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Jaros SW, Florek M, Bażanów B, Panek J, Krogul-Sobczak A, Oliveira MC, Król J, Śliwińska-Hill U, Nesterov DS, Kirillov AM, Smoleński P. Silver Coordination Polymers Driven by Adamantoid Blocks for Advanced Antiviral and Antibacterial Biomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13411-13421. [PMID: 38456838 PMCID: PMC10958451 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of sustainable biomaterials and surfaces to prevent the accumulation and proliferation of viruses and bacteria is highly demanded in healthcare areas. This study describes the assembly and full characterization of two new bioactive silver(I) coordination polymers (CPs) formulated as [Ag(aca)(μ-PTA)]n·5nH2O (1) and [Ag2(μ-ada)(μ3-PTA)2]n·4nH2O (2). These products were generated by exploiting a heteroleptic approach based on the use of two different adamantoid building blocks, namely 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) and 1-adamantanecarboxylic (Haca) or 1,3-adamantanedicarboxylic (H2ada) acids, resulting in the assembly of 1D (1) and 3D (2). Antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of the obtained compounds were investigated in detail, followed by their incorporation as bioactive dopants (1 wt %) into hybrid biopolymers based on acid-hydrolyzed starch polymer (AHSP). The resulting materials, formulated as 1@AHSP and 2@AHSP, also featured (i) an exceptional antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 and human adenovirus (HAd-5) and (ii) a remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Docking experiments, interaction with human serum albumin, mass spectrometry, and antioxidation studies provided insights into the mechanism of antimicrobial action. By reporting these new silver CPs driven by adamantoid building blocks and the derived starch-based materials, this study endows a facile approach to access biopolymers and interfaces capable of preventing and reducing the proliferation of a broad spectrum of different microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina W. Jaros
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Florek
- Department
of Veterinary Microbiology, Wrocław
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Barbara Bażanów
- Department
of Veterinary Microbiology, Wrocław
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Panek
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jarosław Król
- Department
of Veterinary Microbiology, Wrocław
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Śliwińska-Hill
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Chemical Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-566 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dmytro S. Nesterov
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexander M. Kirillov
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Essa MEA, Mollica A, Zengin G, Ahmad H, Adam SY. Inhibition of obesity through alterations of C/EBP- α gene expression by gum Arabic in mice with a high-fat feed diet. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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3
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Nishiyama M, Iwasaki Y, Makino S. Animal Models of Cushing's Syndrome. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6761324. [PMID: 36240318 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is characterized by unique clinical features and comorbidities, and progress in the analysis of its genetic pathogenesis has been achieved. Moreover, prescribed glucocorticoids are also associated with exogenous Cushing's syndrome. Several animal models have been established to explore the pathophysiology and develop treatments for Cushing's syndrome. Here, we review recent studies reporting animal models of Cushing's syndrome with different features and complications induced by glucocorticoid excess. Exogenous corticosterone (CORT) administration in drinking water is widely utilized, and we found that CORT pellet implantation in mice successfully leads to a Cushing's phenotype. Corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression mice and adrenal-specific Prkar1a-deficient mice have been developed, and AtT20 transplantation methods have been designed to examine the medical treatments for adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. We also review recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced complications using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Nishiyama
- Health Care Center, Kochi University, Kochi city, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka city, Mie 510-0293Japan
| | - Shinya Makino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Gyomeikan Hospital, Osaka city, Osaka 554-0012Japan
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4
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Kupczyk D, Studzińska R, Kołodziejska R, Baumgart S, Modrzejewska M, Woźniak A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 as a Potential Treatment Target in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206190. [PMID: 36294507 PMCID: PMC9605099 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) belong to the group of steroid hormones. Their representative in humans is cortisol. GCs are involved in most physiological processes of the body and play a significant role in important biological processes, including reproduction, growth, immune responses, metabolism, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, functioning of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. The availability of cortisol to the glucocorticoid receptor is locally controlled by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Evidence of changes in intracellular GC metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular complications highlights the role of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the pharmacotherapy of these diseases. This paper discusses the role of 11β-HSD1 in MetS and its cardiovascular complications and the importance of selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Kołodziejska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Szymon Baumgart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Martyna Modrzejewska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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5
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Kupczyk D, Bilski R, Kozakiewicz M, Studzińska R, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Kosmalski T, Pedrycz-Wieczorska A, Głowacka M. 11β-HSD as a New Target in Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168984. [PMID: 36012251 PMCID: PMC9409048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are secreted by the adrenal cortex, are important regulators in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. For the proper functioning of the body, strict control of their release is necessary, as increased GCs levels may contribute to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and other pathological conditions contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1) locally controls the availability of the active glucocorticoid, namely cortisol and corticosterone, for the glucocorticoid receptor. Therefore, the participation of 11β-HSD1 in the development of metabolic diseases makes both this enzyme and its inhibitors attractive targets in the pharmacotherapy of the above-mentioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Bilski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kosmalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Mariola Głowacka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Mazovian State University in Płock, Plac Dąbrowskiego 2, 09-402 Płock, Poland
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6
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Nishiyama M, Iwasaki Y, Nakayama S, Okazaki M, Taguchi T, Tsuda M, Makino S, Fujimoto S, Terada Y. Tissue-specific regulation of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 mRNA expressions in Cushing's syndrome mouse model. Steroids 2022; 183:109021. [PMID: 35339573 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11βHSD-1) is a predominant 11β-reductase regenerating bioactive glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) from inactive 11-keto forms (cortisone, dehydrocorticosterone), expressed mainly in the brain, liver and adipose tissue. Although the expression levels of 11β HSD-1 mRNA are known to be influenced by glucocorticoids, its tissue-specific regulation is not completely elucidated. In this study, we examined the effect of persistent glucocorticoid excess on the expression of 11β HSD-1 mRNA in the hippocampus, liver, and abdominal adipose tissue in vivo using quantitative real-time PCR. We found that, in C57BL/6J mice treated with corticosterone (CORT) pellet for 2 weeks, 11β HSD-1 mRNA decreased in the hippocampus (HIPP) and liver, whereas it increased in the abdominal fat (FAT), compared with placebo treatment [HIPP: placebo 1.00 ± 0.14, CORT 0.63 ± 0.04; liver: placebo 1.00 ± 0.08, CORT 0.73 ± 0.06; FAT: placebo 1.00 ± 0.16, CORT 2.26 ± 0.39]. Moreover, in CRH transgenic mice, an animal model of Cushing's syndrome with high plasma CORT level, 11β HSD-1 mRNA was also decreased in the hippocampus and liver, and increased in the abdominal adipose tissue compared to that in wild-type mice. These changes were reversed after adrenalectomy in CRH-Tg mice. Altogether, these results reveal the differential regulation of 11β HSD-1 mRNA by glucocorticoid among the tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Nishiyama
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; Health Care Center, Kochi University, 1-5-2, Akebono-cho, Kochi City, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakayama
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mizuho Okazaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Takafumi Taguchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shinya Makino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shimpei Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshio Terada
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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7
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Lin L, Tan W, Pan X, Tian E, Wu Z, Yang J. Metabolic Syndrome-Related Kidney Injury: A Review and Update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:904001. [PMID: 35813613 PMCID: PMC9261267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.904001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) includes visceral obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The prevalence of MetS is 20-25%, which is an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). MetS causes effects on renal pathophysiology, including glomerular hyperfiltration, RAAS, microalbuminuria, profibrotic factors and podocyte injury. This review compares several criteria of MetS and analyzes their differences. MetS and the pathogenesis of CKD includes insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. The intervention of MetS-related renal damage is the focus of this article and includes controlling body weight, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, requiring all components to meet the criteria. In addition, interventions such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, gut microbiota, body metabolism, appetite inhibition, podocyte apoptosis, and mesenchymal stem cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianfeng Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Kaizhou District People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - En Tian
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Jurong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
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8
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Somuah-Asante S, Sakamoto K. Stress Buffering and Longevity Effects of Amber Extract on Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123858. [PMID: 35744983 PMCID: PMC9228897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amber is a fossilized tree resin historically used in wound healing and stress relief. Unfortunately, there is no concrete scientific evidence supporting such efficacy. Here, the stress buffering and longevity effect of Amber extract (AE) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was investigated. Survival assays, health span assays, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Stress biomarker detection assays, Green Fluorescence Proteins (GFP), Real Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and C. elegans mutants were employed to investigate the stress buffering and longevity effect of AE. In the study, it was observed that AE supplementation improved health span and survival in both normal and stressed worms. Additionally, AE positively regulated stress hormones (cortisol, oxytocin, and dopamine) and decreased fat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Through the Insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, AE enhanced the nuclear localization of DAF-16 and the expression of heat shock proteins and antioxidant genes in GFP-tagged worms and at messenger RNA levels. Finally, AE failed to increase the survival of daf-16, daf-2, skn-1 and hsf-1 loss-of-function mutants, confirming the involvement of the IIS pathway. Evidently, AE supplementation relieves stress and enhances longevity. Thus, amber may be a potent nutraceutical for stress relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Somuah-Asante
- Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan;
| | - Kazuichi Sakamoto
- Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan;
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-4676
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9
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Equisetin is an anti-obesity candidate through targeting 11 β-HSD1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2358-2373. [PMID: 35646525 PMCID: PMC9136616 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent globally, searching for therapeutic agents acting on adipose tissue is of great importance. Equisetin (EQST), a meroterpenoid isolated from a marine sponge-derived fungus, has been reported to display antibacterial and antiviral activities. Here, we revealed that EQST displayed anti-obesity effects acting on adipose tissue through inhibiting adipogenesis in vitro and attenuating HFD-induced obesity in mice, doing so without affecting food intake, blood pressure or heart rate. We demonstrated that EQST inhibited the enzyme activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), a therapeutic target of obesity in adipose tissue. Anti-obesity properties of EQST were all offset by applying excessive 11β-HSD1's substrates and 11β-HSD1 inhibition through knockdown in vitro or 11β-HSD1 knockout in vivo. In the 11β-HSD1 bypass model constructed by adding excess 11β-HSD1 products, EQST's anti-obesity effects disappeared. Furthermore, EQST directly bond to 11β-HSD1 protein and presented remarkable better intensity on 11β-HSD1 inhibition and better efficacy on anti-obesity than known 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. Therefore, EQST can be developed into anti-obesity candidate compound, and this study may provide more clues for developing higher effective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
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10
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Dodd S, Skvarc DR, Dean OM, Anderson A, Kotowicz M, Berk M. Effect of Glucocorticoid and 11β-Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1) in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:387-398. [PMID: 35143668 PMCID: PMC9154221 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity is implicated as a moderator of the progression of multiple diseases and disorders in medicine and is actively subject to investigation as a therapeutic target. Here we summarize the mechanisms of the enzyme and detail the novel agents under investigation. Such agents modulate peripheral cortisol and cortisone levels in hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders, and Alzheimer's disease models, but there is mixed evidence for transduction into symptom management. There is inchoate evidence that 11β-HSD1 modulators may be useful pharmacotherapies for clinical improvement in psychiatry and neurology; however, more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Skvarc
- Correspondence: David R. Skvarc, Deakin University, School of Psychology, 1 Gheringap St, Level 3 Building C, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia ()
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anna Anderson
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mark Kotowicz
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Australia,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne — Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Centre of Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Parkville, Australia,Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Hernández-Bustamante I, Santander-Plantamura Y, Mata-Espinosa D, Reyes-Chaparro A, Bini EI, Torre-Villalvazo I, Tovar AR, Barrios-Payan J, Marquina-Castillo B, Hernández-Pando R, Carranza A. Structural homology between 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inh-A enzyme: Dehydroepiandrosterone as a potential co-adjuvant treatment in diabetes-tuberculosis comorbidity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1055430. [PMID: 36699022 PMCID: PMC9870073 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1055430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is considered the precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tuberculosis is a leading infection that constitutes a global threat remaining a major cause of morbi-mortality in developing countries. People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more likely to suffer from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For both type 2 diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis, there is pulmonary production of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids mediated by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). The adrenal hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) counteracts the glucocorticoid effects of cytokine production due to the inhibition of 11β-HSD1. Late advanced tuberculosis has been associated with the suppression of the Th1 response, evidenced by a high ratio of cortisol/DHEA. In a murine model of metabolic syndrome, we determined whether DHEA treatment modifies the pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the inhibition of the 11β-HSD1 expression. Since macrophages express 11β-HSD1, our second goal was incubating them with DHEA and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to show that the microbicide effect was increased by DHEA. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) is an essential enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in the mycolic acid synthesis. Because 11β-HSD1 and InhA are members of a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of enzymes, we hypothesize that DHEA could be an antagonist of InhA. Our results demonstrate that DHEA has a direct microbicide effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis; this effect was supported by in silico docking analysis and the molecular dynamic simulation studies between DHEA and InhA. Thus, DHEA increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung, inactivates GC by 11β-HSD1, and inhibits mycobacterial InhA. The multiple functions of DHEA suggest that this hormone or its synthetic analogs could be an efficient co-adjuvant for tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Hernández-Bustamante
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yanina Santander-Plantamura
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Reyes-Chaparro
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Estela I. Bini
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payan
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Carranza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Andrea Carranza,
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Filippatos TD, Alexakis K, Mavrikaki V, Mikhailidis DP. Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease: Role in Metabolic Syndrome, "Prediabetes," Diabetes and Atherosclerosis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:26-41. [PMID: 33469809 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fat accumulation in the pancreas associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been defined as "non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease" (NAFPD). The aim of this review is to describe the association of NAFPD with obesity, MetS, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerosis and also increase awareness regarding NAFPD. Various methods are used for the detection and quantification of pancreatic fat accumulation that may play a significant role in the differences that have been observed in the prevalence of NAFPD. Endoscopic ultrasound provides detailed images of the pancreas and its use is expected to increase in the future. Obesity and MetS have been recognized as NAFPD risk factors. NAFPD is strongly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and it seems that the presence of both may be related with aggravation of NAFLD. A role of NAFPD in the development of "prediabetes" and T2DM has also been suggested by most human studies. Accumulation of fat in pancreatic tissue possibly initiates a vicious cycle of beta-cell deterioration and further pancreatic fat accumulation. Additionally, some evidence indicates a correlation between NAFPD and atherosclerotic markers (e.g., carotid intima-media thickness). Weight loss and bariatric surgery decreases pancreatic triglyceride content but pharmacologic treatments for NAFPD have not been evaluated in specifically designed studies. Hence, NAFPD is a marker of local fat accumulation possibly associated with beta-cell function impairment, carbohydrate metabolism disorders and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Filippatos
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Internal Medicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - K Alexakis
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Internal Medicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - V Mavrikaki
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Internal Medicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - D P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, NW3 2QG, UK.,Mohammed Bin Rashid University (MBRU) of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Abu Bakar MH, Mohamad Khalid MSF, Nor Shahril NS, Shariff KA, Karunakaran T. Celastrol attenuates high-fructose diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance via inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in rat adipose tissues. Biofactors 2022; 48:111-134. [PMID: 34676604 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High fructose consumption has been linked to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance that results in increased intracellular 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpene, has been demonstrated to exhibit multifaceted targets to attenuate various metabolic diseases associated with inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms by which celastrol exerts its attributive properties on high fructose diet (HFrD)-induced metabolic syndrome remain elusive. Herein, the present study was aimed to elucidate the mechanistic targets of celastrol co-administrations upon HFrD in rats and evaluate its potential to modulate 11β-HSD1 activity. Celastrol remarkably improved glucose tolerance, lipid profiles, and insulin sensitivity along with suppression of hepatic glucose production. In rat adipose tissues, celastrol attenuated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-driven inflammation, reduced c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation, and mitigated oxidative stress via upregulated genes expression involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, insulin signaling pathways were significantly improved through the restoration of Akt phosphorylation levels at Ser473 and Thr308 residues. Celastrol exhibited a potent, selective and specific inhibitor of intracellular 11β-HSD1 towards oxidoreductase activity (IC50 value = 4.3 nM) in comparison to other HSD-related enzymes. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 expression in rat adipose microsomes reduced the availability of its cofactor NADPH and substrate H6PDH in couple to upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of glucocorticoid receptor. In conclusion, our results underscore the most likely conceivable mechanisms exhibited by celastrol against HFrD-induced metabolic dysregulations mainly through attenuating inflammation and insulin resistance, at least via specific inhibitions on 11β-HSD1 activity in adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Shafiqah Nor Shahril
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Anuar Shariff
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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14
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Abstract
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is a tightly regulated system that represents one of the body’s mechanisms for responding to acute and chronic stress. Prolonged stress and/or inadequate regulation of the stress system can lead to a condition of chronic hypercortisolism or, in some cases, a blunted cortisol response to stress, contributing to insulin resistance, increased adiposity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, acute and chronic stress can exacerbate or worsen metabolic conditions by supporting an inflammatory state and a tight relationship between stress, inflammation and adipose tissue has been reported and has been a growing subject of interest in recent years. We reviewed and summarized the evidence supporting hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation as an important biological link between stress, obesity, inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, we emphasized the possible role of infectious-related stress such as SarsCov2 infection in adrenal axis dysregulation, insulin resistance and diabetes in a bidirectional link. Understanding and better defining the links between stress and obesity or diabetes could contribute to further definition of the pathogenesis and the management of stress-related complications, in which the HPA axis dysregulation has a primary role.
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15
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Hypoglycemic Activity of Glycyrrhizic Acid and Some of its Derivatives in the Alloxan Diabetes Model in Rats. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Shimanoe C, Matsumoto A, Hara M, Akao C, Nishida Y, Horita M, Nanri H, Higaki Y, Tanaka K. Perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and cortisol-to-cortisone ratio in spot urine in 6878 older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 125:105125. [PMID: 33429220 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late life depression and perceived stress could influence disease pathways via reduced 11β-HSD2 activity, particularly given suggestions that reduced 11β-HSD2 activity, which is reflected in the cortisol-to-cortisone ratio, is a risk factor of disease. To date, however, examination of the relationship between the cortisol-to-cortisone ratio and perceived stress or depressive symptoms is insufficient. METHODS We examined the cross-sectional association of the cortisol-to-cortisone ratio with perceived stress and depressive symptoms, and analyzed whether cortisol levels modify this association, in 6878 participants aged 45-74 years. Cortisol and cortisone in spot urine were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Perceived stress during the past year was measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Analyses were performed with adjustment for age, sex, lifestyle factors (smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and sleeping hours), and physical health factors (body mass index [kg/m2] and medical history [diabetes, hypertension, and medication for hyperlipidemia or corticosteroids]). RESULTS Cortisol-to-cortisone ratio and cortisol were positively associated with perceived stress (% change: 2.33, Ptrend = 0.003; and 4.74, Ptrend = 0.001, respectively), but were not significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Further, the relationship between cortisol-to-cortisone ratio and perceived stress was modified by cortisol level and sex: the positive association between perceived stress and the cortisol-to-cortisone ratio was more evident in subjects with lower cortisol levels (Pinteraction = 0.009) and in men (Pinteraction = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the cortisol-to-cortisone ratio in spot urine may be a useful marker for non-acute perceived stress in daily life against a possible background of reduced 11β-HSD2 in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Shimanoe
- Department of Pharmacy, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan; Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Chiho Akao
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Mikako Horita
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hinako Nanri
- Section of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Grover A, Sharma K, Gautam S, Gautam S, Gulati M, Singh SK. Diabetes and Its Complications: Therapies Available, Anticipated and Aspired. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:397-420. [PMID: 33143627 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666201103144231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, diabetes ranks among the ten leading causes of mortality. Prevalence of diabetes is growing rapidly in low and middle income countries. It is a progressive disease leading to serious co-morbidities, which results in increased cost of treatment and over-all health system of the country. Pathophysiological alterations in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) progressed from a simple disturbance in the functioning of the pancreas to triumvirate to ominous octet to egregious eleven to dirty dozen model. Due to complex interplay of multiple hormones in T2D, there may be multifaceted approach in its management. The 'long-term secondary complications' in uncontrolled diabetes may affect almost every organ of the body, and finally may lead to multi-organ dysfunction. Available therapies are inconsistent in maintaining long term glycemic control and their long term use may be associated with adverse effects. There is need for newer drugs, not only for glycemic control but also for prevention or mitigation of secondary microvascular and macrovascular complications. Increased knowledge of the pathophysiology of diabetes has contributed to the development of novel treatments. Several new agents like Glucagon Like Peptide - 1 (GLP-1) agonists, Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, amylin analogues, Sodium-Glucose transport -2 (SGLT- 2) inhibitors and dual Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonists are available or will be available soon, thus extending the range of therapy for T2D, thereby preventing its long term complications. The article discusses the pathophysiology of diabetes along with its comorbidities, with a focus on existing and novel upcoming antidiabetic drugs which are under investigation. It also dives deep to deliberate upon the novel therapies that are in various stages of development. Adding new options with new mechanisms of action to the treatment armamentarium of diabetes may eventually help improve outcomes and reduce its economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Grover
- Ipca Laboratories, Mumbai - 400063, India
| | - Komal Sharma
- Bhupal Nobles' Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Udaipur, India
| | - Suresh Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry, Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, India
| | - Srishti Gautam
- Ravinder Nath Tagore Medical College and Maharana Bhupal Govt. Hospital, Udaipur, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab- 144411, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab- 144411, India
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Brix JM, Tura A, Herz CT, Feder A, Krzizek EC, Parzer V, Pacini G, Ludvik B. The Association of Cortisol Excretion with Weight and Metabolic Parameters in Nondiabetic Patients with Morbid Obesity. Obes Facts 2021; 14:510-519. [PMID: 34496367 PMCID: PMC8546449 DOI: 10.1159/000517766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cortisol is involved in the regulation of gluconeogenesis and glucose utilization. In morbid obesity (MO), the association of cortisol excretion with metabolic parameters is not well-characterized. In our study, we evaluated cortisol excretion in nondiabetic subjects with MO and its effect on glucose metabolism. METHODS We included 1,249 nondiabetic patients with MO (79.8% females, mean BMI 44.9 ± 6.5 kg/m2, mean age 38 ± 11 years). Anthropometric data and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed, and an oral glucose tolerance test for calculation of insulin resistance was performed. Cortisol excretion was assessed on 2 consecutive days (24 h urine specimens). RESULTS Regarding cortisol excretion, patients were divided into 3 tertiles (urinary cortisol ≤51.6, >51.6 and <117.6, and ≥117.6 μg/24 h, respectively). Patients in the highest tertile were younger (p = 0.003), more obese (BMI: p = 0.040), had lower diastolic blood pressure ([DBP]; p = 0.012), lower total (p = 0.032) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.021), fasting (p = 0.049) and 2-h glycemia (p = 0.028), 2-h insulinemia (p = 0.020), and HbA1c (p < 0.001), and a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p < 0.001). The glucose (p < 0.001) and insulin (p = 0.011) area under the curve (AUC) were also lower. Urinary cortisol excretion adjusted for age, sex, and eGFR was positively correlated with body weight (BW, beta = 0.076, p = 0.004) and overall glucose tolerance (oral disposition index, beta = 0.090, p = 0.011), and negatively with HbA1c (beta = -0.179, p < 0.001), 2-h glycemia (beta = -0.075, p = 0.032), AUC glucose (beta = -0.103, p = 0.002), and DBP (beta = -0.139, p < 0.001). HbA1c, BW, and DBP remained significant after multivariable analysis. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Despite being more obese, patients with higher cortisol excretion have a more favorable metabolic profile. These results deserve further attention regarding the respective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Maria Brix
- Department of Medicine I, Klinik Landstraße, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Vienna, Austria
- *Johanna Maria Brix,
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Metabolix Unit, Padova, Italy
| | - Carsten Thilo Herz
- Department of Medicine III, Division for Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Feder
- Department of Medicine I, Klinik Landstraße, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Christina Krzizek
- Department of Medicine I, Klinik Landstraße, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Parzer
- Department of Medicine I, Klinik Landstraße, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Metabolix Unit, Padova, Italy
| | - Bernhard Ludvik
- Department of Medicine I, Klinik Landstraße, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Vienna, Austria
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Lack of adipose-specific hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase causes inactivation of adipose glucocorticoids and improves metabolic phenotype in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2189-2202. [PMID: 31696216 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive glucocorticoid (GC) production in adipose tissue promotes the development of visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS). 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is critical for controlling intracellular GC production, and this process is tightly regulated by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). To better understand the integrated molecular physiological effects of adipose H6PDH, we created a tissue-specific knockout of the H6PDH gene mouse model in adipocytes (adipocyte-specific conditional knockout of H6PDH (H6PDHAcKO) mice). H6PDHAcKO mice exhibited almost complete absence of H6PDH expression and decreased intra-adipose corticosterone production with a reduction in 11β-HSD1 activity in adipose tissue. These mice also had decreased abdominal fat mass, which was paralleled by decreased adipose lipogenic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) gene expression and reduction in their transcription factor C/EBPα mRNA levels. Moreover, H6PDHAcKO mice also had reduced fasting blood glucose levels, increased glucose tolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity. In addition, plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were decreased with a concomitant decrease in the expression of lipase adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue. These results indicate that inactivation of adipocyte H6PDH expression is sufficient to cause intra-adipose GC inactivation that leads to a favorable pattern of metabolic phenotypes. These data suggest that H6PDHAcKO mice may provide a good model for studying the potential contributions of fat-specific H6PDH inhibition to improve the metabolic phenotype in vivo. Our study suggests that suppression or inactivation of H6PDH expression in adipocytes could be an effective intervention for treating obesity and diabetes.
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Rossi A, Simeoli C, Salerno M, Ferrigno R, Della Casa R, Colao A, Strisciuglio P, Parenti G, Pivonello R, Melis D. Imbalanced cortisol concentrations in glycogen storage disease type I: evidence for a possible link between endocrine regulation and metabolic derangement. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:99. [PMID: 32306986 PMCID: PMC7169016 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI) is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism caused by mutations of either the G6PC gene (GSDIa) or the SLC37A4 gene (GSDIb). Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) availability has been shown to modulate 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), an ER-bound enzyme catalyzing the local conversion of inactive cortisone into active cortisol. Adrenal cortex assessment has never been performed in GSDI. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the adrenal cortex hormones levels in GSDI patients. Methods Seventeen GSDI (10 GSDIa and 7 GSDIb) patients and thirty-four age and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Baseline adrenal cortex hormones and biochemical markers of metabolic control serum levels were analyzed. Low dose ACTH stimulation test was also performed. Results Baseline cortisol serum levels were higher in GSDIa patients (p = 0.042) and lower in GSDIb patients (p = 0.041) than controls. GSDIa patients also showed higher peak cortisol response (p = 0.000) and Cortisol AUC (p = 0.029). In GSDIa patients, serum cholesterol (p = 0.000), triglycerides (p = 0.000), lactate (p = 0.000) and uric acid (p = 0.008) levels were higher and bicarbonate (p = 0.000) levels were lower than controls. In GSDIb patients, serum cholesterol levels (p = 0.016) were lower and lactate (p = 0.000) and uric acid (p = 0.000) levels were higher than controls. Baseline cortisol serum levels directly correlated with cholesterol (ρ = 0.65, p = 0.005) and triglycerides (ρ = 0.60, p = 0.012) serum levels in GSDI patients. Conclusions The present study showed impaired cortisol levels in GSDI patients, with opposite trend between GSDIa and GSDIb. The otherwise preserved adrenal cortex function suggests that this finding might be secondary to local deregulation rather than hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in GSDI patients. We hypothesize that 11βHSD1 might represent the link between endocrine regulation and metabolic derangement in GSDI, constituting new potential therapeutic target in GSDI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Ferrigno
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Della Casa
- Maternal-Infant Department, Pediatrics Unit, "San Pio" Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Strisciuglio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Parenti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Melis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Section of Pediatrics, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 43 84081, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy.
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Belete TM. A Recent Achievement In the Discovery and Development of Novel Targets for the Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:1-15. [PMID: 32021494 PMCID: PMC6959499 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s226113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder. Impaired insulin secretion, enhanced hepatic glucose production, and suppressed peripheral glucose use are the main defects responsible for developing the disease. Besides, the pathophysiology of T2DM also includes enhanced glucagon secretion, decreased incretin secretion, increased renal glucose reabsorption, and adipocyte, and brain insulin resistance. The increasing prevalence of T2DM in the world beseeches an urgent need for better treatment options. The antidiabetic drugs focus on control of blood glucose concentration, but the future treatment goal is to delay disease progression and treatment failure, which causes poorer glycemic regulation. Recent treatment approaches target on several novel pathophysiological defects present in T2DM. Some of the promising novel targets being under clinical development include those that increase insulin sensitization (antagonists of glucocorticoids receptor), decreasing hepatic glucose production (glucagon receptor antagonist, inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase). This review summarizes studies that are available on novel targets being studied to treat T2DM with an emphasis on the small molecule drug design. The experience gathered from earlier studies and knowledge of T2DM pathways can guide the anti-diabetic drug development toward the discovery of drugs essential to treat T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sarantaporou 10, 54640, Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hopkin SJ, Lewis JW, Krautter F, Chimen M, McGettrick HM. Triggering the Resolution of Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Can Targeting Leukocyte Migration Be the Answer? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:184. [PMID: 30881306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is a pivotal process in the regulation and resolution of an inflammatory episode. It is vital for the protective responses to microbial infection and tissue damage, but is the unwanted reaction contributing to pathology in many immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). Indeed, it is now recognized that patients with IMIDs have defects in at least one, if not multiple, check-points regulating the entry and exit of leukocytes from the inflamed site. In this review, we will explore our understanding of the imbalance in recruitment that permits the accumulation and persistence of leukocytes in IMIDs. We will highlight old and novel pharmacological tools targeting these processes in an attempt to trigger resolution of the inflammatory response. In this context, we will focus on cytokines, chemokines, known pro-resolving lipid mediators and potential novel lipids (e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate), along with the actions of glucocorticoids mediated by 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Hopkin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Lewis
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Li HM, Liu D, Dai WF, Chen XQ, Li RT. A new protostane-type triterpenoid from Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam.) Sam. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:3083-3088. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1519710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Feng Dai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Xuan-Qin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
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Chang LL, Wun WSA, Wang PS. An inhibitor of 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (PF915275) alleviates nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism and adiposity in rat and human cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:45. [PMID: 30021644 PMCID: PMC6052566 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) detected in human cord blood and milk. NP exposure in developmental periods results in hyperadrenalism and increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I (11β-HSD1) activity in an adult rat model. Alleviating 11β-HSD1 activity is therefore a logical and common way to treat hyperadrenalism. PF915275 (PF; 4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-sulfonic acid (6-amino-pyridin-2-yl)-amide) is a selective inhibitor for 11β-HSD1. This study aimed to determine whether PF915275 could alleviate the hyperadrenalism induced by NP. In addition to a rat model, the effects of NP and PF915275 were measured in human preadipocytes. Methods For the in vivo rat model, female adult rats exposed to NP during the developmental period were divided into two treatment groups, with one receiving oral DMSO solution and the other receiving PF915275 once per day for 4 weeks. After the final treatment, the rats from each group were sacrificed for analysis. For the in vitro human model, human preadipocytes received 2 regimens of NP treatment. One treatment regimen occurred before differentiation (to mimic the sensitive developmental period; P exposure), and the other included continuous exposure from preadipocytes to fully differentiated adipocytes (to mimic the growing and adult periods, respectively; C exposure). Protein and RNA were extracted from rat tissues and the preadipocytes for western blot and real-time PCR analysis. Results In the rat model, PF915275 alleviated NP-induced effects by interfering with adipogenesis pathways, including enhancing PPARα expression, decreasing PPARγ expression, and reducing both 11β-HSD1 protein and mRNA expression levels. Additionally, PF915275 reduced the effects of the adrenal corticoid synthesis pathway by reducing StAR expression and 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase activities. With short-term exposure, NP enhanced PPARγ and FASN mRNA expression levels and reduced PPARα expression, whereas PF915275 alleviated these effects. With C exposure, the NP-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids was reduced by PF915275 treatment, which was mediated by decreased PPARγ mRNA and protein expression levels and increased PPARα protein expression. Conclusions The effects of NP and PF915275 treatment in both rat and human cell models are similar. Rats may be an appropriate model to study the effects of NP in humans, especially during the developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Shih-Lin, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | - Paulus S Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Theoretical investigations of two adamantane derivatives: A combined X-ray, DFT, QTAIM analysis and molecular docking. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sircana A, De Michieli F, Parente R, Framarin L, Leone N, Berrutti M, Paschetta E, Bongiovanni D, Musso G. Gut microbiota, hypertension and chronic kidney disease: Recent advances. Pharmacol Res 2018; 144:390-408. [PMID: 29378252 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A large number of different microbial species populates intestine. Extensive research has studied the entire microbial population and their genes (microbiome) by using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomic analysis. Studies suggest that the imbalances of the microbial community causes alterations in the intestinal homeostasis, leading to repercussions on other systems: metabolic, nervous, cardiovascular, immune. These studies have also shown that alterations in the structure and function of the gut microbiota play a key role in the pathogenesis and complications of Hypertension (HTN) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Increased blood pressure (BP) and CKD are two leading risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their treatment represents a challenge for the clinicians. In this Review, we discuss mechanisms whereby gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites act on downstream cellular targets to contribute to the pathogenesis of HTN and CKD, and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sircana
- Unità Operativa di Cardiologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Sassari, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco De Michieli
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Renato Parente
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Luciana Framarin
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Leone
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Berrutti
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Paschetta
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Daria Bongiovanni
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musso
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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Gong J, Hansen L, Iacono L. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and the Impact of Genetic Polymorphism on a CYP2C19 Substrate, BMS-823778, in Healthy Subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:316-325. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Li HM, Chen XJ, Luo D, Fan M, Zhang ZJ, Peng LY, Wu XD, Li RT, Ji X, Zhao QS. Protostane-Type Triterpenoids from Alisma orientale. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 29139211 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Min Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Li-Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Xing-De Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming 650500 P. R. China
| | - Xu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Qin-Shi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 P. R. China
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Pierre K, Schlesinger N, Androulakis IP. The Hepato-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-Renal Axis: Mathematical Modeling of Cortisol’s Production, Metabolism, and Seasonal Variation. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:469-484. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730417729929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol dynamics are governed by the integration of influences from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and metabolic enzymes, such as the 11β–hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) family, which are highly expressed in hepatic and renal tissue. The coordinated regulation of cortisol dynamics is essential for the maintenance of a healthy state, and aberrant cortisol circadian rhythms are associated with various pathophysiological conditions. The duration of the light-dark cycle, or photoperiod, which regulates SCN activity, varies seasonally, and the shorter photoperiod winter season is associated with elevated cortisol levels, peak inflammatory disease incidence, and symptom exacerbation. Elevated expression and activity of 11β-HSD1 protein, assumed to also occur during the winter, have been allied with numerous inflammatory conditions. A comprehensive understanding of the communication between the underlying regulatory mechanisms of cortisol as well as how changes in their activity could lead to the development of disease is yet to be elucidated. In this work, we propose the use of a semimechanistic mathematical model to explore the impact of the hepato-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-renal axis in modulating neuroendocrine-immune system dynamics. Our model predicts the predominance of a winter proinflammatory state and that genetic variations could alter 11β-HSD enzyme functionality, rendering certain subpopulations more susceptible to disease as a consequence of HPA axis dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau Pierre
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Naomi Schlesinger
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ioannis P. Androulakis
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Sequeira IR, Poppitt SD. Unfolding Novel Mechanisms of Polyphenol Flavonoids for Better Glycaemic Control: Targeting Pancreatic Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP). Nutrients 2017; 9:E788. [PMID: 28754022 PMCID: PMC5537902 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterised by hyperglycaemia resulting from defective insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. The impact of over-nutrition and reduced physical activity, evidenced by the exponential rise in obesity and the prevalence of T2D, strongly supports the implementation of lifestyle modification programs. Accordingly, an increased consumption of fruits and plant-derived foods has been advocated, as their intake is inversely correlated with T2D prevalence; this has been attributed, in part, to their contained polyphenolic compounds. Over the last decade, a body of work has focussed on establishing the mechanisms by which polyphenolic compounds exert beneficial effects to limit carbohydrate digestion, enhance insulin-mediated glucose uptake, down-regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and decrease oxidative stress; the latter anti-oxidative property being the most documented. Novel effects on the inhibition of glucocorticoid action and the suppression of amylin misfolding and aggregation have been identified more recently. Amyloid fibrils form from spontaneously misfolded amylin, depositing in islet cells to elicit apoptosis, beta cell degeneration and decrease insulin secretion, with amyloidosis affecting up to 80% of pancreatic islet cells in T2D. Therefore, intervening with polyphenolic compounds offers a novel approach to suppressing risk or progression to T2D. This review gives an update on the emerging mechanisms related to dietary polyphenol intake for the maintenance of glycaemic control and the prevention of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana R Sequeira
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Discovery of Novel Insulin Sensitizers: Promising Approaches and Targets. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:8360919. [PMID: 28659972 PMCID: PMC5474250 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8360919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the undisputed root cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is currently an unmet demand for safe and effective insulin sensitizers, owing to the restricted prescription or removal from market of certain approved insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), because of safety concerns. Effective insulin sensitizers without TZD-like side effects will therefore be invaluable to diabetic patients. The specific focus on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ- (PPARγ-) based agents in the past decades may have impeded the search for novel and safer insulin sensitizers. This review discusses possible directions and promising strategies for future research and development of novel insulin sensitizers and describes the potential targets of these agents. Direct PPARγ agonists, selective PPARγ modulators (sPPARγMs), PPARγ-sparing compounds (including ligands of the mitochondrial target of TZDs), agents that target the downstream effectors of PPARγ, along with agents, such as heat shock protein (HSP) inducers, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) selective inhibitors, biguanides, and chloroquines, which may be safer than traditional TZDs, have been described. This minireview thus aims to provide fresh perspectives for the development of a new generation of safe insulin sensitizers.
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Scaroni C, Zilio M, Foti M, Boscaro M. Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:189-219. [PMID: 28368467 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An impaired glucose metabolism, which often leads to the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM), is a common complication of chronic exposure to exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) excess and plays an important part in contributing to morbidity and mortality in patients with Cushing syndrome (CS). This article reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of changes in glucose metabolism associated with hypercortisolism, addressing both the pathophysiological aspects and the clinical and therapeutic implications. Chronic hypercortisolism may have pleiotropic effects on all major peripheral tissues governing glucose homeostasis. Adding further complexity, both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms are directly induced by GCs in a context-specific and cell-/organ-dependent manner. In this paper, the discussion focuses on established and potential pathologic molecular mechanisms that are induced by chronically excessive circulating levels of GCs and affect glucose homeostasis in various tissues. The management of patients with CS and DM includes treating their hyperglycemia and correcting their GC excess. The effects on glycemic control of various medical therapies for CS are reviewed in this paper. The association between DM and subclinical CS and the role of screening for CS in diabetic patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Scaroni
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Zilio
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Genèva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Boscaro
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Al-Wahaibi LH, Hassan HM, Abo-Kamar AM, Ghabbour HA, El-Emam AA. Adamantane-Isothiourea Hybrid Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro Antimicrobial, and In Vivo Hypoglycemic Activities. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050710. [PMID: 28468231 PMCID: PMC6154638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of adamantane-isothiourea hybrid derivatives, namely 4-arylmethyl (Z)-N'-(adamantan-1-yl)-morpholine-4-carbothioimidates 7a-e and 4-arylmethyl (Z)-N'-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-phenylpiperazine-1-carbothioimidates 8a-e were prepared via the reaction of N-(adamantan-1-yl)morpholine-4-carbothioamide 5 and N-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-phenylpiperazine-1-carbothioamide 6 with benzyl or substituted benzyl bromides, in acetone, in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectral (ESI-MS) data, and X-ray crystallographic data. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the new compounds was determined against certain standard strains of pathogenic bacteria and the yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Compounds 7b, 7d and 7e displayed potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, while compounds 7a, 7c, 8b, 8d and 8e were active against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The in vivo oral hypoglycemic activity of the new compounds was carried on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Compounds 7a, 8ab, and 8b produced potent dose-independent reduction of serum glucose levels, compared to the potent hypoglycemic drug gliclazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamya H Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hanan M Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amal M Abo-Kamar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Hazem A Ghabbour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali A El-Emam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
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Dunford EC, Riddell MC. The Metabolic Implications of Glucocorticoids in a High-Fat Diet Setting and the Counter-Effects of Exercise. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040044. [PMID: 27929385 PMCID: PMC5192450 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones, naturally produced by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, that mediate the immune and metabolic systems. Synthetic GCs are used to treat a number of inflammatory conditions and diseases including lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Generally, chronic or high dose GC administration is associated with side effects such as steroid-induced skeletal muscle loss, visceral adiposity, and diabetes development. Patients who are taking exogenous GCs could also be more susceptible to poor food choices, but the effect that increasing fat consumption in combination with elevated exogenous GCs has only recently been investigated. Overall, these studies show that the damaging metabolic effects initiated through exogenous GC treatment are significantly amplified when combined with a high fat diet (HFD). Rodent studies of a HFD and elevated GCs demonstrate more glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, visceral adiposity, and skeletal muscle lipid deposition when compared to rodents subjected to either treatment on its own. Exercise has recently been shown to be a viable therapeutic option for GC-treated, high-fat fed rodents, with the potential mechanisms still being examined. Clinically, these mechanistic studies underscore the importance of a low fat diet and increased physical activity levels when individuals are given a course of GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Dunford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Chang LL, Wun WSA, Wang PS. Nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism can be reversed/alleviated by inhibiting of 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 44:1-12. [PMID: 27060500 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously observed that nonylphenol (NP) exposure during development resulted in increases in body weight and hyperadrenalism in adult male offspring. The mechanism of hyperadrenalism includes the primary activation of the adrenal gland and the conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to active glucocorticoids by 11β-HSD1. The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is investigated as a new therapeutic approach. This study examined the effect of PF915275 (a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor) on hyperadrenalism and adipogenesis in male rats exposed to NP during development. The results showed that treatment with the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor PF915275 reversed/alleviated NP-induced hyperadrenalism via the following mechanisms: (1) decreasing serum corticosterone, 11β-hydroxylase, and aldosterone synthase levels; (2) significantly increasing PPARα protein and mRNA expression. In adipose tissue, NP significantly increased PPARγ mRNA expression, whereas PF915275 significantly decreased the level of mRNA expression; and (3) the expression of key regulators/enzymes in the adipogenesis metabolic pathway was also modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | - Paulus S Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, ROC; Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC.
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Furlong MT, Ji QC, Iacono L, Dang O, Noren M, Bruce J, Aubry AF, Arnold ME. A validated enantioselective LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of a major chiral metabolite of an achiral 11-β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase 1 inhibitor in human plasma: Application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:167-172. [PMID: 27100678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BMS-823778 is a potent 11-β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD-1) inhibitor and a potential therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed and validated to enable reliable separation and quantification of both enantiomers of a chiral hydroxy metabolite (BMT-094817) in human plasma. Following liquid-liquid extraction in a 96-well plate format, chromatographic separation of the metabolite enantiomers was achieved by isocratic elution on a Chiralpak IA-3 column. Chromatographic conditions were optimized to ensure separation of both metabolite enantiomers. Metabolite enantiomers and stable isotope-labeled (SIL) internal standards were detected by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The LC-MS/MS assay was validated over a concentration range of 0.200-200ng/mL. Intra- and inter-assay precision values for replicate quality control samples were less than 9.9% for both enantiomers during the assay validation. Mean quality control accuracy values were within ±7.3%. Assay recoveries were high (>75%) and consistent across the assay range. The metabolite enantiomers were stable in human blood for 2h on ice. The analytes were also stable in human plasma for 25h at room temperature, 34days at -20°C and -70°C, and following five freeze-thaw cycles. No interconversion of the metabolite enantiomers was detected under any bioanalytical stress conditions, from blood collection/processing through extracted sample storage. The validated assay was successfully applied to the quantification of both metabolite enantiomers in human plasma in support of a human pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Furlong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research & Development, Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Qin C Ji
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research & Development, Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States.
| | - Lisa Iacono
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research & Development, Exploratory Clinical & Translational Research, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Oanh Dang
- Intertek Pharmaceutical Services, 10420 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Marzena Noren
- Intertek Pharmaceutical Services, 10420 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - John Bruce
- Intertek Pharmaceutical Services, 10420 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Anne-Françoise Aubry
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research & Development, Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Mark E Arnold
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research & Development, Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
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Mohammadi A, Gholamhosseinian A, Fallah H. Trigonella foenum-graecum water extract improves insulin sensitivity and stimulates PPAR and γ gene expression in high fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:54. [PMID: 27110551 PMCID: PMC4817393 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.178799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance is the main defect associated with the metabolic syndrome. In obesity, the decreased adiponectin levels and elevation of plasma-free fatty acids are the main factors associated with insulin resistance. In this study, we evaluated the effect of trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) extract on insulin sensitivity in high fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental rats were fed with a high fructose diet for eight weeks. After the first six weeks, the animals were treated with trigonella foenum-graecum extract or pioglitazone for two weeks. Serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and HDL-c were measured. The insulin and adiponectin levels were assayed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The plasma-free fatty acid profile was obtained by gas chromatography. PPARγ and GLUT4 gene expression were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting. RESULTS In the trigonella foenum-graecum- extract treated group the following results were obtained: Insulin (49.02 ± 6.93 pmol/L), adiponectin (7.1 ± 0.64 μg/ml), and triglycerides (110.3 ± 16.7 mg/dl), which were significantly different and improved compared to the control group (insulin (137 ± 34 pmol/l), adiponectin (3.9 ± 0.15 μg/ml), glucose (187 ± 15 mg/dl), and triglycerides (217 ± 18 mg/dl). Also the PPARγ gene expression was significantly increased compared to the control group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the beneficial effects of trigonella foenum-graecum extract on insulin resistance in rats fed on a high-fructose diet. At least three mechanisms are involved, including direct insulin-like effect, increase in adiponectin levels, and PPARγ protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholamhosseinian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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DHEA-induced modulation of renal gluconeogenesis, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile in the control- and dexamethasone-treated rabbits. Metabolic studies. Biochimie 2016; 121:87-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vitku J, Starka L, Bicikova M, Hill M, Heracek J, Sosvorova L, Hampl R. Endocrine disruptors and other inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2: Tissue-specific consequences of enzyme inhibition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:207-16. [PMID: 25066675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals in the environment have the ability to interact with the endocrine system. These compounds are called endocrine disruptors (EDs). Exposure to EDs represents one of the hypotheses for decreasing fertility, the increased risk of numerous cancers and obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. There are various mechanisms of ED action, one of which is their interference in the action of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) that maintains a balance between active and inactive glucocorticoids on the intracellular level. This enzyme has two isoforms and is expressed in various tissues. Inhibition of 11βHSD in various tissues can have different consequences. In the case of EDs, the results of exposure are mainly adverse; on the other hand pharmaceutically developed inhibitors of 11βHSD type 1 are evaluated as an option for treating metabolic syndrome, as well as related diseases and depressive disorders. This review focuses on the effects of 11βHSD inhibitors in the testis, colon, adipose tissue, kidney, brain and placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vitku
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Luboslav Starka
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Bicikova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Heracek
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Sosvorova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hampl
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
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Máčová L, Sosvorová L, Vítků J, Bičíková M, Hill M, Zamrazilová H, Sedláčková B, Stárka L. Steroid hormones related to 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in treated obesity. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S121-33. [PMID: 26680473 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The local concentration of glucocorticoids is intensively regulated by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1). Human 11beta-HSD 1 also reversibly catalyzes the inter-conversion of 7alpha-hydroxy- and 7beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) into 7-oxo-DHEA. The cohort of 282 obese adolescents, 154 girls (median age 15.31 years, range 14.17-16.68 years) and 128 boys (median age 14.95 years, range 13.87-16.16 years), BMI (Body Mass Index) >90th percentile was examined. In samples collected before and after one month of reductive diet therapy, circulating levels of steroids were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay methods. The model of the treatment efficacy prediction was calculated. A significant reduction in circulating levels of cortisone, E2 and increased levels of 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA after the reductive treatment was observed. Levels of cortisol, DHEA, DHT sustained without any significant change. The predictive Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (OPLS) model explained 20.1 % of variability of BMI, z-score change by the basal levels of 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, DHEA, cortisol and E2 as the strongest predictors. Reduced levels of circulating cortisone and reduced ratios of oxygenated/reduced metabolites reflect increased reductase activity of 11beta-HSD 1 with reduced BMI, z-score. We hypothesize whether these changes can be attributed to the altered activity of 11beta-HSD 1 in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Máčová
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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A potent and selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, SKI2852, ameliorates metabolic syndrome in diabetic mice models. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 768:139-48. [PMID: 26519792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) has been targeted for new drugs to treat type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In this study, we determined whether the inhibition of 11βHSD1 with a new selective inhibitor, SKI2852, could improve lipid profiles, glucose levels, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic and obese conditions. SKI2852 showed a potent inhibition of cortisone to cortisol conversion for over 80% in both liver and adipose tissue ex vivo from orally administered C57BL/6 mice, and in vivo analysis results were consistent with this. Repeated oral administrations of SKI2852 in diet-induced obesity (DIO) and ob/ob mice revealed a partially beneficial effect of SKI2852 in improving levels of cholesterols, triglycerides, free fatty acids, postprandial glucose, and/or blood hemoglobinA1c. SKI2852 significantly reduced body weight increase in ob/ob mice, and efficiently suppressed hepatic mRNA levels of gluconeogenic enzymes in DIO mice. Moreover, SKI2852 enhanced hepatic and whole body insulin sensitivities in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiment in DIO mice. In conclusion, these results indicate that selective and potent inhibition of 11βHSD1 by SKI2852, thus blockade of active glucocorticoid conversion, may improve many aspects of metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes and metabolic diseases, mainly by inhibitions of hepatic gluconeogenesis and partial improvements of lipid profiles. Our study strongly support that SKI2852 may have a great potential as a novel candidate drug for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic diseases.
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Christensen TH, Bailey MA, Kenyon CJ, Jensen BL, Hunter RW. Sodium homeostasis is preserved in a global 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mouse model. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1362-78. [PMID: 26337786 DOI: 10.1113/ep085177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Glucocorticoids act in the kidney to promote salt and water retention. Renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), by increasing local concentrations of glucocorticoids, may exert an antinatriuretic effect. We hypothesized that global deletion of 11βHSD1 in the mouse would give rise to a salt-wasting renal phenotype. What is the main finding and its importance? We subjected a mouse model of global 11βHSD1 deletion to studies of water and electrolyte balance, renal clearance, urinary steroid excretion, renin-angiotensin system activation and renal sodium transporter expression. We found no significant effects on renal sodium or water excretion. Any effect of renal 11βHSD1 on sodium homeostasis is subtle. Glucocorticoids act in the kidney to regulate glomerular haemodynamics and tubular sodium transport; the net effect favours sodium retention. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) is expressed in the renal tubules and the interstitial cells of the medulla, where it is likely to regenerate active glucocorticoids from inert 11-keto forms. The physiological function of renal 11βHSD1 is largely unknown. We hypothesized that loss of renal 11βHSD1 would result in salt wasting and tested this in a knockout mouse model in which 11βHSD1 was deleted in all body tissues. In balance studies, 11βHSD1 deletion had no effect on water, sodium or potassium metabolism; transition to a low-sodium diet did not reveal a natriuretic phenotype. Renal clearance studies demonstrated identical haemodynamic parameters (arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate) in knockout and wild-type mice, but revealed an augmented kaliuretic response to thiazides in 11βHSD1 knockout animals. There was no effect on the natriuretic response to the amiloride analogue benzamil. Urinary excretion of deoxycorticosterone was higher in 11βHSD1 knockout mice, and there was hypertrophy of cells in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. There was no difference in the activity of the renin-angiotensin and nitric oxide systems, no difference in renal histology and no difference in the abundance of key tubular transporter proteins. We conclude that any effect of 11βHSD1 on renal sodium excretion is subtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorbjørn H Christensen
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Robert W Hunter
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Hong SP, Nam KY, Shin YJ, Kim KW, Ahn SK. Discovery of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3501-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Fedail JS, Sifaldin AZ, Musa TH. Gum arabic decreased visceral adipose tissue associated with downregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I in liver and muscle of mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Nuevos agentes terapéuticos para la diabetes tipo 2. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 144:560-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Altaf QA, Barnett AH, Tahrani AA. Novel therapeutics for type 2 diabetes: insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:319-34. [PMID: 25308775 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. Hence improving IR is a major target of treatment in patients with T2D. Obesity and lack of exercise are major causes of IR. However, recent evidence implicates sleep disorders and disorders of the circadian rhythm in the pathogenesis of IR. Weight loss and lifestyle changes are the cornerstone and most effective treatments of IR, but adherence and patient's acceptability are poor. Bariatric surgery results in significant and sustainable long-term weight loss associated with beneficial impact on IR and glucose metabolism, making this an attractive treatment option for patients with T2D. Currently available pharmacological options targeting IR (such as metformin and thiazolidinediones) do not maintain glycaemic measures within targets long term and can be associated with significant side effects. Over the last two decades, many pharmacological agents targeting different aspects of the insulin signalling pathway were developed to improve IR, but only a minority reached clinical trials. Such treatments need to be specific and reversible as many of the components of the insulin signalling pathway are involved in other cellular functions such as apoptosis. Recent evidence highlighted the role of circadian rhythm and sleep-related disorders in the pathogenesis of IR. In this article, we review the latest developments in the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions targeting IR including bariatric surgery. We will also review the role of circadian rhythm and sleep-related disorders in the development and treatment of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-A Altaf
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Mpalaris V, Anagnostis P, Goulis DG, Iakovou I. Complex association between body weight and fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Obes Rev 2015; 16:225-33. [PMID: 25586664 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease, characterized by low bone mass with micro-architectural disruption and skeletal fragility, resulting in an increased risk of fracture. A substantial number of studies has examined the possible relationship between body weight, bone mineral density and fracture risk in post-menopausal women, with the majority of them concluding that low body weight correlates with increased risk of fracture, especially hip fracture. Controversies about the potential protective effect of obesity on osteoporosis and consequent fracture risk still exist. Several recent studies question the concept that obesity exerts a protective effect against fractures, suggesting that it stands as a risk factor for fractures at specific skeletal sites, such as upper arm. The association between body weight and fracture risk is complex, differs across skeletal sites and body mass index, and is modified by the interaction between body weight and bone mineral density. Some potential explanations that link obesity with increased fracture risk may be the pattern of falls and impaired mobility in obese individuals, comorbidities, such as asthma, diabetes and early menopause, as well as, increased parathyroid hormone and reduced 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mpalaris
- Third Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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