shang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Lianyungang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Laboratory Department of Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, China
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Gamage NW, Bamforth J, Ashfaq T, Bernard K, Gräfenhan T, Walkowiak S. Profiling of Bacillus cereus on Canadian grain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259209. [PMID: 34735500 PMCID: PMC8568128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses challenge the food industry; however, environmental studies of these microorganisms on raw grain, prior to food processing, are uncommon. Bacillus cereus sensu lato is a diverse group of bacteria that is common in our everyday environment and occupy a wide array of niches. While some of these bacteria are beneficial to agriculture due to their entomopathogenic properties, others can cause foodborne illness; therefore, characterization of these bacteria is important from both agricultural and food safety standpoints. We performed a survey of wheat and flax grain samples in 2018 (n = 508) and 2017 (n = 636) and discovered that B. cereus was present in the majority of grain samples, as 56.3% and 85.2%, in two years respectively. Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics of 109 presumptive B. cereus isolates indicates that most of the isolates were closely related and formed two genetically distinct groups. Comparisons to the available genomes of reference strains suggested that the members of these two groups are not closely related to strains previously reported to cause foodborne illness. From the same data set, another, genetically more diverse group of B. cereus was inferred, which had varying levels of similarity to previously reported strains that caused disease. Genomic analysis and PCR amplification of genes linked to toxin production indicated that most of the isolates carry the genes nheA and hbID, while other toxin genes and gene clusters, such as ces, were infrequent. This report of B. cereus on grain from Canada is the first of its kind and demonstrates the value of surveillance of bacteria naturally associated with raw agricultural commodities such as cereal grain and oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice Bamforth
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tehreem Ashfaq
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kathryn Bernard
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tom Gräfenhan
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail: (TG); (SW)
| | - Sean Walkowiak
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail: (TG); (SW)
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Azimirad M, Nadalian B, Alavifard H, Negahdar Panirani S, Mahdigholi Vand Bonab S, Azimirad F, Gholami F, Jabbari P, Yadegar A, Busani L, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR. Microbiological survey and occurrence of bacterial foodborne pathogens in raw and ready-to-eat green leafy vegetables marketed in Tehran, Iran. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 237:113824. [PMID: 34365294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fresh leafy (FL) and ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables are recognized as an important source of foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide. Currently, there are no data available for the prevalnce of bacterial foodborne pathogens (FBPs) in raw vegetables consumed in Iran. Here, we evalated the presence of common bacterial FBPs among 366 samples of raw vegetables including 274 FL and 92 RTE collected from 21 districts of Tehran. The presence of FBPs were screened using conventional microbiological culture methods and real-time PCR assays. Overall, a higher rate of bacterial contamination was detected in FL compared to RTE samples using both detection methods. The results obtained by microbiological methods showed that Staphylococcus aureus (134/366, 36.6%), followed by Escherichia coli (85/366, 23.2%) and Clostridium perfringens (66/366, 18%) were detetcted as the most prevalent pathogens in this study. Vibrio cholerae was not detected in any of the samples either by microbiological methods or by the real-time PCR assays. There was a noticeable reduction in the proportion of Campylobacter positive samples using conventional microbiological methods (3.5%) compared to the real-time PCR assay (20.7%). The proportion of FL and RTE positive samples obtained by conventional microbiological methods was significantly different (P < 0.05) for C. perfringens, Campylobacter spp. and S. aureus. The proportion of positive samples in FL and RTE vegetables obtained by the real-time PCR assays was significantly different (P < 0.05) for C. perfringens, S. aureus, Helicobacter pylori and STEC/EHEC, the last one was found more frequently in RTE than in FL samples. Our findings indicated a contamination of FL and RTE vegetables in Iran with a range of well-known and emerging FBPs. Positivity and the distribution of bacterial species from the current data indicated different contamination sources, and overall a lack of effective decontamination steps during the production chain. Moreover, further information about the quality of the water, the hygiene measures implemented during the processing, storage and marketing are required to better identify the critical points and define the proper measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Nadalian
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helia Alavifard
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaho Negahdar Panirani
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Mahdigholi Vand Bonab
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnia Jabbari
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Luca Busani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020098. [PMID: 33525722 PMCID: PMC7911051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
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Choi W, Kim SS. Outbreaks, Germination, and Inactivation of Bacillus cereus in Food Products: A Review. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1480-1487. [PMID: 32822494 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bacillus cereus has been reported as a foodborne pathogen worldwide. Although food processing technologies to inactivate the pathogen have been developed for decades, foodborne outbreaks related to B. cereus have occurred. In the present review, foodborne outbreaks, germination, inactivation, and detection of B. cereus are discussed, along with inactivation mechanisms. B. cereus outbreaks from 2003 to 2016 are reported based on food commodity, number of cases, and consequent illnesses. Germination before sporicidal treatments is highlighted as an effective way to inactivate B. cereus, because the resistance of the pathogen increases significantly following sporulation. Several germinants used for B. cereus are listed, and their efficacies are compared. Finally, recently used interventions with sporicidal mechanisms are identified, and rapid detection methods that have been developed are discussed. Combining two or more interventions, known as the hurdle technology concept, is suggested to maximize the sporicidal effect. Further study is needed to ensure food safety and to understand germination mechanisms and sporicidal resistance of B. cereus. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Choi
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soon Kim
- Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
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Characterization of Bacillus cereus sensu lato isolates from milk for consumption; phylogenetic identity, potential for spoilage and disease. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103604. [PMID: 32912579 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the biodiversity of Bacillus cereus group population present along the value chain of milk for consumption. The B. cereus population did not grow and remained mainly unaltered during storage of milk at 4 °C while storage at a suboptimal temperature at 8 °C (representative of a broken cold chain) caused a major shift in its composition. Mesophilic strains dominated the B. cereus population in raw milk and after storage at 4 °C, while psycrotrophic strains dominated after storage at 8 °C. All psycrotrophic and mesophilic isolates (n = 368) demonstrated high spoilage potentials of the milk components. Fifteen out of 20 mesophilic isolates but only two out of 40 psychrotrophic isolates, exhibited vero cell toxicity. No genes encoding the emetic toxin cereulide were detected in the genomes of 100 milk isolates while 14 of them harbored the enterotoxin genes cytK1/cytK2. Both psycrotrophic and mesophilic isolates carried the enterotoxin genes nheA and hblA. Together, the results provide insight into the composition and properties, of the B. cereus population present in milk along the value chain and during storage at optimal refrigerated temperature and at suboptimal temperature. This knowledge is useful in the dairy industry's work to assure high quality products and for risk assessment.
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Rajkovic A, Jovanovic J, Monteiro S, Decleer M, Andjelkovic M, Foubert A, Beloglazova N, Tsilla V, Sas B, Madder A, De Saeger S, Uyttendaele M. Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1605-1657. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Marlies Decleer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer SafetyService for Chemical Residues and Contaminants Brussels Belgium
| | - Astrid Foubert
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Varvara Tsilla
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Laboratorium for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
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Ramarao N, Tran SL, Marin M, Vidic J. Advanced Methods for Detection of Bacillus cereus and Its Pathogenic Factors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2667. [PMID: 32392794 PMCID: PMC7273213 DOI: 10.3390/s20092667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen causing food intoxication and infectious diseases. Different toxins and pathogenic factors are responsible for diarrheal syndrome, like nonhemolytic enterotoxin Nhe, hemolytic enterotoxin Hbl, enterotoxin FM and cytotoxin K, while emetic syndrome is caused by the depsipeptide cereulide toxin. The traditional method of B. cereus detection is based on the bacterial culturing onto selective agars and cells enumeration. In addition, molecular and chemical methods are proposed for toxin gene profiling, toxin quantification and strain screening for defined virulence factors. Finally, some advanced biosensors such as phage-based, cell-based, immunosensors and DNA biosensors have been elaborated to enable affordable, sensitive, user-friendly and rapid detection of specific B. cereus strains. This review intends to both illustrate the state of the B. cereus diagnostic field and to highlight additional research that is still at the development level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Ramarao
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (S.-L.T.); (M.M.)
| | | | | | - Jasmina Vidic
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (S.-L.T.); (M.M.)
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Frentzel H, Juraschek K, Pauly N, Kelner-Burgos Y, Wichmann-Schauer H. Indications of biopesticidal Bacillus thuringiensis strains in bell pepper and tomato. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 321:108542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hou P, Xu Y, Wang H, He H. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 in aerosol by a real time RT-PCR assay. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:114. [PMID: 32295612 PMCID: PMC7159024 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), has imposed a large burden on animal husbandry worldwide, and such virus can be transmitted mainly through direct contact with other infected animals and probably via aerosols. In the present study, we aimed to develop a real-time RT-PCR method for detection of BVDV-1 in aerosol samples. METHODS A pair of primers specific for highly conserved regions of the BVDV-1 5'-UTR was designed. The standard curve and sensitivity of the developed assay were assessed based on 10-fold serial dilutions of RNA molecular standard. The specificity of the assay was evaluated with other pestiviruses and infectious bovine viruses. The clinical performance was examined by testing 169 aerosol samples. RESULTS The results showed that a good linear relationship existed between the standard curve and the concentration of template. The lowest detection limit was 5.2 RNA molecules per reaction. This assay was specific for detection of BVDV-1, and no amplification was found for other pestiviruses such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV), border disease virus (BDV), and common infectious bovine viruses, including BVDV-2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) and bovine coronavirus (BcoV). The assay was highly reproducible with low variation coefficient values (CVs) for intra-assay and inter-assay. A total of 169 aerosol samples collected from six dairy herds were tested using this method. The results showed that the positive detection rate of BVDV-1 was 17.2% (29/169), which was significantly higher compared with the conventional RT-PCR. Additionally, the positive samples (n = 29) detected by real-time RT-PCR were verified by BVDV RPA-LFD, and a concordance rate of 100% was obtained between them. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we developed a real-time RT-PCR assay for quantitative analysis of BVDV-1 in aerosol samples, and our finding provided valuable insights into the risk on aerosol transmission of BVDV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hou
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province China
| | - Yaru Xu
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province China
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province China
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Abdeen EES, Hussien H, Hadad GAE, Mousa WS. Prevalence of Virulence Determinants among Bacillus cereus Isolated from Milk Products with Potential Public Health Concern. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:206-212. [PMID: 31944080 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.206.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bacillus cereus is described as one of the public health pathogen causing severe food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. Accurate surveillance about B. cereus in Egypt is scanty. For this reason, the current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of B. cereus and its virulence genes among milk powder and Ras-cheese products. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred samples (130 and 70) from milk powder and Ras-cheese, respectively were aseptically collected and cultured onto specific media. The obtained isolates were subjected to mPCR for screening of virulence genes (nhe, cytK, pc-plc, hblD, hbI and ces) among of B. cereus isolates that obtained from milk powder and Ras-cheese. RESULTS The result revealed that B. cereus was recovered with 6.9 and 8.5% from milk powder and Ras-cheese, respectively. The nhe gene was detected and dominated in all isolates 100% from both products. In milk powder, pc-plc was the most prevalent gene (100%). However, cytK, hblD, hbl and ces genes were prevalent with 55.5, 33.3, 33.3 and 22.2%, respectively. Regarding to Ras-cheese, the prevalence of cytK was (83.33%) while each of hbI, hblD, pc-plc and ces genes were recovered in 50% of tested isolates. CONCLUSION This result provided an important epidemiological view about the contamination rate and the most prevalent virulence genes of B. cereus in milk products in Egypt.
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Liu S, Wei M, Liu R, Kuang S, Shi C, Ma C. Lab in a Pasteur pipette: low-cost, rapid and visual detection of Bacillus cereu using denaturation bubble-mediated strand exchange amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1080:162-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ding W, Jin W, Cao S, Zhou X, Wang C, Jiang Q, Huang H, Tu R, Han SF, Wang Q. Ozone disinfection of chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:339-349. [PMID: 31158616 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of chlorine disinfectant for drinking water treatment has led to the appearance of chlorine-resistant bacteria, which pose a severe threat to public health. This study was performed to explore the physiological-biochemical characteristics and environmental influence (pH, temperature, and turbidity) of seven strains of chlorine-resistant bacteria isolated from drinking water. Ozone disinfection was used to investigate the inactivation effect of bacteria and spores. The DNA concentration and cell surface structure variations of typical chlorine-resistant spores (Bacillus cereus spores) were also analysed by real-time qPCR, flow cytometry, and scanning electron microscopy to determine their inactivation mechanisms. The ozone resistance of bacteria (Aeromonas jandaei < Vogesella perlucida < Pelomonas < Bacillus cereus < Aeromonas sobria) was lower than that of spores (Bacillus alvei < Lysinibacillus fusiformis < Bacillus cereus) at an ozone concentration of 1.5 mg/L. More than 99.9% of Bacillus cereus spores were inactivated by increasing ozone concentration and treatment duration. Moreover, the DNA content of Bacillus cereus spores decreased sharply, but approximately 1/4 of the target genes remained. The spore structure exhibited shrinkage and folding after ozone treatment. Both cell structures and gene fragments were damaged by ozone disinfection. These results showed that ozone disinfection is a promising method for inactivating chlorine-resistant bacteria and spores in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Ding
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Song Cao
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | | | - Qijun Jiang
- Shenshui Baoan Water Group Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Shenshui Baoan Water Group Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Renjie Tu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Song-Fang Han
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Keisam S, Tuikhar N, Ahmed G, Jeyaram K. Toxigenic and pathogenic potential of enteric bacterial pathogens prevalent in the traditional fermented foods marketed in the Northeast region of India. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 296:21-30. [PMID: 30826539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The microbial risk involved with natural food fermentation is largely unknown. Here, we report the prevalence of enteric bacterial pathogens in the traditional fermented foods marketed in Northeast region of India. A total of 682 samples of 39 food types (broadly categorized into fermented soybean, bamboo shoot, fish, milk and pork products) collected over four different seasons from seven states of India were analyzed in this study. Cultivation-independent analysis by MiSeq amplicon sequencing of V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene showed the bacterial community structure in the foods. Among the WHO prioritized foodborne bacterial pathogens, we detected the prevalence of phylotypes related to Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli in these ethnic foods. We also observed the occurrence of other well known human enteric pathogens like Proteus mirabilis, Clostridium difficile, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Further pathogen-specific qPCR assays confirmed a higher population (>107 cells/g) of B. cereus, P. mirabilis, and a C. botulinum related phylotype in the fermented soybean, fish, and pork products. We noticed a general trend of higher pathogen occurrence during the colder months without any seasonal variation of total bacterial load in the fermented foods. Further qPCR analysis on toxigenic and pathogenic potential, and toxins production by immunoassays showed that all the soybean samples and the isolated B. cereus cultures were positive for diarrheal toxins (Nhe and Hb1), and nearly half of the samples were positive for emetic toxin (cereulide). Similarly, the food samples and associated swarming P. mirabilis cultures were positive with the pathogenic factors like hemolysin (hpm), urease (ure) and multidrug resistance. However, we could not confirm the presence of botulinum neurotoxin (toxins A, B, E, and F) in the C. botulinum positive food samples. This is the first baseline data of the enteric bacterial pathogens prevalent in the traditional fermented foods of India, which will support the sustained effort of WHO to estimate the global foodborne disease burden. The unusual presence of P. mirabilis in the fermented foods marketed in the Indian region with high incidence of urolithiasis cases is a concern. Our study emphasizes the need of the hour to have a coordinated action to control and prevent the spread of enteric bacterial pathogens through fermented foods marketed in India. Moreover, replacing the indigenous process with a defined starter culture based controlled fermentation will enhance the safety of Indian fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Keisam
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat, Imphal 795001, India; Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India
| | - Ngangyola Tuikhar
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat, Imphal 795001, India; Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India
| | - Kumaraswamy Jeyaram
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat, Imphal 795001, India.
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Han HY, Zheng HH, Zhao Y, Tian RB, Xu PL, Hou HL, Chen HY, Yang MF. Development of a SYBR green I-based duplex real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine circovirus 3. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 44:44-50. [PMID: 30735700 PMCID: PMC7172278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of a rapid, specific, and sensitive SYBR Green I-based duplex real-time quantitative PCR assay is described for the simultaneous detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3). The assay specifically detected PEDV and PCV3, with no fluorescence detected for other non-targeted pig pathogens. The assay showed a good linear relationship, and the limits of detection for this assay were 34.6 copies/μL and 61.2 copies/μL for PEDV and PCV3, respectively. The assay exhibited high repeatability and reproducibility, with intra-assay and inter-assay variation coefficients less than 2.0%. A clinical evaluation using intestinal tissue and fecal samples from piglets suffering from diarrhea at different pig farms in China revealed that the singular infection rates of PEDV and PCV3 were 43.94% (29/66) and 16.67% (11/66), respectively, while the co-infection rate of PCV3 with PEDV was 27.27% (18/66). The results indicate this assay is a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for PEDV and PCV3 monitoring and surveillance in the field, and provides technical support for the quantitative detection of clinical samples infected or co-infected with PEDV and PCV3. PED outbreaks have been resulted in a huge economic loss in the pig farming industry. PCV3 is a novel virus and has been detected in piglets affected with diarrhea. A duplex qPCR assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of PEDV and PCV3. The LOD for this assay were 34.6 copies/μL and 61.2 copies/μL for PEDV and PCV3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ying Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hua Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Bo Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Li Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Lin Hou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ulrich S, Gottschalk C, Dietrich R, Märtlbauer E, Gareis M. Identification of cereulide producing Bacillus cereus by MALDI-TOF MS. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:75-81. [PMID: 31027822 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Bacillus (B.) cereus group consists of nine recognized species which are present worldwide. B. cereus play an important role in food-borne diseases by producing different toxins. Yet, only a small percentage of B. cereus strains are able to produce the heat stable cereulide, the causative agent of emetic food poisoning. To minimize the entry of emetic B. cereus into the food chain, food business operators are dependent on efficient and reliable methods enabling the differentiation between emetic and non-emetic strains. Currently, only time-consuming cell bioassays, molecular methods and tandem mass spectrometry are available for this purpose. Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish a fast and reliable method for the differentiation between emetic/non-emetic strains by MALDI-TOF MS. Selected strains/isolates of the B. cereus group as well as other Bacillus spp. (total n = 121) were cultured on sheep blood agar for 48 h before analysis. Subsequently, the cultures were directly analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS without prior extraction steps. The samples were measured in the mass range of m/z 800-1800 Da. Using ClinProTools 3.0 statistical software and Flex analysis software (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Bremen, Germany), a differentiation between emetic/non-emetic isolates was possible with a rate of correct identification of 99.1% by means of the evaluation of two specific biomarkers (m/z 1171 and 1187 Da).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulrich
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Hygiene and Technology of Milk, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Hygiene and Technology of Milk, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Aloisio M, Morelli M, Elicio V, Saldarelli P, Ura B, Bortot B, Severini G, Minafra A. Detection of four regulated grapevine viruses in a qualitative, single tube real-time PCR with melting curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2018; 257:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Brauge T, Faille C, Inglebert G, Dubois T, Morieux P, Slomianny C, Midelet-Bourdin G. Comparative evaluation of DNA extraction methods for amplification by qPCR of superficial vs intracellular DNA from Bacillus spores. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 266:289-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wei S, Chelliah R, Park BJ, Park JH, Forghani F, Park YS, Cho MS, Park DS, Oh DH. Molecular discrimination of Bacillus cereus group species in foods (lettuce, spinach, and kimbap) using quantitative real-time PCR targeting groEL and gyrB. Microb Pathog 2018; 115:312-320. [PMID: 29306007 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate specific biomarkers to differentiate within Bacillus cereus group species from contaminated food samples with the use of real-time PCR. A total of 120 strains, comprising of 28 reference, 2 type, 78 wild strains of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis along with 12 strains representing 2 bacterial groups - B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis (B. cereus group); B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (non-Bacillus sp.) were identified by applying valid biomarkers (groEL and gyrB). In addition, the presence of B. cereus group was determined in three different artificially contaminated vegetable samples (lettuce, spinach, and kimbap), using prominent biomarkers targeting on chaperonin protein (GroEL) and topoisomerase enzyme protein (gyrB). Direct analysis of samples revealed the specificity towards identification and characterization of the B. cereus group among wild, reference and type strains and the type strain inoculated in vegetables. Our results demonstrated two existing biomarkers groEL and gyrB with a high specificity of 98% and 96% respectively to analyze the total B. cereus group. Further, we also reported the detection limit of groEL and gyrB in food samples was 3.5 and 3.7 log CFU/g respectively. Thus, the developed real-time PCR approach can be a reliable and effective tool for the identification of B. cereus group strains present in environment and food samples. This does not require band isolation, re-amplification, sequencing or sequence identification, thus reducing the time and cost of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wei
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Fereidoun Forghani
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Suk Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Arunrut N, Kiatpathomchai W, Ananchaipattana C. Multiplex PCR assay and lyophilization for detection of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in pork products. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:867-875. [PMID: 30263813 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex PCR (m-PCR) has the potential for more rapid detection of pathogens compared to simple PCR through the simultaneous amplification of multiple gene targets using several sets of specific primers. Here, we developed an m-PCR assay which combined dry reagent mixtures for ready-to-use simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The assay did not show cross-reactivity with several common bacterial pathogens and the detection limit was 103 CFU/mL for mixed genomic DNA in pure culture. Lyophilized m-PCR reagents are stable for 2 months stored at 4 °C and for 1 month stored at 25 °C. Detection sensitivities of both dry and fresh mixes were able to simultaneously detect 10 CFU/mL of each pathogen in artificially inoculated samples after enrichment for 6 and 12 h. Results demonstrated that this method is both sensitive and specific and can be used for rapid detection and differentiation of foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narong Arunrut
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, 39 Muh1, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani Thailand.,2Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Wansika Kiatpathomchai
- 2Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Chiraporn Ananchaipattana
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, 39 Muh1, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani Thailand
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25
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Frentzel H, Kraushaar B, Krause G, Bodi D, Wichmann-Schauer H, Appel B, Mader A. Phylogenetic and toxinogenic characteristics of Bacillus cereus group members isolated from spices and herbs. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Aptamer-based trapping techniques are in general suitable to replace common antibody-based enrichment approaches. A time-consuming isolation or clean-up is often necessary during sample preparation, e.g. for the detection of spores. For the development of bioanalytical routine approaches, aptamers with a high affinity to B. cereus spores were applied for the establishment and validation of an aptamer-based trapping technique in milk with fat contents between 0.3 and 3.5%. Thereby, enrichment factors of up to sixfold were achieved. The combination of an aptamer-based enrichment by magnetic separation and the subsequent specific real-time PCR detection represents a reliable and rapid detection system.
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27
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Ferrario C, Lugli GA, Ossiprandi MC, Turroni F, Milani C, Duranti S, Mancabelli L, Mangifesta M, Alessandri G, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Next generation sequencing-based multigene panel for high throughput detection of food-borne pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 256:20-29. [PMID: 28578266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of food by chemicals or pathogenic bacteria may cause particular illnesses that are linked to food consumption, commonly referred to as foodborne diseases. Bacteria are present in/on various foods products, such as fruits, vegetables and ready-to-eat products. Bacteria that cause foodborne diseases are known as foodborne pathogens (FBPs). Accurate detection methods that are able to reveal the presence of FBPs in food matrices are in constant demand, in order to ensure safe foods with a minimal risk of causing foodborne diseases. Here, a multiplex PCR-based Illumina sequencing method for FBP detection in food matrices was developed. Starting from 25 bacterial targets and 49 selected PCR primer pairs, a primer collection called foodborne pathogen - panel (FPP) consisting of 12 oligonucleotide pairs was developed. The FPP allows a more rapid and reliable identification of FBPs compared to classical cultivation methods. Furthermore, FPP permits sensitive and specific FBP detection in about two days from food sample acquisition to bioinformatics-based identification. The FPP is able to simultaneously identify eight different bacterial pathogens, i.e. Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica, in a given food matrix at a threshold contamination level of 101cell/g. Moreover, this novel detection method may represent an alternative and/or a complementary approach to PCR-based techniques, which are routinely used for FBP detection, and could be implemented in (parts of) the food chain as a quality check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ferrario
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Duranti
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Alessandri
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute, School of Microbiology, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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28
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Hasanpour M, Najafi A. Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay for phylogenetic analysis of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 137:25-29. [PMID: 28359738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is among major pathogens causing 80-90% of all episodes of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Recently, E. coli strains are divided into eight main phylogenetic groups including A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F, and clade I. This study was aimed to develop a rapid, sensitive, and specific multiplex real time PCR method capable of detecting phylogenetic groups of E. coli strains. This study was carried out on E. coli strains (isolated from the patient with UTI) in which the presence of all seven target genes had been confirmed in our previous phylogenetic study. An EvaGreen-based singleplex and multiplex real-time PCR with melting curve analysis was designed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of these genes. The primers were selected mainly based on the production of amplicons with melting temperatures (Tm) ranging from 82°C to 93°C and temperature difference of more than 1.5°C between each peak.The multiplex real-time PCR assays that have been developed in the present study were successful in detecting the eight main phylogenetic groups. Seven distinct melting peaks were discriminated, with Tm value of 93±0.8 for arpA, 89.2±0.1for chuA, 86.5±0.1 for yjaA, 82.3±0.2 for TspE4C2, 87.8±0.1for trpAgpC, 85.4±0.6 for arpAgpE genes, and 91±0.5 for the internal control. To our knowledge, this study is the first melting curve-based real-time PCR assay developed for simultaneous and discrete detection of these seven target genes. Our findings showed that this assay has the potential to be a rapid, reliable and cost-effective alternative for routine phylotyping of E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Hasanpour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Akram Najafi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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29
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Didier A, Dietrich R, Märtlbauer E. Antibody Binding Studies Reveal Conformational Flexibility of the Bacillus cereus Non-Hemolytic Enterotoxin (Nhe) A-Component. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165135. [PMID: 27768742 PMCID: PMC5074587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-hemolytic enterotoxin complex (Nhe) is supposed to be the main virulence factor of B. cereus causing a diarrheal outcome of food poisoning. This tripartite toxin consists of the single components NheA, -B and -C all of them being necessary for maximum toxicity. In the past, research activities aiming to elucidate the mode-of-action of Nhe were mostly focused on the B- and C-component. In this study the generation of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and their thorough characterization enabled the determination of key features for NheA. By the means of immunoaffinity chromatography it could be shown that NheA does not interact with -B and -C in solution. Additionally, the establishment of a highly sensitive sandwich-EIA now enables the detection of NheA in B. cereus supernatants down to 20 pg ml-1.Peptide-based epitope mapping in combination with partially deleted recombinant NheA fragments allowed the allocation of the binding regions for the three mAbs under study. Furthermore, by different EIA set-ups the conformational flexibility of NheA could be shown. For two of the antibodies under study different mechanisms of NheA neutralization were proven. Due to prevention of complete pore formation by one of the antibodies, NheA could be detected in an intermediate stage of the tripartite complex on the cell surface. Taken together, the results obtained in the present study allow a refinement of the mode-of-action for the Nhe toxin-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Didier
- Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - R. Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - E. Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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30
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Risks for public health related to the presence of Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. including Bacillus thuringiensis in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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31
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Izadi Z, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M, Ensafi AA, Soleimanian-Zad S. Fabrication of an electrochemical DNA-based biosensor for Bacillus cereus detection in milk and infant formula. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:582-589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nagaraj S, Ramlal S, Venkataswamachari BP, Paul S, Kingston J, Batra HV. Differentiation of entC1 from entC2/entC3 with a single primer pair using simple and rapid SYBR Green-based RT-PCR melt curve analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8495-506. [PMID: 27245675 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In spite of their involvement in foodborne illness, the epidemiological relevance of staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) subtypes is poorly documented may be due to high sequence similarity. Among subtypes, SEC1, SEC2, and SEC3 exhibit more than 97 % homology because of which specific detection tools are seldom available to identify and differentiate them. In this study, a SYBR Green-based RT-PCR followed by melt curve analysis was developed for differentiation of entC1 from entC2/entC3 using a single primer pair. Nucleotide sequences of all three subtypes were analyzed using Clustal Omega program and the region with significant sequence variation/heterogeneity (where utmost SNPs were closely located and accessible for RT-PCR) was selected for amplification by designing a single primer pair that could amplify all three subtypes. In spite of same amplicon size, entC1 showed distinct melt peak at 76 °C. However, due to high similarity between entC2 and entC3, the developed format was deficient to discriminate between them and both showed melt peak at 82 °C. Reliability of developed RT-PCR was evaluated using various naturally contaminated samples and 91 food and clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates where satisfactory results were obtained in comparison with commercial immunoassay kit and conventional PCRs using validated primers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method being reported to differentiate entC1 from entC2/entC3 using single primer pair which is unachievable by conventional PCR due to same amplicon size. As benefits, the method is sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive with no requirement of fluorescent probes, multiple primers, and post-PCR procedures. Thus, the assay might find its utility as a detection tool in epidemiological survey of foodborne outbreaks for simultaneous identification and differentiation of entC1 from entC2/entC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Nagaraj
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| | - Shylaja Ramlal
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India.
| | | | - Soumya Paul
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| | - Joseph Kingston
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| | - Harsh Vardhan Batra
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
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Sánchez J, Correa M, Castañeda-Sandoval LM. Bacillus cereus un patógeno importante en el control microbiológico de los alimentos. REVISTA FACULTAD NACIONAL DE SALUD PÚBLICA 2016. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rfnsp.v34n2a12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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34
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Forghani F, Wei S, Oh DH. A Rapid Multiplex Real-Time PCR High-Resolution Melt Curve Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus in Food. J Food Prot 2016; 79:810-5. [PMID: 27296430 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three important foodborne pathogens, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, are of great concern for food safety. They may also coexist in food matrices and, in the case of B. cereus and S. aureus, the resulting illnesses can resemble each other owing to similar symptoms. Therefore, their simultaneous detection may have advantages in terms of cost savings and rapidity. Given this context, a rapid multiplex real-time PCR high-resolution melt curve assay for the simultaneous detection of these three pathogens in food was developed. The assay successfully detected B. cereus (gyrB), L. monocytogenes (hly), and S. aureus (nuc) in a single reaction, and the average melting temperatures were 76.23, 80.19, and 74.01°C, respectively. The application of SYTO9 dye and a slow melt curve analysis ramp rate (0.1°C/s) enabled the production of sharp, high-resolution melt curve peaks that were easily distinguishable from each other. The detection limit in food (milk, rice, and lettuce) was 3.7 × 10(3) CFU/g without an enrichment step and 3.7 × 10(1) CFU/g following the 10-h enrichment. Hence, the assay developed here is specific and sensitive, providing an efficient tool for implementation in food for the simultaneous detection of B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus .
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoun Forghani
- Department of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Shuai Wei
- Department of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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35
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A novel pentaplex real time (RT)- PCR high resolution melt curve assay for simultaneous detection of emetic and enterotoxin producing Bacillus cereus in food. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Didier A, Jeßberger N, Krey V, Dietrich R, Scherer S, Märtlbauer E. The mutation Glu151Asp in the B-component of the Bacillus cereus non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) leads to a diverging reactivity in antibody-based detection systems. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4655-67. [PMID: 26569304 PMCID: PMC4663526 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Bacillus cereus to cause foodborne toxicoinfections leads to increasing concerns regarding consumer protection. For the diarrhea-associated enterotoxins, the assessment of the non-hemolytic enterotoxin B (NheB) titer determined by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) correlates best with in vitro cytotoxicity. In general, the regulation of enterotoxin expression of B. cereus is a coordinately-regulated process influenced by environmental, and probably also by host factors. As long as these factors are not completely understood, the currently-applied diagnostic procedures are based on indirect approaches to assess the potential virulence of an isolate. To date, sandwich EIA results serve as a surrogate marker to categorize isolates as either potentially low or highly toxic. Here, we report on a single amino acid exchange in the NheB sequence leading to an underestimation of the cytotoxic potential in a limited number of strains. During the screening of a large panel of B. cereus isolates, six showed uncommon features with low sandwich EIA titers despite high cytotoxicity. Sequence analysis revealed the point-mutation (Glu)151(Asp) in the potential binding region of the capture antibody. Application of this antibody also results in low titers in an indirect EIA format and shows variable detection intensities in Western-immunoblots. A commercially-available assay based on a lateral flow device detects all strains correctly as NheB producers in a qualitative manner. In conclusion, isolates showing low NheB titers should additionally be assayed in an indirect EIA or for their in vitro cytotoxicity to ensure a correct classification as either low or highly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Didier
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85763 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Nadja Jeßberger
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85763 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Victoria Krey
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs-und Lebensmittelforschung, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85763 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Scherer
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs-und Lebensmittelforschung, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85763 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
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Fischer C, Hünniger T, Jarck JH, Frohnmeyer E, Kallinich C, Haase I, Hahn U, Fischer M. Food Sensing: Aptamer-Based Trapping of Bacillus cereus Spores with Specific Detection via Real Time PCR in Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8050-7. [PMID: 26306797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic spores pose serious problems for both food product manufacturers and consumers. Milk is particularly at risk and thus an important issue of preventive consumer protection and quality assurance. The spore-former Bacillus cereus is a food poisoning Gram-positive pathogen which mainly produces two different types of toxins, the diarrhea inducing and the emetic toxins. Reliable and rapid analytical assays for the detection of B. cereus spores are required, which could be achieved by combining in vitro generated aptamers with highly specific molecular biological techniques. For the development of routine bioanalytical approaches, already existing aptamers with high affinity to B. cereus spores have been characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy in terms of their dissociation constants and selectivity. Dissociation constants in the low nanomolar range (from 5.2 to 52.4 nM) were determined. Subsequently, the characterized aptamers were utilized for the establishment and validation of an aptamer-based trapping technique in both milk simulating buffer and milk with fat contents between 0.3 and 3.5%. Thereby, enrichment factors of up to 6-fold could be achieved. It could be observed that trapping protocol and characterized aptamers were fully adaptable to the application in milk. Due to the fact that aptamer selectivity is limited, a highly specific real time PCR assay was utilized following trapping to gain a higher degree of selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Hünniger
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hinnerk Jarck
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Esther Frohnmeyer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Kallinich
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Haase
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hahn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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38
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Rapid detection of viable Bacillus cereus emetic and enterotoxic strains in food by coupling propidium monoazide and multiplex PCR (PMA-mPCR). Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Isolation of Bacillus cereus Group from the Fecal Material of Endangered Wood Turtles. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:524-7. [PMID: 26175111 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are opportunistic human pathogens. They can be found in a broad range of foods. Diarrheal food poisoning and/or emetic type syndromes can result from eating contaminated food. In this study, seven B. cereus group members were isolated from the fecal material of Wood Turtles (Glyptemys insculpta). The isolates were then assessed for the presence of enterotoxin genes (nheA, entFM, hblC, and cytK) using PCR. The most prevalent is the nonhemolytic enterotoxin gene which was found in all seven isolates.
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40
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Tschiedel E, Rath PM, Steinmann J, Becker H, Dietrich R, Paul A, Felderhoff-Müser U, Dohna-Schwake C. Lifesaving liver transplantation for multi-organ failure caused by Bacillus cereus food poisoning. Pediatr Transplant 2015; 19:E11-4. [PMID: 25323120 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming, gram-positive bacterium that causes food poisoning presenting with either emesis or diarrhea. Diarrhea is caused by proteinaceous enterotoxin complexes, mainly hemolysin BL, non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), and cytotoxin K. In contrast, emesis is caused by the ingestion of the depsipeptide toxin cereulide, which is produced in B. cereus contaminated food, particularly in pasta or rice. In general, the illness is mild and self-limiting. However, due to cereulide intoxication, nine severe cases with rhabdomyolysis and/or liver failure, five of them lethal, are reported in literature. Here we report the first case of life-threatening liver failure and severe rhabdomyolysis in this context that could not be survived without emergency hepatectomy and consecutive liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tschiedel
- Department of Pediatrics 1, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Rao P, Wu H, Jiang Y, Opriessnig T, Zheng X, Mo Y, Yang Z. Development of an EvaGreen-based multiplex real-time PCR assay with melting curve analysis for simultaneous detection and differentiation of six viral pathogens of porcine reproductive and respiratory disorder. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Forghani F, Kim JB, Oh DH. Enterotoxigenic Profiling of Emetic Toxin- and Enterotoxin-ProducingBacillus cereus, Isolated from Food, Environmental, and Clinical Samples by Multiplex PCR. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M2288-93. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoun Forghani
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology; School of Bio-convergence Science and Technology, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea. Author Kim is with Div. of Health Research and Planning, Gyeonggi-do Research Inst. of Health and Environment, Suwon, Gyeonggi 440-290, Korea
| | - Jung-Beom Kim
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology; School of Bio-convergence Science and Technology, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea. Author Kim is with Div. of Health Research and Planning, Gyeonggi-do Research Inst. of Health and Environment, Suwon, Gyeonggi 440-290, Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology; School of Bio-convergence Science and Technology, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea. Author Kim is with Div. of Health Research and Planning, Gyeonggi-do Research Inst. of Health and Environment, Suwon, Gyeonggi 440-290, Korea
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43
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Ceuppens S, Boon N, Uyttendaele M. Diversity of Bacillus cereus group strains is reflected in their broad range of pathogenicity and diverse ecological lifestyles. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 84:433-50. [PMID: 23488744 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus comprises a highly versatile group of bacteria, which are of particular interest because of their capacity to cause disease. Emetic food poisoning is caused by the toxin cereulide produced during the growth of emetic B. cereus in food, while diarrhoeal food poisoning is the result of enterotoxin production by viable vegetative B. cereus cells in the small intestine, probably in the mucus layer and/or attached to the host's intestinal epithelium. The numbers of B. cereus causing disease are highly variable, depending on diverse factors linked to the host (age, diet, physiology and immunology), bacteria (cellular form, toxin genes and expression) and food (nutritional composition and meal characteristics). Bacillus cereus group strains show impressive ecological diversity, ranging from their saprophytic life cycle in soil to symbiotic (commensal and mutualistic) lifestyles near plant roots and in guts of insects and mammals to various pathogenic ones in diverse insect and mammalian hosts. During all these different ecological lifestyles, their toxins play important roles ranging from providing competitive advantages within microbial communities to inhibition of specific pathogenic organisms for their host and accomplishment of infections by damaging their host's tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siele Ceuppens
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Zhang Q, Chen T, Yang S, Wang X, Guo H. Response surface methodology to design a selective enrichment broth for rapid detection of Salmonella spp. by SYBR Green Ι real-time PCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4149-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ehling-Schulz M, Messelhäusser U. Bacillus "next generation" diagnostics: moving from detection toward subtyping and risk-related strain profiling. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:32. [PMID: 23440299 PMCID: PMC3579190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly heterogeneous genus Bacillus comprises the largest species group of endospore forming bacteria. Because of their ubiquitous nature, Bacillus spores can enter food production at several stages resulting in significant economic losses and posing a potential risk to consumers due the capacity of certain Bacillus strains for toxin production. In the past, food microbiological diagnostics was focused on the determination of species using conventional culture-based methods, which are still widely used. However, due to the extreme intra-species diversity found in the genus Bacillus, DNA-based identification and typing methods are gaining increasing importance in routine diagnostics. Several studies showed that certain characteristics are rather strain-dependent than species-specific. Therefore, the challenge for current and future Bacillus diagnostics is not only the efficient and accurate identification on species level but also the development of rapid methods to identify strains with specific characteristics (such as stress resistance or spoilage potential), trace contamination sources, and last but not least discriminate potential hazardous strains from non-toxic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Functional Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
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46
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UEDA SHIGEKO, YAMAGUCHI MANAMI, IWASE MIKI, KUWABARA YOSHIHIRO. Detection of Emetic Bacillus cereus by Real-Time PCR in Foods. Biocontrol Sci 2013; 18:227-32. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.18.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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47
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Antolinos V, Fernández PS, Ros-Chumillas M, Periago PM, Weiss J. Development of a High-Resolution Melting–Based Approach for Efficient Differentiation AmongBacillus cereusGroup Isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:777-85. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Antolinos
- Departamento Ingeniería Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Pablo S. Fernández
- Departamento Ingeniería Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - María Ros-Chumillas
- Departamento Ingeniería Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Paula M. Periago
- Departamento Ingeniería Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Julia Weiss
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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48
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Zhang W, Niu Z, Yin K, Liu P, Chen L. Quick identification and quantification of Proteus mirabilis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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49
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Zheng LL, Wang YB, Li MF, Chen HY, Guo XP, Geng JW, Wang ZY, Wei ZY, Cui BA. Simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus and porcine circovirus type 2 by duplex real-time PCR and amplicon melting curve analysis using SYBR Green. J Virol Methods 2012; 187:15-9. [PMID: 22771739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of a SYBR Green-based duplex real-time PCR is described for simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) genomes. Viral genomes were identified in the same sample by their distinctive melting temperature (T(m)) which is 77.5°C for PPV VP2 313bp amplicon and 82.3°C for PCV-2 ORF2 171bp amplicon, respectively. The detection limit of the method was 0.01TCID(50)/mL for PPV and PCV-2, about 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. In addition, PPV and PCV-2 viral load were measured in 126 field samples, confirming the sensitivity and specificity, and the result showed that 70/126 samples were positive for PPV and 92/126 samples were positive for PCV2 by the duplex real-time PCR. This method may be a useful alternative rapid and reliable method for the detection of PPV/PCV-2 co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-lan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Real-time PCR detection of Paenibacillus spp. in raw milk to predict shelf life performance of pasteurized fluid milk products. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5855-63. [PMID: 22685148 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01361-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychrotolerant sporeformers, specifically Paenibacillus spp., are important spoilage bacteria for pasteurized, refrigerated foods such as fluid milk. While Paenibacillus spp. have been isolated from farm environments, raw milk, processing plant environments, and pasteurized fluid milk, no information on the number of Paenibacillus spp. that need to be present in raw milk to cause pasteurized milk spoilage was available. A real-time PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene was designed to detect Paenibacillus spp. in fluid milk and to discriminate between Paenibacillus and other closely related spore-forming bacteria. Specificity was confirmed using 16 Paenibacillus and 17 Bacillus isolates. All 16 Paenibacillus isolates were detected with a mean cycle threshold (C(T)) of 19.14 ± 0.54. While 14/17 Bacillus isolates showed no signal (C(T) > 40), 3 Bacillus isolates showed very weak positive signals (C(T) = 38.66 ± 0.65). The assay provided a detection limit of approximately 3.25 × 10(1) CFU/ml using total genomic DNA extracted from raw milk samples inoculated with Paenibacillus. Application of the TaqMan PCR to colony lysates obtained from heat-treated and enriched raw milk provided fast and accurate detection of Paenibacillus. Heat-treated milk samples where Paenibacillus (≥1 CFU/ml) was detected by this colony TaqMan PCR showed high bacterial counts (>4.30 log CFU/ml) after refrigerated storage (6°C) for 21 days. We thus developed a tool for rapid detection of Paenibacillus that has the potential to identify raw milk with microbial spoilage potential as a pasteurized product.
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