Change in circulating microRNA profile of obese children indicates future risk of adult diabetes

Factors Predicting Obesity Prevention Behaviors Among Overweight Late Primary School Students in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand

Purpose

Obesity is a significant global public health issue affecting late primary school students' health and learning processes. This research aimed to predict factors influencing the prevention behaviors of obesity among overweight 9 to 12-year-old students.

Samples and Methods

This cross-sectional predictive correlational study involved 216 overweight students in grades 4-6 and used a multi-stage sampling method. Comprehensive questionnaires meticulously collected data on demographics, self-perception, and obesity prevention behaviors. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and binary logistic regression.

Results

The mean scores for self-perception of food consumption and physical activity were moderate (M = 19.13, S.D. = 5.68; M = 19.53, S.D. = 5.64, respectively). Similarly, obesity prevention behaviors were moderate (M = 42.90, S.D. = 8.48). The study identified factors significantly related to obesity prevention behaviors, including gender, grade point average (GPA), self-perception of food consumption and physical activity, daily allowance from family, and nutrition education (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression confirmed that self-perception of food consumption (OR = 4.29; 95% CI: 1.72-10.73) and physical activity (OR = 2.585; 95% CI: 1.02-6.56), grade point averages (OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.18-0.82), daily allowance received from family (OR = 0.402; 95% CI: 0.17-0.94), nutrition education (OR = 0.352; 95% CI: 0.15-0.84), and male (OR = 0.113; 95% CI: 0.02-0.56) were significant predictors (p < 0.05), providing valuable insights into the factors influencing obesity prevention behaviors among overweight students.

Conclusion

Male students who have good GPAs, high self-efficacy in food consumption and physical activity, nutrition education, and adequate financial support were more likely to engage in obesity prevention behaviors. Thus, educators and healthcare professionals should focus on enhancing self-perception, providing comprehensive nutrition education, and offering additional support to female students with lower GPAs. These measures will help improve behavior adjustment and support obesity prevention efforts.

Investigating the altered expression of miR-486-5p and miR-novel-chr1_40444 in dysglycemia in a South African population

AIMS

This study aims to investigate miR-486-5p and miR-novel-chr1_40444 expressions in dysglycemic individuals. Validating RNA-sequencing findings in a larger sample via reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR), we aim to address global diagnostic and screening limitations, using an African cohort as an example.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved 1,271 individuals [normoglycemic (n = 974), prediabetic (n = 206), screen-detected type 2 diabetes (n = 91)] from the ongoing Vascular and Metabolic Health (VMH) study in Cape Town, South Africa. Whole blood miRNA expression was assessed using TaqMan-based RT-qPCR, with data normalized to an endogenous control (miR-16-5p).

RESULTS

Significant underexpression was observed in prediabetes vs normoglycemia for miR-486-5p (P = 0.038), whilst both miRNAs demonstrated significant upregulation in screen-detected type 2 diabetes vs normoglycemia (miR-486-5p, P = 0.009; miR-novel-chr1_40444, P < 0.001), and screen-detected type 2 diabetes in comparison with prediabetes (miR-486-5p, P < 0.001; miR-novel-chr1_40444, P < 0.001). Multivariable regression analyses revealed pronounced interrelations between miR-novel-chr1_40444 and screen-detected type 2 diabetes in unadjusted and adjusted models (Model 1: P < 0.001, Model 2: P < 0.001, Model 3: P = 0.030). Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed significantly enhanced diagnostic capabilities for screen-detected type 2 diabetes vs either normoglycemia (AUC = 0.971, P < 0.001), non-diabetes (AUC = 0.959, P < 0.001), or prediabetes (AUC = 0.902, P < 0.001) when combining the miRNAs with 2 h postprandial glucose.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the enhanced power of incorporating miRNAs with traditional markers in distinguishing screen-detected type 2 diabetes, warranting further investigations on their unique role in the development of type 2 diabetes.

Exploring the Link between Oxidative Stress, Selenium Levels, and Obesity in Youth

Obesity is a worldwide increasing concern. Although in adults this is easily estimated with the body mass index, in children, who are constantly growing and whose bodies are changing, the reference points to assess weight status are age and gender, and need corroboration with complementary data, making their quantification highly difficult. The present review explores the interaction spectrum of oxidative stress, selenium status, and obesity in children and adolescents. Any factor related to oxidative stress that triggers obesity and, conversely, obesity that induces oxidative stress are part of a vicious circle, a complex chain of mechanisms that derive from each other and reinforce each other with serious health consequences. Selenium and its compounds exhibit key antioxidant activity and also have a significant role in the nutritional evaluation of obese children. The balance of selenium intake, retention, and metabolism emerges as a vital aspect of health, reflecting the complex interactions between diet, oxidative stress, and obesity. Understanding whether selenium status is a contributor to or a consequence of obesity could inform nutritional interventions and public health strategies aimed at preventing and managing obesity from an early age.

Role of micro-RNAs associated with adipose-derived extracellular vesicles in metabolic disorders

Micro-RNAs have emerged as important actors in the onset of metabolic disorders including obesity or type 2 diabetes. Particularly, several micro-RNAs are known to be key modulators of lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, or feeding behavior. Interestingly, the role of extracellular vesicles containing micro-RNAs, especially adipose-derived extracellular vesicles, are well-documented endocrine signals and disease biomarkers. However, the role of adipose-derived extracellular vesicles on the different tissues is different and highly related to the micro-RNA content. This review provides recent data about the potential involvement of adipose-derived extracellular vesicle-containing micro-RNAs in metabolic diseases.

The Role of Adipose Tissue-derived Exosomes in Chronic Metabolic Disorders

Excessive fat deposition in obese subjects promotes the occurrence of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Adipose tissue is not only the main form of energy storage but also an endocrine organ that not only secretes adipocytokines but also releases many extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism. Exosomes are a subtype of EVs, and accumulating evidence indicates that adipose tissue exosomes (AT Exos) mediate crosstalk between adipose tissue and multiple organs by being transferred to targeted cells or tissues through paracrine or endocrine mechanisms. However, the roles of AT Exos in crosstalk with metabolic organs remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on the role of AT Exos in the regulation of metabolic disorders. Moreover, we discuss the potential role of AT Exos as biomarkers in metabolic diseases and their clinical application.

Early Life Programming of Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Browning Capacity by Micronutrients and Bioactive Compounds as a Potential Anti-Obesity Strategy

The early stages of life, especially the period from conception to two years, are crucial for shaping metabolic health and the risk of obesity in adulthood. Adipose tissue (AT) plays a crucial role in regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism, and brown AT (BAT) and the browning of white AT (WAT) are promising targets for combating weight gain. Nutritional factors during prenatal and early postnatal stages can influence the development of AT, affecting the likelihood of obesity later on. This narrative review focuses on the nutritional programming of AT features. Research conducted across various animal models with diverse interventions has provided insights into the effects of specific compounds on AT development and function, influencing the development of crucial structures and neuroendocrine circuits responsible for energy balance. The hormone leptin has been identified as an essential nutrient during lactation for healthy metabolic programming against obesity development in adults. Studies have also highlighted that maternal supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin A, nicotinamide riboside, and polyphenols during pregnancy and lactation, as well as offspring supplementation with myo-inositol, vitamin A, nicotinamide riboside, and resveratrol during the suckling period, can impact AT features and long-term health outcomes and help understand predisposition to obesity later in life.

RNAkines are secreted messengers shaping health and disease

Extracellular noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have crucial roles in intercellular communications. The process of ncRNA secretion is highly regulated, with specific ncRNA profiles produced under different physiological and pathological circumstances. These ncRNAs are transported primarily via extracellular vesicles (EVs) from their origin cells to target cells, utilising both endocrine and paracrine pathways. The intercellular impacts of extracellular ncRNAs are essential for maintaining homeostasis and the pathogenesis of various diseases. Given the unique aspects of extracellular ncRNAs, here we propose the term 'RNAkine' to describe these recently identified secreted factors. We explore their roles as intercellular modulators, particularly in their ability to regulate metabolism and influence tumorigenesis, highlighting their definition and importance as a distinct class of secreted factors.

MicroRNA-29a and microRNA-122 expressions and other inflammatory markers among obese children with diabetes

OBJECTIVES

This study was conducted to study the expression of both microRNA-29a and microRNA-122, and serum levels of sestrin-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and other inflammatory markers among obese children with/and without diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

One hundred obese children with diabetes in addition to 100 age- and sex-matched obese children without diabetes, and 100 age- and sex-matched apparently healthy children were included in the study. Expressions of both microRNA-29a and microRNA-122, and serum levels of sestrin-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high sensitive-CRP (hsCRP) were measured for all included study populations.

RESULTS

Study results showed that the expressions of both microRNA-29a and microRNA-122, serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and hsCRP were significantly higher among obese children with diabetes in comparison to both obese children without diabetes and healthy children. In contrast, serum sestrin level was significantly low among obese children with diabetes in comparison to the other study populations. Expressions of both microRNA-29a and microRNA-122 were correlated with waist circumference, BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HbA1c, c-peptide, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), IL-6, hsCRP, and TNF-α among obese children with diabetes. However, serum sestrin-2 level was correlated inversely with these parameters. Higher expressions of both microRNA-29a and microRNA-122 among obese children either with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) can suggest their roles in the development of obesity among children.

CONCLUSIONS

The study results can hypothesize that down-regulation of these micro-RNAs may solve this health problem with its sequelae, a hypothesis that needs more studies.

Childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome, and oxidative stress: microRNAs go on stage

The incidence of childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome has grown notably in the last years, becoming major public health burdens in developed countries. Nowadays, oxidative stress is well-recognized to be closely associated with the onset and progression of several obesity-related complications within the framework of a complex crosstalk involving other intertwined pathogenic events, such as inflammation, insulin disturbances, and dyslipidemia. Thus, understanding the molecular basis behind these oxidative dysregulations could provide new approaches for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of childhood obesity and associated disorders. In this respect, the transcriptomic characterization of miRNAs bares great potential because of their involvement in post-transcriptional modulation of genetic expression. Herein, we provide a comprehensive literature revision gathering state-of-the-art research into the association between childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome, and miRNAs. We put special emphasis on the potential role of miRNAs in modulating obesity-related pathogenic events, with particular focus on oxidative stress.

Clinical relevance of circulating non-coding RNAs in metabolic diseases: Emphasis on obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) participate in the regulation of several cellular processes including transcription, RNA processing and genome rearrangement. The aberrant expression of ncRNAs is associated with several pathological conditions. In this review, we focused on recent information to elucidate the role of various regulatory ncRNAs i.e., micro RNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in metabolic diseases, e.g., obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The mechanisms by which ncRNAs participated in disease pathophysiology were also highlighted. miRNAs regulate the expression of genes at transcriptional and translational levels. circRNAs modulate the regulation of gene expression via miRNA sponging activity, interacting with RNA binding protein and polymerase II transcription regulation. lncRNAs regulate the expression of genes by acting as a protein decoy, miRNA sponging, miRNA host gene, binding to miRNA response elements (MRE) and the recruitment of transcriptional element or chromatin modifiers. We examined the role of ncRNAs in the disease pathogenesis and their potential role as molecular markers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets. We showed the involvement of ncRNAs in the onset of obesity and its progression to MetS and CVD. miRNA-192, miRNA-122, and miRNA-221 were dysregulated in all these metabolic diseases. Other ncRNAs, implicated in at least three diseases include miRNA-15a, miRNA-26, miRNA-27a, miRNA-320, and miRNA-375. Dysregulation of ncRNAs increased the risk of development of DM and MetS and its progression to CVD in obese individuals. Hence, these molecules are potential targets to arrest or delay the progression of metabolic diseases.

Identification of novel circulating miRNAs biomarkers for healthy obese and lean children

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight has risen globally, leading to increased rates of metabolic disorders. Various factors, including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences such as diet and physical activity, contribute to pediatric obesity. This study aimed to identify specific circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers for assessing obesity in children.

METHODS

Thirty children, including 15 obese and 15 extremely thin individuals, were selected for this study. MiRNA expression in circulating plasma was assessed using miRNA microarrays. The reliability of differential miRNA expression was confirmed using TaqMan qPCR. The correlation between miRNAs and obesity was analyzed through multiple linear regression, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and odds ratio (OR) calculations. Bioinformatics tools were utilized to identify target genes for the selected miRNAs, and a functional network map was constructed.

RESULTS

A total of 36 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified through gene chip analysis, and TaqMan qPCR validation confirmed the upregulation of seven miRNAs: hsa-miR-126-3p, hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-199a-3p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-223-3p, hsa-miR-23a-3p, and hsa-miR-24-3p. Among these, hsa-miR-15b-5p and hsa-miR-223-3p exhibited a statistically significant difference except for hsa-miR-23a-3p. These two miRNAs showed more predicted target genes related to obesity than others. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed an association between obesity and hsa-miR-15b-5p and hsa-miR-223-3p [10.529 (4.974-16.084), -10.225 (-17.852~ -2.657)]. Even after adjusting for age and sex, these two miRNAs remained associated with obesity [8.936 (3.572-14.301), -8.449(-15.634~ -1.303)]. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) reached values of 0.816, 0.711, and 0.929, respectively. Odds ratio analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between obesity and hsa-miR-15b-5p (OR = 143, 95% CI 5.80 to 56,313, p = 0.024) and between obesity and hsa-miR-223-3p (OR = 0.01, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.23, p = 0.037). Importantly, hsa-miR-15b-5p was found to have numerous target genes associated with the FoxO, insulin, Ras, and AMPK signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

Differential miRNA expression profiles in the circulation of obese children compared to controls suggest underlying metabolic abnormalities. Hsa-miR-15b-5p and hsa-miR-223-3p may be considered as molecular markers for the screening of obese children and populations at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

Role of MicroRNAs in Dietary Interventions for Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases

Obesity and related metabolic syndromes pose a serious threat to human health and quality of life. A proper diet is a safe and effective strategy to prevent and control obesity, thus maintaining overall health. However, no consensus exists on the connotations of proper diet, and it is attributed to various factors, including "nutritional dark matter" and the "matrix effect" of food. Accumulating evidence confirms that obesity is associated with the in vivo levels of miRNAs, which serve as potential markers and regulatory targets for obesity onset and progression; food-derived miRNAs can regulate host obesity by targeting the related genes or gut microbiota across the animal kingdom. Host miRNAs mediate food nutrient-gut microbiota-obesity interactions. Thus, miRNAs are important correlates of diet and obesity onset. This review outlines the recent findings on miRNA-mediated food interventions for obesity, thereby elucidating their potential applications. Overall, we provide new perspectives and views on the evaluation of dietary nutrition, which may bear important implications for dietary control and obesity prevention.

Comprehensive Molecular Evaluation of HNF-1 Alpha, miR-27a, and miR-146 Gene Variants and Their Link with Predisposition and Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic condition induced by insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have biological significance because they regulate processes such as the molecular signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. The hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha) is a transcription factor found in hepatocytes and the pancreas. Mutations in the HNF-1 alpha gene were reportedly associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between MiR-27a, MiR-146, and HNF-1 alpha single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) with T2D risk in the Saudi population.

METHODOLOGY

We evaluated the association of SNVs of miR-27a rs895819 A>G, 146a-rs2910164 C>G, and HNF-1 alpha rs1169288 G>T (I27L) with the risk of T2D in Saudi patients with the Amplification Refractory Mutation System PCR (ARMS-PCR). For the miR-27a SNVs, we used 115 cases (82 males, 33 females) and 117 matched healthy controls (HCs); for the Mir-146 SNVs, we used 103 cases (70 males, 33 females) and 108 matched HCs; and for the HNF-1 alpha, we employed 110 patients (80 males, 30 females) and 110 HCs. The blood biochemistry of the participants was essayed using commercial kits, and the methods of statistical analysis used were the Chi-square test, the Fisher exact test, and a multivariate analysis based on logistic regression, like the odds ratio (OD) and risk ratio (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

The MiR-27a rs895819 AG genotype was linked to increased T2D susceptibility, with OR = 2.01 and p-value = 0.011, and the miR-146 rs2910164 CG genotype and C allele were linked to an elevated risk of T2D, with OR = 2.75, p-value < 0.0016, OR = 1.77, and p-value = 0.004. The results also showed that the GT genotype and T allele of the HNF-1 alpha (rs1169288) G>T is linked to T2D, with OR = 2.18, p-value = 0.0061, and 1.77, p-value = 0.0059.

CONCLUSIONS

The SNVs in miR-27a, miR-146, and HNF-1 alpha can be potential loci for T2D risk. The limitations of this study include the relatively small sample size and the fact that it was a cross-sectional study. To our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight the association between miR-27a, miR-146, and HNF-1 alpha SNVs and the risk of T2D in the Saudi population. Future large-scale case-control studies, as well as studies on the functions of the proteins and protein interaction studies for HNF-1 alpha, are required to verify our findings. Furthermore, these findings can be used for the identification and stratification of at-risk populations via genetic testing for T2D-prevention strategies.

Novel insights regarding the role of noncoding RNAs in diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders defined by hyperglycemia induced by insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. In 2021, the global prevalence of diabetes is anticipated to be 10.7% (537 million people). Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) appear to have an important role in the initiation and progression of DM, according to a growing body of research. The two major groups of ncRNAs implicated in diabetic disorders are miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. miRNAs are single-stranded, short (17–25 nucleotides), ncRNAs that influence gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Because DM has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, it appears that novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are required to identify and treat complications associated with these diseases efficiently. miRNAs are gaining attention as biomarkers for DM diagnosis and potential treatment due to their function in maintaining physiological homeostasis via gene expression regulation. In this review, we address the issue of the gradually expanding global prevalence of DM by presenting a complete and up-to-date synopsis of various regulatory miRNAs involved in these disorders. We hope this review will spark discussion about ncRNAs as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for DM. We examine and synthesize recent research that used novel, high-throughput technologies to uncover ncRNAs involved in DM, necessitating a systematic approach to examining and summarizing their roles and possible diagnostic and therapeutic uses.

Non-coding RNAs and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide disease with rapidly increasing prevalence. This complex disorder caused by interplay between genetic predisposition factors, early developmental elements, diet and inactive lifestyle. Several researches have shown impact of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Several miRNAs such as miR-126, miR-222-3p, miR-182, let-7b-5p, and miR-1-3p have been down-regulated in different biological sources of patients with T2DM. Some other miRNAs including miR-21, miR-30d, miR-148a-3p, miR-146b and miR-486 have the opposite trends. In addition, a number of lncRNAs such as LY86-AS, HCG27_201, VIM-AS1, CTBP1-AS2, CASC2, GAS5, LINC-PINT, and MALAT1 have been altered in the peripheral blood, serum samples or tissues obtained from patients with T2DM. Taken together, both miRNAs and lncRNAs contribute to the development of T2DM and might be applied as markers or therapeutic molecules for this disorder.

Expression pattern of miR-193a, miR122, miR155, miR-15a, and miR146a in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with obesity and their relation to some metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers

BACKGROUND

The widespread presence of childhood obesity has increased considerably over three decades. The present study was designed to investigate expression patterns of miR-146a, miR-155, miR-15a, miR-193a, and miR-122 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in children who are obese along with their association with metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers.

METHODS

Ninety test subjects were admitted. The profile of blood pressure, resting energy expenditure (REE), anthropometric measures, body composition, dietary intakes, physical activity levels, insulin, and lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and pubertal stage have been measured. Total RNA (including small RNAs) was extracted from PBMCs. The expression levels of miRNAs were measured by stem-loop RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

The miR-155a expression level was significantly lower in obese children, children with high hs-CRP, and children with high-fat mass. Obese girls had significantly higher PBMC levels of miR-122. MiR-155a had a significant negative association with fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP. There were significant positive associations between miR-193a and miR-122 expression levels and fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and TG. MiR-15a was positively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Children with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and high-fat mass had higher PBMC levels of miR-122 and miR-193a. Higher miR-193a and miR-122 levels were also detected in PBMCs of children with fast REE, compared to those with slow REE, and the subjects with high hs-CRP, respectively.

CONCLUSION

lower level of miR-155 expression in obese subjects and significant associations unfolds the need for more studies to detect the possible underlying mechanisms.

Dysregulation of Mir-193B and Mir-376A as a Biomarker of Prediabetes in Offspring of Gestational Diabetic Mice

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes initiated during pregnancy and is characterized by maternal hyperglycemia that induces complications in mothers and children. In the current study, we used a GDM mouse model (through i.p. injection of a single dose of streptozocin, STZ, 60 mg/kg/bw) to investigate the biochemical and immunological changes in the blood and brain of diabetic mothers and their offspring relative to their appropriate controls. In addition, we estimated the expression levels of a set of microRNAs (miRNAs) to link between the dysregulation in the levels of miRNAs and the exposure to oxidative stress during embryonic development, as well as metabolic changes that occur after birth and during puberty in offspring (5-weeks-old). At the biochemical level, newborn pups appeared mostly to suffer from the same oxidative stress conditions of their mothers as shown by the significant increase in nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood and brain of diabetic mothers and their pups. However, the 5-week-old offspring showed a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and based on their blood glucose levels, could be considered as prediabetic (with glucose mean value of 165 mg/dl). In the meantime, the tested miRNAs, especially miR-15b, miR-146a, and miR-138 showed mostly similar expression levels in diabetic mothers and newborn pups. In this regard, miR-15a and -15b, miR-146a, and miR-138 are downregulated in diabetic mothers and their newborn pups relative to their appropriate controls. However, in offspring of diabetic mothers at puberty age, these miRNAs displayed different expression levels relative to mothers and control offspring. Interestingly, miR-193 and miR-763 expression levels were significantly lower in diabetic mothers but upregulated in their 5-week-old offspring, suggesting that miR-193 and miR-763 could be used as biomarkers to differentiate between prediabetes and diabetes.

Physiology of the Weight-Reduced State and Its Impact on Weight Regain

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by long duration, slow progression, and periods of remission and relapses. Despite the development of effective medical and surgical interventions and millions of people conducting tremendous personal efforts to manage their weight every year, recidivism remains a significant barrier to attaining long-term weight maintenance. This review aimed to explain the underlying physiology of the weight-reduced state including changes in energy balance, adipose tissue, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that may predispose individuals to weight regain following weight loss.

Circulating microRNA levels differ in the early stages of insulin resistance in prepubertal children with obesity

AIMS

The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity escalates the risk for related complications. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested as good predictive markers of insulin resistance in those with obesity. The aim was to identify a circulating miRNA profile that reflects insulin resistance in prepubertal children with obesity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plasma miRNAs were measured in prepubertal children (n = 63, 5-9 years) using TaqMan Advanced miRNA Human Serum/Plasma plates and then were validated by RT-qPCR. Subjects were divided into normal weight (n = 20, NW) and overweight or obese (n = 43, OW/OB) groups according to their BMI z-scores. The OW/OB group was further subdivided into insulin sensitive or metabolically healthy obese (n = 26, MHO) and insulin resistant or metabolically unhealthy obese (n = 17, MUO) according to HOMA-IR.

KEY FINDINGS

While no differences were observed in the fasting plasma glucose levels, serum insulin levels were significantly elevated in the OW/OB compared to the NW group. Of 188 screened miRNAs, eleven were differentially expressed between the NW and OW/OB groups. Validation confirmed increased circulating levels of miR-146a-5p and miR-18a-5p in the OW/OB group, which correlated with BMI z-score. Interestingly, miR-146a-5p was also correlated with HOMA-IR index. While only miR-18a-5p was upregulated in the OW/OB children, independently of their degree of insulin sensitivity, miR-146-5p, miR-423-3p and miR-152-3p were associated with insulin resistance.

SIGNIFICANCE

The present study provides evidence of molecular alterations that occur early in life in prepubertal obesity. These alterations may potentially be crucial for targeted prevention or prompt precision therapeutic development and subsequent interventions.

Non-coding RNAs: The link between maternal malnutrition and offspring metabolism

Early life nutrition is associated with the development and metabolism in later life, which is known as the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD). Epigenetics have been proposed as an important explanation for this link between early life malnutrition and long-term diseases. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) may play a role in this epigenetic programming. The expression of ncRNAs (such as long non-coding RNA H19, microRNA-122, and circular RNA-SETD2) was significantly altered in specific tissues of offspring exposed to maternal malnutrition. Changes in these downstream targets of ncRNAs lead to abnormal development and metabolism. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge on ncRNAs linking the maternal nutrition condition and offspring metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

miR-222 exerts negative regulation on insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Increased miR-222 levels are associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes. Moreover, rats fed an obesogenic diet during lactation have higher miR-222 content in breast milk and the offspring display greater body fat mass and impaired insulin sensitivity in adulthood. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved and to dissect the specific effects of miR-222 on adipocytes, transfection with a mimic or an inhibitor of miR-222 has been conducted on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. 3T3-L1 cells were transfected with either a mimic or an inhibitor of miR-222 and collected after 2 days (preadipocytes) or 8 days (mature adipocytes) for transcriptomic analysis. Results showed a relevant impact on pathways associated with insulin signaling, lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. Outcomes in key genes and proteins were further analyzed with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western Blotting, respectively, which displayed a general inhibition in important effectors of the identified routes under miR-222 mimic treatment in preadipocytes. Although to a lesser extent, this overall signature was maintained in differentiated adipocytes. Altogether, miR-222 exerts a direct effect in metabolic pathways of 3T3-L1 adipocytes that are relevant to adipocyte function, limiting adipogenesis and insulin signaling pathways, offering a mechanistic explanation for its reported association with metabolic diseases.

Circulating microRNA Related to Cardiometabolic Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

MicroRNA regulates multiple pathways in inflammatory response, adipogenesis, and glucose and lipid metabolism, which are involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Thus, this systematic review aimed at synthesizing the evidence on the relationships between circulating microRNA and risk factors for MetS. The systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020168100) and included 24 case-control studies evaluating microRNA expression in serum/plasma of individuals ≥5 years old. Most of the studies focused on 13 microRNAs with higher frequency and there were robust connections between miR-146a and miR-122 with risk factors for MetS, based on average weighted degree. In addition, there was an association of miR-222 with adiposity, lipid metabolism, glycemic metabolism, and chronic inflammation and an association of miR-126, miR-221, and miR-423 with adiposity, lipid, and glycemic metabolism. A major part of circulating microRNA was upregulated in individuals with risk factors for MetS, showing correlations with glycemic and lipid markers and body adiposity. Circulating microRNA showed distinct expression profiles according to the clinical condition of individuals, being particularly linked with increased body fat. However, the exploration of factors associated with variations in microRNA expression was limited by the variety of microRNAs investigated by risk factor in diverse studies identified in this systematic review.

Therapeutic Potential of miRNAs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview

MicroRNA(miRNA)s have been identified as an emerging class for therapeutic interventions mainly due to their extracellularly stable presence in humans and animals and their potential for horizontal transmission and action. However, treating Type 2 diabetes mellitus using this technology has yet been in a nascent state. MiRNAs play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus establishing the potential for utilizing miRNA-based therapeutic interventions to treat the disease. Recently, the administration of miRNA mimics or antimiRs in-vivo has resulted in positive modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Further, several cell culture-based interventions have suggested beta cell regeneration potential in miRNAs. Nevertheless, few such miRNA-based therapeutic approaches have reached the clinical phase. Therefore, future research contributions would identify the possibility of miRNA therapeutics for tackling T2DM. This article briefly reported recent developments on miRNA-based therapeutics for treating Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, associated implications, gaps, and recommendations for future studies.

Differences in circulating obesity-related microRNAs in Austrian and Japanese men: A two-country cohort analysis

Background

The prevalence of obesity is higher in Western countries than in East Asian countries. It remains unknown whether microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of the ethnic difference in obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether expression levels of circulating obesity-associated miRNAs are different in Europeans and Asians.

Methods

The subjects were middle-aged healthy male Austrians (n = 20, mean age of 49.9 years) and Japanese (n = 20, mean age of 48.7 years). Total miRNAs in serum from each subject were analyzed using the 3D-Gene miRNA Oligo chip. miRNAs that showed significant differences between the Austrian and Japanese groups were uploaded into Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA).

Results

Among 16 miRNAs that were revealed to be associated with obesity in previous studies and showed expression levels that were high enough for a reasonable comparison, serum levels of 3 miRNAs displayed significant differences between the Austrian and Japanese groups: miR-125b-1-3p was significantly lower with a fold change of −2.94 and miR-20a-5p and miR-486–5p were significantly higher with fold changes of 1.73 and 2.38, respectively, in Austrians than in Japanese. In IPA including all 392 miRNAs that showed significant differences between Austrians and Japanese, three canonical pathways including leptin signaling in obesity, adipogenesis pathway and white adipose tissue browning pathway were identified as enriched pathways.

Conclusions

miRNAs are thought to be involved in the ethnic difference in the prevalence of obesity, which may in part be caused by different expression levels of miR-125b-1-3p, miR-20a-5p and miR-486–5p.

•

Ethnic difference in circulating obesity-related microRNAs (miRs) were investigated.

•

Levels of 2565 miRs in blood were compared between Austrians and Japanese.

•

miR-125b-1-3p, −20a-5p and -486–5p levels were significantly different between them.

•

Significant ethnic differences were found in blood levels of 392 miRs.

•

These miRs target the molecules comprising obesity-related three canonical pathways.

MicroRNA profiling of subcutaneous adipose tissue in periparturient dairy cows at high or moderate body condition

A growing body of evidence shows that microRNA (miRNA), play important roles in regulating adipose tissue (AT) physiology and function. The objective was to characterize the AT miRNA profile in over-conditioned (HBCS, n = 19) versus moderate-conditioned (MBCS, n = 19) periparturient dairy cows. Tail-head subcutaneous AT biopsied on d -49 and 21 relative to parturition were used for miRNA sequencing. The miR-486 was the most significant miRNA among the upregulated miRNA on d -49, which might be related to more pronounced changes in lipogenesis and altered insulin sensitivity in AT of HBCS cows at dry-off. Comparing HBCS to MBCS on d 21, 23 miRNA were downregulated and 20 were upregulated. The predicted targets of upregulated differentially expressed (DE)-miRNA on d 21 were enriched in different pathways, including pathways related to lysosomes and peroxisomes. The predicted targets of downregulated DE-miRNA on d 21 were enriched in various pathways, including epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin resistance, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway, and autophagy. The results showed that over-conditioning was associated with changes in SCAT miRNA profile mainly on d 21, of which most were downregulated. The enriched pathways may participate in over-conditioning-associated metabolic challenges during early lactation.

Circulating miRNAs in girls with abdominal obesity: miR-221-3p as a biomarker of response to weight loss interventions

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have associated several microRNAs (miRNAs) with childhood obesity and energy homeostasis, suggesting that an individual miRNA profile could be used as an early predictor to estimate the response to weight loss interventions in the design of precision nutrition.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate associations between the expression of circulating adiposity-related miRNAs and the response to a weight loss intervention.

METHODS

A total of 51 Spanish girls (age 7-16 years) with abdominal obesity underwent 8 weeks of a multidisciplinary intervention for weight loss. Participants were stratified into two groups in accordance with changes in body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score: low-responders (LR) and high-responders (HR). The expression of 39 circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) was evaluated in plasma of all subjects before the intervention.

RESULTS

Six miRNAs were differentially expressed between LR and HR. However, after adjustment for Tanner stage, the association was maintained only for miR-126-3p and miR-221-3p with a higher expression in HR group compared to LR group. After the intervention, miR-221-3p expression decreased in all subjects with a significant difference in the change within groups. However, changes in miR-126-3p levels were not significant. The expression of miR-221-3p was positively correlated with body weight, BMI and waist circumference, and negatively correlated with quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

CONCLUSIONS

Bioinformatic analysis evidenced that miR-221-3p participates in several obesity-related pathways, and more interestingly, this miRNA targets several candidate genes to childhood obesity according to DisGeNet database. Thus, miR-221-3p could be used for predicting the response to a multidisciplinary intervention for weight loss in young girls.

The role of circulating miRNAs in leptin resistance in obese children

OBJECTIVES

Leptin resistance is one of the important causes of obesity in children. Besides known causes of leptin resistance like mutations in leptin and leptin receptor genes, overexpression of SOCS3 in arcuate nucleus is a potential cause of leptin resistance. We aimed to determine the effects of circulating miRNAs on leptin resistance in obese children by targeting SOCS3 pathway.

METHODS

miRNAs potentially targeting SOCS3 were determined by using online target prediction databases. Polymorphisms in miRNA target sequences were determined by using online genome browsers. miRNA expression levels of obese (n=35) and non-obese (n=30) children were determined by qPCR method, genotyping were performed by real-time PCR method and serum leptin, leptin receptor and SOCS3 levels were measured by ELISA method.

RESULTS

miRNA profiling have shown that serum miR-218-5p levels are significantly (p<0.05) increased in accordance with serum leptin levels in obese children.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study we used target prediction methods for evaluating potential miRNAs which may involve in development of leptin resistance. We have shown that miR-218-5p might be taking part in leptin resistance in obese children.

MicroRNAs as the promising markers of comorbidities in childhood obesity-A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Rising child obesity rate creates a need for tools quantifying changes in children suffering from obesity, for purposes of detection or prevention of comorbidities. A candidate for such a role seems to be microRNAs, which in vivo serve as the suppressing factors in gene expression.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed at reviewing recent discoveries in this field and concluding directions of research or application of studied molecules.

METHODS

Repeated browsing of databases and screening of results, led to final approval of 16 articles. Filtered studies examined differences in microRNA expression between subjects with obesity and children suffering from its comorbidities.

RESULTS

Studies concerning endothelial dysfunction identified molecules miR-320a and miR-630 as a possible diagnosis and treatment option. Search for the alternative markers in diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease suggested value of molecules: miR-199a-5p and miR-122. miR-486, miR-146b, and miR-15b may serve in grading the development of type 2 diabetes in children, although further research raised doubts. Panel of molecules was indicated as useful in early detection of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance associated alterations. No valid link between studied microRNAs and atherosclerosis was found.

CONCLUSIONS

MicroRNAs seem to be promising prognostic markers for diagnosis of endothelial dysfunction, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in children.

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Mechanistic Biomarkers of Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Cognitive Decline

Cognitive dysfunctions such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other forms of dementia are recognized as common comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Currently, there are no disease-modifying therapies or definitive clinical diagnostic and prognostic tools for dementia, and the mechanisms underpinning the link between T2DM and cognitive dysfunction remain equivocal. Some of the suggested pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in diabetes patients include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and altered insulin signaling, neuroinflammation, cerebral microvascular injury, and buildup of cerebral amyloid and tau proteins. Given the skyrocketing global rates of diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders, there is an urgent need to discover novel biomarkers relevant to the co-morbidity of both conditions to guide future diagnostic approaches. This review aims to provide a comprehensive background of the potential risk factors, the identified biomarkers of diabetes-related cognitive decrements, and the underlying processes of diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction. Aging, poor glycemic control, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemic episodes, depression, and vascular complications are associated with increased risk of dementia. Conclusive research studies that have attempted to find specific biomarkers are limited. However, the most frequent considerations in such investigations are related to C reactive protein, tau protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, advanced glycation end products, glycosylated hemoglobin, and adipokines.

Key regulatory miRNAs in lipid homeostasis: implications for cardiometabolic diseases and development of novel therapeutics

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is associated with cardiovascular/metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, liver diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several miRNAs have been reported as regulators of different stages of lipid homeostasis, including cholesterol/fatty acid biosynthesis, degradation, transport, storage, and low-density (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. Indeed, various miRNAs are emerging as attractive therapeutic candidates for metabolic/cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we summarize the roles of miR-19b, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-27, miR-29, miR-34a, miR-144, miR-148a, and miR-199a in post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and their therapeutic potential. We also discuss experimental strategies for further development of these miRNAs as novel cardiometabolic therapeutics. Teaser: miRNAs have emerged as crucial regulators of lipid homeostasis. Here, we highlight key miRNAs that regulate lipid metabolism and their therapeutic potential in cardiometabolic disease states.

Advances in pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: From genetics to lipidomics

As a result of the obesity epidemic, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global medical concern in childhood with a closely related increased cardiometabolic risk. Knowledge on NAFLD pathophysiology has been largely expanded over the last decades. Besides the well-known key NAFLD genes (including the I148M variant of the PNPLA3 gene, the E167K allele of the TM6SF2, the GCKR gene, the MBOAT7-TMC4 rs641738 variant, and the rs72613567:TA variant in the HSD17B13 gene), an intriguing pathogenic role has also been demonstrated for the gut microbiota. More interestingly, evidence has added new factors involved in the “multiple hits” theory. In particular, omics determinants have been highlighted as potential innovative markers for NAFLD diagnosis and treatment. In fact, different branches of omics including metabolomics, lipidomics (in particular sphingolipids and ceramides), transcriptomics (including micro RNAs), epigenomics (such as DNA methylation), proteomics, and glycomics represent the most attractive pathogenic elements in NAFLD development, by providing insightful perspectives in this field. In this perspective, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of NAFLD pathophysiology in children, from the oldest pathogenic elements (including genetics) to the newest intriguing perspectives (such as omics branches).

Extracellular miRNAs as mediators of obesity-associated disease

Extracellular miRNAs are found in a variety of body fluids and mediate intercellular and interorgan communication, thus regulating gene expression and cellular metabolism. These miRNAs are secreted either in small vesicles/exosomes (sEV) or bound to proteins such as Argonaute and high-density lipoprotein. Both exosomal and protein-bound circulating miRNAs are altered in obesity. Although all tissues can contribute to changes in circulating miRNAs, adipose tissue itself is an important source of these miRNAs, especially those in sEVs. These are derived from both adipocytes and macrophages and participate in crosstalk between these cells, as well as peripheral tissues, including liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas, whose function may be impaired in obesity. Changes in levels of circulating miRNAs have also been linked to the beneficial effects induced by weight loss interventions, including diet, exercise and bariatric surgery, further indicating a role for these miRNAs as mediators of disease pathogenesis. Here, we review the role of circulating miRNAs in the pathophysiology of obesity and explore their potential use as biomarkers and in therapy of obesity-associated metabolic syndrome.

Screening and Identification of Putative Long Non-Coding RNA in Childhood Obesity: Evaluation of Their Transcriptional Levels

Background and Methods: Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) and microRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, a multifactorial disease that is characterized by inflammation, cardiometabolic complications, and increased cancer risk among other co-morbidities. The up/down regulation of LncRNAs and microRNAs may play an important role in this condition to identify new diagnostic/prognostic markers. The aim of the study was to identify circulating inflammatory LncRNAs in obese adolescents (n = 54) and to evaluate whether their expression behaved differently compared to normal-weight adolescents (n = 26). To have a more complete insight, the expression of some circulating miRNAs that are linked to obesity (miR-33a, miR-223, miR-142, miR-199a, miR-181a, and miR-4454) were also analyzed. Results: LncRNAs and miRNAs were extracted simultaneously from plasma samples and amplified by Real-Time PCR. Among the 86 LncRNAs that were analyzed with custom pre-designed plates, only four (RP11-347E10.1, RP11-10K16.1, LINC00657, and SNHG12) were amplified in both normal-weight and obese adolescents and only SNHG12 showed significantly lower expression compared to the normal-weight adolescents (p = 0.026). Circulating miRNAs showed a tendency to increase in obese subjects, except for miR-181a expression. LncRNAs and miRNAs correlated with some clinical and metabolic parameters. Conclusions: Our results suggest the importance of these new biomarkers to better understand the molecular mechanisms of childhood obesity and its metabolic disorder.

Association between circulating microRNAs and the metabolic syndrome in adult populations: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are one of the most abundant classes of gene regulatory molecules, and had been associated to the metabolic syndrome, higher BMI, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. In this sense, miRNAs could help to understand the mechanism behind the development of metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relationship between circulating microRNAs and the metabolic syndrome in adult population.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review according to the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration and following the PRISMA Statement. The results were grouped for miRNAs levels in MetS and metabolic variables included in MetS and their statistic association with miRNAs levels.

RESULTS

We finally included sixteen studies with a total of 7195 individuals. We found 47 miRNAs reported to be related to metabolic syndrome (p < 0,05) and 98 associated with the metabolic alterations included in its diagnostic (p < 0,05). Forty-nine miRNAs levels were described as relate to insulin resistance, 29 with high triglycerides, 35 with hypertension, 28 with obesity, and 16 miRNAs with cholesterol HDL(p < 0,05). Changes in levels of miR-505-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-320b, miR-342-3p, miR-197-3p, miR-192-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-103, miR-130a, miR-155-5p and miR-375, were reported as significant in more than one study. The results only included a descriptive synthesis, clinical heterogeneity did not allow a meta-analysis.

CONCLUSION

The findings on the current systematic review suggests a possible relationship between miRNAs with metabolic syndrome and metabolic traits. This association could help to understand the mechanism behind the develop of the metabolic syndrome. However, more studies are necessary for further validation.

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c relieves hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus

The most common complication during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes and result in the mother and infant having a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes after pregnancy. However, existing therapies for GDM remain scant, with the most common being lifestyle intervention and appropriate insulin treatment. MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, can target skeletal muscle and enhance glucose metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that MOTS-c can be an effective treatment for GDM. A GDM mouse model was established by short term high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) treatment while MOTS-c was administrated daily during pregnancy. GDM symptoms such as blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose and insulin tolerance, as well as reproductive outcomes were investigated. MOTS-c significantly alleviated hyperglycemia, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, and reduced birth weight and the death of offspring induced by GDM. Similar to a previous study, MOTS-c also could activate insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle of GDM mice and elevate glucose uptake in vitro. In addition, we found that MOTS-c protects pancreatic β-cell from STZ-mediated injury. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that MOTS-c could be a promising strategy for the treatment of GDM.

Perspectives and challenges of epigenetic determinants of childhood obesity: A systematic review

The tremendous increase in childhood obesity prevalence over the last few decades cannot merely be explained by genetics and evolutionary changes in the genome, implying that gene-environment interactions, such as epigenetic modifications, likely play a major role. This systematic review aims to summarize the evidence of the association between epigenetics and childhood obesity. A literature search was performed via PubMed and Scopus engines using a combination of terms related to epigenetics and pediatric obesity. Articles studying the association between epigenetic mechanisms (including DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, non-coding RNAs, and chromatin and histones modification) and obesity and/or overweight (or any related anthropometric parameters) in children (0-18 years) were included. The risk of bias was assessed with a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale for non-randomized studies. One hundred twenty-one studies explored epigenetic changes related to childhood obesity. DNA methylation was the most widely investigated mechanism (N = 101 studies), followed by non-coding RNAs (N = 19 studies) with evidence suggestive of an association with childhood obesity for DNA methylation of specific genes and microRNAs (miRNAs). One study, focusing on histones modification, was identified. Heterogeneity of findings may have hindered more insights into the epigenetic changes related to childhood obesity. Gaps and challenges that future research should face are herein described.

Vasodilator Dysfunction in Human Obesity: Established and Emerging Mechanisms

ABSTRACT

Human obesity is associated with insulin resistance and often results in a number of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular complications. Over the past decades, substantial advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiological pathways underlying the obesity-related vascular dysfunction have facilitated better identification of several players participating in this abnormality. However, the complex interplay between the disparate mechanisms involved has not yet been fully elucidated. Moreover, in medical practice, the clinical syndromes stemming from obesity-related vascular dysfunction still carry a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality; thus, early identification and personalized clinical management seem of the essence. Here, we will initially describe the alterations of intravascular homeostatic mechanisms occurring in arteries of obese patients. Then, we will briefly enumerate those recognized causative factors of obesity-related vasodilator dysfunction, such as vascular insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, visceral adipose tissue expansion, and perivascular adipose tissue abnormalities; next, we will discuss in greater detail some emerging pathophysiological mechanisms, including skeletal muscle inflammation, signals from gut microbiome, and the role of extracellular vesicles and microRNAs. Finally, it will touch on some gaps in knowledge, as well as some current acquisitions for specific treatment regimens, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 enhancers and sodium-glucose transporter2 inhibitors, that could arrest or slow the progression of this abnormality full of unwanted consequences.

microRNAs in Human Adipose Tissue Physiology and Dysfunction

In recent years, there has been a large amount of evidence on the role of microRNA (miRNA) in regulating adipose tissue physiology. Indeed, miRNAs control critical steps in adipocyte differentiation, proliferation and browning, as well as lipolysis, lipogenesis and adipokine secretion. Overnutrition leads to a significant change in the adipocyte miRNOME, resulting in adipose tissue dysfunction. Moreover, via secreted mediators, dysfunctional adipocytes may impair the function of other organs and tissues. However, given their potential to control cell and whole-body energy expenditure, miRNAs also represent critical therapeutic targets for treating obesity and related metabolic complications. This review attempts to integrate present concepts on the role miRNAs play in adipose tissue physiology and obesity-related dysfunction and data from pre-clinical and clinical studies on the diagnostic or therapeutic potential of miRNA in obesity and its related complications.

Impact of the Main Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Plasma Extracellular Vesicles and Their Influence on the Heart's Vulnerability to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

The majority of cardiovascular deaths are associated with acute coronary syndrome, especially ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Therapeutic reperfusion alone can contribute up to 40 percent of total infarct size following coronary artery occlusion, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Its size depends on many factors, including the main risk factors of cardiovascular mortality, such as age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and total cholesterol level as well as obesity, diabetes, and physical effort. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated particles released by every type of cell, which can carry content that affects the functioning of other tissues. Their role is essential in the communication between healthy and dysfunctional cells. In this article, data on the variability of the content of EVs in patients with the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors is presented, and their influence on IRI is discussed.

Molecular Mechanisms of Nutrient-Mediated Regulation of MicroRNAs in Pancreatic β-cells

Pancreatic β-cells within the islets of Langerhans respond to rising blood glucose levels by secreting insulin that stimulates glucose uptake by peripheral tissues to maintain whole body energy homeostasis. To different extents, failure of β-cell function and/or β-cell loss contribute to the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Chronically elevated glycaemia and high circulating free fatty acids, as often seen in obese diabetics, accelerate β-cell failure and the development of the disease. MiRNAs are essential for endocrine development and for mature pancreatic β-cell function and are dysregulated in diabetes. In this review, we summarize the different molecular mechanisms that control miRNA expression and function, including transcription, stability, posttranscriptional modifications, and interaction with RNA binding proteins and other non-coding RNAs. We also discuss which of these mechanisms are responsible for the nutrient-mediated regulation of the activity of β-cell miRNAs and identify some of the more important knowledge gaps in the field.

miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

This systematic review summarizes results of studies that evaluated the expression of microRNAs (miRs) in prediabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

The information was obtained from PubMed, EMBL-EBI, Wanfang, Trip Database, Lilacs, CINAHL, Human microRNA Disease Database (HMDD) v3.0, and Google. A qualitative synthesis of the results was performed and miRs frequency was graphically represented. From 1893 identified studies, only 55 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These 55 studies analyzed miRs in T2D, and of them, 13 also described data of prediabetes.

RESULTS

In diabetics, 122 miRs were reported and 35 miRs for prediabetics. However, we identified that five miRs (-122-5p, 144-3p, 210, 375, and -126b) were reported more often in diabetics and four (144-3p, -192, 29a, and -30d) in prediabetics.

CONCLUSIONS

Circulating miRs could be used as biomarkers of T2D. However, it is necessary to validate these microRNAs in prospective and multicenter studies with different population subgroups, considering age, gender, and risk factors.

Circulating microRNAs associated with prediabetes and geographic location in Latinos

BACKGROUND

Globally, type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in individuals of Latino ancestry. The reasons underlying this high prevalence are not well understood, but both genetic and lifestyle factors are contributors. Circulating microRNAs are readily detectable in blood and are promising biomarkers to characterize biological responses (i.e., changes in gene expression) to lifestyle factors. Prior studies identified relationships between circulating microRNAs and risk for type 2 diabetes, but Latinos have largely been under-represented in these study samples.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

The aim of this study was to assess for differences in expression levels of three candidate microRNAs (miR-126, miR-146, miR-15) between individuals who had prediabetes compared to normal glycemic status and between individuals who self-identified with Latino ancestry in the United States (US) and native Mexicans living in or near Leon, Mexico.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study that included 45 Mexicans and 21 Latino participants from the US. Prediabetes was defined as fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL or 2-h post-glucose challenge between 140 and 199 mg/dL. Expression levels of microRNAs from plasma were measured by qPCR. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess relationships between individual microRNAs and glycemic status or geographic site.

RESULTS

None of the three microRNAs was associated with risk for type 2 diabetes. MiR-146a and miR-15 were significantly lower in the study sample from Mexico compared to the US. There was a significant interaction between miR-146a and BMI associated with fasting blood glucose.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

This study did not replicate in Latinos prior observations from other racial groups of associations between miR-126, miR-146a, and miR-15 and risk for type 2 diabetes. Future studies should consider other microRNAs related to different biological pathways as possible biomarkers for type 2 diabetes in Latinos.

What can we learn from β-cell failure biomarker application in diabetes in childhood? A systematic review

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of diabetes as a catastrophic disease in childhood is growing in the world. The search for novel biomarkers of β-cell failure has been an elusive task because it requires several clinical and biochemical measurements in order to integrate the risk of metabolic syndrome.

AIM

To determine which biomarkers are currently used to identify β-cell failure among children and adolescents with high risk factors for diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

This systematic review was carried out using a modified version of the PICO protocol (Participants/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome). Once our research question was established, terms were individually researched on three different databases (PubMed, BIREME and Web of Science). The total articles obtained underwent a selection process from which the 78 most relevant articles were retrieved to undergo further analysis. They were assessed individually according to quality criteria.

RESULTS

First, we made the classification of the β-cell-failure biomarkers by the target tissue and the evolution of the disease, separating the biomarkers in relation to the types of diabetes. Second, we demonstrated that most biomarkers currently used as early signs of β-cell failure are those that concern local or systemic inflammation processes and oxidative stress as well as those related to endothelial dysfunction processes. Third, we explored the novelties of diabetes as a protein conformational disease and the novel biomarker called real human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloid oligomers. Finally, we ended with a discussion about the best practice of validation and individual control of using different types of biomarkers in type 1 and type 2 diabetes in order to assess the role they play in the progress of diabetes in childhood.

CONCLUSION

This review makes widely evident that most biomarkers currently used as early signs of β-cell failure are those that concern local or systemic inflammation processes and oxidative stress as well as those related to endothelial dysfunction processes. Landing in the clinical practice we propose that real human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloid oligomers is good for identifying patients with β-cell damage and potentially could substitute many biomarkers.

Investigation of the levels of circulating miR-29a, miR-122, sestrin 2 and inflammatory markers in obese children with/without type 2 diabetes: a case control study

AIM

The present work investigated serum levels of miR-29a, miR-122 and sestrin2 in obese children with/without type-2-diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and their correlations with inflammatory, metabolic and anthropometric parameters.

METHODS

The study included 298 children, divided into: G1 (control, n = 136), G2 (obese without diabetes, n = 90) and G3 (obese with T2DM, n = 72). Metabolic and anthropometric parameters, miR-29a, miR-122 relative expressions, and sestrin2, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured by their specific methods. The data was processed and analyzed by SPSS V.26 using the corresponding tests. After testing the variables' normality, Kruskal-Wallis one-way-ANOVA, Spearman correlations coefficient were used.

RESULTS

Significant higher serum miR-29a, miR-122, IL-6, hsCRP and TNF-α and lower sestrin2 levels were found in G2 and G3 than G1 and in G3 than G2 (p= > 0.001 for all). Especially in G3, miR-29a and miR-122 levels correlated positively while sestrin2 levels correlated negatively with waist circumference and BMI percentiles, serum levels of LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HbA1c%, glucose, insulin, c-peptide, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), IL-6, hsCRP and TNF-α.

CONCLUSION

The change in the serum miR-29a, miR-122 and sestrin2 levels in obese children with/without T2DM may suggest a possible role of these biomarkers in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity and their accompanied complications e.g. inflammations and T2DM. Also, further studies are required to test drugs that antagonize the action miR-29a and miR-122 or upregulate sestrin2 in the management of these cases.

Differential expression of micro RNA-29 family in non-diabetic adults of diabetic and non-diabetic parents

OBJECTIVE

MicroRNAs are known to regulate 60% of genes at post translational level. MicroRNAs including Micro RNA-29 family play a vital role in cellular activities and have validate role in numerous metabolic disorders inclusive of diabetes mellitus and its complications. While micro RNA profile changes years before the occurrence of disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted in non-diabetic adults of diabetic and non-diabetic parents to explore the early changes in expression of micro RNA-29 family as it can be served as early biomarker of type 2 diabetes in non-diabetic adults. This study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2021. Micro RNA was extracted from plasma of 50 participants and expression was compared through qPCR. While data was analyzed through SPSS version 21.0.

RESULTS

29a and 29b had lower expression in participants with family history of DM compared to those having no family history of DM (P < 0.0001). While micro RNA 29c was found to be significantly higher in participants with positive family history of type 2 diabetes as compared to those without family history of diabetes (P = 0.001).

Recent Developments in Delivery of MicroRNAs Utilizing Nanosystems for Metabolic Syndrome Therapy

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set of complex, chronic inflammatory conditions that are characterized by central obesity and associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have become an important type of endocrine factors, which play crucial roles in maintaining energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. However, its unfavorable properties such as easy degradation in blood and off-target effect are still a barrier for clinical application. Nanosystem based delivery possess strong protection, high bioavailability and control release rate, which is beneficial for success of gene therapy. This review first describes the current progress and advances on miRNAs associated with MetS, then provides a summary of the therapeutic potential and targets of miRNAs in metabolic organs. Next, it discusses recent advances in the functionalized development of classic delivery systems (exosomes, liposomes and polymers), including their structures, properties, functions and applications. Furthermore, this work briefly discusses the intelligent strategies used in emerging novel delivery systems (selenium nanoparticles, DNA origami, microneedles and magnetosomes). Finally, challenges and future directions in this field are discussed provide a comprehensive overview of the future development of targeted miRNAs delivery for MetS treatment. With these contributions, it is expected to address and accelerate the development of effective NA delivery systems for the treatment of MetS.

Non-Coding RNAs: Novel Players in Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases

The rising prevalence of metabolic diseases related to insulin resistance (IR) have stressed the urgent need of accurate and applicable tools for early diagnosis and treatment. In the last decade, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained growing interest because of their potential role in IR modulation. NcRNAs are variable-length transcripts which are not translated into proteins but are involved in gene expression regulation. Thanks to their stability and easy detection in biological fluids, ncRNAs have been investigated as promising diagnostic and therapeutic markers in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we review the emerging role of ncRNAs in the development of IR and related diseases such as obesity, T2D and NAFLD, and summarize current evidence concerning their potential clinical application.

The association of circulating miR-191 and miR-375 expression levels with markers of insulin resistance in overweight children: an exploratory analysis of the I.Family Study

Background

In recent years, the exciting emergence of circulating miRNAs as stable, reproducible, and consistent among individuals has opened a promising research opportunity for the detection of non-invasive biomarkers. A firm connection has been established between circulating miRNAs and glycaemic as well as metabolic homeostasis, showing that levels of specific miRNAs vary under different physio-pathological conditions.

Objective

In this pilot study, we investigated the expression of candidate miRNAs, hsa-miR-191-3p and hsa-miR-375, in relation to biomarkers associated with insulin sensitivity in a subgroup (n=58) of subjects participating to the European I.Family Study, a project aimed to assess the determinants of eating behaviour in children and adolescents and related health outcomes. The sample included overweight/obese children/adolescents since overweight/obesity is a known risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis and metabolic disorders. Biological targets of candidate miRNAs were also explored in silico.

Results

We observed a significant association of the two miRNAs and early changes in glycaemic homeostasis, independent of covariates including country of origin, age, BMI z-score, puberty status, highest educational level of parents, total energy intake, energy from fats, energy from carbohydrates, and energy from proteins.

Conclusion

Identification of circulating miRNAs associated with insulin impairment may offer novel approaches of assessing early variations in insulin sensitivity and provide evidence about the molecular mechanisms connected to early changes in glycaemic homeostasis.

Trial registration

ISRCTN, ISRCTN62310987. Retrospectively registered, http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN62310987

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12263-021-00689-1.