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Tzeravini E, Anastasios T, Alexander K, Nikolaos T, Nikolaos K. Diet induced thermogenesis, older and newer data with emphasis on obesity and diabetes mellitus - A narrative review. Metabol Open 2024; 22:100291. [PMID: 38957623 PMCID: PMC11217690 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2024.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem with a prevalence increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. There is an urgent need for efficient approaches to weight management. Diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) is the process by which the body increases its energy expenditure in response to a meal. It is estimated to account for approximately 10 % of total energy expenditure and is considered a potentially modifiable component of energy expenditure. The palatability of food, meal's composition in macronutrients, the circadian rhythm and sleep, as well as individual's characteristics such as age, the presence of obesity or diabetes mellitus, and the proportion of physical activity are the main factors that affect DIT. However, studies examining DIT are mostly characterized by small sample size and the methodology varies considerably between studies. It seems that even today there is a lot of contradiction between the relative studies. Inspite of that, future research might lead to the modification of DIT in order to achieve some weight loss in obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Tzeravini
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tentolouris Anastasios
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kokkinos Alexander
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tentolouris Nikolaos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Katsilambros Nikolaos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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2
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Argyrakopoulou G, Fountouli N, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. Revisiting Resting Metabolic Rate: What is the Relation to Weight Fluctuations? Curr Obes Rep 2023; 12:502-513. [PMID: 37755607 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the great progress in obesity-tackling strategies, a negative energy equilibrium between energy expenditure and energy intake remains the cornerstone in obesity management. The present review article aims to shed light on the complicated interrelations of resting metabolic rate to weight fluctuations. RECENT FINDINGS Energy expenditure depends on body composition and is highly affected by weight changes, exerting a significant role in subsequent weight regain and underlining the metabolic resistance that people with obesity face when dealing with weight maintenance. The main tissue involved in energy expenditure is fat-free mass, as opposed to fat mass, which exerts a substantially lower impact. Although people with obesity display higher energy expenditures than their lean counterparts, these decrease substantially in the setting of weight loss. Metabolic adaptation is the difference between measured and predicted RMR after weight loss, either via lifestyle modification or after obesity surgery. Plausible explanations for this include differences in body composition, with loss of fat-free mass playing a significant role. This becomes especially apparent in the setting of rapid and massive weight loss, as in the case of bariatric surgery. A better understanding of energy expenditure pathophysiology may aid in further enhancing weight loss and promoting weight maintenance in people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nefeli Fountouli
- Diabetes and Obesity Unit, Athens Medical Center, 15125, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Díaz G, Hernández S, Crespo A, Renghea A, Yébenes H, Iglesias-López MT. Macronutrient Intake, Sleep Quality, Anxiety, Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Emotional Eating among Female Health Science Undergraduate Students. Nutrients 2023; 15:2882. [PMID: 37447208 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 provoked a myriad of challenges for people's health, poor life satisfaction and an unhealthy diet that could be associated with serious negative health outcomes and behaviours. University is a stressful environment that is associated with unhealthy changes in the eating behaviours of students. The association between diet and mental health is complex and bidirectional, depending on the motivation to eat; emotional eaters regulate their emotions through the increased consumption of comfort foods. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional habits, alcohol consumption, anxiety and sleep quality of female health science college students. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of 191 female undergraduate students in Madrid was used. Their body mass index and waist hip ratio were measured. The questionnaires used included the Mediterranean Diet Adherence test, AUDIT, Emotional Eater Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Food Addiction, Perceived Stress Scale and STAI questionnaires. RESULTS We observed a high intake of protein, fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Overall, 9.5% never had breakfast, and 66.5% consciously reduced their food intake. According to Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, they mainly slept 6-7 h, and 82% presented with a poor sleep quality; 13.5% presented moderate-high food addiction, and 35% had moderate Mediterranean Diet Adherence score. CONCLUSION Female students' macronutrient imbalances were noted, with a high-level protein and fat intake diet and a low proportion of carbohydrates and fibre. A high proportion of them need alcohol education and, depending on the social context, they mainly drank beer and spirits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Díaz
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Hernández
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Crespo
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alina Renghea
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Yébenes
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Iglesias-López
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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Shahinfar H, Payandeh N, Ebaditabar M, Babaei N, Davarzani S, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar S. Association of major dietary patterns with resting metabolic rate and body fatness in middle-aged men and women: Results from a cross-sectional study. Nutr Health 2023; 29:139-147. [PMID: 34878324 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211063070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: The association of dietary patterns and resting metabolic rate is still unclear. Aim: To study the relationship between the major dietary patterns, resting metabolic rate, and adiposity measures in Iranian adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 270 adults aged between 18-45 years old who lived in Tehran. Dietary intakes were achieved using food frequency questionnaire. Resting metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry. Anthropometric measures were recorded using body composition analyzer. Results: Three major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis labeled as healthy pattern (vegetables, fruits, and fruits juices, legumes, poultry, nuts, fish, egg, low fat dairy product, olive, and olive oil), mixed pattern (non-refined cereals, vegetables, vegetable oils, mayonnaise, high fat dairy product and, pickles), Western pattern (refined cereals, red or processed meat, soft drinks, sweets and desserts, Tea and coffee, salty snacks and French fries). After adjusting for covariates higher score of the Western dietary pattern was associated with lower resting metabolic rate (p = 0.023). There was significant decreasing difference in means for fat free mass across tertiles of mixed pattern when the first tertile was compared to the third tertile (p = 0.046). Higher adherence to healthy pattern was associated with lower body weight (p = 0.034), body mass index (p = 0.021), and higher resting metabolic rate (p = 0.033). Conclusions: Higher adherence to the Western dietary pattern was associated with a lower amount of resting metabolic rate. Also higher adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was associated with higher resting metabolic rate and lower body weight and body mass index. Further studies are required to examine the causal relationship between dietary patterns and resting metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Shahinfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Nastaran Payandeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 48504Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran
| | - Mojdeh Ebaditabar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 48504Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran
| | - Nadia Babaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 48504Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran
| | - Samira Davarzani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 48504Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 48504Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran
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The Role and Regulatory Mechanism of Brown Adipose Tissue Activation in Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169448. [PMID: 36012714 PMCID: PMC9408971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been considered a vital organ in response to non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis, which could be activated during cold exposure through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or under postprandial conditions contributing to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Humans prefer to live within their thermal comfort or neutral zone with minimal energy expenditure created by wearing clothing, making shelters, or using an air conditioner to regulate their ambient temperature; thereby, DIT would become an important mechanism to counter-regulate energy intake and lipid accumulation. In addition, there has been a long interest in the intriguing possibility that a defect in DIT predisposes one to obesity and other metabolic diseases. Due to the recent advances in methodology to evaluate the functional activity of BAT and DIT, this updated review will focus on the role and regulatory mechanism of BAT biology in DIT in health and diseases and whether these mechanisms are applicable to humans.
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6
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Qiu M, Zhang Y, Long Z, He Y. Effect of Protein-Rich Breakfast on Subsequent Energy Intake and Subjective Appetite in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:2840. [PMID: 34445000 PMCID: PMC8399074 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakfast has been labeled "the most important meal of the day", especially for children and adolescents. Dietary protein intake may benefit and regulate appetite and energy balance. However, few meta-analyses have been conducted to examine the effect of protein-rich (PR) breakfast on both children and adolescents. This meta-analytic study was conducted to examine the effect of consuming a PR breakfast on short-term energy intake and appetite in children and adolescents. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in January 1990-January 2021. The inclusion criteria applied were RCTs in children and adolescents (7-19 year) comparing PR breakfast consumption with normal protein (NP)/traditional breakfast consumption. Finally, ten studies were included in the analysis, eight studies examined the effect of consuming PR breakfast on SEI (n = 824), and nine studies examined the effect on appetite (fullness = 736, hunger = 710). Our meta-analysis using the random-effects model shows that participants assigned to consume PR breakfast had lower SEI (MD, -111.2 kcal; 95% CI: -145.4, -76.9), higher fullness (MD, 7.4 mm; 95% CI: 6.0, 8.8), and lower hunger (MD, -8.5 mm; 95% CI: -9. 7, -7.3) than those assigned to consume NP/traditional breakfast. However, there was considerable inconsistency across the trial results. Our review suggests that the consumption of PR breakfast could be an excellent strategy for weight management by declining SEI and suppressing appetite, and provides new evidence of the relationship between energy balance and obesity. However, since most eligible studies were of low quality, the results ought to be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Qiu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Zheng Long
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Yuna He
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China;
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Gaspar RC, Pauli JR, Shulman GI, Muñoz VR. An update on brown adipose tissue biology: a discussion of recent findings. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E488-E495. [PMID: 33459179 PMCID: PMC7988785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00310.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been encouraged as a potential treatment for obesity and comorbidities due to its thermogenic activity capacity and contribution to energy expenditure. Some interventions such as cold and β-adrenergic drugs are able to activate BAT thermogenesis as well as promote differentiation of white adipocytes into brown-like cells (browning), enhancing the thermogenic activity of these cells. In this mini-review, we discuss new mechanisms related to BAT and energy expenditure. In this regard, we will also discuss recent studies that have revealed the existence of important secretory molecules from BAT "batokines" that act in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms, which in turn may explain some of the beneficial roles of BAT on whole body glucose and fat metabolism. Finally, we will discuss new insights related to BAT thermogenesis with an additional focus on the distinct features of BAT metabolism between rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Gaspar
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - José R Pauli
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- OCRC-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vitor R Muñoz
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Firouzi S, Rezvani R, Pahlavani N, Jarahi L, Navashenaq JG, Ranjbar G, Malekahmadi M, Taherzadeh Z, Safarian M. Postprandial effects of macronutrient composition meals on the metabolic responses and arterial stiffness indices of lean and obese male adults: a protocol of a pilot study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:41. [PMID: 33536071 PMCID: PMC7856746 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have shown that meal composition may affect the metabolic responses and arterial stiffness indices, and these responses may be different in lean and obese adults. The primary objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of conducting a trial to compare the effect of three test meals in lean and obese men. Due to the lack of a comprehensive study that concurrently compares metabolic responses and vascular stiffness indices after receiving three different meals in lean and obese men, this pilot study will be conducted with a three-phase parallel design, aiming to investigate the effects of meal composition on the metabolic parameters and arterial stiffness indices of lean and obese adults. METHODS This pilot, a parallel clinical trial will be performed on 24 male adults aged 18-35 years since January 2021 and will continue until March 2021 who are disease-free and selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The subjects will complete three interventions at a 1-week interval, including high carbohydrate (70% carbohydrates, 10% protein, 20% fat), high protein (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat), and high-fat meal (50% fat, 40% carbohydrates, 10% protein). Postprandial effects will be assessed within 360 min after each meal, including the energy expenditure component (resting energy expenditure, thermic effects of feeding, respiratory quotient, and substrate oxidation) and arterial stiffness indices (augmentation index and pulse wave velocity). In addition, blood sampling will be performed to measure glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and lipid profile. DISCUSSION The differences in the postprandial responses can affect the metabolic and vascular parameters due to different meal compositions, thereby providing beneficial data for the establishment of new strategies in terms of nutritional education and metabolic/vascular improvement. Also, the results from this pilot study will inform intervention refinement and efficacy testing of the intervention in a larger randomized controlled trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials; code: IRCT20190818044552N1 ; registered on August 26, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Firouzi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Rezvani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.,Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Golnaz Ranjbar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Malekahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zhila Taherzadeh
- Target Drug Delivery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safarian
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Perry RJ, Lyu K, Rabin-Court A, Dong J, Li X, Yang Y, Qing H, Wang A, Yang X, Shulman GI. Leptin mediates postprandial increases in body temperature through hypothalamus-adrenal medulla-adipose tissue crosstalk. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2001-2016. [PMID: 32149734 DOI: 10.1172/jci134699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Meal ingestion increases body temperature in multiple species, an effect that is blunted by obesity. However, the mechanisms responsible for these phenomena remain incompletely understood. Here we show that refeeding increases plasma leptin concentrations approximately 8-fold in 48-hour-fasted lean rats, and this normalization of plasma leptin concentrations stimulates adrenomedullary catecholamine secretion. Increased adrenal medulla-derived plasma catecholamines were necessary and sufficient to increase body temperature postprandially, a process that required both fatty acids generated from adipose tissue lipolysis and β-adrenergic activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Diet-induced obese rats, which remained relatively hyperleptinemic while fasting, did not exhibit fasting-induced reductions in temperature. To examine the impact of feeding-induced increases in body temperature on energy balance, we compared rats fed chronically by either 2 carbohydrate-rich boluses daily or a continuous isocaloric intragastric infusion. Bolus feeding increased body temperature and reduced weight gain compared with continuous feeding, an effect abrogated by treatment with atenolol. In summary, these data demonstrate that leptin stimulates a hypothalamus-adrenal medulla-BAT axis, which is necessary and sufficient to induce lipolysis and, as a result, increase body temperature after refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology
| | - Kun Lyu
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology
| | | | | | - Xiruo Li
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology
| | | | - Hua Qing
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology.,Comparative Medicine, and
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology
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A High Protein Calorie Restriction Diet Alters the Gut Microbiome in Obesity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103221. [PMID: 33096810 PMCID: PMC7590138 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High protein calorie restriction diets have shown clinical efficacy for obesity, but the mechanisms are not fully known. The intestinal microbiome is a mediator of obesity and preclinical data support an effect of high protein diet (HPD) on the gut microbiome of obesity, but there are few studies in humans. Methods: To address this, we conducted a dietary intervention trial of 80 overweight and obese subjects who were randomized to a calorie-restricted high protein diet (HPD) (30% calorie intake) or calorie-restricted normal protein diet (NPD) (15%) for 8 weeks. Baseline dietary intake patterns were assessed by the Diet History Questionnaire III. Longitudinal fecal sampling was performed at baseline, week 1, week 2, week 4, week 6, and week 8, for a total of 365 samples. Intestinal microbiome composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: At baseline, microbial composition was associated with fiber and protein intake. Subjects on the HPD showed a significant increase in microbial diversity as measured by the Shannon index compared to those on the NPD. The HPD was also associated with significant differences in microbial composition after treatment compared to the NPD. Both diets induced taxonomic shifts compared to baseline, including enrichment of Akkermansia spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. and depletion of Prevotella spp. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence that weight loss diets alter the gut microbiome in obesity and suggest differential effects of HPDs compared to NPDs which may influence the clinical response to HPD.
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Bellissimo N, Fansabedian T, Wong VC, Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Brett NR, Schwartz A, Cassin S, Suitor K, Rousseau D. Effect of Increasing the Dietary Protein Content of Breakfast on Subjective Appetite, Short-Term Food Intake and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Children. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103025. [PMID: 33023221 PMCID: PMC7601774 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein affects energy balance by decreasing food intake (FI) and increasing energy expenditure through diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) in adults. Our objective was to investigate the effects of increasing the dietary protein in an isocaloric breakfast on subjective appetite, FI, blood glucose, and DIT in 9-14 y children. Two randomized repeated measures designs were used. In experiment 1, 17 children (9 boys, 8 girls) consumed isocaloric meals (450 kcal) on four separate mornings containing: 7 g (control), 15 g (low protein, LP), 30 g (medium protein, MP) or 45 g (high protein, HP) of protein. Blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured at baseline and regular intervals for 4 h, and FI was measured at 4 h. In experiment 2, 9 children (6 boys, 3 girls) consumed the control or HP breakfast on two separate mornings, and both DIT and subjective appetite were determined over 5 h. In experiment 1, all dietary protein treatments suppressed subjective appetite compared to control (p < 0.001), and the HP breakfast suppressed FI compared with the LP breakfast and control (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, DIT was higher after HP than control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing the dietary protein content of breakfast had favorable effects on satiety, FI, and DIT in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +14-16-979-5000-x553026
| | - Tammy Fansabedian
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Vincent C.H. Wong
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | | | - Neil R. Brett
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Alexander Schwartz
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Stephanie Cassin
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada;
| | - Katherine Suitor
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Dérick Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry & Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada;
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Pahlavani N, Firouzi S, Rezvani R, Jarahi L, Malekahmadi M, Taghipour A, Ranjbar G, Taherzadeh Z, Safarian M. Postprandial effects of macronutrient composition meals on metabolic responses and arterial stiffness indexes in lean and obese men adults; a protocol study (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2020. [DOI: 10.2196/21162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Burrell JA, Richard AJ, King WT, Stephens JM. Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carriers are not Required for Adipogenesis but are Regulated by High-Fat Feeding in Brown Adipose Tissue. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:293-302. [PMID: 31970913 PMCID: PMC6986308 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to assess the role of mitochondrial pyruvate carriers (MPCs) in adipocyte development in vitro and determine whether MPCs are regulated in vivo by high-fat feeding in male and female C57BL/6J mice. METHODS This study utilized small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown to assess the requirement of MPC1 for adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 model system. Treatment with UK-5099, a potent pharmacological MPC inhibitor, was also used to assess the loss of MPC activity. Western blot analysis was performed on adipose tissue samples from mice on a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. RESULTS The loss of MPC expression via small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown or pharmacological inhibition did not affect adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. In vivo studies indicated that expression of MPCs was significantly decreased in brown adipose tissue of male mice, but not female, on an HFD. CONCLUSIONS Although MPCs are essential for pyruvate transport, MPCs are not required for adipogenesis in vitro, suggesting that other substrates can be used for energy production when the MPC complex is not functional. Also, a significant decrease in MPC1 and 2 expression occurred in brown fat, but not white fat, of male mice fed an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A Burrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Allison J Richard
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - William T King
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Sarafian D, Charrière N, Maufrais C, Montani JP. Cardiovascular and Orthostatic Responses to a Festive Meal Associated With Alcohol in Young Men. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1183. [PMID: 31632281 PMCID: PMC6780004 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Sharing a festive meal associated with alcohol is quite common. While the cardiovascular changes occurring after meal ingestion of different nutrient composition has been well-established, the effects of ingesting a festive versus a standard meal accompanied with alcohol are less clear. Here, we compared the postprandial hemodynamics, cutaneous and psychomotor performance responses after ingestion of a classical Swiss festive meal [cheese fondue (CF)] versus a light ready-meal [Nasi Goreng (NG)], both accompanied with white wine. Methods: In a randomized cross over design, we examined in 12 healthy young men, the continuous cardiovascular, cutaneous, and reaction time responses to ingestion of cheese fondue versus a standard meal at rest (sitting position) and hemodynamic changes in response to orthostatic challenge (active standing) in pre- and postprandial phases. Results: Breath alcohol concentration after wine ingestion was similar after both meal types. Compared to the standard meal, consumption of CF induced higher increases in heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), double product (DP) and cardiac power output (CPO), greater vasodilation, and rises in skin blood flow and skin temperature. Greater increases in HR, DP, and mean blood pressure (MBP) were observed during orthostatic challenges with CF compared to NG. A two-choice reaction time task revealed similar reaction times with both meals, suggesting no influence of meal composition on psychomotor performance. Conclusion: In sitting position, CF ingestion induced a more important cardiovascular load compared to NG. Although the dose of alcohol and the festive meal used here did not lead to orthostatic hypotension, eating CF induced a greater cardiometabolic load suggesting that hemodynamic reserves have been encroached during active standing. This may impede the cardiovascular capacity during physical exercise or stress situations, particularly in elderly subjects who are at greater risk for postprandial hypotension and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sarafian
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Charrière
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claire Maufrais
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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A bedtime milk snack does not impact RMR, substrate utilisation and appetite the following morning in mildly overweight males. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:1355-1365. [PMID: 29845905 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nighttime eating is often associated with a negative impact on weight management and cardiometabolic health. However, data from recent acute metabolic studies have implicated a benefit of ingesting a bedtime snack for weight management. The present study compared the impact of ingesting a milk snack containing either 10 (BS10) or 30 g (BS30) protein with a non-energetic placebo (BS0) 30 min before bedtime on next morning metabolism, appetite and energy intake in mildly overweight males (age: 24·3 (sem 0·8) years; BMI: 27·4 (sem 1·1) kg/m2). Next morning measurements of RMR, appetite and energy intake were measured using indirect calorimetry, visual analogue scales and an ad libitum breakfast, respectively. Bedtime milk ingestion did not alter next morning RMR (BS0: 7822 (sem 276) kJ/d, BS10: 7482 (sem 262) kJ/d, BS30: 7851 (sem 261) kJ/d, P=0·19) or substrate utilisation as measured by RER (P=0·64). Bedtime milk ingestion reduced hunger (P=0·01) and increased fullness (P=0·04) during the evening immediately after snack ingestion, but elicited no effect the next morning. Next morning breakfast (BS0: 2187 (sem 365) kJ, BS10: 2070 (sem 336) kJ, BS30: 2582 (sem 384) kJ, P=0·21) and 24 h post-trial (P=0·95) energy intake was similar between conditions. To conclude, in mildly overweight adults, compared with a non-energetic placebo, a bedtime milk snack containing 10 or 30 g of protein does not confer changes in next morning whole-body metabolism and appetite that may favour weight management.
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Krupa-Kozak U, Lange E. The Gluten-Free Diet and Glycaemic Index in the Management of Coeliac Disease Associated with Type 1 Diabetes. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1584902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Krupa-Kozak
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Lange
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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Oussaada SM, van Galen KA, Cooiman MI, Kleinendorst L, Hazebroek EJ, van Haelst MM, Ter Horst KW, Serlie MJ. The pathogenesis of obesity. Metabolism 2019; 92:26-36. [PMID: 30639246 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Body fat mass increases when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. In the long term, a positive energy balance will result in obesity. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, insight in the pathogenesis of obesity is important to identify novel prevention and treatment strategies. This review describes the physiology of energy expenditure and energy intake in the context of body weight gain in humans. We focus on the components of energy expenditure and the regulation of energy intake. Finally, we describe rare monogenetic causes leading to an impairment in central regulation of food intake and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Oussaada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katy A van Galen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mellody I Cooiman
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J Hazebroek
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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18
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Abdouni L, Olabi A, Obeid O. Postprandial energy expenditure of protein is affected by its phosphorus content. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:214-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Assaad M, El Mallah C, Obeid O. Phosphorus ingestion with a high-carbohydrate meal increased the postprandial energy expenditure of obese and lean individuals. Nutrition 2018; 57:59-62. [PMID: 30153580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phosphorus ingestion with glucose was reported to stimulate the postprandial peripheral uptake of both phosphorus and glucose, a process that favors energy production. The aim of this study was to determine whether phosphorus ingestion with a meal can affect energy metabolism. METHODS Overnight fasted men (eight lean and seven obese) consumed a high-carbohydrate meal (648 kcal) with either placebo or phosphorus (500 mg) tablets in a random order. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were monitored for 240 min using ventilated hood indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Phosphorus ingestion with a meal increased the postprandial energy expenditure of both lean and obese individuals (P < 0.001), although in different patterns. Alterations in postprandial substrate oxidation was highly noticeable from time 120 min onward, where phosphorus-treated lean participants exhibited a significant decrease in respiratory quotient. CONCLUSION Phosphorus ingestion with a high-carbohydrate meal alters postprandial energy metabolism mainly by enhancing postprandial energy expenditure that may ultimatly favor weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Assaad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla El Mallah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Bowen J, Brindal E, James-Martin G, Noakes M. Randomized Trial of a High Protein, Partial Meal Replacement Program with or without Alternate Day Fasting: Similar Effects on Weight Loss, Retention Status, Nutritional, Metabolic, and Behavioral Outcomes. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1145. [PMID: 30142886 PMCID: PMC6165084 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-protein diets, meal replacements, and greater early weight loss have separately been associated with greater weight loss. We compared a high-protein, meal replacement program with daily energy restriction (DER) to one which provided greater energy restriction adding alternate day fasting (ADF + DER; alternating days of modified-fasting and DER plus 1 ad libitum day/week) on retention, weight loss, physiological, nutritional, and behavioral markers. Participants were randomized to ADF + DER or DER for 16 weeks (n = 162, age 40 ± 8 years BMI 36 ± 6 kg/m² (Mean ± SD)) plus 8 weeks weight maintenance. At week 16 weight change was -10.7 ± 0.5 kg and -11.2 ± 0.6 kg in ADF + DER and DER groups (treatment NS). Fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, and lean mass (p < 0.05) were similarly reduced between treatments. Weight loss was sustained to 24 weeks (treatment NS). Fasting LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, hsCRP, glucose, and blood pressure all improved (p < 0.05; treatment NS). Transferrin saturation, ferritin, serum zinc, folate, and B12 improved (p < 0.05; treatment NS). Plasma thiamine and vitamin D levels decreased, reflecting lower carbohydrate intakes and seasonal changes, respectively. Food cravings, quality of life, and mood improved (treatment NS). Energy, fatigue, and pain improved slightly more in DER (p < 0.05). This study supports the use of higher protein, meal replacement programs with or without ADF in weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Bowen
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Emily Brindal
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | | | - Manny Noakes
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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21
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Effects of protein quantity and type on diet induced thermogenesis in overweight adults: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1570-1580. [PMID: 30269898 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Protein content of a meal is hypothesized to drive DIT dose-dependently. However, no single meal study exists comparing two different doses of protein on DIT. In addition, the source of protein, particularly whey protein, was shown to have a higher DIT than casein and soy in the acute setting, however the mechanism behind this difference is not yet clear. The aim of the present work is therefore to evaluate the efficacy of two different doses and types of protein (whey protein and casein) on DIT in overweight adults. METHODS Randomized, double blind crossover including seventeen overweight men and women assigned to four isocaloric study treatments where protein and carbohydrate were exchanged: control, 30 g of whey protein microgels (WPM30), 50 g WPM (WPM50) or 50 g micellar casein (MC50). Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Blood, breath and urine samples were collected in order to measure substrate oxidation, amino acid profile, glucose and insulin, protein turnover and other metabolic parameters. RESULTS DIT was 6.7 ± 3.7%, 13.0 ± 5.0%, 18.0 ± 5.0% and 16.0 ± 5.0% for control, WPM30, WPM50 and MC50, respectively. There was a significant difference between WPM50 and WPM30 (p < 0.005) and a trend was observed between WPM50 and MC50 (p = 0.06). WPM50 resulted in the highest total, essential, and branched-chain plasma amino acid concentrations when compared with the other study treatments (p < 0.005) and a higher insulin concentration than MC50 (p < 0.005). Protein oxidation was higher for WPM50 than MC50. Protein turnover was significantly correlated with DIT through total leucine oxidation (r = 0.52, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that DIT does increase at a dose beyond 30 g of WPM and that the type of dairy protein may have an effect on DIT with WPM tending towards a higher DIT than casein. Although further research is required to understand the mechanism behind the effect of different protein sources on thermogenesis, we suggest that amongst the components of protein turnover, protein oxidation may be an important driver of thermogenesis at doses higher than 30 g. These results have concrete implications when choosing a dose of protein to optimize its thermogenic effect. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT02303080 www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Toyama K, Kuranuki S, Nakamura T, Yoshitake Y. Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on the Thermic Effect of Food and Body Surface Temperature in Young Women. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.65.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Toyama
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University ofHuman Services
- Graduate School of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya
| | - Sachi Kuranuki
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University ofHuman Services
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McCue MD, Salinas I, Ramirez G, Wilder S. The postabsorptive and postprandial metabolic rates of praying mantises: Comparisons across species, body masses, and meal sizes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93-94:64-71. [PMID: 27568396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic rate of an animal affects the amount of energy available for its growth, activity and reproduction and, ultimately, shapes how energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems. Standard metabolic rate (SMR; when animals are post-absorptive and at rest) and specific dynamic action (SDA; the cost of digesting and processing food) are two major components of animal metabolism. SMR has been studied in hundreds of species of insects, but very little is known about the SMR of praying mantises. We measured the rates of CO2 production as a proxy for metabolic rate and tested the prediction that the SMR of mantises more closely resembles the low SMR of spiders - a characteristic generally believed to be related to their sit-and-wait foraging strategy. Although few studies have examined SDA in insects we also tested the prediction that mantises would exhibit comparatively large SDA responses characteristic of other types of predators (e.g., snakes) known to consume enormous, protein-rich meals. The SMR of the mantises was positively correlated with body mass and did not differ among the four species we examined. Their SMR was best described by the equation μW=1526*g0.745 and was not significantly different from that predicted by the standard 'insect-curve'; but it was significantly higher than that of spiders to which mantises are ecologically more similar than other insects. Mantises consumed meals as large as 138% of their body mass and within 6-12h of feeding and their metabolic rates doubled before gradually returning to prefeeding rates over the subsequent four days. We found that the SDA responses were isometrically correlated with meal size and the relative cost of digestion was 38% of the energy in each meal. We conclude that mantises provide a promising model to investigate nutritional physiology of insect predators as well as nutrient cycling within their ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D McCue
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, United States.
| | - Isabella Salinas
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Gabriella Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Shawn Wilder
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Carneiro IP, Elliott SA, Siervo M, Padwal R, Bertoli S, Battezzati A, Prado CM. Is Obesity Associated with Altered Energy Expenditure? Adv Nutr 2016; 7:476-87. [PMID: 27184275 PMCID: PMC4863259 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.008755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, obese individuals were believed to have lower energy expenditure (EE) rates than nonobese individuals (normal and overweight), which, in the long term, would contribute to a positive energy balance and subsequent weight gain. The aim of this review was to critically appraise studies that compared measures of EE and its components, resting EE (REE), activity EE (AEE), and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), in obese and nonobese adults to elucidate whether obesity is associated with altered EE. Contrary to popular belief, research has shown that obese individuals have higher absolute REE and total EE. When body composition (namely the metabolically active component, fat-free mass) is taken into account, these differences between obese and nonobese individuals disappear, suggesting that EE in obese individuals is not altered. However, an important question is whether AEE is lower in obese individuals because of a decrease in overall physical activity or because of less energy expended while performing physical activity. AEE and DIT could be reduced in obese individuals, mostly because of unhealthy behavior (low physical activity, higher intake of fat). However, the current evidence does not support the hypothesis that obesity is sustained by lower daily EE or REE. Future studies, comparing EE between obese and nonobese and assessing potential physiologic abnormalities in obese individuals, should be able to better answer the question of whether these individuals have altered energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella P Carneiro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre
| | - Sarah A Elliott
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre
| | - Mario Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Raj Padwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre,
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Hamada Y, Miyaji A, Hayashi N. Effect of postprandial gum chewing on diet-induced thermogenesis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:878-85. [PMID: 26887536 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of postprandial gum chewing on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). METHODS Twelve healthy normal-weight males completed four trials on four different days. They chewed a 621-kcal test meal for as long as possible and as many times as possible in the slow-eating trials, while they consumed the same meal as rapidly as possible in the rapid-eating trials. In the gum-chewing trials, they chewed a 3-kcal gum for 15 min after the meal. In the non-gum-chewing trials, they consumed 3 kcal of sugar with the test meal instead of chewing the gum. DIT was calculated based on the oxygen uptake, body mass, and postprandial increments in energy expenditure above the baseline as measured before each trial. RESULTS DIT was significantly greater in the gum-chewing trials than in the non-gum-chewing trials for both rapid-eating and slow-eating trials. The difference in DIT between rapid-eating and slow-eating trials was greater than that between non-gum-chewing and gum-chewing trials. CONCLUSIONS Postprandial gum chewing enhanced DIT, but the effect of gum chewing on DIT did not exceed that of slow eating when consuming a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hamada
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Miyaji
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Chauhan Y, Goyal R, Khah S, Sharma PL. Mild alcohol intake exacerbates metabolic syndrome in rodents: a putative role of GSK-3β. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 35:592-9. [PMID: 26096168 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is characterized with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hepatic dysfunction. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) expression has been observed in adipose tissues in obese and diabetic humans, and in rodents. The aim of study was to investigate role of GSK-3β in modulation of metabolic alterations in alcoholic fed rats. Male Wistar albino rats (180-220 g) were used. High fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and alcohol (2%) from third to eighth week were given. Lithium chloride (LiCl), a GSK-3β inhibitor (60 mg/kg) was used orally from third to eighth week. HFD treatment caused significant (p < 0.05) increase in the percentage of body weight gain, BMI, Lee index, different fat pads, liver weights, serum glucose, leptin, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, tissue thio-barbituric acid reactive substances, nitrate/nitrite and significant decrease in food intake (g), serum HDL and tissue GSH in HFD control rats, as compared to normal control (NC). Administration of alcohol (2%) ad libitum potentiated the effect of normal and HFD, respectively, in NC and HFD control rats, respectively. Administration of LiCl produced significant amelioration in biochemical and pathological changes caused in the form of metabolic syndrome in HFD alone and HFD and alcohol-treated rats. The histological observations also showed similar findings in liver tissue. It may be concluded that inactivation of GSK-3β consequently leads to increased leptin and insulin sensitivity as evidenced by the reversal of alterations caused due to metabolic syndrome in rodents fed with HFD and mild alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Chauhan
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University , Solan , HP , India and
| | - Rohit Goyal
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University , Solan , HP , India and
| | - Shaila Khah
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University , Solan , HP , India and
| | - Pyare Lal Sharma
- b Department of Pharmacology , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
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Gepner Y, Bril N, Shelef I, Schwarzfuchs D, Serfaty D, Rein M, Cohen N, Shemesh E, Tangi-Rosental O, Sarusi B, Goshen E, Kenigsbuch S, Chassidim Y, Golan R, Witkow S, Henkin Y, Stampfer MJ, Rudich A, Shai I. Higher visceral adiposity is associated with an enhanced early thermogenic response to carbohydrate-rich food. Clin Nutr 2015; 35:422-427. [PMID: 25823387 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies examining the dynamics of the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) of specific food items and the relationship of TEF to visceral adiposity are limited. METHODS We measured resting energy expenditure (REE) and early-TEF (40-min postprandial, e-TEF) after 8-h fast by indirect calorimetry in 40 obese men, and imaged abdominal fat tissues by magnetic resonance imaging. Each participant was examined on two occasions, 3-weeks apart. At each examination we measured fasting REE and then postprandial REE following the isocaloric [∼380 kcal] consumption of either 56 gr walnuts [(8% carbohydrates; 84% fat, of which 72% polyunsaturated fat)], or 5-slices (150gr) of whole-grain bread (48% carbohydrates; 32% fat). e-TEF was calculated as the area under the curve between the fasting and postprandial tests. RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 45 ± 8 years, body-mass-index (BMI) = 31.1 ± 3.8 kg/m(2), total abdominal fat area = 901.4 ± 240 cm(2), visceral fat area (VAT) = 260 ± 102.9 cm(2), fasting REE = 1854 ± 205 kcal, REE/kg = 19.39 ± 1.73 kcal/kg, and respiratory quotient (RQ, CO2 eliminated/O2 consumed) = 0.82 ± 0.04. Individuals who exhibited increased e-TEF (top ΔAUC median) to bread had higher VAT (299 cm(2) vs. 223 cm(2); p = 0.024) and higher BMI (32.4 kg/m(2) vs. 30.0 kg/m(2); p = 0.013), compared to their peers with the lower e-TEF response (ΔAUC below median). As expected, postprandial e-TEF was higher after whole-grain bread consumption [ΔAUC = +14 kcal/40min] compared to walnuts [ΔAUC = -2 kcal/40 min; p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS Higher early thermic effect of high-carbohydrate food, likely reflecting digestion, early absorption and/or sympathetic tone (rather than metabolic utilization (oxidation)), associates with visceral adiposity. Future studies are required to determine if this association represents an added causality between early carbohydrate processing and visceral fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yftach Gepner
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nitzan Bril
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Dana Serfaty
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Rein
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noa Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elad Shemesh
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Osnat Tangi-Rosental
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Eyal Goshen
- Nuclear Research Center Negev, Dimona, Israel
| | - Shira Kenigsbuch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Rachel Golan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shula Witkow
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaakov Henkin
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Iris Shai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Chan J, Lomenick JP, Buchowski MS, Shoemaker AH. Insulin resistance is not associated with thermogenic effect of a high-fat meal in obese children. Nutr Res 2014; 34:486-90. [PMID: 25026915 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In adults, insulin resistance may decrease the thermogenic effect of food, contributing to weight gain. We aimed to determine the effect of insulin resistance on energy expenditure in children with long-standing obesity. We hypothesized that thermogenic effect of food would decrease with increasing insulin resistance. Energy expenditure was measured using whole room indirect calorimetry in obese children 7 to 18 years old. Participants were fed a high-fat meal with energy content equal to 35% of measured resting energy expenditure. Thermogenic effect of food was measured for 180 minutes posttest meal and expressed as a percent of calories consumed. Body composition was assessed using whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Fasting glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1C were measured. Complete data were available for 25 children (median age, 12.1 years; 52% male). As expected, a significant decrease in resting energy expenditure was observed with increasing Tanner stage (P = .02 by Kruskal-Wallis test). Insulin sensitivity, as determined by homeostasis model assessment index equation, did not significantly affect resting energy expenditure (P = .3) or thermogenic effect of food (P = .7) after adjustment for Tanner stage. In conclusion, our study did not find an association between insulin resistance and energy expenditure in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chan
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Maciej S Buchowski
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ashley H Shoemaker
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Tucker RM, Mattes RD, Running CA. Mechanisms and effects of "fat taste" in humans. Biofactors 2014; 40:313-26. [PMID: 24591077 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supporting a "taste" cue from fat in the oral cavity continues to accrue. The proposed stimuli for fat taste, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), are released from food through hydrolytic rancidity and lipase activity derived from foods or saliva. NEFA must then be released from the food matrix, negotiate the aqueous environment to reach taste cell surfaces, and interact with receptors such as CD36 and GPR120 or diffuse across cell membranes to initiate a taste signal. Knowledge of these processes in non-gustatory tissues should inform understanding of taste responses to NEFA. Additionally, downstream effects of oral triglyceride exposure have been observed in numerous studies. Data specific to effects of NEFA versus triglyceride are scarce, but modified sham feeding trials with triglyceride document cephalic phase responses including elevations in serum lipids and insulin as well as potential, but debated, effects on gut peptides, appetite, and thermogenesis. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which NEFA migrate to and interact with taste cells, and then we examine physiological responses to oral fat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Tucker
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Sellayah D, Dib L, Anthony FW, Watkins AJ, Fleming TP, Hanson MA, Cagampang FR. Effect of maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and postweaning high-fat feeding on diet-induced thermogenesis in adult mouse offspring. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1523-31. [PMID: 24481689 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prenatal undernutrition followed by postweaning feeding of a high-fat diet results in obesity in the adult offspring. In this study, we investigated whether diet-induced thermogenesis is altered as a result of such nutritional mismatch. METHODS Female MF-1 mice were fed a normal protein (NP, 18% casein) or a protein-restricted (PR, 9% casein) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, male offspring of both groups were fed either a high-fat diet (HF; 45% kcal fat) or standard chow (C, 7% kcal fat) to generate the NP/C, NP/HF, PR/C and PR/HF adult offspring groups (n = 7-11 per group). RESULTS PR/C and NP/C offspring have similar body weights at 30 weeks of age. Postweaning HF feeding resulted in significantly heavier NP/HF offspring (P < 0.01), but not in PR/HF offspring, compared with their chow-fed counterparts. However, the PR/HF offspring exhibited greater adiposity (P < 0.01) v the NP/HF group. The NP/HF offspring had increased energy expenditure and increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein-1 and β-3 adrenergic receptor in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) compared with the NP/C mice (both at P < 0.01). No such differences in energy expenditure and iBAT gene expression were observed between the PR/HF and PR/C offspring. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a mismatch between maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation, and the postweaning diet of the offspring, can attenuate diet-induced thermogenesis in the iBAT, resulting in the development of obesity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan Sellayah
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital (MP887), Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Faria SL, Faria OP, Cardeal MDA, Ito MK, Buffington C. Diet-induced thermogenesis and respiratory quotient after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: A prospective study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2014; 10:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ravn AM, Gregersen NT, Christensen R, Rasmussen LG, Hels O, Belza A, Raben A, Larsen TM, Toubro S, Astrup A. Thermic effect of a meal and appetite in adults: an individual participant data meta-analysis of meal-test trials. Food Nutr Res 2013; 57:19676. [PMID: 24376394 PMCID: PMC3873760 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.19676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thermic effect of a meal (TEF) has previously been suggested to influence appetite. Objective The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an association between appetite and TEF. Second, to examine whether protein intake is associated with TEF or appetite. Design Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis on studies were performed at the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Five randomized meal-test studies, with 111 participants, were included. The included studies measured energy expenditure (EE) in respiration chambers and pre- and postprandial appetite sensations using Visual Analog Scales (VAS). The primary meta-analysis was based on a generic-inverse variance random-effects model, pooling individual study Spearman's correlation coefficients, resulting in a combined r-value with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The I2 value quantifies the proportion (%) of the variation in point estimates due to among-study differences. Results The IPD meta-analysis found no association between satiety and TEF expressed as the incremental area under the curve (TEFiAUC) (r=0.06 [95% CI −0.16 to 0.28], P=0.58; I2=15.8%). Similarly, Composite Appetite Score (CAS) was not associated with TEFiAUC (r=0.08 [95% CI −0.12 to 0.28], P=0.45; I2=0%). Posthoc analyses showed no association between satiety or CAS and TEF expressed as a percentage of energy intake (EI) (P>0.49) or TEF expressed as a percentage of baseline EE (P>0.17). When adjusting for covariates, TEFiAUC was associated with protein intake (P=0.0085). Conclusions This IPD meta-analysis found no evidence supporting an association between satiety or CAS and TEF at protein intakes ∼15 E% (range 11–30 E%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ravn
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Ture Gregersen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Robin Christensen
- The Parker Institute: Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Graasbøl Rasmussen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ole Hels
- StatistiConsult, Ølstykke, Denmark
| | - Anita Belza
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne Raben
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Toubro
- Reduce APS - Research Clinic of Nutrition, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Krishnan S, Cooper JA. Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on substrate utilization and body weight maintenance in humans. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:691-710. [PMID: 24363161 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Dietary fat content is a primary factor associated with the increase in global obesity rates. There is a delay in achieving fat balance following exposure to a high-fat (HF) diet (≥ 40% of total energy from fat) and fat balance is closely linked to energy balance. Exercise has been shown to improve this rate of adaptation to a HF diet. Recently, however, the role of dietary fatty acid composition on energy and macronutrient balance has come into question. METHODS We chose studies that compared monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA). We have reviewed studies that measured diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), energy expenditure (EE), or fat oxidation (FOx) in response to a HF meal challenge, or long-term dietary intervention comparing these fatty acids. RESULTS While single-meal studies show that SFA induce lower DIT and FOx compared to unsaturated fats, the effect of the degree of unsaturation (MUFA vs. PUFA) appears to yet be determined. Long-term dietary interventions also support the notion that unsaturated fats induce greater EE, DIT, and/or FOx versus SFA and that a high MUFA diet induces more weight loss compared to a high SFA diet. Sex and BMI status also affect the metabolic responses to different fatty acids; however, more research in these areas is warranted. CONCLUSION SFA are likely more obesigenic than MUFA, and PUFA. The unsaturated fats appear to be more metabolically beneficial, specifically MUFA ≥ PUFA > SFA, as evidenced by the higher DIT and FOx following HF meals or diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Krishnan
- Department of Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing, Texas Tech University, PO Box 41240, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA,
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Methodological considerations for meal-induced thermogenesis: measurement duration and reproducibility. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1978-86. [PMID: 23683799 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Meal-induced thermogenesis (MIT) research findings have been highly inconsistent, in part, due to the variety of durations and protocols used to measure MIT. In the present study, we aimed to determine the following: (1) the proportion of a 6 h MIT response completed at 3, 4 and 5 h; (2) the associations between the shorter durations and the 6 h measures; (3) whether shorter durations improved the reproducibility of the measurement. MIT was measured in response to a 2410 kJ mixed composition meal in ten individuals (five males and five females) on two occasions. Energy expenditure was measured continuously for 6 h post-meal using indirect calorimetry, and MIT was calculated as the increase in energy expenditure above the pre-meal RMR. On average, 76, 89 and 96 % of the 6 h MIT response was completed within 3, 4 and 5 h, respectively, and MIT at each of these time points was strongly correlated with the 6 h MIT response (range for correlations, r 0·990-0·998; P< 0·01). The between-day CV for the 6 h measurement was 33 %, but it was significantly lower after 3 h of measurement (CV 26 %; P= 0·02). Despite variability in the total MIT between days, the proportion of MIT that was completed at 3, 4 and 5 h was reproducible (mean CV: 5 %). While 6 h are typically required to measure the complete MIT response, the 3 h measures provide sufficient information about the magnitude of the MIT response and may be applicable for testing individuals on repeated occasions.
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Lycopene supplementation modulates plasma concentrations and epididymal adipose tissue mRNA of leptin, resistin and IL-6 in diet-induced obese rats. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1803-9. [PMID: 23632237 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation, and lycopene has been reported to display anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is not clear whether lycopene supplementation modulates adipokine levels in vivo in obesity. To determine whether lycopene supplementation can regulate adipokine expression in obesity, male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive a control diet (C, n 6) ora hyperenergetic diet (DIO, n 12) for 6 weeks. After this period, the DIO animals were randomised into two groups: DIO (n 6) and DIO supplemented with lycopene (DIO + L, n 6). The animals received maize oil (C and DIO) or lycopene (DIO + L, 10 mg/kg body weight(BW) per d) by oral administration for a 6-week period. The animals were then killed by decapitation, and blood samples and epididymal adipose tissue were collected for hormonal determination and gene expression evaluation (IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), TNF-α, leptin and resistin). There was no detectable lycopene in the plasma of the C and DIO groups. However, the mean lycopene plasma concentration was 24 nmol in the DIO + L group. Although lycopene supplementation did not affect BW or adiposity, it significantly decreased leptin, resistin and IL-6 gene expression in epididymal adipose tissue and plasma concentrations. Also, it significantly reduced the gene expression of MCP-1 in epididymal adipose tissue. Lycopene affects adipokines by reducing leptin, resistin and plasma IL-6 levels. These data suggest that lycopene may be an effective strategy in reducing inflammation in obesity.
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Schadewaldt P, Nowotny B, Strassburger K, Kotzka J, Roden M. Indirect calorimetry in humans: a postcalorimetric evaluation procedure for correction of metabolic monitor variability. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:763-73. [PMID: 23446893 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.035014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indirect calorimetry (IC) with metabolic monitors is widely used for noninvasive assessment of energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation in health and disease. OBJECTIVE To overcome deficiencies in validity and reliability of metabolic monitors, we established a procedure that allowed correction for monitor-specific deviations. DESIGN Randomized comparative IC (canopy mode) with the Deltatrac MBM-100 (Datex) and Vmax Encore 29n (SensorMedix) was performed in postabsorptive (overnight fast >8 h) healthy subjects (n = 40). In vitro validation was performed by simulation of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) rates by using mass-flow regulators and pure gases. A simulation-based postcalorimetric calibration of cart readouts [individual calibration control evaluation (ICcE)] was established in adults (n = 24). RESULTS The comparison of carefully calibrated monitors showed marked differences in VCO2 and VO2 (P < 0.01) and derived metabolic variables [resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory quotient (RQ), glucose/carbohydrate oxidation (Gox), and fat oxidation (Fox); P < 0.001]. Correlations appeared to be acceptable for breath gas rates and REE (R(2) ~ 0.9) but were unacceptable for RQ (R(2) = 0.3), Gox, and Fox (R(2) = 0.2). In vitro simulation experiments showed monitor-dependent interferences for VCO2 and VO2 as follows: 1) within series, nonlinear and variable deviations of monitor readouts at different exchange rates; 2) between series, differences and unsteady variability; and 3) differences in individual monitor characteristics (eg, rate dependence, stability, imprecision). The introduction of the postcalorimetric recalibration by ICcE resulted in an adjustment of gas exchange rates and the derived metabolic variables with reasonable correlations (R(2) > 0.9). CONCLUSIONS Differential, metabolic, monitor-specific deviations are the primary determinants for lack of accuracy, comparability, and transferability of results. This problem can be overcome by the present postcalorimetric ICcE procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schadewaldt
- Institutes of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Ferrie S, Rand S, Palmer S. Back to Basics: Estimating Protein Requirements for Adult Hospital Patients. A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.42028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Luvizotto RDAM, do Nascimento AF, de Síbio MT, Olímpio RMC, Conde SJ, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Cicogna AC, Nogueira CR. Experimental hyperthyroidism decreases gene expression and serum levels of adipokines in obesity. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:780890. [PMID: 22645452 PMCID: PMC3356725 DOI: 10.1100/2012/780890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims. To analyze the influence of hyperthyroidism on the gene expression and serum concentration of leptin, resistin, and adiponectin in obese animals.
Main Methods. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control (C)—fed with commercial chow ad libitum—and obese (OB)—fed with a hypercaloric diet. After group characterization, the OB rats continued receiving a hypercaloric diet and were randomized into two groups: obese animals (OB) and obese with 25 μg triiodothyronine (T3)/100 BW (OT). The T3 dose was administered every day for the last 2 weeks of the study. After 30 weeks the animals were euthanized. Samples of blood and adipose tissue were collected for biochemical and hormonal analyses as well as gene expression of leptin, resistin, and adiponectin. Results. T3 treatment was effective, increasing fT3 levels and decreasing fT4 and TSH serum concentration. Administration of T3 promotes weight loss, decreases all fat deposits, and diminishes serum levels of leptin, resistin, and adiponectin by reducing their gene expression. Conclusions. Our results suggest that T3 modulate serum and gene expression levels of leptin, resistin, and adiponectin in experimental model of obesity, providing new insights regarding the relationship between T3 and adipokines in obesity.
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Metabolic energy correlates of heart rate variability spectral power associated with a 900-calorie challenge. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2011:715361. [PMID: 21773025 PMCID: PMC3136225 DOI: 10.1155/2011/715361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied healthy males challenged with a 900 Cal test beverage and correlated EE with the raw (ms2) and normalized units (nu) of total power (TP), low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) and VLF spectral power of heart rate variability (HRV). The correlations were evaluated during 20 min of normal breathing (NB, control) and 20 min of paced breathing (PB) at 12 breaths·min−1 (0.2 Hz). EE was not significantly correlated with any of the HRV variables before the metabolic challenge. After the challenge, EE was positively correlated with LF/HF and with VLF; VLF was also positively correlated with LF/HF during both NB and PB. These findings suggest that EE may be a correlate of LF/HF and of VLF spectral power of HRV in healthy adolescent/young adult males. The association of lower resting energy expenditure with lower amounts of VLF spectral power may occur in individuals with predilections for obese phenotypes.
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Nascimento AF, Luvizotto RAM, Leopoldo AS, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Seiva FR, Justulin LA, Silva MDP, Okoshi K, Wang XD, Cicogna AC. Long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity decreases the cardiac leptin receptor without apparent lipotoxicity. Life Sci 2011; 88:1031-8. [PMID: 21457721 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Leptin resistance has been associated with cardiac lipotoxicity; however, whether leptin resistance is a risk factor associated with cardiac lipotoxicity at different time points in diet-induced obesity is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate this relationship. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed a normal chow diet (12% from fat) or a high-fat diet (49% from fat) for 15 and 45 weeks, respectively. The adiposity index, body weight and co-morbidities were evaluated. Heart lipotoxicity was assessed by analyzing cardiac function and morphological changes as well as cardiac triglyceride, ceramide and lipid hydroperoxide accumulations. Cardiac apoptosis was examined using the TUNEL method. Leptin function was determined by examining plasma leptin levels, cardiac leptin receptors (OB-R) and related phosphorylations of AMP-activated kinase protein (AMPK) and Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). KEY FINDINGS The diet-induced obesity was characterized by an elevated adiposity index, body weight and leptin levels at both 15 and 45 weeks. There was no difference between groups in the cardiac triglyceride or lipid hydroperoxide levels. Interestingly, ceramide levels decreased in obese animals in both experimental periods. The cardiac morphological and functional parameters were not altered. Although down-regulation of OB-R has occurred in chronic obesity, it did not adversely affect AMPK or ACC phosphorylation. SIGNIFICANCE The development of obesity via long-term feeding of a high-fat diet to rats does not result in cardiac lipotoxicity but promotes the down-regulation of OB-R. However, this does not result in altered levels of AMPK or ACC phosphorylations in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Nascimento
- Department of Medicine Clinical, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil.
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Fernandez CDB, Bellentani FF, Fernandes GSA, Perobelli JE, Favareto APA, Nascimento AF, Cicogna AC, Kempinas WDG. Diet-induced obesity in rats leads to a decrease in sperm motility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:32. [PMID: 21396114 PMCID: PMC3068085 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is rapidly becoming a worldwide epidemic that affects children and adults. Some studies have shown a relationship between obesity and infertility, but until now it remains controversial. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet-induced obesity on male reproductive parameters. METHODS In a first experiment, male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or standard chow (SD) for 15, 30 or 45 weeks, after which they were evaluated by adiposity index, serum leptin levels, reproductive organ weights and sperm counts. In a second experiment, rats received HFD or SD only for 15 weeks, long enough to cause obesity. Sexual hormones and sexual behavior were evaluated in these animals, as well as fertility after natural mating. Another group of rats was submitted to motility analysis and fertility evaluation after in utero insemination. RESULTS After 15, 30 or 45 weeks, HFD-fed animals presented significant increases in obesity index and serum leptin levels. Reproductive organ weights and sperm counts in the testis and epididymis were similar between the two groups at all timepoints studied. Sexual behavior was not altered by the diet regimen, and HFD fertility after natural mating was also similar to SD-fed animals. Intergroup testosterone levels were also comparable, but estradiol levels were increased in HFD rats. Furthermore, sperm quality was reduced in HFD animals as evidenced by their decreased percentage of sperm with progressive movement. This altered motility parameter was followed by a trend toward reduction in fertility potential after artificial in utero insemination. CONCLUSIONS The results reported herein showed that obesity can affect sperm quality, by reducing sperm motility, without affecting other sperm parameters. The low sperm quality caused a slight reduction in fertility potential, showing that obesity may lead to impairment in male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla DB Fernandez
- Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Bellentani
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaura SA Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Perobelli
- Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula A Favareto
- Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - André F Nascimento
- Medical Clinic Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Cicogna
- Medical Clinic Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilma DG Kempinas
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Tentolouris N, Alexiadou K, Kokkinos A, Koukou E, Perrea D, Kyriaki D, Katsilambros N. Meal-induced thermogenesis and macronutrient oxidation in lean and obese women after consumption of carbohydrate-rich and fat-rich meals. Nutrition 2011; 27:310-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stepien M, Gaudichon C, Fromentin G, Even P, Tomé D, Azzout-Marniche D. Increasing protein at the expense of carbohydrate in the diet down-regulates glucose utilization as glucose sparing effect in rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14664. [PMID: 21326875 PMCID: PMC3034717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High protein (HP) diet could serve as a good strategy against obesity, provoking the changes in energy metabolic pathways. However, those modifications differ during a dietary adaptation. To better understand the mechanisms involved in effect of high protein diet (HP) on limiting adiposity in rats we studied in parallel the gene expression of enzymes involved in protein and energy metabolism and the profiles of nutrients oxidation. Eighty male Wistar rats were fed a normal protein diet (NP, 14% of protein) for one week, then either maintained on NP diet or assigned to a HP diet (50% of protein) for 1, 3, 6 and 14 days. mRNA levels of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were measured in liver, adipose tissues, kidney and muscles by real time PCR. Energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry. Liver glycogen and plasma glucose and hormones were assayed. In liver, HP feeding 1) decreased mRNA encoding glycolysis enzymes (GK, L-PK) and lipogenesis enzymes(ACC, FAS), 2) increased mRNA encoding gluconeogenesis enzymes (PEPCK), 3) first lowered, then restored mRNA encoding glycogen synthesis enzyme (GS), 4) did not change mRNA encoding β-oxidation enzymes (CPT1, ACOX1, βHAD). Few changes were seen in other organs. In parallel, indirect calorimetry confirmed that following HP feeding, glucose oxidation was reduced and fat oxidation was stable, except during the 1(st) day of adaptation where lipid oxidation was increased. Finally, this study showed that plasma insulin was lowered and hepatic glucose uptake was decreased. Taken together, these results demonstrate that following HP feeding, CHO utilization was increased above the increase in carbohydrate intake while lipogenesis was decreased thus giving a potential explanation for the fat lowering effect of HP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stepien
- INRA/AgroParisTech, CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA,CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- INRA/AgroParisTech, CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA,CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fromentin
- INRA/AgroParisTech, CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA,CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Even
- INRA/AgroParisTech, CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA,CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- INRA/AgroParisTech, CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA,CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- INRA/AgroParisTech, CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA,CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Stepien M, Gaudichon C, Azzout-Marniche D, Fromentin G, Tomé D, Even P. Postprandial nutrient partitioning but not energy expenditure is modified in growing rats during adaptation to a high-protein diet. J Nutr 2010; 140:939-45. [PMID: 20335631 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.120139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that high-protein (HP) diets may favor weight management by lowering energy intake and reducing body fat. Whether these effects result from changes in energy metabolism remains unclear. We measured the adaptation of energy metabolism components during 2 wk of HP feeding. Fifty male Wistar rats were switched from a control diet to an HP diet (14 and 55% of protein, respectively) for 1, 3, 6, or 14 d. Energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry in feed-deprived rats and after consumption of a test meal. EE components, including the thermic effect of feeding and activity, were not modified during adaptation to an HP diet. Nutrient oxidation in feed-deprived rats was not affected by HP feeding, except for an early increase in protein oxidation. After 1 d, the postprandial inhibition of lipid oxidation (Lox) was blunted, carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation decreased by one-half, and urea clearance decreased by 66%. Thereafter, CHO oxidation gradually rose, resulting in a null CHO balance. Lox and urea clearance recovered after 3 d of adaptation to an HP diet, while protein oxidation reached a plateau. The postprandial oxidation of CHO counterbalanced the amount of ingested CHO as soon as 3 d, leading to a null postprandial CHO balance. We conclude that the inhibition of de novo lipogenesis from dietary CHO, but not EE and Lox, may participate in limiting the adiposity induced by HP feeding. The transient changes occurring during the period of adaptation to the diet highlight that the duration of the diet is critical in HP diet studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stepien
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
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Nakajima Y, Sato K, Sudo M, Nagao M, Kano T, Harada T, Ishizaki A, Tanimura K, Okajima F, Tamura H, Sugihara H, Tsuda K, Oikawa S. Practical Dietary Calorie Management, Body Weight Control and Energy Expenditure of Diabetic Patients in Short-term Hospitalization. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:558-67. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.3806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Millis RM, Austin RE, Hatcher MD, Bond V, Faruque MU, Goring KL, Hickey BM, DeMeersman RE. Association of body fat percentage and heart rate variability measures of sympathovagal balance. Life Sci 2009; 86:153-7. [PMID: 19958777 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypothesis that body fat percentage determines cardiac sympathovagal balance in healthy subjects. MAIN METHODS Heart rate variability (HRV) measurements were made of the standard deviation of the normal-normal RR intervals (SDNN) and the low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio, from time domain and fast Fourier transform spectral analysis of electrocardiogram RR intervals during trials of uncontrolled and controlled (paced) breathing at 0.2Hz. Body fat percentage was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometric (DEXA) scanning. Significance of differences between uncontrolled and controlled (paced) breathing was determined by analysis of variance and correlations between body fat percentage and HRV measurements by Pearson's coefficient at P<0.05. KEY FINDINGS Percent body fat was negatively correlated with LF/HF during the uncontrolled breathing (r=-0.56, two-tailed P<0.05, one-tailed P<0.01) but not during the paced breathing trial (r=-0.34, (P>0.1). SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that sympathetic activity produced by paced breathing at 0.2Hz can obscure the relationship between body fat percentage and sympathovagal balance and that high body fat percentage may be associated with low sympathetic modulation of the heart rate in healthy adolescent/young adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Millis
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Westerterp-Plantenga M, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tomé D, Soenen S, Westerterp K. Dietary Protein, Weight Loss, and Weight Maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29:21-41. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Westerterp-Plantenga
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- TIFN, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Nieuwenhuizen
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- TIFN, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Tomé
- AgroParisTech, Department of Life Sciences and Health, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F75005, Paris, France
| | - S. Soenen
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- TIFN, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - K.R. Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- TIFN, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Millis RM, Austin RE, Bond V, Faruque M, Goring KL, Hickey BM, Blakely R, Demeersman RE. Effects of high-carbohydrate and high-fat dietary treatments on measures of heart rate variability and sympathovagal balance. Life Sci 2009; 85:141-5. [PMID: 19465030 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypothesis that respiratory quotient (RQ) determines sympathovagal balance associated with metabolism of stored and dietary energy substrates. MAIN METHODS Six 18-20 year-old African-American males were studied after two control pretreatments of fasting and post-treatments of metabolizing high-fat and high-carbohydrate beverages. RQ, heart rate (HR), energy expenditure (EE) and blood pressure (BP) were recorded at rest and repeated 1 h-3 h after ingesting isocaloric high-carbohydrate and high-fat beverages. Sympathovagal modulation of HR was quantified by the low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio from fast Fourier transform (spectral) analysis of the electrocardiogram RR intervals during paced breathing at 0.2 Hz. Significance of differences of peak post-treatment values from controls was evaluated by analysis of covariance and of correlations by linear regression at P<0.05. KEY FINDINGS The high-carbohydrate and high-fat treatments increased RQ, EE, HR and LF/HF with significant interactions between covariates. LF/HF values were not significant after eliminating covariance of RQ, EE and HR for the control vs. high-fat and for the high-fat vs. high-carbohydrate and after eliminating covariance of EE and HR for the control vs. high-carbohydrate treatments. Across the RQ values, correlations were significant for EE and LF/HF. SIGNIFICANCE These findings imply that high RQ and sympathetic modulation produced by metabolizing carbohydrate is associated with high resting energy expenditure. We conclude that respiratory quotient may be an important determinant of the LF/HF ratio in the heart rate variability spectrum, likely, by a respiratory chemosensory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Millis
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Howard University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, Washington, DC 20059, United States.
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