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Yahia S, Salem NA, El-Hawary A, Salem M, El-Farahaty RM, El-Gilany AEH, Shoaib RMS, Noureldin MA. Serum apelin-12 and obesity-related markers in Egyptian children with Down syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:461-470. [PMID: 37930396 PMCID: PMC10858121 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit higher overweight/obesity rates than their typically developing peers. Apelin-12 is a bioactive adipokine that exerts vital roles in obesity-related cardiometabolic comorbidities. To date, apelin-12 has not been investigated in obese-DS. This study aimed to explore the possible association between serum apelin-12 and obesity-related markers and to evaluate the efficiency of apelin-12 in the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese-DS compared to BMI Z-score matched obese-control. The cross-sectional study included 150 prepubertal children classified into three groups; obese-DS (n = 50), obese-control (n = 50), and normal-weight-control (n = 50). Anthropometric parameters, body adiposity, fasting serum levels of blood glucose (FBG), insulin, lipid profile, and apelin-12 were evaluated. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from FBG and insulin. MetS was defined using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria modified for the pediatric age group. ROC curves were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of apelin-12 in predicting MetS in obesity groups. Obese-DS exhibited higher body adiposity with marked central fat distribution, atherogenic lipid profile, and higher HOMA-IR compared to obese-control. Apelin-12 was significantly higher in obese-DS and obese-DS with MetS compared to obese-control and obese-control with MetS respectively (p < 0.001). The increase in apelin-12 with higher obesity grades was pronounced in obese-DS. Apelin-12 strongly correlated with body adiposity, several MetS risk factors, and HOMA-IR in obese-DS. Significantly higher AUC for apelin-12 in the diagnosis of MetS among obese-DS than obese-control (AUC = 0.948 vs. AUC = 0.807; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The current study supports the crucial role of apelin-12 in obesity-related clinical and biochemical markers and in MetS in obese-DS and obese-control. Serum apelin-12 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for MetS with greater performance in obese-DS than obese-control raising its potential for clinical and therapeutic applications. WHAT IS KNOWN • Obese-DS children displayed excess body adiposity, Pronounced central fat distribution, atherogenic lipid profile, higher HOMA-IR, and higher prevalence of MetS than obese-control. WHAT IS NEW • Higher serum apelin-12 was observed in obese-DS and obese-DS with MetS than obese-control and obese-control with MetS respectively. The increase in apelin-12 level with increasing obesity grades was more pronounced in obese-DS. • Apelin-12 strongly correlated with obesity-related markers and MetS components in obese-DS. Apelin-12 performed better as a diagnostic biomarker for MetS in obese-DS than obese-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohier Yahia
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nanees A Salem
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- Mansoura University Children's Hospital, El-Gomhoria St, Post Office 35516, Box 50, Mansoura, 53355, Egypt.
| | - Amany El-Hawary
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Reham M El-Farahaty
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Rasha M S Shoaib
- Food and Dairy Sciences and Technology Department, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt
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Zaki ME, ElGebaly H, Hassan M, Elbatrawy SR, Yousef W, Ismail AS, Ahmed HH. Serum Chemerin and Apelin Levels in Obese Children: Relation to Endothelial Function and Inflammation from a Cross-sectional Case–Control Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a global threat with subsequent health problems among which and most important is cardiovascular problems. It is now claimed that adipokines secreted by adipose tissue are responsible for such consequences. Newly discovered adipokines chemerin and apelin are under investigation for their link with obesity related co-morbidites.
AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess the serum levels of chemerin and apelin in obese children and to explore the correlation between these two biomarkers and the inflammatory as well as the endothelial cell activation markers
PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional case control study that comprised 45 pre-pubertal obese children aged (6– < 12) years old of both sexes (22 males and 23 females), in addition to 45 matched age and sex lean children serving as controls (21 males and 24 females). Serum levels of chemerin, apelin, ICAM-1, E-selectin and hs-CRP were measured for obese and controls.
RESULTS: Obese children showed higher levels of chemerin, apelin, ICAM-1 and E-selectin than controls. Chemerin and apelin showed significant correlations with all parameters except for age. Anthropometric parameters with hs-CRP revealed significant correlation even after adjustment for age and sex while apelin only showed a significant correlation with age. Multiple regression analyses with hs -CR , E-selectin and ICAM-1 as dependent variables and BMI Z score ,age, sex, chemerin and apelin as independent variables showed the effect of chemerin and apelin on the increased levels of hs -CR , E-selectin and ICAM-1 .
CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of chemerin and apelin may serve as indices of ongoing obesity-related disorders in obese children.
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FTO and PLAG1 Genes Expression and FTO Methylation Predict Changes in Circulating Levels of Adipokines and Gastrointestinal Peptides in Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103585. [PMID: 34684585 PMCID: PMC8538237 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokines and gastrointestinal tract hormones are important metabolic parameters, and both epigenetic factors and differential gene expression patterns may be associated with the alterations in their concentrations in children. The function of the FTO gene (FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase) in the regulation of the global metabolic rate is well described, whereas the influence of protooncogene PLAG1 (PLAG1 zinc finger) is still not fully understood. A cross-sectional study on a group of 26 children with various BMI values (15.3–41.7; median 28) was carried out. The aim was to evaluate the dependencies between the level of methylation and expression of aforementioned genes with the concentration of selected gastrointestinal tract hormones and adipokines in children. Expression and methylation were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear DNA by a microarray technique and a restriction enzyme method, respectively. All peptide concentrations were determined using the enzyme immunoassay method. The expression level of both FTO and PLAG1 genes was statistically significantly related to the concentration of adipokines: negatively for apelin and leptin receptor, and positively for leptin. Furthermore, both FTO methylation and expression negatively correlated with the concentration of resistin and visfatin. Cholecystokinin was negatively correlated, whereas fibroblast growth factor 21 positively correlated with methylation and expression of the FTO gene, while FTO and PLAG1 expression was negatively associated with the level of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1. The PLAG1 gene expression predicts an increase in leptin and decrease in ghrelin levels. Our results indicate that the FTO gene correlates with the concentration of hormones produced by the adipose tissue and gastrointestinal tract, and PLAG1 gene may be involved in adiposity pathogenesis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms still need to be clarified.
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Sentinelli F, Bertoccini L, Incani M, Pani MG, David F, Bailett D, Boi A, Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Mannino AC, Lenzi A, Cavallo MG, Loche S, Cossu E, Baroni MG. Association of Apelin Levels in Overweight-obese Children with Pubertal Development, but Not with Insulin Sensitivity: 6.5 Years Follow up Evaluation. Endocr Res 2020; 45:233-240. [PMID: 32791927 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2020.1804929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity in youth is associated with increased risk of metabolic disorders. Adipose tissue hormones are involved in body-weight regulation. Among these, apelin is recognized as an insulin-sensitizer adipokine. Data on apelin levels in obese children and its relation to insulin-sensitivity are limited. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate apelin levels in relation to obesity and insulin sensitivity in a large cohort of overweight/obese children and adolescents. Furthermore, these youths were reevaluated after a median 6.5 years of follow-up, thus allowing assessing changes in apelin levels in relation to increasing age and weight changes. METHODS Clinical data in 909 children and adolescents were collected between 2007 and 2010. Two hundred and one were reexamined at a median 6.5 years of follow-up. All subjects at baseline and at follow-up underwent an OGTT. Apelin levels were measured on sera by ELISA method. RESULTS At baseline, lower apelin levels were associated with increasing age and puberty (Tanner ≥II 0.67 ± 0.96 ng/mL vs. Tanner I 0.89 ± 1.13 ng/mL, p < .002), but not with body-weight. At follow-up, apelin levels in the 201 subjects reexamined were significantly lower than at baseline (0.45 ± 0.77 ng/mL at follow-up, 0.68 ± 0.95 ng/mL baseline, p < .001), confirming the effects of age and puberty. Body-weight did not affect apelin levels. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that sex and puberty were associated with lower apelin levels, independently from age and insulin-sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Apelin levels decrease significantly with pubertal development, whilst body-weight in children and adolescents did not determine changes in apelin. Reduced levels of apelin in children and adolescents may therefore represent a necessary response to maintain the "physiological" insulin resistance of puberty. Abbreviations: ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; G: glucose; BMI: Body mass index; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-B: Homeostatic model assessment for beta-cell function; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin-resistance; INS: Insulin; ISI: insulin-sensitivity index; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NW: normal weight; OB: obese; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; OW: overweight; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; TC: Total cholesterol; TGs: Triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sentinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoccini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Incani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Pani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco David
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Diego Bailett
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sandro Loche
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Regional Hospital for Microcitemia , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Efisio Cossu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio Baroni
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences (Mesva, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila, Italy
- Neuroendocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Neuromed Institute , Pozzilli (Is), Italy
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Pioglitazone protects blood vessels through inhibition of the apelin signaling pathway by promoting KLF4 expression in rat models of T2DM. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:221480. [PMID: 31829402 PMCID: PMC6928522 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin, identified as the endogenous ligand of APJ, exerts various cardiovascular effects. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of apelin expression in vascular cells is poorly described. Pioglitazone (PIO) and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) exhibit specific biological functions on vascular physiology and pathophysiology by regulating differentiation- and proliferation-related genes. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of PIO and KLF4 in the transcriptional regulation of apelin in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin rat model of diabetes and in PIO-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting assays revealed that the aorta of the Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat models had a high expression of apelin, PIO could decrease the expression of apelin in the PIO-treated rats. In vitro, Western blotting assays and immunofluorescent staining results showed that the basal expression of apelin was decreased but that of KLF4 was increased when VSMCs were stimulated by PIO treatment. Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay results suggested that KLF4 bound to the GKLF-binding site of the apelin promoter and negatively regulated the transcription activity of apelin in VSMCs under PIO stimulation. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and Western blotting assay results showed that the overexpression of KLF4 markedly decreased the basal expression of apelin, but the knockdown of KLF4 restored the PIO-induced expression of apelin. In conclusion, PIO inhibited the expression of apelin in T2DM rat models to prevent diabetic macroangiopathy, and negatively regulated the gene transcription of apelin by promoting transcription of KLF4 in the apelin promoter.
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Suriyaprom K, Pheungruang B, Tungtrongchitr R, Sroijit OUY. Relationships of apelin concentration and APLN T-1860C polymorphism with obesity in Thai children. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:455. [PMID: 32998691 PMCID: PMC7526109 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity represents a serious global health crisis. Apelin and its receptor system are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and have been demonstrated to serve a role modulating feeding behaviour and energy homeostasis. The purposes of this study were to examine apelin concentrations and anthropometric-cardiometabolic parameters in obese and non-obese children and to identify associations of APLN T-1860C and APLNR G212A polymorphisms with apelin levels and obesity among Thai children. Methods This case-control study included an analysis of 325 Thai children: 198 children with obesity and 127 healthy non-obese children. Anthropometric-cardiometabolic variables and apelin concentration were measured. Genotyping of APLN T-1860C and APLNR G212A was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Results The obese group had significantly lower apelin and HDL-C levels but significantly higher triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index values, TG/HDL-C ratio and TC/HDL-C ratio than the non-obese group (p < 0.01). Apelin level was negatively correlated with body size phenotypes and cardiometabolic parameters (p < 0.05). The APLN T-1860C polymorphism (OR = 4.39, 95% CI = 1.25–15.28) and apelin concentration (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.23–0.92) were significantly associated with obesity among female children (p < 0.05) only, after adjusting for potential covariates. However, the APLNR G212A polymorphism showed no significant relationship with apelin concentration or obesity. Conclusion These findings in Thai children suggest that apelin concentrations are related to obesity and cardiometabolic parameters. Furthermore, the APLN T-1860C polymorphism may influence susceptibility to obesity among female children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjana Suriyaprom
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Rangsit University, Paholyothin Road, Mueang Pathum Thani district, Pathum Thani, 12000, Thailand.
| | - Banchamaphon Pheungruang
- Department of Tropical Nutrition & Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rungsunn Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Tropical Nutrition & Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Orn-Uma Y Sroijit
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Rangsit University, Paholyothin Road, Mueang Pathum Thani district, Pathum Thani, 12000, Thailand
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Banerjee A, Singh J. Remodeling adipose tissue inflammasome for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment: Current perspective and translational strategies. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10150. [PMID: 32440558 PMCID: PMC7237149 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by low-grade chronic systemic inflammation that arises primarily from the white adipose tissue. The interplay between various adipose tissue-derived chemokines drives insulin resistance in T2DM and has therefore become a subject of rigorous investigation. The adipocytokines strongly associated with glucose homeostasis include tumor necrosis factor-α, various interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, adiponectin, and leptin, among others. Remodeling the adipose tissue inflammasome in obesity-associated T2DM is likely to treat the underlying cause of the disease and bring significant therapeutic benefit. Various strategies have been adopted or are being investigated to modulate the serum/tissue levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines to improve glucose homeostasis in T2DM. These include use of small molecule agonists/inhibitors, mimetics, antibodies, gene therapy, and other novel formulations. Here, we discuss adipocytokines that are strongly associated with insulin activity and therapies that are under investigation for modulation of their levels in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth Dakota
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth Dakota
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Sabry MM, Mahmoud MM, Shoukry HS, Rashed L, Kamar SS, Ahmed MM. Interactive effects of apelin, renin-angiotensin system and nitric oxide in treatment of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in male albino rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:244-254. [PMID: 29564917 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1453521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apelin and its receptor (APJ) are involved in the regulation of a variety of pathophysiological processes. We studied the effect of apelin treatment on obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and possible interaction between apelin/APJ system and renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Forty eight male albino rats were divided into two groups: control group and diabetic group. Diabetic group was subdivided into: control diabetic, apelin-treated, apelin + losartan-treated, apelin + l-NAME-treated and losartan-treated diabetic subgroup. Administration of apelin-13 yielded an improvement of IR, dyslipidaemia, inflammation, oxidative stress with significant decrease in AT1R gene expression and significant increase in ACE2 gene expression in adipose tissues. Losartan + apelin yielded a further significant decrease in ATR1 gene expression, glycaemic indices, serum TGs and TPA versus Apelin only. Adding l-NAME in subgroup (2D) reversed the effect of apelin. We suggested that the beneficial effect of Apelin is mainly mediated by NO-activated pathway and/or ACE2/Ang (1-7) dependent pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Apelin/administration & dosage
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Losartan/administration & dosage
- Male
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/administration & dosage
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/pathology
- Rats
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Mohamed Sabry
- a Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | | | - Heba Samy Shoukry
- a Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- b Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Samaa Samir Kamar
- c Medical Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mona Mohamed Ahmed
- a Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic inflammation, adipokines, and hepatokines have been identified as basis of insulin resistance and β cell failure in animal models. We present our current knowledge concerning the potential relationship between these cytokines, inflammation, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS Pro-inflammatory cytokines related to insulin resistance and MetS in children are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, interferon gamma, pigment epithelium-derived factor, chemerin, vaspin, and fetuin A. Anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with insulin resistance and MetS in children are leptin, adiponectin, omentin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, osteocalcin, and irisin. These anti-inflammatory cytokines are decreased (adiponectin, omentin, and osteocalcin) or increased (leptin, FGF-21, and irisin) in obesity suggesting a resistance state. TNF-α, fetuin A, and FGF-21 are altered in obese children with T2DM suggesting an involvement in β cell failure. These cytokines, adipokines, and hepatokines may be able to predict development of MetS and T2DM and have a potential therapeutic target ameliorating insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Str. 5, D-45711, Datteln, Germany.
| | - Christian Ludwig Roth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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El Wakeel MA, El-Kassas GM, Kamhawy AH, Galal EM, Nassar MS, Hammad EM, El-Zayat SR. Serum Apelin and Obesity-Related Complications in Egyptian Children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1354-1358. [PMID: 30159056 PMCID: PMC6108807 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapidly increasing prevalence of childhood obesity became a major burden on health worldwide, giving an alarm to clinicians and researchers. Adipocytes act as an active endocrine organ by releasing plenty of bioactive mediators (adipokines) that play a major role in regulating metabolic processes. Apelin is a recently identified adipokine that is expressed in adipocytes. AIM The current work aimed to uncover the relation between serum apelin and childhood obesity and its related complications as hypertension and hyperglycemia. METHOD A group of 50 obese and 31 non-obese; sex- and age-matched children were enrolled in our study with a mean age of (9.5 ± 2.1) and (8.7 ± 1.3) respectively. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, were assessed in all studied participants, we also determined the lipid profile, serum insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, HOMA-IR and serum apelin. RESULTS Obese children had higher levels of HbA1c, FBG, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP Z-score); compared to controls (all P < 0.05). Apelin was significantly higher in obese children versus controls and correlated positively with BMI Z-Score (P = 0.008), DBP Z-Score (P = 0.02), cholesterol, TG (both P = 0.02), serum insulin (P = 0.003), FBG and HOMA-IR (both P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that FBG was the most effective factor in predicting the level of serum apelin (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION This work supports the hypothesis that apelin may have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of health hazards related to obesity in children including insulin resistance, hypertension and a higher risk of occurrence of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged A. El Wakeel
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M. El-Kassas
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alyaa H. Kamhawy
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Essam M. Galal
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maysa S. Nassar
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Salwa Refat El-Zayat
- Department of Medical Physiology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Dayem SMAE, Battah AA, Bohy AEME, Yousef RN, Ahmed AM, Talaat AA. Apelin, Nitric Oxide and Vascular Affection in Adolescent Type 1 Diabetic Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:934-939. [PMID: 29362622 PMCID: PMC5771298 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the relationship of apelin and nitric oxide (NO) to endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetics. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty two type 1 diabetics and 30 healthy age and sex matched controls were included. Blood samples for apelin, NO, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile were collected. Albumin/creatinine ratio was assessed in urine. Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) via ultrasound was done. RESULTS The mean age of diabetics were 16.3 ± 1.5 yrs (14.0 - 19.0 yrs), and duration of disease, were 9.4 ± 2.9 yrs (5.0 - 16.5 yrs). FMD and FMD/nitrate mediated dilatation (NMD) ratio were lower in diabetics. NO was decreased, while apelin and albumin/creatinine ratio were increased significantly in diabetics. There was a positive correlation between apelin and HbA1c. On the contrary, NO had a negative correlation with HbA1c, albumin/creatinine ratio, LDL-c and OxLDL. CONCLUSION Diabetic patients had endothelial dysfunction and high apelin level, with no related to each other. High level of apelin is associated with bad glycemic control. Obesity had no role to increase in apelin level. NO is related to diabetic nephropathy and atherosclerosis. We recommend a further large study to evaluate the relationship of apelin with endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed A Battah
- Critical Care Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Rash Nazih Yousef
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza M Ahmed
- Pediatrics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Talaat
- Pediatrics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Jędzura A, Adamczyk P, Bjanid O, Świętochowska E, Roszkowska-Bjanid D, Baraniecka A, Banaszak B, Plesiński K, Morawiec-Knysak A, Ziora K, Szczepańska M. Non-dipping status and selected adipokines concentration in children with primary arterial hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1324474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jędzura
- Dialysis Division for Children, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Public Clinical Hospital, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Piotr Adamczyk
- Chair and Clinical Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Omar Bjanid
- Dialysis Division for Children, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Public Clinical Hospital, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Świętochowska
- Chair and Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, SMDZ in Zabrze, SUM in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dagmara Roszkowska-Bjanid
- Dialysis Division for Children, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Public Clinical Hospital, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Anna Baraniecka
- Dialysis Division for Children, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Public Clinical Hospital, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Beata Banaszak
- Chair and Clinical Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Aurelia Morawiec-Knysak
- Dialysis Division for Children, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Public Clinical Hospital, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziora
- Chair and Clinical Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Maria Szczepańska
- Chair and Clinical Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
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Association of apelin and apelin receptor with the risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57345-57355. [PMID: 28915675 PMCID: PMC5593646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that apelin-APLNR (apelin receptor) pathway plays a central role in cardiovascular system. In this meta-analysis, we summarized published results on circulating apelin concentration in association with coronary artery disease (CAD), apelin and APLNR genetic polymorphism(s) in predisposition to CAD risk and circulating apelin changes after surgical treatment for CAD. The results from 15 articles were pooled. Two authors independently took charge of literature search, article selection and information collection. Overall, circulating apelin concentration was significantly lower in CAD patients (N=1021) than in controls (N=654) (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -1.285 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.790 to -0.780, P<0001), with significant heterogeneity (I2=99.3%) but without publication bias. For the association of APLNR gene rs9943582 polymorphism with CAD (patients/controls: 5975/4717), the mutant T allele was associated with a 5.2% increased risk relative to the wild C allele (odds ratio: 1.052, 95% CI: 0.990 to 1.117, P=0.100), without heterogeneity (I2=0.0%) or publication bias. Circulating apelin was increased significantly after surgical treatment for CAD (N=202) (WMD: 2.011 ng/mL, 95% CI: 0.541 to 3.481, P=0.007), with significant heterogeneity (I2=98.0%). Stratified analyses showed that circulating apelin was significantly reduced in studies with age- and sex-matched patients and controls (WMD: -1.881 ng/mL, 95% CI: -2.457 to -1.304, P<0.001) and with total sample size ≥125 (WMD: -1.657 ng/mL, 95% CI: -2.378 to -0.936, P<0.001), relative to studies without matching reports and with total sample size <125. In brief, our results suggested that circulating apelin was a prominent athero-protective marker against the development of CAD.
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Mantovani RM, Rocha NP, Magalhães DM, Barbosa IG, Teixeira AL, Simões E Silva AC. Early changes in adipokines from overweight to obesity in children and adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2016; 92:624-630. [PMID: 27504976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood obesity has been associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to compare plasma levels of traditional metabolic markers, adipokines and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) in overweight, obese and lean children. We also assessed the relationships of these molecules with classical metabolic risk factors. METHODS This study included 104 children and adolescents, which were grouped as: lean (n=24), overweight (n=30), and obese subjects (n=50). They were subjected to anthropometrical, clinical and laboratorial measurements. All measurements were compared between groups. Correlation analyses were also performed to evaluate the association between clinical data, traditional metabolic markers, adipokines and sTNFR1. RESULTS Fasting glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were comparable in lean, overweight and obese subjects. Plasma levels of sTNFR1 were similar in lean and overweight subjects, but significantly increased in obese group. Leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels did not differ when overweight were compared to obese subjects. However, all adipokines differed significantly when lean subjects were compared to overweight and obese individuals. Plasma levels of adiponectin were negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), whereas leptin, resistin and sTNFR1 concentrations positively correlated with BMI. CONCLUSION Our results showed significant differences in circulating levels of the evaluated markers when lean, overweight and obese individuals were compared, suggesting that these biomarkers may change from lean to overweight and from overweight to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Machado Mantovani
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália Pessoa Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Massote Magalhães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Izabela Guimarães Barbosa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Mantovani RM, Rocha NP, Magalhães DM, Barbosa IG, Teixeira AL, Simões e Silva AC. Early changes in adipokines from overweight to obesity in children and adolescents. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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16
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Riazian M, Khorrami E, Alipoor E, Moradmand S, Yaseri M, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ. Assessment of Apelin Serum Levels in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Artery Disease. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:354-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Assessment of Serum Concentrations of Ghrelin, Obestatin, Omentin-1, and Apelin in Children with Type 1 Diabetes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8379294. [PMID: 26904686 PMCID: PMC4745415 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8379294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The increasing knowledge on the functions of gastric peptides and adipokines in the body allows the assumption of their major role linking the process of food intake, nutritional status, and body growth, largely through the regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. The aim of the study was the assessment of serum levels of selected gastric peptides and adipocytokines in children with type 1 diabetes, with respect to the disease duration. The study involved 80 children aged 4-18 years (M/F -37/43). Children with type 1 diabetes (n = 46) were compared to the control group (n = 34). The study group was divided into 4 subgroups: (I) patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, after an episode of ketoacidosis (n = 10), (II) patients with type 1 diabetes of duration no longer than 5 years (n = 9), (III) patients with 5 to 10 years of DT1 (n = 20), and (IV) patients with type 1 diabetes of duration longer than 10 years (n = 7). The concentrations of gastric peptide and adipocytokines across all subgroups were lower than in the control group. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.0001), which may be of importance in the development of the disease complications.
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Wirix AJG, Kaspers PJ, Nauta J, Chinapaw MJM, Kist-van Holthe JE. Pathophysiology of hypertension in obese children: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2015; 16:831-42. [PMID: 26098701 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is increasingly common in overweight and obese children. The mechanisms behind the development of hypertension in obesity are complex, and evidence is limited. In order to effectively treat obese children for hypertension, it is important to have a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension in obese children. The present review summarizes the main factors associated with hypertension in obese children and discusses their potential role in its pathophysiology. Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed and EMBASE for articles published up to October 2014. In total, 60 relevant studies were included. The methodological quality of the included studies ranged from weak to strong. Several factors important in the development of hypertension in obese children have been suggested, including endocrine determinants, such as corticosteroids and adipokines, sympathetic nervous system activity, disturbed sodium homeostasis, as well as oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension in overweight and obese children is important and could have implications for its screening and treatment. Based on solely cross-sectional observational studies, it is impossible to infer causality. Longitudinal studies of high methodological quality are needed to gain more insight into the complex mechanisms behind the development of hypertension in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J G Wirix
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J Kaspers
- Medical Library, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Nauta
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J M Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J E Kist-van Holthe
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kotanidou EP, Kalinderi K, Kyrgios I, Efraimidou S, Fidani L, Papadopoulou-Alataki E, Eboriadou-Petikopoulou M, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. Apelin and G212A apelin receptor gene polymorphism in obese and diabese youth. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10:213-9. [PMID: 25060841 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The apelinergic system has been previously described to participate in fluid homeostasis, cardiac contractility, blood pressure and neo-vascularization. The role of apelin in obesity and glucose metabolism has also lately gained interest; however, it still remains obscure. This study aimed to assess serum apelin levels in obese youngsters and to investigate any possible association with the G212A polymorphism of the apelin receptor (APLNR) gene. METHODS Ninety obese individuals and 90 matched for age and gender lean controls were included. Anthropometric measurements, data of glucose metabolism, including an oral glucose tolerance test, and serum apelin levels were obtained. The presence of the G212A polymorphism of the APLNR gene was also analyzed in the obese group. RESULTS Obese participants had significantly lower serum apelin levels as compared with controls (P = 0.011). After being grouped according to their status of glucose metabolism, only obese subjects with impaired glucose metabolism (diabese) exhibited lower apelin levels as compared with controls. The presence of the G212A polymorphism did not differ from the HapMap-reported frequencies in Caucasians (GG = 53.3%/GA = 38.9%/ΑΑ = 7.8% vs. GG = 46.9%/GA = 39.8%/ΑΑ = 13.3%, P = 0.232). The GG and GA obese subgroups had significantly lower apelin levels as compared with the AA group (P = 0.013 and P = 0.016, respectively). CONCLUSION Obese (especially diabese) youngsters demonstrated lower serum apelin levels; the G212A polymorphism of the APLNR gene was found to exert a favourable effect on circulating apelin levels in childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Kotanidou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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20
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Sypniewska G. Laboratory assessment of cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese children. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Habchi M, Duvillard L, Cottet V, Brindisi MC, Bouillet B, Beacco M, Crevisy E, Buffier P, Baillot-Rudoni S, Verges B, Petit JM. Circulating apelin is increased in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and is associated with better glycaemic control. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:696-701. [PMID: 24417455 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Apelin is an adipokine expressed in several tissues and it appears to be involved in energy metabolism. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine serum apelin levels in a large cohort of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and control subjects and to correlate the results with glycaemic control. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS One hundred and thirty patients with type 1 diabetes, 98 patients with type 2 diabetes and 162 controls were enrolled in the study. Apelin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum apelin levels were significantly higher in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients than in controls (P < 0·0001). Serum apelin levels were higher in type 1 than in type 2 diabetic patients (P = 0·02). In multivariate analysis, serum apelin levels were higher in patients with type 1 diabetes and in patients with type 2 diabetes versus controls. We found a negative correlation between glycosylated haemoglobin and serum apelin levels in all diabetic patients (r = -0·17, P = 0·008) and in patients with type 2 diabetes (r = -0·24 P = 0·01). No correlation was found in type 1 diabetic patients. CONCLUSION Our study showed that apelin concentrations were increased in diabetic patients. This rise, which was greater in type 1 than in type 2 diabetic patients, suggests that obesity is not the main determinant of plasma apelin levels. The negative correlation with glycosylated haemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes could indicate that apelin plays a role in glycaemic balance and even insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marana Habchi
- Services de diabétologie et endocrinologie Université de Bourgogne, Dijon Cedex, France
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Golia E, Limongelli G, Natale F, Fimiani F, Maddaloni V, Russo PE, Riegler L, Bianchi R, Crisci M, Palma GD, Golino P, Russo MG, Calabrò R, Calabrò P. Adipose tissue and vascular inflammation in coronary artery disease. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:539-554. [PMID: 25068015 PMCID: PMC4110603 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i7.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become an important public health issue in Western and developing countries, with well known metabolic and cardiovascular complications. In the last decades, evidence have been growing about the active role of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ in determining these pathological consequences. As a consequence of the expansion of fat depots, in obese subjects, adipose tissue cells develope a phenotypic modification, which turns into a change of the secretory output. Adipocytokines produced by both adipocytes and adipose stromal cells are involved in the modulation of glucose and lipid handling, vascular biology and, moreover, participate to the systemic inflammatory response, which characterizes obesity and metabolic syndrome. This might represent an important pathophysiological link with atherosclerotic complications and cardiovascular events. A great number of adipocytokines have been described recently, linking inflammatory mileu and vascular pathology. The understanding of these pathways is crucial not only from a pathophysiological point of view, but also to a better cardiovascular disease risk stratification and to the identification of possible therapeutic targets. The aim of this paper is to review the role of Adipocytokines as a possible link between obesity and vascular disease.
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Ma WY, Yu TY, Wei JN, Hung CS, Lin MS, Liao YJ, Pei D, Su CC, Lu KC, Liu PH, Lin CH, Chuang LM, Kao HL, Lin JW, Chuang YJ, Li HY. Plasma apelin: A novel biomarker for predicting diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 435:18-23. [PMID: 24721640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin regulates insulin sensitivity and secretion in animals. However, whether plasma apelin predicts incident diabetes in humans remains unknown. METHODS We studied a cohort including 447 subjects (148 men, 299 women) without diabetes and followed for an average of 3y. Diabetes was diagnosed by an oral glucose tolerance test, plasma hemoglobin A1c, and if the subject was taking medications for diabetes. Plasma apelin-12 at baseline was measured with a commercial kit. RESULTS Plasma apelin concentrations were higher in women than in men at baseline (p=0.007). During follow-up, 43 subjects developed type 2 diabetes. Higher plasma apelin concentrations were associated with a higher risk of diabetes in men (p=0.049) but not in women. Plasma apelin predicted incident type 2 diabetes in men (hazard ratio, 2.13, 95% CI 1.29-3.51, p<0.05), but not in women, adjusted for age, family history of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, hypertension, and HOMA2-IR. Apelin could improve the prediction ability beyond traditional risk factors in men, and the sensitivity and specificity of plasma apelin at 0.9ng/ml for this prediction were 63.2% and 58.9%, respectively. In men at risk for diabetes (HbA1c 5.7-6.4%, FPG 100-125mg/dl, or OGTT-2h-PG 140-199mg/dl), the risk for developing diabetes was higher in those with higher plasma apelin concentration than in those with lower plasma apelin concentrations (10.6%/year vs. 5.1%/year, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma apelin is a novel biomarker for predicting type 2 diabetes in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ya Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Medical School, Catholic Fu Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ya Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Nan Wei
- Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Shin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jhu Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dee Pei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Medical School, Catholic Fu Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Medical School, Catholic Fu Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Medical School, Catholic Fu Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hua Liu
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Ming Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University School of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Li Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Wei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Chuang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ba HJ, Chen HS, Su Z, Du ML, Chen QL, Li YH, Ma HM. Associations between serum apelin-12 levels and obesity-related markers in Chinese children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86577. [PMID: 24475149 PMCID: PMC3903556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate possible correlations between apelin-12 levels and obesity in children in China and associations between apelin-12 and obesity-related markers, including lipids, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). METHODS Forty-eight obese and forty non-obese age- and gender-matched Chinese children were enrolled between June 2008 and June 2009. Mean age was 10.42 ± 2.03 and 10.86±2.23 years in obesity and control groups, respectively. Main outcome measures were apelin-12, BMI, lipids, glucose and insulin. HOMA-IR was calculated for all subjects. RESULTS All obesity group subjects had significantly higher total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin levels and HOMA-IR (all P<0.05). In separate analyses, obese girls had significantly higher LDL-C, insulin and HOMA-IR than controls, and obese boys had significantly higher TC, TG, insulin and HOMA-IR than controls (all P<0.05). Apelin-12 levels were significantly higher in obese girls compared to controls (P = 0.024), and correlated positively with TG in all obese subjects. Among obese girls, apelin-12 levels correlated positively with TG, insulin and HOMA-IR after adjusting for age and BMI. In all boys (obese and controls) apelin-12 was positively associated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG). No significant correlations were found in either group between apelin-12 levels and other characteristics after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Apelin-12 levels are significantly higher in obese vs. non-obese girls in China and correlate significantly with obesity-related markers insulin, HOMA-IR, and TG. Increased apelin-12 levels may be involved in the pathological mechanism of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Ba
- Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Shan Chen
- Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhe Su
- Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min-Lian Du
- Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiu-Li Chen
- Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Mei Ma
- Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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25
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Angelova P, Kamenov Z, Tsakova A. Apelin and Testosterone Levels in Men with Metabolic Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojemd.2014.42004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martos-Moreno G, Kopchick J, Argente YJ. [Adipokines in healthy and obese children]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2013; 78:189.e1-189.e15. [PMID: 23228441 PMCID: PMC4307602 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents during the last decades, as well as the mounting evidence indicating that obesity is associated with an increased incidence of comorbidities and the risk of premature death, resulting in a high economic impact, has stimulated obesity focused research. These studies have highlighted the prominent endocrine activity of adipose tissue, which is exerted through the synthesis and secretion of a wide variety of peptides and cytokines, called adipokines. This review presents a summary of the current knowledge and most relevant studies of adipokine dynamics and actions in children, focusing on the control of energy homeostasis, metabolic regulation (particularly carbohydrate metabolism), and inflammation. The particularities of adipose secretion and actions in healthy children, from birth to adolescence, and the modifications induced by early onset obesity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.A. Martos-Moreno
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús. Servicio de Endocrinología. Instituto de Investigación La Princesa. Madrid. España
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Servicio de Pediatría. Madrid, España
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University. Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - J.J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University. Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - y J. Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús. Servicio de Endocrinología. Instituto de Investigación La Princesa. Madrid. España
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Servicio de Pediatría. Madrid, España
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
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Evaluation of adipokines: apelin, visfatin, and resistin in children with atopic dermatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:760691. [PMID: 23476106 PMCID: PMC3586507 DOI: 10.1155/2013/760691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the role of adipokines in atopic dermatitis (AD) in children. This study aimed at analyzing the serum levels of resistin, apelin, and visfatin in children with AD in relation to body weight, AD severity, and gender. Serum concentration of adipokines was measured in 27 children with AD and in 46 healthy subjects. Selected biochemical parameters were evaluated and skin prick test was performed. Serum levels of resistin and apelin were significantly higher, whereas serum visfatin concentration was significantly lower in children with AD versus healthy controls, although an increase in resistin levels was exclusively demonstrated in boys. In AD group, a significant increase in apelin levels in girls was documented. There was no relationship between adipokines levels and the degree of allergic sensitization. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the serum apelin cutoff value differentiating children with AD from those without was >137.8 pg/mL. Resistin and visfatin cutoff values were >3.8 ng/mL and ≤ 2.13 ng/mL, respectively. Apelin and visfatin can serve as excellent indicators to distinguish children with AD from those without disease.
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Krist J, Wieder K, Klöting N, Oberbach A, Kralisch S, Wiesner T, Schön MR, Gärtner D, Dietrich A, Shang E, Lohmann T, Dreßler M, Fasshauer M, Stumvoll M, Blüher M. Effects of weight loss and exercise on apelin serum concentrations and adipose tissue expression in human obesity. Obes Facts 2013; 6:57-69. [PMID: 23429279 PMCID: PMC5644751 DOI: 10.1159/000348667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apelin is an adipokine which plays a role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and may contribute to the link between increased adipose tissue mass and obesity related metabolic diseases. Here we investigate the role of omental and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue apelin and its receptor APJ mRNA expression in human obesity and test the hypothesis that changes in circulating apelin are associated with reduced fat mass in three weight loss intervention studies. METHODS Apelin serum concentration was measured in 740 individuals in a cross-sectional (n = 629) study including a subgroup (n = 161) for which omental and SC apelin mRNA expression has been analyzed and in three interventions: 12 weeks exercise (n = 60), 6 months calorie-restricted diet (n = 19), 12 months after bariatric surgery (n = 32). RESULTS Apelin mRNA is significantly higher expressed in adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes and correlates with circulating apelin, BMI, body fat, C-reactive protein, and insulin sensitivity. Obesity surgery-induced weight loss causes a significant reduction in omental and SC apelin expression. All interventions led to significantly reduced apelin serum concentrations which significantly correlate with improved insulin sensitivity, independently of changes in BMI. CONCLUSIONS Reduced apelin expression and serum concentration may contribute to improved insulin sensitivity beyond significant weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Krist
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Junior Research Group Animal Models, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Wieder
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Junior Research Group Animal Models, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Junior Research Group Animal Models, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Oberbach
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Kralisch
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Junior Research Group Animal Models, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Wiesner
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Junior Research Group Animal Models, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael R. Schön
- Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Gärtner
- Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edward Shang
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Junior Research Group Animal Models, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Junior Research Group Animal Models, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Junior Research Group Animal Models, Dresden, Germany
- *Prof. Dr. med. Matthias Blüher, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig (Germany),
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Martos-Moreno GÁ, Barrios V, Chowen JA, Argente J. Adipokines in childhood obesity. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2013; 91:107-42. [PMID: 23374715 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407766-9.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents during the past decades, in addition to mounting evidence indicating that obesity is associated with an increased incidence of comorbidities and the risk of premature death, resulting in a high economical impact, has stimulated obesity-focused research. These studies have highlightened the prominent endocrine activity of adipose tissue, which is exerted through the synthesis and secretion of a wide variety of peptides and cytokines, called adipokines. In the present review, we have summarized the current knowledge and most relevant studies of adipokine dynamics and actions in children, focusing on the control of energy homeostasis, metabolic regulation (particularly, carbohydrate metabolism), and inflammation. The particularities of adipose secretion and actions in healthy children, from birth to adolescence, and the modifications induced by early-onset obesity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ángel Martos-Moreno
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Goktas Z, Moustaid-Moussa N, Shen CL, Boylan M, Mo H, Wang S. Effects of bariatric surgery on adipokine-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:69. [PMID: 23772224 PMCID: PMC3677351 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a third of the US population is obese and at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. Obesity is considered a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition that is primarily attributed to expansion and inflammation of adipose tissues. Indeed, adipocytes produce and secrete numerous proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines known as adipokines. When the balance of these adipokines is shifted toward higher production of proinflammatory factors, local inflammation within adipose tissues and subsequently systemic inflammation occur. These adipokines including leptin, visfatin, resistin, apelin, vaspin, and retinol binding protein-4 can regulate inflammatory responses and contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. These effects are mediated by key inflammatory signaling molecules including activated serine kinases such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase and serine kinases inhibitor κB kinase and insulin signaling molecules including insulin receptor substrates, protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt), and nuclear factor kappa B. Bariatric surgery can decrease body weight and improve insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects. However, despite reports suggesting reduced inflammation and weight-independent effects of bariatric surgery on glucose metabolism, mechanisms behind such improvements are not yet well understood. This review article focuses on some of these novel adipokines and discusses their changes after bariatric surgery and their relationship to insulin resistance, fat mass, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Goktas
- Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Human Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Human Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mallory Boylan
- Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Human Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Huanbiao Mo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Human Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Shu Wang, Nutritional Science Program, College of Human Science, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box: 41240, Lubbock, TX 79409-1240, USA e-mail:
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Machura E, Ziora K, Ziora D, Swiętochowska E, Krakowczyk H, Halkiewicz F, Kasperska-Zajac A. Serum apelin-12 level is elevated in schoolchildren with atopic asthma. Respir Med 2012. [PMID: 23199840 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the role of adipokines in atopic asthma. AIM To determine serum level of apelin-12 (APE-12) in asthmatic children in relation to BMI and gender. METHODS Serum APE-12 levels were measured using ELISA in 89 asthmatic children (61 boys and 28 girls, aged 7.0-17.0 years) and in 33 healthy children. Among examined asthmatics 59 (19 girls and 40 boys) had normal weight and 30 (9 girls and 21 boys) were obese. RESULTS The mean serum levels of APE-12 were significantly (p < 0.001) higher both in obese (174.1 ± 5.9 pg/mL) and non-obese asthmatic children (171.0 ± 4.0 pg/mL) than in healthy children (130.6 ± 2.1 pg/mL), regardless of gender. No relationships between examined the adipokine level and asthma severity, spirometric parameters, degree of allergic sensitization, BMI, BMI-SDS were observed. CONCLUSION Increased serum level of APE-12 suggests that this adipokine may be implicated in the pathogenesis of childhood atopic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Machura
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Abstract
Apelin is a peptide known as the ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Several active apelin forms exist such as apelin-36, apelin-17, apelin-13, and the pyroglutamated form of apelin-13. Apelin and APJ are expressed in the central nervous system, particularly in the hypothalamus and in many peripheral tissues. Apelin has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular and fluid homeostasis, food intake, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. In addition to be an ubiquitous peptide, apelin is also produced and secreted by adipocytes and thus considered as an adipokine. This has opened a new field of investigation establishing a link between apelin and metabolic disorders (obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc.) which is the focus of the present review. Several studies, but not all, have reported an increase of plasma apelin concentrations in humans and in animal models with different metabolic pathologies. Moreover, important roles for apelin both in glucose and lipid metabolism have been highlighted as well as the associated signaling pathways. Apelin appears as a beneficial adipokine with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties and thus as a promising therapeutic target in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Castan-Laurell
- UMR 1048 INSERM, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC)/Université Paul Sabatier, 1 Ave J. Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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