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Gstöttenmayer F, Moyaba P, Rodriguez M, Mulandane FC, Mucache HN, Neves L, De Beer C, Ravel S, De Meeûs T, Mach RL, Vreysen MJB, Abd-Alla AM. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the tsetse species Glossina brevipalpis and preliminary population genetics analyses. Parasite 2023; 30:34. [PMID: 37712836 PMCID: PMC10503490 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies, the vectors of African trypanosomes are of key medical and economic importance and one of the constraints for the development of Africa. Tsetse fly control is one of the most effective and sustainable strategies used for controlling the disease. Knowledge about population structure and level of gene flow between neighbouring populations of the target vector is of high importance to develop appropriate strategies for implementing effective management programmes. Microsatellites are commonly used to identify population structure and assess dispersal of the target populations and have been developed for several tsetse species but were lacking for Glossina brevipalpis. In this study, we screened the genome of G. brevipalpis to search for suitable microsatellite markers and nine were found to be efficient enough to distinguish between different tsetse populations. The availability of these novel microsatellite loci will help to better understand the population biology of G. brevipalpis and to assess the level of gene flow between different populations. Such information will help with the development of appropriate strategies to implement the sterile insect technique (SIT) in the framework of an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) approach to manage tsetse populations and ultimately address the trypanosomoses problem in these targeted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Gstöttenmayer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 100 1400 Vienna Austria
| | - Percy Moyaba
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 100 1400 Vienna Austria
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research 100 Soutpan Road Private Bag X05 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| | - Montse Rodriguez
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 100 1400 Vienna Austria
| | - Fernando C. Mulandane
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Biotecnologia Av. de Moçambique Km 1.5 Maputo Mozambique
| | - Hermógenes N. Mucache
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Biotecnologia Av. de Moçambique Km 1.5 Maputo Mozambique
| | - Luis Neves
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Biotecnologia Av. de Moçambique Km 1.5 Maputo Mozambique
- University of Pretoria, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| | - Chantel De Beer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 100 1400 Vienna Austria
| | - Sophie Ravel
- University of Montpellier, Cirad, IRD, Intertryp Campus International de Baillarguet 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Thierry De Meeûs
- University of Montpellier, Cirad, IRD, Intertryp Campus International de Baillarguet 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Robert L. Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology Gumpendorfer Straße 1a 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Marc J. B. Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 100 1400 Vienna Austria
| | - Adly M.M. Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 100 1400 Vienna Austria
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Fukatsu T, Gottlieb Y, Duron O, Graf J. Editorial: Microbial associates of blood-sucking arthropods and other animals: relevance to their physiology, ecology and evolution. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1256275. [PMID: 37564283 PMCID: PMC10411339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1256275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuval Gottlieb
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olivier Duron
- MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Muyobela J, Pirk CWW, Yusuf AA, Sole CL. Spatial distribution of Glossina morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zambia: A vehicle-mounted sticky trap survey and Maxent species distribution model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011512. [PMID: 37498935 PMCID: PMC10409263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse-transmitted African trypanosomiasis is a debilitating and fatal disease of humans and livestock if left untreated. While knowledge of the spatial distribution patterns of tsetse is essential for the development of risk-based vector control strategies, existing distribution maps in Zambia are more than 40 years old and were based on coarse spatial resolution data. The recently developed vehicle-mounted sticky trap (VST) provides an alternative sampling device to aid in updating existing distribution maps but has not been applied outside an experimental setting and is limited to motorable tracks. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing the VST for area-wide surveys of Glossina morsitans and to use the occurrence records to predict its spatial distribution in Zambia under current environmental conditions using Maxent. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two-sided all-blue VST baited with butanone and 1-octen-3-ol was used to survey 692 and 1020 km of transect routes in G. m. centralis Machado and G. m. morsitans Westwood previously published distribution in Zambia. Maxent species distribution technique was used to predict the potential distribution of the two subspecies using current climatic and environmental data which was then compared to the historical distribution. A total of 15,602 tsetse were captured with G. m. morsitans (58%) being the most abundant. G. m. centralis and G. pallidipes Austin represented 39 and 2% of the catch respectively, and G. brevipalpis Newstead was also detected. The predicted potential distribution for G. m. centralis was 80,863 km2 while that of G. m. morsitans was 70,490 km2 representing a 47 and 29% reduction compared to their historical distributions, respectively. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The VST is effective for sampling G. morsitans outside experimental settings and is recommended for use as an additional tsetse survey tool. The spatial distribution of G. morsitans in Zambia has reduced by 101,051 km2 due to temperature and land cover changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Muyobela
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Services, Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Unit, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Christian W. W. Pirk
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Catherine L. Sole
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
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Lee MH, Hu G, Rio RVM. Symbiosis preservation: Putative regulation of fatty acyl-CoA reductase by miR-31a within the symbiont harboring bacteriome through tsetse evolution. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1151319. [PMID: 37113220 PMCID: PMC10126493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of African trypanosomes. In addition to trypanosomes, tsetse harbor obligate Wigglesworthia glossinidia bacteria that are essential to tsetse biology. The absence of Wigglesworthia results in fly sterility, thus offering promise for population control strategies. Here, microRNA (miRNAs) and mRNA expression are characterized and compared between the exclusive Wigglesworthia-containing bacteriome and adjacent aposymbiotic tissue in females of two evolutionarily distant tsetse species (Glossina brevipalpis and G. morsitans). A total of 193 miRNAs were expressed in either species, with 188 of these expressed in both species, 166 of these were novel to Glossinidae, and 41 miRNAs exhibited comparable expression levels between species. Within bacteriomes, 83 homologous mRNAs demonstrated differential expression between G. morsitans aposymbiotic and bacteriome tissues, with 21 of these having conserved interspecific expression. A large proportion of these differentially expressed genes are involved in amino acid metabolism and transport, symbolizing the essential nutritional role of the symbiosis. Further bioinformatic analyses identified a sole conserved miRNA::mRNA interaction (miR-31a::fatty acyl-CoA reductase) within bacteriomes likely catalyzing the reduction of fatty acids to alcohols which comprise components of esters and lipids involved in structural maintenance. The Glossina fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene family is characterized here through phylogenetic analyses to further understand its evolutionary diversification and the functional roles of members. Further research to characterize the nature of the miR-31a::fatty acyl-CoA reductase interaction may find novel contributions to the symbiosis to be exploited for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason H. Lee
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Ebrahim SA, Dweck HK, Weiss BL, Carlson JR. A volatile sex attractant of tsetse flies. Science 2023; 379:eade1877. [PMID: 36795837 PMCID: PMC10204727 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes-parasites that cause devastating diseases in humans and livestock-across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Chemical communication through volatile pheromones is common among insects; however, it remains unknown if and how such chemical communication occurs in tsetse flies. We identified methyl palmitoleate (MPO), methyl oleate, and methyl palmitate as compounds that are produced by the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans and elicit strong behavioral responses. MPO evoked a behavioral response in male-but not virgin female-G. morsitans. G. morsitans males mounted females of another species, Glossina fuscipes, when they were treated with MPO. We further identified a subpopulation of olfactory neurons in G. morsitans that increase their firing rate in response to MPO and showed that infecting flies with African trypanosomes alters the flies' chemical profile and mating behavior. The identification of volatile attractants in tsetse flies may be useful for reducing disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A.M. Ebrahim
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hany K.M. Dweck
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian L. Weiss
- Dept. of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John R. Carlson
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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6
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Lee MH, Medina Munoz M, Rio RVM. The Tsetse Metabolic Gambit: Living on Blood by Relying on Symbionts Demands Synchronization. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:905826. [PMID: 35756042 PMCID: PMC9218860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.905826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies have socioeconomic significance as the obligate vector of multiple Trypanosoma parasites, the causative agents of Human and Animal African Trypanosomiases. Like many animals subsisting on a limited diet, microbial symbiosis is key to supplementing nutrient deficiencies necessary for metabolic, reproductive, and immune functions. Extensive studies on the microbiota in parallel to tsetse biology have unraveled the many dependencies partners have for one another. But far less is known mechanistically on how products are swapped between partners and how these metabolic exchanges are regulated, especially to address changing physiological needs. More specifically, how do metabolites contributed by one partner get to the right place at the right time and in the right amounts to the other partner? Epigenetics is the study of molecules and mechanisms that regulate the inheritance, gene activity and expression of traits that are not due to DNA sequence alone. The roles that epigenetics provide as a mechanistic link between host phenotype, metabolism and microbiota (both in composition and activity) is relatively unknown and represents a frontier of exploration. Here, we take a closer look at blood feeding insects with emphasis on the tsetse fly, to specifically propose roles for microRNAs (miRNA) and DNA methylation, in maintaining insect-microbiota functional homeostasis. We provide empirical details to addressing these hypotheses and advancing these studies. Deciphering how microbiota and host activity are harmonized may foster multiple applications toward manipulating host health, including identifying novel targets for innovative vector control strategies to counter insidious pests such as tsetse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason H Lee
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Miguel Medina Munoz
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.,Department of Bacteriology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rita V M Rio
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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7
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Ratcliffe NA, Furtado Pacheco JP, Dyson P, Castro HC, Gonzalez MS, Azambuja P, Mello CB. Overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:112. [PMID: 35361286 PMCID: PMC8969276 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. It first briefly summarises some of the disease-causing pathogens vectored by insects and emphasises the need for innovative control methods to counter the threat of resistance by both the vector insect to pesticides and the pathogens to therapeutic drugs. Subsequently, the state of art of paratransgenesis is described, which is a particularly ingenious method currently under development in many important vector insects that could provide an additional powerful tool for use in integrated pest control programmes. The requirements and recent advances of the paratransgenesis technique are detailed and an overview is given of the microorganisms selected for genetic modification, the effector molecules to be expressed and the environmental spread of the transgenic bacteria into wild insect populations. The results of experimental models of paratransgenesis developed with triatomines, mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies are analysed. Finally, the regulatory and safety rules to be satisfied for the successful environmental release of the genetically engineered organisms produced in paratransgenesis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil. .,Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
| | - João P Furtado Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Paul Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Gonzalez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cicero B Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
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Meki IK, Huditz HI, Strunov A, van der Vlugt RAA, Kariithi HM, Rezapanah M, Miller WJ, Vlak JM, van Oers MM, Abd-Alla AMM. Characterization and Tissue Tropism of Newly Identified Iflavirus and Negeviruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans Tsetse Flies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122472. [PMID: 34960741 PMCID: PMC8704047 DOI: 10.3390/v13122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies cause major health and economic problems as they transmit trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans (Human African Trypanosomosis, HAT) and nagana in animals (African Animal Trypanosomosis, AAT). A solution to control the spread of these flies and their associated diseases is the implementation of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). For successful application of SIT, it is important to establish and maintain healthy insect colonies and produce flies with competitive fitness. However, mass production of tsetse is threatened by covert virus infections, such as the Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV). This virus infection can switch from a covert asymptomatic to an overt symptomatic state and cause the collapse of an entire fly colony. Although the effects of GpSGHV infections can be mitigated, the presence of other covert viruses threaten tsetse mass production. Here we demonstrated the presence of two single-stranded RNA viruses isolated from Glossina morsitans morsitans originating from a colony at the Seibersdorf rearing facility. The genome organization and the phylogenetic analysis based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) revealed that the two viruses belong to the genera Iflavirus and Negevirus, respectively. The names proposed for the two viruses are Glossina morsitans morsitans iflavirus (GmmIV) and Glossina morsitans morsitans negevirus (GmmNegeV). The GmmIV genome is 9685 nucleotides long with a poly(A) tail and encodes a single polyprotein processed into structural and non-structural viral proteins. The GmmNegeV genome consists of 8140 nucleotides and contains two major overlapping open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2). ORF1 encodes the largest protein which includes a methyltransferase domain, a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase domain, a helicase domain and a RdRp domain. In this study, a selective RT-qPCR assay to detect the presence of the negative RNA strand for both GmmIV and GmmNegeV viruses proved that both viruses replicate in G. m. morsitans. We analyzed the tissue tropism of these viruses in G. m. morsitans by RNA-FISH to decipher their mode of transmission. Our results demonstrate that both viruses can be found not only in the host’s brain and fat bodies but also in their reproductive organs, and in milk and salivary glands. These findings suggest a potential horizontal viral transmission during feeding and/or a vertically viral transmission from parent to offspring. Although the impact of GmmIV and GmmNegeV in tsetse rearing facilities is still unknown, none of the currently infected tsetse species show any signs of disease from these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene K. Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (H.-I.H.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Hannah-Isadora Huditz
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (H.-I.H.); (H.M.K.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.A.v.d.V.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Anton Strunov
- Lab Genome Dynamics, Department Cell & Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (W.J.M.)
| | - René A. A. van der Vlugt
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.A.v.d.V.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Henry M. Kariithi
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (H.-I.H.); (H.M.K.)
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Biotechnology Research Center, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya
| | - Mohammadreza Rezapanah
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 19395, Iran;
| | - Wolfgang J. Miller
- Lab Genome Dynamics, Department Cell & Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (W.J.M.)
| | - Just M. Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.A.v.d.V.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.A.v.d.V.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Adly M. M. Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (H.-I.H.); (H.M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-12-60-02-84-25
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Su BX, Wang JF, Yang TB, Hide G, Lai DH, Lun ZR. A new species of mammalian trypanosome, Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) bubalisi sp. nov., found in the freshwater leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:253-264. [PMID: 34863800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leeches have long been considered potential vectors for the aquatic lineage of trypanosomes, while bloodsucking insects are generally considered as the vectors for the terrestrial lineage of trypanosomes. The freshwater leech, Hirudinaria manillensis, is a widely distributed species in southern China and could potentially act as the vector for trypanosomes. Prior to this study, no trypanosomes had been reported from this leech. However, in this study, leeches were collected from three different places in Guangdong province, China, and a large number of flagellates were isolated and successfully cultured in vitro. Based on morphology, these flagellates looked like a typical trypanosome species. Analysis was carried out on the molecular sequences of the 18S rRNA gene and the glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) gene. To our surprise, these flagellates were identified as likely to be a mammalian trypanosome belonging to the clade containing Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri but they are significantly different from the typical TthI and TthII stocks. Analyses of blood composition indicated that the source of the blood meal in these leeches was from the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). To further test if this flagellate from the freshwater leech was indeed a mammalian trypanosome, we transferred the trypanosomes cultured at 27-37 °C and they were able to successfully adapt to this mammalian body temperature, providing further supporting evidence. Due to the significant genetic differences from other related trypanosomes in the subgenus Megatrypanum, we propose that this flagellate, isolated from H. manillensis, is a new species and have named it Trypanosoma bubalisi. Our results indicate that freshwater leeches may be a potential vector of this new mammalian trypanosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xiu Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Bao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China
| | - Geoff Hide
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China; Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK.
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10
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Gachoki S, Groen T, Vrieling A, Okal M, Skidmore A, Masiga D. Satellite-based modelling of potential tsetse (Glossina pallidipes) breeding and foraging sites using teneral and non-teneral fly occurrence data. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:506. [PMID: 34583766 PMCID: PMC8479894 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African trypanosomiasis, which is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), is a threat to public health and a significant hindrance to animal production. Tools that can reduce tsetse densities and interrupt disease transmission exist, but their large-scale deployment is limited by high implementation costs. This is in part limited by the absence of knowledge of breeding sites and dispersal data, and tools that can predict these in the absence of ground-truthing. METHODS In Kenya, tsetse collections were carried out in 261 randomized points within Shimba Hills National Reserve (SHNR) and villages up to 5 km from the reserve boundary between 2017 and 2019. Considering their limited dispersal rate, we used in situ observations of newly emerged flies that had not had a blood meal (teneral) as a proxy for active breeding locations. We fitted commonly used species distribution models linking teneral and non-teneral tsetse presence with satellite-derived vegetation cover type fractions, greenness, temperature, and soil texture and moisture indices separately for the wet and dry season. Model performance was assessed with area under curve (AUC) statistics, while the maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity was used to classify suitable breeding or foraging sites. RESULTS Glossina pallidipes flies were caught in 47% of the 261 traps, with teneral flies accounting for 37% of these traps. Fitted models were more accurate for the teneral flies (AUC = 0.83) as compared to the non-teneral (AUC = 0.73). The probability of teneral fly occurrence increased with woodland fractions but decreased with cropland fractions. During the wet season, the likelihood of teneral flies occurring decreased as silt content increased. Adult tsetse flies were less likely to be trapped in areas with average land surface temperatures below 24 °C. The models predicted that 63% of the potential tsetse breeding area was within the SHNR, but also indicated potential breeding pockets outside the reserve. CONCLUSION Modelling tsetse occurrence data disaggregated by life stages with time series of satellite-derived variables enabled the spatial characterization of potential breeding and foraging sites for G. pallidipes. Our models provide insight into tsetse bionomics and aid in characterising tsetse infestations and thus prioritizing control areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Gachoki
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), The University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Groen
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), The University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vrieling
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), The University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Okal
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew Skidmore
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), The University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Savini G, Scolari F, Ometto L, Rota-Stabelli O, Carraretto D, Gomulski LM, Gasperi G, Abd-Alla AMM, Aksoy S, Attardo GM, Malacrida AR. Viviparity and habitat restrictions may influence the evolution of male reproductive genes in tsetse fly (Glossina) species. BMC Biol 2021; 19:211. [PMID: 34556101 PMCID: PMC8461966 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glossina species (tsetse flies), the sole vectors of African trypanosomes, maintained along their long evolutionary history a unique reproductive strategy, adenotrophic viviparity. Viviparity reduces their reproductive rate and, as such, imposes strong selective pressures on males for reproductive success. These species live in sub-Saharan Africa, where the distributions of the main sub-genera Fusca, Morsitans, and Palpalis are restricted to forest, savannah, and riverine habitats, respectively. Here we aim at identifying the evolutionary patterns of the male reproductive genes of six species belonging to these three main sub-genera. We then interpreted the different patterns we found across the species in the light of viviparity and the specific habitat restrictions, which are known to shape reproductive behavior. RESULTS We used a comparative genomic approach to build consensus evolutionary trees that portray the selective pressure acting on the male reproductive genes in these lineages. Such trees reflect the long and divergent demographic history that led to an allopatric distribution of the Fusca, Morsitans, and Palpalis species groups. A dataset of over 1700 male reproductive genes remained conserved over the long evolutionary time scale (estimated at 26.7 million years) across the genomes of the six species. We suggest that this conservation may result from strong functional selective pressure on the male imposed by viviparity. It is noteworthy that more than half of these conserved genes are novel sequences that are unique to the Glossina genus and are candidates for selection in the different lineages. CONCLUSIONS Tsetse flies represent a model to interpret the evolution and differentiation of male reproductive biology under different, but complementary, perspectives. In the light of viviparity, we must take into account that these genes are constrained by a post-fertilization arena for genomic conflicts created by viviparity and absent in ovipositing species. This constraint implies a continuous antagonistic co-evolution between the parental genomes, thus accelerating inter-population post-zygotic isolation and, ultimately, favoring speciation. Ecological restrictions that affect reproductive behavior may further shape such antagonistic co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia, Italy
| | - Lino Ometto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Davide Carraretto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludvik M Gomulski
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Gasperi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Muyobela J, Pirk CWW, Yusuf AA, Mbewe NJ, Sole CL. A novel vehicle-mounted sticky trap; an effective sampling tool for savannah tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009620. [PMID: 34280199 PMCID: PMC8321396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black screen fly round (BFR) is a mobile sampling method for Glossina morsitans. This technique relies on the ability of operator(s) to capture flies landing on the screen with hand nets. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a vehicle-mounted sticky panel trap (VST) that is independent of the operator's ability to capture flies against BFR, for effective and rapid sampling of G. m. morsitans Westwood and G. m. centralis Machado. We also determined the influence of the VST colour (all-blue, all-black or 1:1 blue-black), orientation and presence of odour attractants on tsetse catch. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using randomised block design experiments conducted in Zambia, we compared and modelled the number of tsetse flies caught in the treatment arms using negative binomial regression. There were no significant differences in the catch indices of the three colour designs and for in-line or transversely oriented panels for both subspecies (P > 0.05). When baited with butanone and 1-octen-3-ol, VST caught 1.38 (1.11-1.72; P < 0.01) times more G. m. centralis flies than the un-baited trap. Attractants did not significantly increase the VST catch index for G. m. morsitans (P > 0.05). Overall, the VST caught 2.42 (1.91-3.10; P < 0.001) and 2.60 (1.50-3.21; P < 0.001) times more G. m. centralis and G. m. morsitans respectively, than the BFR. The VST and BFR took 10 and 35 min respectively to cover a 1 km transect. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The VST is several times more effective for sampling G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis than the BFR and we recommend its use as an alternative sampling tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Muyobela
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Services, Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Unit, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Christian W. W. Pirk
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Njelembo J. Mbewe
- Department of Veterinary Services, Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Unit, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L. Sole
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
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Gakii C, Bwana BK, Mugambi GG, Mukoya E, Mireji PO, Rimiru R. In silico-driven analysis of the Glossina morsitans morsitans antennae transcriptome in response to repellent or attractant compounds. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11691. [PMID: 34249514 PMCID: PMC8255069 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-throughput sequencing generates large volumes of biological data that must be interpreted to make meaningful inference on the biological function. Problems arise due to the large number of characteristics p (dimensions) that describe each record [n] in the database. Feature selection using a subset of variables extracted from the large datasets is one of the approaches towards solving this problem. METHODOLOGY In this study we analyzed the transcriptome of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Tsetsefly) antennae after exposure to either a repellant (δ-nonalactone) or an attractant (ε-nonalactone). We identified 308 genes that were upregulated or downregulated due to exposure to a repellant (δ-nonalactone) or an attractant (ε-nonalactone) respectively. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was used to cluster the genes into 12 modules and filter unconnected genes. Discretized and association rule mining was used to find association between genes thereby predicting the putative function of unannotated genes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among the significantly expressed chemosensory genes (FDR < 0.05) in response to Ɛ-nonalactone were gustatory receptors (GrIA and Gr28b), ionotrophic receptors (Ir41a and Ir75a), odorant binding proteins (Obp99b, Obp99d, Obp59a and Obp28a) and the odorant receptor (Or67d). Several non-chemosensory genes with no assigned function in the NCBI database were co-expressed with the chemosensory genes. Exposure to a repellent (δ-nonalactone) did not show any significant change between the treatment and control samples. We generated a coexpression network with 276 edges and 130 nodes. Genes CAH3, Ahcy, Ir64a, Or67c, Ir8a and Or67a had node degree values above 11 and therefore could be regarded as the top hub genes in the network. Association rule mining showed a relation between various genes based on their appearance in the same itemsets as consequent and antecedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consolata Gakii
- Department of Mathematics, Computing and Information Technology, University of Embu, Embu, Eastern, Kenya
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Grace Gathoni Mugambi
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Esther Mukoya
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Center, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Rimiru
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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14
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Diallo S, Shahbaaz M, Makwatta JO, Muema JM, Masiga D, Christofells A, Getahun MN. Antennal Enriched Odorant Binding Proteins Are Required for Odor Communication in Glossina f. fuscipes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:541. [PMID: 33917773 PMCID: PMC8068202 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is orchestrated at different stages and involves various proteins at each step. For example, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are soluble proteins found in sensillum lymph that might encounter odorants before reaching the odorant receptors. In tsetse flies, the function of OBPs in olfaction is less understood. Here, we investigated the role of OBPs in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes olfaction, the main vector of sleeping sickness, using multidisciplinary approaches. Our tissue expression study demonstrated that GffLush was conserved in legs and antenna in both sexes, whereas GffObp44 and GffObp69 were expressed in the legs but absent in the antenna. GffObp99 was absent in the female antenna but expressed in the male antenna. Short odorant exposure induced a fast alteration in the transcription of OBP genes. Furthermore, we successfully silenced a specific OBP expressed in the antenna via dsRNAi feeding to decipher its function. We found that silencing OBPs that interact with 1-octen-3-ol significantly abolished flies' attraction to 1-octen-3-ol, a known attractant for tsetse fly. However, OBPs that demonstrated a weak interaction with 1-octen-3-ol did not affect the behavioral response, even though it was successfully silenced. Thus, OBPs' selective interaction with ligands, their expression in the antenna and their significant impact on behavior when silenced demonstrated their direct involvement in olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souleymane Diallo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Mohd Shahbaaz
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - JohnMark O Makwatta
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Jackson M Muema
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Alan Christofells
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Merid N Getahun
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
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15
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Kabaka JM, Wachira BM, Mang’era CM, Rono MK, Hassanali A, Okoth SO, Oduol VO, Macharia RW, Murilla GA, Mireji PO. Expansions of chemosensory gene orthologs among selected tsetse fly species and their expressions in Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse fly. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008341. [PMID: 32589659 PMCID: PMC7347240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsetse fly exhibit species-specific olfactory uniqueness potentially underpinned by differences in their chemosensory protein repertoire. We assessed 1) expansions of chemosensory protein orthologs in Glossina morsitans morsitans, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina austeni, Glossina palpalis gambiensis, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina brevipalpis tsetse fly species using Café analysis (to identify species-specific expansions) and 2) differential expressions of the orthologs and associated proteins in male G. m. morsitans antennae and head tissues using RNA-Seq approaches (to establish associated functional molecular pathways). We established accelerated and significant (P<0.05, λ = 2.60452e-7) expansions of gene families in G. m. morsitans Odorant receptor (Or)71a, Or46a, Ir75a,d, Ionotropic receptor (Ir) 31a, Ir84a, Ir64a and Odorant binding protein (Obp) 83a-b), G. pallidipes Or67a,c, Or49a, Or92a, Or85b-c,f and Obp73a, G. f. fuscipes Ir21a, Gustatory receptor (Gr) 21a and Gr63a), G. p. gambiensis clumsy, Ir25a and Ir8a, and G. brevipalpis Ir68a and missing orthologs in each tsetse fly species. Most abundantly expressed transcripts in male G. m. morsitans included specific Or (Orco, Or56a, 65a-c, Or47b, Or67b, GMOY012254, GMOY009475, and GMOY006265), Gr (Gr21a, Gr63a, GMOY013297 and GMOY013298), Ir (Ir8a, Ir25a and Ir41a) and Obp (Obp19a, lush, Obp28a, Obp83a-b Obp44a, GMOY012275 and GMOY013254) orthologs. Most enriched biological processes in the head were associated with vision, muscle activity and neuropeptide regulations, amino acid/nucleotide metabolism and circulatory system processes. Antennal enrichments (>90% of chemosensory transcripts) included cilium-associated mechanoreceptors, chemo-sensation, neuronal controlled growth/differentiation and regeneration/responses to stress. The expanded and tsetse fly species specific orthologs includes those associated with known tsetse fly responsive ligands (4-methyl phenol, 4-propyl phenol, acetic acid, butanol and carbon dioxide) and potential tsetse fly species-specific responsive ligands (2-oxopentanoic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, hydroxycinnamic acid, 2-heptanone, caffeine, geosmin, DEET and (cVA) pheromone). Some of the orthologs can potentially modulate several tsetse fly species-specific behavioral (male-male courtship, hunger/host seeking, cool avoidance, hygrosensory and feeding) phenotypes. The putative tsetse fly specific chemosensory gene orthologs and their respective ligands provide candidate gene targets and kairomones for respective downstream functional genomic and field evaluations that can effectively expand toolbox of species-specific tsetse fly attractants, repellents and other tsetse fly behavioral modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M. Kabaka
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benson M. Wachira
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clarence M. Mang’era
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Martin K. Rono
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Vincent O. Oduol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosaline W. Macharia
- Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace A. Murilla
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Akhoundi M, Sereno D, Marteau A, Bruel C, Izri A. Who Bites Me? A Tentative Discriminative Key to Diagnose Hematophagous Ectoparasites Biting Using Clinical Manifestations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050308. [PMID: 32429276 PMCID: PMC7277957 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod blood feeders are vectors of several human pathogenic agents, including viruses (e.g., yellow fever, chikungunya, dengue fever), parasites (e.g., malaria, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis), or bacteria (e.g., plague). Besides their role as a vector of pathogens, their biting activities cause a nuisance to humans. Herein, we document clinical symptoms associated with the biting of ten clusters of hematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, biting midges and sandflies, lice, ticks, tsetse flies, blackflies, horse flies, fleas, triatomine and bed bugs. Within the framework of clinical history and entomo-epidemiological information, we propose a tentative discriminative key that can be helpful for practicing physicians in identifying hematophagous arthropods biting humans and delivering treatment for the associated clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93000 Bobigny, France; (A.M.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, IRD, Montpellier University, 34032 Montpellier, France;
- InterTryp, IRD, Montpellier University, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony Marteau
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93000 Bobigny, France; (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Christiane Bruel
- Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) Île-de-France, 35, rue de la Gare, 75935 Paris CEDEX 19, France;
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93000 Bobigny, France; (A.M.); (A.I.)
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17
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Mulandane FC, Snyman LP, Brito DRA, Bouyer J, Fafetine J, Van Den Abbeele J, Oosthuizen M, Delespaux V, Neves L. Evaluation of the relative roles of the Tabanidae and Glossinidae in the transmission of trypanosomosis in drug resistance hotspots in Mozambique. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:219. [PMID: 32349788 PMCID: PMC7189697 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) are haematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance due to their respective role in the biological and mechanical transmission of trypanosomes. Few studies on the distribution and relative abundance of both families have been conducted in Mozambique since the country’s independence. Despite Nicoadala, Mozambique, being a multiple trypanocidal drug resistance hotspot no information regarding the distribution, seasonality or infection rates of fly-vectors are available. This is, however, crucial to understanding the epidemiology of trypanosomosis and to refine vector management. Methods For 365 days, 55 traps (20 NGU traps, 20 horizontal traps and 15 Epsilon traps) were deployed in three grazing areas of Nicoadala District: Namitangurine (25 traps); Zalala (15 traps); and Botao (15 traps). Flies were collected weekly and preserved in 70% ethanol. Identification using morphological keys was followed by molecular confirmation using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Trap efficiency, species distribution and seasonal abundance were also assessed. To determine trypanosome infection rates, DNA was extracted from the captured flies, and submitted to 18S PCR-RFLP screening for the detection of Trypanosoma. Results In total, 4379 tabanids (of 10 species) and 24 tsetse flies (of 3 species), were caught. NGU traps were more effective in capturing both the Tabanidae and Glossinidae. Higher abundance and species diversity were observed in Namitangurine followed by Zalala and Botao. Tabanid abundance was approximately double during the rainy season compared to the dry season. Trypanosoma congolense and T. theileri were detected in the flies with overall infection rates of 75% for tsetse flies and 13% for tabanids. Atylotus agrestis had the highest infection rate of the tabanid species. The only pathogenic trypanosome detected was T. congolense. Conclusions Despite the low numbers of tsetse flies captured, it can be assumed that they are still the cyclical vectors of trypanosomosis in the area. However, the high numbers of tabanids captured, associated to their demonstrated capacity of transmitting trypanosomes mechanically, suggest an important role in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in the Nicoadala district. These results on the composition of tsetse and tabanid populations as well as the observed infection rates, should be considered when defining strategies to control the disease.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louwtjie P Snyman
- Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Durban Museum of Natural History, Durban, South Africa
| | - Denise R A Brito
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems), Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Fafetine
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marinda Oosthuizen
- Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vincent Delespaux
- Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Luis Neves
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique.,Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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18
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Bateta R, Saarman NP, Okeyo WA, Dion K, Johnson T, Mireji PO, Okoth S, Malele I, Murilla G, Aksoy S, Caccone A. Phylogeography and population structure of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes in Kenya and the Serengeti ecosystem. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007855. [PMID: 32092056 PMCID: PMC7058365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glossina pallidipes is the main vector of animal African trypanosomiasis and a potential vector of human African trypanosomiasis in eastern Africa where it poses a large economic burden and public health threat. Vector control efforts have succeeded in reducing infection rates, but recent resurgence in tsetse fly population density raises concerns that vector control programs require improved strategic planning over larger geographic and temporal scales. Detailed knowledge of population structure and dispersal patterns can provide the required information to improve planning. To this end, we investigated the phylogeography and population structure of G. pallidipes over a large spatial scale in Kenya and northern Tanzania using 11 microsatellite loci genotyped in 600 individuals. Our results indicate distinct genetic clusters east and west of the Great Rift Valley, and less distinct clustering of the northwest separate from the southwest (Serengeti ecosystem). Estimates of genetic differentiation and first-generation migration indicated high genetic connectivity within genetic clusters even across large geographic distances of more than 300 km in the east, but only occasional migration among clusters. Patterns of connectivity suggest isolation by distance across genetic breaks but not within genetic clusters, and imply a major role for river basins in facilitating gene flow in G. pallidipes. Effective population size (Ne) estimates and results from Approximate Bayesian Computation further support that there has been recent G. pallidipes population size fluctuations in the Serengeti ecosystem and the northwest during the last century, but also suggest that the full extent of differences in genetic diversity and population dynamics between the east and the west was established over evolutionary time periods (tentatively on the order of millions of years). Findings provide further support that the Serengeti ecosystem and northwestern Kenya represent independent tsetse populations. Additionally, we present evidence that three previously recognized populations (the Mbeere-Meru, Central Kenya and Coastal "fly belts") act as a single population and should be considered as a single unit in vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Bateta
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Norah P. Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Winnie A. Okeyo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kirstin Dion
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sylvance Okoth
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Imna Malele
- Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Research Institute, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Grace Murilla
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
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19
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K-mer-Based Motif Analysis in Insect Species across Anopheles, Drosophila, and Glossina Genera and Its Application to Species Classification. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:4259479. [PMID: 31827584 PMCID: PMC6881769 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4259479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Short k-mer sequences from DNA are both conserved and diverged across species owing to their functional significance in speciation, which enables their use in many species classification algorithms. In the present study, we developed a methodology to analyze the DNA k-mers of whole genome, 5' UTR, intron, and 3' UTR regions from 58 insect species belonging to three genera of Diptera that include Anopheles, Drosophila, and Glossina. We developed an improved algorithm to predict and score k-mers based on a scheme that normalizes k-mer scores in different genomic subregions. This algorithm takes advantage of the information content of the whole genome as opposed to other algorithms or studies that analyze only a small group of genes. Our algorithm uses k-mers of lengths 7-9 bp for the whole genome, 5' and 3' UTR regions as well as the intronic regions. Taxonomical relationships based on the whole-genome k-mer signatures showed that species of the three genera clustered together quite visibly. We also improved the scoring and filtering of these k-mers for accurate species identification. The whole-genome k-mer content correlation algorithm showed that species within a single genus correlated tightly with each other as compared to other genera. The genomes of two Aedes and one Culex species were also analyzed to demonstrate how newly sequenced species can be classified using the algorithm. Furthermore, working with several dozen species has enabled us to assign a whole-genome k-mer signature for each of the 58 Dipteran species by making all-to-all pairwise comparison of the k-mer content. These signatures were used to compare the similarity between species and to identify clusters of species displaying similar signatures.
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20
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Saarman NP, Opiro R, Hyseni C, Echodu R, Opiyo EA, Dion K, Johnson T, Aksoy S, Caccone A. The population genomics of multiple tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) admixture zones in Uganda. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:66-85. [PMID: 30471158 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that enforce, maintain or reverse the process of speciation is an important challenge in evolutionary biology. This study investigates the patterns of divergence and discusses the processes that form and maintain divergent lineages of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda. We sampled 251 flies from 18 sites spanning known genetic lineages and the four admixture zones between them. We apply population genomics, hybrid zone and approximate Bayesian computation to the analysis of three types of genetic markers: 55,267 double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) SNPs to assess genome-wide admixture, 16 microsatellites to provide continuity with published data and accurate biogeographic modelling, and a 491-bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II to infer maternal inheritance patterns. Admixture zones correspond with regions impacted by the reorganization of Uganda's river networks that occurred during the formation of the West African Rift system over the last several hundred thousand years. Because tsetse fly population distributions are defined by rivers, admixture zones likely represent both old and new regions of secondary contact. Our results indicate that older hybrid zones contain mostly parental types, while younger zones contain variable hybrid types resulting from multiple generations of interbreeding. These findings suggest that reproductive barriers are nearly complete in the older admixture zones, while nearly absent in the younger admixture zones. Findings are consistent with predictions of hybrid zone theory: Populations in zones of secondary contact transition rapidly from early to late stages of speciation or collapse all together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah P Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert Opiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Uganda
| | - Chaz Hyseni
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Richard Echodu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Uganda
| | | | - Kirstin Dion
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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21
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Attardo GM, Abd-Alla AMM, Acosta-Serrano A, Allen JE, Bateta R, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Caers J, Caljon G, Christensen MB, Farrow DW, Friedrich M, Hua-Van A, Jennings EC, Larkin DM, Lawson D, Lehane MJ, Lenis VP, Lowy-Gallego E, Macharia RW, Malacrida AR, Marco HG, Masiga D, Maslen GL, Matetovici I, Meisel RP, Meki I, Michalkova V, Miller WJ, Minx P, Mireji PO, Ometto L, Parker AG, Rio R, Rose C, Rosendale AJ, Rota-Stabelli O, Savini G, Schoofs L, Scolari F, Swain MT, Takáč P, Tomlinson C, Tsiamis G, Van Den Abbeele J, Vigneron A, Wang J, Warren WC, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Weiss BL, Wilson RK, Zhao X, Aksoy S. Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes. Genome Biol 2019; 20:187. [PMID: 31477173 PMCID: PMC6721284 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity. RESULTS Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges. CONCLUSIONS Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - James E Allen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosemary Bateta
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelle Caers
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - David W Farrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aurélie Hua-Van
- Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lawson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Lehane
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vasileios P Lenis
- Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ernesto Lowy-Gallego
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosaline W Macharia
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Daniel Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gareth L Maslen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Irina Matetovici
- Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irene Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya.,Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lino Ometto
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrew G Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clair Rose
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Peter Takáč
- Department of Animal Systematics, Ústav zoológie SAV; Scientica, Ltd, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Etoloakarnania, Greece
| | | | - Aurelien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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22
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Attardo GM, Abd-Alla AMM, Acosta-Serrano A, Allen JE, Bateta R, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Caers J, Caljon G, Christensen MB, Farrow DW, Friedrich M, Hua-Van A, Jennings EC, Larkin DM, Lawson D, Lehane MJ, Lenis VP, Lowy-Gallego E, Macharia RW, Malacrida AR, Marco HG, Masiga D, Maslen GL, Matetovici I, Meisel RP, Meki I, Michalkova V, Miller WJ, Minx P, Mireji PO, Ometto L, Parker AG, Rio R, Rose C, Rosendale AJ, Rota-Stabelli O, Savini G, Schoofs L, Scolari F, Swain MT, Takáč P, Tomlinson C, Tsiamis G, Van Den Abbeele J, Vigneron A, Wang J, Warren WC, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Weiss BL, Wilson RK, Zhao X, Aksoy S. Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes. Genome Biol 2019; 20:187. [PMID: 31477173 DOI: 10.1101/531749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity. RESULTS Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges. CONCLUSIONS Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - James E Allen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosemary Bateta
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelle Caers
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - David W Farrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aurélie Hua-Van
- Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lawson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Lehane
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vasileios P Lenis
- Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ernesto Lowy-Gallego
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosaline W Macharia
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Daniel Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gareth L Maslen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Irina Matetovici
- Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irene Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lino Ometto
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrew G Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clair Rose
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Peter Takáč
- Department of Animal Systematics, Ústav zoológie SAV; Scientica, Ltd, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Etoloakarnania, Greece
| | | | - Aurelien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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23
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Matetovici I, De Vooght L, Van Den Abbeele J. Innate immunity in the tsetse fly (Glossina), vector of African trypanosomes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:181-188. [PMID: 31075296 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are medically and veterinary important vectors of African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause devastating diseases in humans and livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. These flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood and harbor a limited diversity of obligate and facultative bacterial commensals. They have a well-developed innate immune system that plays a key role in protecting the fly against invading pathogens and in modulating the fly's ability to transmit African trypanosomes. In this review, we briefly summarize our current knowledge on the tsetse fly innate immune system and its interaction with the bacterial commensals and the trypanosome parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Matetovici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Berté D, De Meeûs T, Kaba D, Séré M, Djohan V, Courtin F, N'Djetchi Kassi M, Koffi M, Jamonneau V, Ta BTD, Solano P, N'Goran EK, Ravel S. Population genetics of Glossina palpalis palpalis in sleeping sickness foci of Côte d'Ivoire before and after vector control. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103963. [PMID: 31301424 PMCID: PMC6853165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glossina palpalis palpalis remains the major vector of sleeping sickness in Côte d'Ivoire. The disease is still active at low endemic levels in Bonon and Sinfra foci in the western-central part of the country. In this study, we investigated the impact of a control campaign on G. p. palpalis population structure in Bonon and Sinfra foci in order to adapt control strategies. Genetic variation at microsatellite loci was used to examine the population structure of different G. p. palpalis cohorts before and after control campaigns. Isolation by distance was observed in our sampling sites. Before control, effective population size was high (239 individuals) with dispersal at rather short distance (731 m per generation). We found some evidence that some of the flies captured after treatment come from surrounding sites, which increased the genetic variance. One Locus, GPCAG, displayed a 1000% increase of subdivision measure after control while other loci only exhibited a substantial increase in variance of subdivision. Our data suggested a possible trap avoidance behaviour in G. p. palpalis. It is important to take into account and better understand the possible reinvasion from neighboring sites and trap avoidance for the sake of sustainability of control campaigns effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djakaridja Berté
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Modou Séré
- Université de Dédougou (UDDG), Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Vincent Djohan
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martial N'Djetchi Kassi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Bi Tra Dieudonné Ta
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Philippe Solano
- Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sophie Ravel
- Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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25
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Manangwa O, De Meeûs T, Grébaut P, Ségard A, Byamungu M, Ravel S. Detecting Wahlund effects together with amplification problems: Cryptic species, null alleles and short allele dominance in Glossina pallidipes populations from Tanzania. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:757-772. [PMID: 30615304 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Population genetics is a convenient tool to study the population biology of non-model and hard to sample species. This is particularly true for parasites and vectors. Heterozygote deficits and/or linkage disequilibrium often occur in such studies and detecting the origin of those (Wahlund effect, reproductive system or amplification problems) is uneasy. We used new tools (correlation between the number of times a locus is found in significant linkage disequilibrium and its genetic diversity, correlations between Wright's FIS and FST , FIS and number of missing data, FIT and allele size and standard errors comparisons) for the first time on a real data set of tsetse flies, a vector of dangerous diseases to humans and domestic animals in sub-Saharan Africa. With these new tools, and cleaning data from null allele, temporal heterogeneity and short allele dominance effects, we unveiled the coexistence of two highly divergent cryptic clades in the same sites. These results are in line with other studies suggesting that the biodiversity of many taxa still largely remain undescribed, in particular pathogenic agents and their vectors. Our results also advocate that including individuals from different cohorts tends to bias subdivision measures and that keeping loci with short allele dominance and/or too frequent missing data seriously jeopardize parameter's estimations. Finally, separated analyses of the two clades suggest very small tsetse densities and relatively large dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Manangwa
- Vector and Vector Borne Disease Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
| | | | - Pascal Grébaut
- Intertryp, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Ségard
- Intertryp, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sophie Ravel
- Intertryp, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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26
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Scolari F, Attardo GM, Aksoy E, Weiss B, Savini G, Takac P, Abd-Alla A, Parker AG, Aksoy S, Malacrida AR. Symbiotic microbes affect the expression of male reproductive genes in Glossina m. morsitans. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:169. [PMID: 30470198 PMCID: PMC6251095 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) display unique reproductive biology traits. Females reproduce through adenotrophic viviparity, nourishing the growing larva into their modified uterus until parturition. Males transfer their sperm and seminal fluid, produced by both testes and male accessory glands, in a spermatophore capsule transiently formed within the female reproductive tract upon mating. Both sexes are obligate blood feeders and have evolved tight relationships with endosymbionts, already shown to provide essential nutrients lacking in their diet. However, the partnership between tsetse and its symbionts has so far been investigated, at the molecular, genomic and metabolomics level, only in females, whereas the roles of microbiota in male reproduction are still unexplored. Results Here we begin unravelling the impact of microbiota on Glossina m. morsitans (G. morsitans) male reproductive biology by generating transcriptomes from the reproductive tissues of males deprived of their endosymbionts (aposymbiotic) via maternal antibiotic treatment and dietary supplementation. We then compared the transcriptional profiles of genes expressed in the male reproductive tract of normal and these aposymbiotic flies. We showed that microbiota removal impacts several male reproductive genes by depressing the activity of genes in the male accessory glands (MAGs), including sequences encoding seminal fluid proteins, and increasing expression of genes in the testes. In the MAGs, in particular, the expression of genes related to mating, immunity and seminal fluid components’ synthesis is reduced. In the testes, the absence of symbionts activates genes involved in the metabolic apparatus at the basis of male reproduction, including sperm production, motility and function. Conclusions Our findings mirrored the complementary roles male accessory glands and testes play in supporting male reproduction and open new avenues for disentangling the interplay between male insects and endosymbionts. From an applied perspective, unravelling the metabolic and functional relationships between tsetse symbionts and male reproductive physiology will provide fundamental information useful to understanding the biology underlying improved male reproductive success in tsetse. This information is of particular importance in the context of tsetse population control via Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and its impact on trypanosomiasis transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1289-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Geoffrey Michael Attardo
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Present Address: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Emre Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brian Weiss
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Peter Takac
- Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 06, Bratislava, SR, Slovakia
| | - Adly Abd-Alla
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IPC Laboratory, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Gordon Parker
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IPC Laboratory, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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27
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Shaida SS, Weber JS, Gbem TT, Ngomtcho SCH, Musa UB, Achukwi MD, Mamman M, Ndams IS, Nok JA, Kelm S. Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Glossina populations in Nigeria and the Cameroonian border region. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:180. [PMID: 30470197 PMCID: PMC6251082 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies are vectors of trypanosomes, parasites that cause devastating disease in humans and livestock. In the course of vector control programmes it is necessary to know about the Glossina species present in the study area, the population dynamics and the genetic exchange between tsetse fly populations. Results To achieve an overview of the tsetse fly diversity in Nigeria and at the Nigeria-Cameroon border, tsetse flies were trapped and collected between February and March 2014 and December 2016. Species diversity was determined morphologically and by analysis of Cytochrome C Oxidase SU1 (COI) gene sequences. Internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) sequences were compared to analyse variations within populations. The most dominant species were G. m. submorsitans, G. tachinoides and G. p. palpalis. In Yankari Game Reserve and Kainji Lake National Park, G. submorsitans and G. tachinoides were most frequent, whereas in Old Oyo National Park and Ijah Gwari G. p. palpalis was the dominant species. Interestingly, four unidentified species were recorded during the survey, for which no information on COI or ITS-1 sequences exists. G. p. palpalis populations showed a segregation in two clusters along the Cameroon-Nigerian border. Conclusions The improved understanding of the tsetse populations in Nigeria will support decisions on the scale in which vector control is likely to be more effective. In order to understand in more detail how isolated these populations are, it is recommended that further studies on gene flow be carried out using other markers, including microsatellites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Sophie Weber
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thaddeus Terlumun Gbem
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Usman Baba Musa
- Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Mohammed Mamman
- Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Iliya Shehu Ndams
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan Andrew Nok
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Soerge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
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28
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Krafsur ES, Maudlin I. Tsetse fly evolution, genetics and the trypanosomiases - A review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:185-206. [PMID: 29885477 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This reviews work published since 2007. Relative efforts devoted to the agents of African trypanosomiasis and their tsetse fly vectors are given by the numbers of PubMed accessions. In the last 10 years PubMed citations number 3457 for Trypanosoma brucei and 769 for Glossina. The development of simple sequence repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms afford much higher resolution of Glossina and Trypanosoma population structures than heretofore. Even greater resolution is offered by partial and whole genome sequencing. Reproduction in T. brucei sensu lato is principally clonal although genetic recombination in tsetse salivary glands has been demonstrated in T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense but not in T. b. gambiense. In the past decade most genetic attention was given to the chief human African trypanosomiasis vectors in subgenus Nemorhina e.g., Glossina f. fuscipes, G. p. palpalis, and G. p. gambiense. The chief interest in Nemorhina population genetics seemed to be finding vector populations sufficiently isolated to enable efficient and long-lasting suppression. To this end estimates were made of gene flow, derived from FST and its analogues, and Ne, the size of a hypothetical population equivalent to that under study. Genetic drift was greater, gene flow and Ne typically lesser in savannah inhabiting tsetse (subgenus Glossina) than in riverine forms (Nemorhina). Population stabilities were examined by sequential sampling and genotypic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in both groups and found to be stable. Gene frequencies estimated in sequential samplings differed by drift and allowed estimates of effective population numbers that were greater for Nemorhina spp than Glossina spp. Prospects are examined of genetic methods of vector control. The tsetse long generation time (c. 50 d) is a major contraindication to any suggested genetic method of tsetse population manipulation. Ecological and modelling research convincingly show that conventional methods of targeted insecticide applications and traps/targets can achieve cost-effective reduction in tsetse densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Krafsur
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Ian Maudlin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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29
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Matetovici I, Van Den Abbeele J. Thioester-containing proteins in the tsetse fly (Glossina) and their response to trypanosome infection. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27. [PMID: 29528164 PMCID: PMC5969219 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are conserved proteins with a role in innate immune immunity. In the current study, we characterized the TEP family in the genome of six tsetse fly species (Glossina spp.). Tsetse flies are the biological vectors of several African trypanosomes, which cause sleeping sickness in humans or nagana in livestock. The analysis of the tsetse TEP sequences revealed information about their structure, evolutionary relationships and expression profiles under both normal and trypanosome infection conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of the family showed that tsetse flies harbour a genomic expansion of specific TEPs that are not found in other dipterans. We found a general expression of all TEP genes in the alimentary tract, mouthparts and salivary glands. Glossina morsitans and Glossina palpalis TEP genes display a tissue-specific expression pattern with some that are markedly up-regulated when the fly is infected with the trypanosome parasite. A different TEP response was observed to infection with Trypanosoma brucei compared to Trypanosoma congolense, indicating that the tsetse TEP response is trypanosome-specific. These findings are suggestive for the involvement of the TEP family in tsetse innate immunity, with a possible role in the control of the trypanosome parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Matetovici
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM)AntwerpBelgium
| | - J. Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM)AntwerpBelgium
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30
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Ngomtcho SCH, Weber JS, Ngo Bum E, Gbem TT, Kelm S, Achukwi MD. Molecular screening of tsetse flies and cattle reveal different Trypanosoma species including T. grayi and T. theileri in northern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:631. [PMID: 29287598 PMCID: PMC5747950 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African trypanosomes are mainly transmitted through the bite of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). The present study investigated the occurrence of pathogenic trypanosomes in tsetse flies and cattle in tsetse fly-infested areas of Northern Cameroon. RESULTS Trypanosomes were identified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, both by size estimation and sequencing of PCR products. Apparent density indices recorded in Gamba and Dodeo were 3.1 and 3.6 tsetse flies per trap and day, respectively. Trypanosoma prevalence infection rate for the tsetse fly gut (40%) and proboscis (19%) were recorded. Among the flies where trypanosomes were detected in the gut, 41.7% were positive for T. congolense and 14.6% for T. brucei ssp., whereas in the proboscis 36% harboured T. congolense and 62% contained T. vivax. T. grayi was highly prevalent in tsetse fly gut (58%). The most common mixed infections were the combination of T. congolense and T. grayi. Trypanosome prevalence rate in cattle blood was 6%. Among these, T. vivax represented 26%, T. congolense 35%, T. brucei ssp. 17% and T. theileri 17% of the infections. Surprisingly, in one case T. grayi was found in cattle. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) of cattle positive for trypanosomes was significantly lower (24.1 ± 5.6%; P < 0.05) than that of cattle in which trypanosomes were not detected (27.1 ± 4.9%). Interestingly, the occurrence of T. theileri or T. grayi DNA in cattle also correlated with low PCV at pathological levels. CONCLUSION This molecular epidemiological study of Trypanosoma species in Northern Cameroon revealed active foci of trypanosomes in Dodeo and Gamba. These findings are relevant in assessing the status of trypanosomosis in these regions and will serve as a guide for setting the priorities of the government in the control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho
- Department of Biological Sciences, University Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Ministry of Public Health, Regional Hospital of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Judith Sophie Weber
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Thaddeus Terlumun Gbem
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
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31
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Bentley SJ, Boshoff A. Hsp70/J-protein machinery from Glossina morsitans morsitans, vector of African trypanosomiasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183858. [PMID: 28902917 PMCID: PMC5597180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are the sole vectors of the protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, the causative agents of African Trypanosomiasis. Species of Glossina differ in vector competence and Glossina morsitans morsitans is associated with transmission of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which causes an acute and often fatal form of African Trypanosomiasis. Heat shock proteins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that play critical roles in proteostasis. The activity of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is regulated by interactions with its J-protein (Hsp40) co-chaperones. Inhibition of these interactions are emerging as potential therapeutic targets. The assembly and annotation of the G. m. morsitans genome provided a platform to identify and characterize the Hsp70s and J-proteins, and carry out an evolutionary comparison to its well-studied eukaryotic counterparts, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens, as well as Stomoxys calcitrans, a comparator species. In our study, we identified 9 putative Hsp70 proteins and 37 putative J-proteins in G. m. morsitans. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three evolutionarily distinct groups of Hsp70s, with a closer relationship to orthologues from its blood-feeding dipteran relative Stomoxys calcitrans. G. m. morsitans also lacked the high number of heat inducible Hsp70s found in D. melanogaster. The potential localisations, functions, domain organisations and Hsp70/J-protein partnerships were also identified. A greater understanding of the heat shock 70 (Hsp70) and J-protein (Hsp40) families in G. m. morsitans could enhance our understanding of the cell biology of the tsetse fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Bentley
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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32
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Ngonyoka A, Gwakisa PS, Estes AB, Salekwa LP, Nnko HJ, Hudson PJ, Cattadori IM. Patterns of tsetse abundance and trypanosome infection rates among habitats of surveyed villages in Maasai steppe of northern Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:126. [PMID: 28866983 PMCID: PMC5582388 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes of land cover modify the characteristics of habitat, host-vector interaction and consequently infection rates of disease causing agents. In this paper, we report variations in tsetse distribution patterns, abundance and infection rates in relation to habitat types and age in the Maasai Steppe of northern Tanzania. In Africa, Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis negatively impacted human life where about 40 million people are at risk of contracting the disease with dramatic socio-economical consequences, for instance, loss of livestock, animal productivity, and manpower. Methods We trapped tsetse flies in dry and wet seasons between October 2014 and May 2015 in selected habitats across four villages: Emboreet, Loiborsireet, Kimotorok and Oltukai adjacent to protected areas. Data collected include number and species of tsetse flies caught in baited traps, PCR identification of trypanosome species and extraction of monitored Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). Results Our findings demonstrate the variation of tsetse fly species abundance and infection rates among habitats in surveyed villages in relation to NDVI and host abundance. Results have shown higher tsetse fly abundance in Acacia-swampy ecotone and riverine habitats for Emboreet and other villages, respectively. Tsetse abundance was inconsistent among habitats in different villages. Emboreet was highly infested with Glossina swynnertoni (68%) in ecotone and swampy habitats followed by G. morsitans (28%) and G. pallidipes (4%) in riverine habitat. In the remaining villages, the dominant tsetse fly species by 95% was G. pallidipes in all habitats. Trypanosoma vivax was the most prevalent species in all infected flies (95%) with few observations of co-infections (with T. congolense or T. brucei). Conclusions The findings of this study provide a framework to mapping hotspots of tsetse infestation and trypanosomiasis infection and enhance the communities to plan for effective control of trypanosomiasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0340-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibariki Ngonyoka
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania. .,Department of Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania.
| | - Paul S Gwakisa
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.,Genome Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology. College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Anna B Estes
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.,Centre for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Linda P Salekwa
- Genome Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology. College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Happiness J Nnko
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.,Department of Geography and Environmental studies, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Peter J Hudson
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.,Centre for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Isabella M Cattadori
- Centre for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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33
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. Meat and Nicotinamide: A Causal Role in Human Evolution, History, and Demographics. Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704661. [PMID: 28579800 PMCID: PMC5417583 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunting for meat was a critical step in all animal and human evolution. A key brain-trophic element in meat is vitamin B3 / nicotinamide. The supply of meat and nicotinamide steadily increased from the Cambrian origin of animal predators ratcheting ever larger brains. This culminated in the 3-million-year evolution of Homo sapiens and our overall demographic success. We view human evolution, recent history, and agricultural and demographic transitions in the light of meat and nicotinamide intake. A biochemical and immunological switch is highlighted that affects fertility in the 'de novo' tryptophan-to-kynurenine-nicotinamide 'immune tolerance' pathway. Longevity relates to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumer pathways. High meat intake correlates with moderate fertility, high intelligence, good health, and longevity with consequent population stability, whereas low meat/high cereal intake (short of starvation) correlates with high fertility, disease, and population booms and busts. Too high a meat intake and fertility falls below replacement levels. Reducing variances in meat consumption might help stabilise population growth and improve human capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Genetic diversity and population structure of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Northern Uganda: Implications for vector control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005485. [PMID: 28453513 PMCID: PMC5425221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uganda is the only country where the chronic and acute forms of human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness both occur and are separated by < 100 km in areas north of Lake Kyoga. In Uganda, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the main vector of the Trypanosoma parasites responsible for these diseases as well for the animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT), or Nagana. We used highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker to provide fine scale spatial resolution of genetic structure of G. f. fuscipes from 42 sampling sites from the northern region of Uganda where a merger of the two disease belts is feared. Based on microsatellite analyses, we found that G. f. fuscipes in northern Uganda are structured into three distinct genetic clusters with varying degrees of interconnectivity among them. Based on genetic assignment and spatial location, we grouped the sampling sites into four genetic units corresponding to northwestern Uganda in the Albert Nile drainage, northeastern Uganda in the Lake Kyoga drainage, western Uganda in the Victoria Nile drainage, and a transition zone between the two northern genetic clusters characterized by high level of genetic admixture. An analysis using HYBRIDLAB supported a hybrid swarm model as most consistent with tsetse genotypes in these admixed samples. Results of mtDNA analyses revealed the presence of 30 haplotypes representing three main haplogroups, whose location broadly overlaps with the microsatellite defined clusters. Migration analyses based on microsatellites point to moderate migration among the northern units located in the Albert Nile, Achwa River, Okole River, and Lake Kyoga drainages, but not between the northern units and the Victoria Nile drainage in the west. Effective population size estimates were variable with low to moderate sizes in most populations and with evidence of recent population bottlenecks, especially in the northeast unit of the Lake Kyoga drainage. Our microsatellite and mtDNA based analyses indicate that G. f. fuscipes movement along the Achwa and Okole rivers may facilitate northwest expansion of the Rhodesiense disease belt in Uganda. We identified tsetse migration corridors and recommend a rolling carpet approach from south of Lake Kyoga northward to minimize disease dispersal and prevent vector re-colonization. Additionally, our findings highlight the need for continuing tsetse monitoring efforts during and after control. Northern Uganda is an epidemiologically important region affected by human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) because it harbors both forms of the HAT disease (T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense). The geographic location of this region creates the risk that these distinct foci could merge, which would complicate diagnosis and treatment, and may result in recombination between the two parasite strains with as yet unknown consequences. Both strains require a tsetse fly vector for transmission, and in Uganda, G. f. fuscipes is the major vector of HAT. Controlling the vector remains one of the most effective strategies for controlling trypanosome parasites. However, vector control efforts may not be sustainable in terms of long term reduction in G. f. fuscipes populations due to population rebounds. Population genetics data can allow us to determine the likely source of population rebounds and to establish a more robust control strategy. In this study, we build on a previous broad spatial survey of G. f. fuscipes genetic structure in Uganda by adding more than 30 novel sampling sites that are strategically spaced across a region of northern Uganda that, for historical and political reasons, was severely understudied and faces particularly high disease risk. We identify natural population breaks, migration corridors and a hybrid zone with evidence of free interbreeding of G. f. fuscipes across the geographic region that spans the two HAT disease foci. We also find evidence of low effective population sizes and population bottlenecks in some areas that have been subjects of past control but remain regions of high tsetse density, which stresses the risk of population rebounds if monitoring is not explicitly incorporated into the control strategy. We use these results to make suggestions that will enhance the design and implementation of control activities in northern Uganda.
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Salou E, Rayaisse JB, Kaba D, Djohan V, Yoni W, Barry I, Dofini F, Bouyer J, Solano P. Variations in attack behaviours between Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides in a gallery forest suggest host specificity. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 30:403-409. [PMID: 27513602 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides are among the major vectors of sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis-HAT) and nagana (African Animal Trypanosomiasis - AAT) in West Africa. Both riparian species occur sympatrically in gallery forests of south west Burkina Faso, but little is known of their interspecies relationships although different authors think there may be some competition between them. The aim of this study was to check if sympatric species have different strategies when approaching a host. A man placed in a sticky cube (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) and a sticky black-blue-black target (1 m × 1 m) were used to capture tsetse along the Comoe river banks in a Latin Square design. The number and the height at which tsetse were caught by each capture method were recorded according to species and sex. Glossina p. gambiensis was more attracted to human bait than to the target, but both species were captured at a significantly higher height on the target compared with the human bait (P < 0.05). No significant difference in heights was found between G. tachinoides and G. p. gambiensis captured on targets (33 and 35 cm, respectively, P > 0.05). However, catches on human bait showed a significant difference in height between G. tachinoides and G. p. gambiensis (22.5 and 30.6 cm, respectively, P < 0.001). This study showed that these sympatric species had different attack behaviours to humans, which is not the case with the target. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Salou
- Département de Sciences biologiques/UFR-ST, Université Polytechnique de Bobo - Dioulasso (UPB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - J B Rayaisse
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - D Kaba
- Unité de Recherche Glossines et Trypanosomoses, Institut Pierre Richet/INSP, Bouaké, Ivory Coast
| | - V Djohan
- Unité de Recherche Glossines et Trypanosomoses, Institut Pierre Richet/INSP, Bouaké, Ivory Coast
| | - W Yoni
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - I Barry
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - F Dofini
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - J Bouyer
- UMR CIRAD-INRA CMAEE, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR CIRAD-INRA CMAEE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, PATTEC Coordination Office, Rural Economy and Agriculture Department, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - P Solano
- UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
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Kariithi HM, Boeren S, Murungi EK, Vlak JM, Abd-Alla AMM. A proteomics approach reveals molecular manipulators of distinct cellular processes in the salivary glands of Glossina m. morsitans in response to Trypanosoma b. brucei infections. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:424. [PMID: 27485005 PMCID: PMC4969678 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glossina m. morsitans is the primary vector of the Trypanosoma brucei group, one of the causative agents of African trypanosomoses. The parasites undergo metacyclogenesis, i.e. transformation into the mammalian-infective metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) parasites, in the salivary glands (SGs) of the tsetse vector. Since the MT-parasites are largely uncultivable in vitro, information on the molecular processes that facilitate metacyclogenesis is scanty. Methods To bridge this knowledge gap, we employed tandem mass spectrometry to investigate protein expression modulations in parasitized (T. b. brucei-infected) and unparasitized SGs of G. m. morsitans. We annotated the identified proteins into gene ontologies and mapped the up- and downregulated proteins within protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Results We identified 361 host proteins, of which 76.6 % (n = 276) and 22.3 % (n = 81) were up- and downregulated, respectively, in parasitized SGs compared to unparasitized SGs. Whilst 32 proteins were significantly upregulated (> 10-fold), only salivary secreted adenosine was significantly downregulated. Amongst the significantly upregulated proteins, there were proteins associated with blood feeding, immunity, cellular proliferation, homeostasis, cytoskeletal traffic and regulation of protein turnover. The significantly upregulated proteins formed major hubs in the PPI network including key regulators of the Ras/MAPK and Ca2+/cAMP signaling pathways, ubiquitin-proteasome system and mitochondrial respiratory chain. Moreover, we identified 158 trypanosome-specific proteins, notable of which were proteins in the families of the GPI-anchored surface glycoproteins, kinetoplastid calpains, peroxiredoxins, retrotransposon host spot multigene and molecular chaperones. Whilst immune-related trypanosome proteins were over-represented, membrane transporters and proteins involved in translation repression (e.g. ribosomal proteins) were under-represented, potentially reminiscent of the growth-arrested MT-parasites. Conclusions Our data implicate the significantly upregulated proteins as manipulators of diverse cellular processes in response to T. b. brucei infection, potentially to prepare the MT-parasites for invasion and evasion of the mammalian host immune defences. We discuss potential strategies to exploit our findings in enhancement of trypanosome refractoriness or reduce the vector competence of the tsetse vector. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1714-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Insect Pest Control Laboratories, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagrammer Straße 5, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703, HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin K Murungi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, 20115, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratories, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagrammer Straße 5, Vienna, Austria.
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Welburn SC, Molyneux DH, Maudlin I. Beyond Tsetse--Implications for Research and Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis Epidemics. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:230-241. [PMID: 26826783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidemics of both forms of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are confined to spatially stable foci in Sub-Saharan Africa while tsetse distribution is widespread. Infection rates of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in tsetse are extremely low and cannot account for the catastrophic epidemics of Gambian HAT (gHAT) seen over the past century. Here we examine the origins of gHAT epidemics and evidence implicating human genetics in HAT epidemiology. We discuss the role of stress causing breakdown of heritable tolerance in silent disease carriers generating gHAT outbreaks and see how peculiarities in the epidemiologies of gHAT and Rhodesian HAT (rHAT) impact on strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Welburn
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - David H Molyneux
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian Maudlin
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Insecticide resistance and its molecular basis in urban insect pests. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1363-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Caers J, Boonen K, Van Den Abbeele J, Van Rompay L, Schoofs L, Van Hiel MB. Peptidomics of Neuropeptidergic Tissues of the Tsetse Fly Glossina morsitans morsitans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:2024-2038. [PMID: 26463237 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are essential signaling molecules that regulate nearly all physiological processes. The recent release of the tsetse fly genome allowed the construction of a detailed in silico neuropeptide database (International Glossina Genome Consortium, Science 344, 380-386 (2014)), as well as an in-depth mass spectrometric analysis of the most important neuropeptidergic tissues of this medically and economically important insect species. Mass spectrometric confirmation of predicted peptides is a vital step in the functional characterization of neuropeptides, as in vivo peptides can be modified, cleaved, or even mispredicted. Using a nanoscale reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to a Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer, we detected 51 putative bioactive neuropeptides encoded by 19 precursors: adipokinetic hormone (AKH) I and II, allatostatin A and B, capability/pyrokinin (capa/PK), corazonin, calcitonin-like diuretic hormone (CT/DH), FMRFamide, hugin, leucokinin, myosuppressin, natalisin, neuropeptide-like precursor (NPLP) 1, orcokinin, pigment dispersing factor (PDF), RYamide, SIFamide, short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and tachykinin. In addition, propeptides, truncated and spacer peptides derived from seven additional precursors were found, and include the precursors of allatostatin C, crustacean cardioactive peptide, corticotropin releasing factor-like diuretic hormone (CRF/DH), ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH), ion transport peptide (ITP), neuropeptide F, and proctolin, respectively. The majority of the identified neuropeptides are present in the central nervous system, with only a limited number of peptides in the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata and midgut. Owing to the large number of identified peptides, this study can be used as a reference for comparative studies in other insects. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Caers
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Van Rompay
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Matthias B Van Hiel
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Trypanosoma Infection Rates in Glossina Species in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya. J Parasitol Res 2015; 2015:607432. [PMID: 26617992 PMCID: PMC4649094 DOI: 10.1155/2015/607432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) transmitted cyclically by tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) is a major obstacle to livestock production in the tropical parts of Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the infection rates of trypanosomes in Glossina species in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya. Tsetse fly species, G. longipennis and G. pallidipes, were trapped and DNA was isolated from their dissected internal organs (proboscis, salivary glands, and midguts). The DNA was then subjected to a nested PCR assay using internal transcribed spacer primers and individual trypanosome species were identified following agarose gel electrophoresis. Out of the 117 flies trapped in the area 39 (33.3%) were teneral while 78 (67%) were nonteneral. G. pallidipes constituted the largest percentage of 58% while G. longipennis were 42%. The overall trypanosomes infection rate in all nonteneral Glossina spp. was 11.53% with G. longipennis recording the highest infection rate of 23.08% while G. pallidipes had an infection rate of 5.77%. T. vivax was the most infectious (10.26%) compared to T. congolense (1.28%). Mean apparent densities were strongly positively correlated with infection rates (r = 0.95) confirming the importance of this parameter as an indicator of AAT transmission risk.
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Zhao X, Silva TLAE, Cronin L, Savage AF, O’Neill M, Nerima B, Okedi LM, Aksoy S. Immunogenicity and Serological Cross-Reactivity of Saliva Proteins among Different Tsetse Species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004038. [PMID: 26313460 PMCID: PMC4551805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Africa. Components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse’s ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. We compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus Morsitans: Glossina morsitans morsitans (Gmm) and Glossina pallidipes (Gpd), and subgenus Palpalis: Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Gpg) and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff), and evaluated their immunogenicity and serological cross reactivity by an immunoblot approach utilizing antibodies from experimental mice challenged with uninfected flies. The protein and immune profiles of sialome components varied with fly species in the same subgenus displaying greater similarity and cross reactivity. Sera obtained from cattle from disease endemic areas of Africa displayed an immunogenicity profile reflective of tsetse species distribution. We analyzed the sialome fractions of Gmm by LC-MS/MS, and identified TAg5, Tsal1/Tsal2, and Sgp3 as major immunogenic proteins, and the 5'-nucleotidase family as well as four members of the Adenosine Deaminase Growth Factor (ADGF) family as the major non-immunogenic proteins. Within the ADGF family, we identified four closely related proteins (TSGF-1, TSGF-2, ADGF-3 and ADGF-4), all of which are expressed in tsetse salivary glands. We describe the tsetse species-specific expression profiles and genomic localization of these proteins. Using a passive-immunity approach, we evaluated the effects of rec-TSGF (TSGF-1 and TSGF-2) polyclonal antibodies on tsetse fitness parameters. Limited exposure of tsetse to mice with circulating anti-TSGF antibodies resulted in a slight detriment to their blood feeding ability as reflected by compromised digestion, lower weight gain and less total lipid reserves although these results were not statistically significant. Long-term exposure studies of tsetse flies to antibodies corresponding to the ADGF family of proteins are warranted to evaluate the role of this conserved family in fly biology. Insect saliva contains many proteins that are injected into the mammalian host during the blood feeding process. Saliva proteins enhance the blood feeding ability of insects, but they can also induce mammalian immune responses that inhibit successful feeding, or modulate the bite site to benefit pathogen transmission. Here we studied saliva from four different tsetse species that belong to two distant species groups. We show that the saliva protein profiles of different species groups vary. Experimental mice subjected to fly bites display varying immunological responses against the abundant saliva proteins and the antigenicity of the shared saliva proteins in different tsetse species differs. We show that one member of the ADGF family with adenosine deaminase motifs, TSGF-2, is non-immunogenic in Glossina morsitans in mice, while the same protein from Glossina fuscipes is highly immunogenic. Such species-specific immune responses could be exploited as biomarkers of host exposures in the field. We also show that short-term exposure of G. morsitans to mice passively immunized by anti-TSGF antibodies leads to slight but not statistically significant negative fitness effects. Thus, future investigations with non-antigenic saliva proteins are warranted as they can lead to novel mammalian vaccine targets to reduce tsetse populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Laura Cronin
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amy F. Savage
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michelle O’Neill
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | | | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bitome Essono PY, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Mavoungou J, Obiang Mba R, Duvallet G, Bretagnolle F. Distribution and abundance of hematophagous flies (Glossinidae, Stomoxys, and Tabanidae) in two national parks of Gabon. Parasite 2015; 22:23. [PMID: 26187781 PMCID: PMC4506487 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to minimize risks of pathogen transmission with the development of ecotourism in Gabon, a seasonal inventory has been performed in five contrasted biotopes in Ivindo (INP) and Moukalaba-Doudou (MDNP) National Parks. A total of 10,033 hematophagous flies were captured. The Glossinidae, with six different species identified, was the most abundant group and constitutes about 60% of the captured flies compared to the Stomoxys (6 species also identified) and Tabanidae with 28% and 12%, respectively. The Glossinidae showed a higher rate of capture in primary forest and in research camps. In INP, the Stomoxys showed a higher rate of capture in secondary forest and at village borders, whereas in MDNP the Stomoxys were captured more in the savannah area. Thus, each fly group seemed to reach maximum abundance in different habitats. The Glossinidae were more abundant in primary forest and near research camps while Stomoxys were more abundant in secondary forest and savannah. The Tabanidae did not show a clear habitat preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yannick Bitome Essono
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Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6282-Biogéosciences 6 Boulevard Gabriel 21000
Dijon France
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Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST) BP 13354 Libreville Gabon
| | | | - Jacques Mavoungou
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Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST) BP 13354 Libreville Gabon
| | - Régis Obiang Mba
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Centre de Recherche Médicale de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer BP 118 Lambaréné Gabon
| | - Gérard Duvallet
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UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende 34199
Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - François Bretagnolle
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Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6282-Biogéosciences 6 Boulevard Gabriel 21000
Dijon France
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Benoit JB, Attardo GM, Baumann AA, Michalkova V, Aksoy S. Adenotrophic viviparity in tsetse flies: potential for population control and as an insect model for lactation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:351-71. [PMID: 25341093 PMCID: PMC4453834 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), vectors of African trypanosomes, are distinguished by their specialized reproductive biology, defined by adenotrophic viviparity (maternal nourishment of progeny by glandular secretions followed by live birth). This trait has evolved infrequently among insects and requires unique reproductive mechanisms. A key event in Glossina reproduction involves the transition between periods of lactation and nonlactation (dry periods). Increased lipolysis, nutrient transfer to the milk gland, and milk-specific protein production characterize lactation, which terminates at the birth of the progeny and is followed by a period of involution. The dry stage coincides with embryogenesis of the progeny, during which lipid reserves accumulate in preparation for the next round of lactation. The obligate bacterial symbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia is critical to tsetse reproduction and likely provides B vitamins required for metabolic processes underlying lactation and/or progeny development. Here we describe findings that utilized transcriptomics, physiological assays, and RNA interference-based functional analysis to understand different components of adenotrophic viviparity in tsetse flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken School of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Geoffrey M. Attardo
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Aaron A. Baumann
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 06 SR, Slovakia
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Aksoy S, Weiss BL, Attardo GM. Trypanosome Transmission Dynamics in Tsetse. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 3:43-49. [PMID: 25580379 PMCID: PMC4286356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Diptera:Glossinidae) are vectors of African trypanosomes. Tsetse undergo viviparous reproductive biology, and depend on their obligate endosymbiont (genus Wigglesworthia) for the maintenance of fecundity and immune system development. Trypanosomes establish infections in the midgut and salivary glands of the fly. Tsetse's resistance to trypanosome infection increases as a function of age. Among the factors that mediate resistance to parasites are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by the Immune deficiency (Imd) signaling pathway, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) LB, tsetse-EP protein and the integrity of the midgut peritrophic matrix (PM) barrier. The presence of obligate Wigglesworthia during larval development is essential for adult immune system maturation and PM development. Thus, Wigglesworthia prominently influences the vector competency of it's tsetse host.
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Redpath SA, Fonseca NM, Perona-Wright G. Protection and pathology during parasite infection: IL-10 strikes the balance. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:233-52. [PMID: 24666543 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The host response to infection requires an immune response to be strong enough to control the pathogen but also restrained, to minimize immune-mediated pathology. The conflicting pressures of immune activation and immune suppression are particularly apparent in parasite infections, where co-evolution of host and pathogen has selected many different compromises between protection and pathology. Cytokine signals are critical determinants of both protective immunity and immunopathology, and, in this review, we focus on the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and its role in protozoan and helminth infections. We discuss the sources and targets of IL-10 during parasite infection, the signals that initiate and reinforce its action, and its impact on the invading parasite, on the host tissue, and on coincident immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Redpath
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Canning P, Rea D, Morty RE, Fülöp V. Crystal structures of Trypanosoma brucei oligopeptidase B broaden the paradigm of catalytic regulation in prolyl oligopeptidase family enzymes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79349. [PMID: 24265767 PMCID: PMC3827171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptidase B cleaves after basic amino acids in peptides up to 30 residues. As a virulence factor in bacteria and trypanosomatid pathogens that is absent in higher eukaryotes, this is a promising drug target. Here we present ligand-free open state and inhibitor-bound closed state crystal structures of oligopeptidase B from Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. These (and related) structures show the importance of structural dynamics, governed by a fine enthalpic and entropic balance, in substrate size selectivity and catalysis. Peptides over 30 residues cannot fit the enzyme cavity, preventing the complete domain closure required for a key propeller Asp/Glu to fix the catalytic His and Arg in the catalytically competent conformation. This size exclusion mechanism protects larger peptides and proteins from degradation. Similar bacterial prolyl endopeptidase and archael acylaminoacyl peptidase structures demonstrate this mechanism is conserved among oligopeptidase family enzymes across all three domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Canning
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Rea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Vilmos Fülöp
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Balogun EO, Balogun JB, Yusuf S, Inuwa HM, Ndams IS, Sheridan P, Inaoka DK, Shiba T, Harada S, Kita K, Esievo KAN, Nok AJ. Anemia amelioration by lactose infusion during trypanosomosis could be associated with erythrocytes membrane de-galactosylation. Vet Parasitol 2013; 199:259-63. [PMID: 24238624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomosis is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by extracellular parasitic protists known as African trypanosomes. These parasites inhabit the blood stream of their mammalian hosts and produce a number of pathological features, amongst which is anemia. Etiology of the anemia has been partly attributed to an autoimmunity-like mediated erythrophagocytosis of de-sialylated red blood cells (dsRBCs) by macrophages. Lactose infusion to infected animals has proven effective at delaying progression of the anemia. However, the mechanism of this anemia prevention is yet to be well characterized. Here, the hypothesis of a likely induced further modification of the dsRBCs was investigated. RBC membrane galactose (RBC m-GAL) and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured during the course of experimental trypanosomosis in mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense (stb 212). Intriguingly, while the membrane galactose on the RBCs of infected and lactose-treated mice (group D) decreased as a function of parasitemia, that of the lactose-untreated infected group (group C) remained relatively constant, as was recorded for the uninfected lactose-treated control (group B) animals. At the peak of infection, the respective cumulative percent decrease in PCV and membrane galactose were 30 and 185 for group D, and 84 and 13 for group C. From this observed inverse relationship between RBCs membrane galactose and PCV, it is logical to rationalize that the delay of anemia progression during trypanosomosis produced by lactose might have resulted from an induction of galactose depletion from dsRBCs, thereby preventing their recognition by the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - J B Balogun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutse, P.M.B. 7156, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - S Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Uganda
| | - H M Inuwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - I S Ndams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - P Sheridan
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - D K Inaoka
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Shiba
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - S Harada
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - K Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K A N Esievo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - A J Nok
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
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Majekodunmi AO, Fajinmi A, Dongkum C, Picozzi K, MacLeod E, Thrusfield MV, Shaw APM, Welburn SC. Social factors affecting seasonal variation in bovine trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:293. [PMID: 24172046 PMCID: PMC3852473 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a widespread disease of livestock in Nigeria and presents a major constraint to rural economic development. The Jos Plateau was considered free from tsetse flies and the trypanosomes they transmit due to its high altitude and this trypanosomiasis free status attracted large numbers of cattle-keeping pastoralists to the area. The Jos Plateau now plays a major role in the national cattle industry in Nigeria, accommodating approximately 7% of the national herd, supporting 300,000 pastoralists and over one million cattle. During the past two decades tsetse flies have invaded the Jos Plateau and animal trypanosomiasis has become a significant problem for livestock keepers. Here we investigate the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis as a re-emerging disease on the Plateau, examining the social factors that influence prevalence and seasonal variation of bovine trypanosomiasis. Methods In 2008 a longitudinal two-stage cluster survey was undertaken on the Jos Plateau. Cattle were sampled in the dry, early wet and late wet seasons. Parasite identification was undertaken using species-specific polymerase chain reactions to determine the prevalence and distribution of bovine trypanosomiasis. Participatory rural appraisal was also conducted to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning animal husbandry and disease control. Results Significant seasonal variation between the dry season and late wet season was recorded across the Jos Plateau, consistent with expected variation in tsetse populations. However, marked seasonal variations were also observed at village level to create 3 distinct groups: Group 1 in which 50% of villages followed the general pattern of low prevalence in the dry season and high prevalence in the wet season; Group 2 in which 16.7% of villages showed no seasonal variation and Group 3 in which 33.3% of villages showed greater disease prevalence in the dry season than in the wet season. Conclusions There was high seasonal variation at the village level determined by management as well as climatic factors. The growing influence of management factors on the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis highlights the impact of recent changes in land use and natural resource competition on animal husbandry decisions in the extensive pastoral production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele O Majekodunmi
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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Abstract
Sleeping sickness describes two diseases, both fatal if left untreated: (i) Gambian sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, a chronic disease with average infection lasting around 3 years, and (ii) Rhodesian sleeping sickness caused by T. b. rhodesiense, an acute disease with death occurring within weeks of infection. Control of Gambian sleeping sickness is based on case detection and treatment involving serological screening, followed by diagnostic confirmation and staging. In stage I, patients can remain asymptomatic as trypanosomes multiply in tissues and body fluids; in stage II, trypanosomes cross the blood-brain barrier, enter the central nervous system and, if left untreated, death follows. Staging is crucial as it defines the treatment that is prescribed; for both forms of disease, stage II involves the use of the highly toxic drug melarsoprol or, in the case of Gambian sleeping sickness, the use of complex and very expensive drug regimes. Case detection of T. b. gambiense sleeping sickness is known to be inefficient but could be improved by the identification of parasites using molecular tools that are, as yet, rarely used in the field. Diagnostics are not such a problem in relation to T. b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness, but the high level of under-reporting of this disease suggests that current strategies, reliant on self-reporting, are inefficient. Sleeping sickness is one of the 'neglected tropical diseases' that attracts little attention from donors or policymakers. Proper quantification of the burden of sleeping sickness matters, as the primary reason for its 'neglect' is that the true impact of the disease is unknown, largely as a result of under-reporting. Certainly, elimination will not be achieved without vast improvements in field diagnostics for both forms of sleeping sickness especially if there is a hidden reservoir of 'chronic carriers'. Mass screening would be a desirable aim for Gambian sleeping sickness and could be handled on a national scale in the endemic countries - perhaps by piggybacking on programmes committed to other diseases. As well as improved diagnostics, the search for non-toxic drugs for stage II treatment should remain a research priority. There is good evidence that thorough active case finding is sufficient to control T. b. gambiense sleeping sickness, as there is no significant animal reservoir. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness is a zoonosis and control involves interrupting the fly-animal-human cycle, so some form of tsetse control and chemotherapy of the animal reservoir must be involved. The restricted application of insecticide to cattle is the most promising, affordable and sustainable technique to have emerged for tsetse control. Animal health providers can aid disease control by treating cattle and, when allied with innovative methods of funding (e.g. public-private partnerships) not reliant on the public purse, this approach may prove more sustainable. Sleeping sickness incidence for the 36 endemic countries has shown a steady decline in recent years and we should take advantage of the apparent lull in incidence and aim for elimination. This is feasible in some sleeping sickness foci but must be planned and paid for increasingly by the endemic countries themselves. The control and elimination of T. b. gambiense sleeping sickness may be seen as a public good, as appropriate strategies depend on local health services for surveillance and treatment, but public-private funding mechanisms should not be excluded. It is timely to take up the tools available and invest in new tools - including novel financial instruments - to eliminate this disease from Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Welburn
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Doudoumis V, Alam U, Aksoy E, Abd-Alla AMM, Tsiamis G, Brelsfoard C, Aksoy S, Bourtzis K. Tsetse-Wolbachia symbiosis: comes of age and has great potential for pest and disease control. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 112 Suppl:S94-103. [PMID: 22835476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are the sole vectors of African trypanosomes, the causative agent of sleeping sickness in human and nagana in animals. Like most eukaryotic organisms, Glossina species have established symbiotic associations with bacteria. Three main symbiotic bacteria have been found in tsetse flies: Wigglesworthia glossinidia, an obligate symbiotic bacterium, the secondary endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius and the reproductive symbiont Wolbachia pipientis. In the present review, we discuss recent studies on the detection and characterization of Wolbachia infections in Glossina species, the horizontal transfer of Wolbachia genes to tsetse chromosomes, the ability of this symbiont to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in Glossina morsitans morsitans and also how new environment-friendly tools for disease control could be developed by harnessing Wolbachia symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis Doudoumis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, 2 Seferi St., 30100 Agrinio, Greece.
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