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Srivastava P, Bansal R, Madan E, Shoaib R, Singhal J, Kahlon AK, Gupta A, Garg S, Ranganathan A, Singh S. Identification of a De Novo Peptide against Palmitoyl Acyltransferase 6 to Block Survivability and Infectivity of Leishmania donovani. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2074-2088. [PMID: 38717971 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Palmitoylation is an essential post-translational modification in Leishmania donovani, catalyzed by enzymes called palmitoyl acyl transferases (PATs) and has an essential role in virulence. Due to the toxicity and promiscuity of known PAT inhibitors, identification of new molecules is needed. Herein, we identified a specific novel de novo peptide inhibitor, PS1, against the PAT6 Leishmania donovani palmitoyl acyl transferase (LdPAT6). To demonstrate specific inhibition of LdPAT6 by PS1, we employed a bacterial orthologue system and metabolic labeling-coupled click chemistry where both LdPAT6 and PS1 were coexpressed and displayed palmitoylation suppression. Furthermore, strong binding of the LdPAT6-DHHC domain with PS1 was observed through analysis using microscale thermophoresis, ELISA, and dot blot assay. PS1 specific to LdPAT6 showed significant growth inhibition in promastigotes and amastigotes by expressing low cytokines levels and invasion. This study reveals discovery of a novel de novo peptide against LdPAT6-DHHC which has potential to block survivability and infectivity of L. donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Srivastava
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ruby Bansal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Evanka Madan
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rumaisha Shoaib
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Jhalak Singhal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur Kahlon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashima Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Swati Garg
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anand Ranganathan
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Pedraza-Zamora CP, Zamora-Chimal J. Th17 Cell and Inflammatory Infiltrate Interactions in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Unraveling Immunopathogenic Mechanisms. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e14. [PMID: 38725676 PMCID: PMC11076297 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involves immune and non-immune cell cooperation to contain and eliminate Leishmania parasites. The orchestration of these responses is coordinated primarily by CD4+ T cells; however, the disease outcome depends on the Th cell predominant phenotype. Although Th1 and Th2 phenotypes are the most addressed as steers for the resolution or perpetuation of the disease, Th17 cell activities, especially IL-17 release, are recognized to be vital during CL development. Th17 cells perform vital functions during both acute and chronic phases of CL. Overall, Th17 cells induce the migration of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) to the infection site and CD8+ T cells and NK cell activation. They also provoke granzyme and perforin secretion from CD8+ T cells, macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and expansion of B and Treg cells. Likewise, immune cells from the inflammatory infiltrate have modulatory activities over Th17 cells involving their differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells and further expansion by generating a microenvironment rich in optimal cytokines such as IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-21. Th17 cell activities and synergies are crucial for the resistance of the infection during the early and acute stages; however, if unchecked, Th17 cells might lead to a chronic stage. This review discusses the synergies between Th17 cells and the inflammatory infiltrate and how these interactions might destine the course of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham U. Morales-Primo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Pedraza-Zamora
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Tejidos Mineralizados, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
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3
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Ivănescu L, Andronic BL, Grigore-Hristodorescu S, Martinescu GV, Mîndru R, Miron L. The immune response in canine and human leishmaniasis and how this influences the diagnosis- a review and assessment of recent research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1326521. [PMID: 38149009 PMCID: PMC10749942 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1326521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread but still underdiagnosed parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. There are at least 20 pathogenic species of Leishmania, most of them being zoonotic. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis remains a major challenge, with an important role being played by the species of parasites involved, the genetic background, the immunocompetence of the host. This paper brings to the fore the sensitivity of the balance in canine and human leishmaniasis and addresses the importance of the host's immune response in establishing a correct diagnosis, especially in certain cases of asymptomatic leishmaniasis, or in the situation the host is immunosuppressed or acquired leishmaniasis through vertical transmission. The methods considered as a reference in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis no longer present certainty, the diagnosis being influenced mostly by the immune response of the host, which differs according to the presence of other associated diseases or even according to the breed in dogs. Consequently, the diagnosis and surveillance of leishmaniasis cases remains an open topic, requiring new diagnostic methods adapted to the immunological state of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ivănescu
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Bianca Lavinia Andronic
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
| | | | | | - Raluca Mîndru
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Liviu Miron
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
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Teixeira SC, Teixeira TL, Tavares PCB, Alves RN, da Silva AA, Borges BC, Martins FA, Dos Santos MA, de Castilhos P, E Silva Brígido RT, Notário AFO, Silveira ACA, da Silva CV. Subversion strategies of lysosomal killing by intracellular pathogens. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127503. [PMID: 37748260 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic organisms need to reach either an intracellular compartment or the cytoplasm of a target cell for their survival, replication or immune system evasion. Intracellular pathogens frequently penetrate into the cell through the endocytic and phagocytic pathways (clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis) that culminates in fusion with lysosomes. However, several mechanisms are triggered by pathogenic microorganisms - protozoan, bacteria, virus and fungus - to avoid destruction by lysosome fusion, such as rupture of the phagosome and thereby release into the cytoplasm, avoidance of autophagy, delaying in both phagolysosome biogenesis and phagosomal maturation and survival/replication inside the phagolysosome. Here we reviewed the main data dealing with phagosome maturation and evasion from lysosomal killing by different bacteria, protozoa, fungi and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Alves da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marlus Alves Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Castilhos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Ferreras-Colino E, Moreno I, Gortázar C, Sevilla I, Agulló-Ros I, Domínguez L, Juste R, Risalde MA, Domínguez M. Oral immunization with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis reduces local parasite dissemination and hepatic granuloma development in mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104963. [PMID: 37517297 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to explore whether oral immunization with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (HIMB) protects mice against Leishmania infection, 18 female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to the immunized group, that received oral HIMB, or the control group, and were infected by inoculation of 10,000 Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes in the footpad. Spleen culture was positive in 55.55% of immunized mice and in 100% of control mice (p = 0.082). The number of immunolabeled amastigotes number in the popliteal lymph node was lower in the immunized group (p = 0.009). The immunized group presented fewer mature granulomas in the liver (p = 0.005) and more Lys + macrophages (p = 0.002) and fewer CD3+ T lymphocytes (p < 0.001) per hepatic granuloma. We conclude that immunization with HIMB via the oral route limited local parasite dissemination and hepatic granuloma development in mice challenged with Leishmania amazonensis through stimulation of macrophages, which is compatible with trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferreras-Colino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iker Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Irene Agulló-Ros
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maria A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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6
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The enemy within: lipid asymmetry in intracellular parasite-host interactions. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:67-79. [PMID: 36820809 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic pathogens with an intracellular parasitic lifestyle are shielded from extracellular threats during replication and growth. In addition to many nutrients, parasites scavenge host cell lipids to establish complex membrane structures inside their host cells. To counteract the disturbance of the host cell plasma membrane they have evolved strategies to regulate phospholipid asymmetry. In this review, the function and importance of lipid asymmetry in the interactions of intracellular protozoan parasites with the target and immune cells of the host are highlighted. The malaria parasite Plasmodium infects red blood cells and extensively refurbishes these terminally differentiated cells. Cholesterol depletion and an altered intracellular calcium ion homeostasis can lead to disruption in erythrocyte membrane asymmetry and increased exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). Binding to the PS receptor on monocytes and macrophages results in phagocytosis and destruction of infected erythrocytes. Leishmania parasites display apoptotic mimicry by actively enhancing PS exposure on their surface to trigger increased infection of macrophages. In extracellular Toxoplasma gondii a P4-type ATPase/CDC50 co-chaperone pair functions as a flippase important for exocytosis of specialised secretory organelles. Identification and functional analysis of parasite lipid-translocating proteins, i.e. flippases, floppases, and scramblases, will be central for the recognition of the molecular mechanisms of parasite/host interactions. Ultimately, a better understanding of parasitic diseases, host immunity, and immune escape by parasites require more research on the dynamics of phospholipid bilayers of parasites and the infected host cell.
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Capparis spinosa inhibits Leishmania major growth through nitric oxide production in vitro and arginase inhibition in silico. Exp Parasitol 2023; 245:108452. [PMID: 36581148 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease, considered as a major public health problem in different regions of the world. The current treatments are limited due to their toxicity and treatment failures, which have increased the search for new substances of natural origin to control this infection. Capparis spinosa is an important medicinal plant, rich in biochemical compounds with a broad range of activities including antimicrobial effects. Nevertheless, more investigations are still needed to determine its effect on Leishmania parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of C. spinosa' extracts on Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes growth as well as on L-arginine metabolic pathways, especially the production of leishmanicidal molecules such as nitric oxide. Our results showed that C. spinosa' methanolic and aqueous extracts contained polyphenols and flavonoids at different concentrations. The methanolic extract of C. spinosa, compared to the aqueous extract, showed significantly higher amounts of total polyphenols (21.23 ± 1.08) mg GAE/g of dw (P < 0.05), as well as a higher antioxidant activity evaluated respectively by Reducing Power and DPPH (EC50: 0.31 ± 0.02 and 7.69 ± 1.28) mg/ml. Both extracts significantly inhibited L. major promastigotes and intra-macrophagic amastigotes growth in vitro in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001) and induced NO production not only in Leishmania-infected macrophages but also in uninfected macrophages, without showing any cytotoxicity in vitro. Furthermore, in silico docking studies showed that C. spinosa compounds identified by RP-HPLC exhibited inhibitory activity against the arginase enzyme. The leishmanicidal effect of C. spinosa may be due to its phenolic content and its mechanism of action may be mediated by an increase in NO production and by the inhibition of arginase enzyme in silico. These findings support the hypothesis that C. spinosa might be a valuable source of new biomolecules for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Mazumder S, Sinha A, Ghosh S, Sharma GC, Prusty BM, Manna D, Pal D, Pal C, Dasgupta S. Leishmania LPG interacts with LRR5/LRR6 of macrophage TLR4 for parasite invasion and impairs the macrophage functions. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad019. [PMID: 37604789 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe form of leishmaniasis, primarily affecting the poor in developing countries. Although several studies have highlighted the importance of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathophysiology of leishmaniasis, the role of specific TLRs and their binding partners involved in Leishmania donovani uptake are still elusive. To investigate the mechanism of L. donovani entry inside the macrophages, we found that the parasite lipophosphoglycan (LPG) interacted with the macrophage TLR4, leading to parasite uptake without any significant alteration of macrophage cell viability. Increased parasite numbers within macrophages markedly inhibited lipopolysachharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression. Silencing of macrophage-TLR4, or inhibition of parasite-LPG, significantly stemmed parasite infection in macrophages. Interestingly, we observed a significant enhancement of macrophage migration, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the parasite-infected TLR4-silenced macrophages, whereas parasite infection in TLR4-overexpressed macrophages exhibited a notable reduction of macrophage migration and ROS generation. Moreover, mutations in the leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), particularly LRR5 and LRR6, significantly prevented TLR4 interaction with LPG, thus inhibiting cellular parasite entry. All these results suggest that parasite LPG recognition by the LRR5 and LRR6 of macrophage-TLR4 facilitated parasite entry, and impaired macrophage functions. Therefore, targeting LRR5/LRR6 interactions with LPG could provide a novel option to prevent VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mazumder
- Metabolic Disease Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Archana Sinha
- Metabolic Disease Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Sanhita Ghosh
- Cellular Immunology and Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Gurumayum Chourajit Sharma
- Metabolic Disease Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Biswa Mohan Prusty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology and Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Metabolic Disease Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
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9
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Omics Approaches in Drug Development against Leishmaniasis: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010039. [PMID: 36678387 PMCID: PMC9866966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted in humans by the bite of Leishmania-infected phlebotomine sandflies. Each year approximately 58,500 cases of leishmaniasis are diagnosed across the globe, with a mortality rate of nearly seven percent. There are over 20 parasitic strains of Leishmania which are known to cause distinct types of leishmaniasis and pose an endemic threat to humans worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop potential medications and vaccines to combat leishmaniasis. However, the task of developing therapeutic solutions is challenging due to Leishmania's digenetic lifecycle. The challenge is further intensified by cases of resistance against the available drugs. Owing to these challenges, the conventional drug development regimen is further limited by target discovery and ligand suitability for the targets. On the other hand, as an added advantage, the emergence of omics-based tools, such as high-end proteomics, transcriptomics and genomics, has hastened the pace of target discovery and target-based drug development. It is now becoming apparent that multi-omics convergence and an inter-connected systems approach is less time-consuming and more cost-effective for any drug-development process. This comprehensive review is an attempt to summarize the current knowledge on the muti-omics approach in drug development against leishmaniasis. In particular, it elaborates the potential target identification from secreted proteins in various stages of Leishmania infection and also illustrates the convergence of transcriptomic and genomic data towards the collective goal of drug discovery. This review also provides an understanding of the potential parasite's drug targets and drug resistance characteristics of the parasite, which can be used in designing effective and specific therapeutics.
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Yilmaz IC, Dunuroglu E, Ayanoglu IC, Ipekoglu EM, Yildirim M, Girginkardesler N, Ozbel Y, Toz S, Ozbilgin A, Aykut G, Gursel I, Gursel M. Leishmania kinetoplast DNA contributes to parasite burden in infected macrophages: Critical role of the cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling pathway in macrophage parasitemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007070. [PMID: 36405710 PMCID: PMC9667060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites harbor a unique network of circular DNA known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). The role of kDNA in leishmania infections is poorly understood. Herein, we show that kDNA delivery to the cytosol of Leishmania major infected THP-1 macrophages provoked increased parasite loads when compared to untreated cells, hinting at the involvement of cytosolic DNA sensors in facilitating parasite evasion from the immune system. Parasite proliferation was significantly hindered in cGAS- STING- and TBK-1 knockout THP-1 macrophages when compared to wild type cells. Nanostring nCounter gene expression analysis on L. major infected wild type versus knockout cells revealed that some of the most upregulated genes including, Granulysin (GNLY), Chitotriosidase-1 (CHIT1), Sialomucin core protein 24 (CD164), SLAM Family Member 7 (SLAMF7), insulin-like growth factor receptor 2 (IGF2R) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) were identical in infected cGAS and TBK1 knockout cells, implying their involvement in parasite control. Amlexanox treatment (a TBK1 inhibitor) of L. major infected wild type cells inhibited both the percentage and the parasite load of infected THP-1 cells and delayed footpad swelling in parasite infected mice. Collectively, these results suggest that leishmania parasites might hijack the cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling pathway to their own advantage and the TBK1 inhibitor amlexanox could be of interest as a candidate drug in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Cem Yilmaz
- Basic and Translational Research Program, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Dunuroglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Cihan Ayanoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Mert Ipekoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Yildirim
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nogay Girginkardesler
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Toz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozbilgin
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Gamze Aykut
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Basic and Translational Research Program, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mayda Gursel
- Basic and Translational Research Program, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Mayda Gursel,
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Guay-Vincent MM, Matte C, Berthiaume AM, Olivier M, Jaramillo M, Descoteaux A. Revisiting Leishmania GP63 host cell targets reveals a limited spectrum of substrates. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010640. [PMID: 36191034 PMCID: PMC9560592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of host phagocytic cells by Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes involves several parasite effectors, including the zinc-dependent metalloprotease GP63. The major mode of action of this virulence factor entails the cleavage/degradation of host cell proteins. Given the potent proteolytic activity of GP63, identification of its substrates requires the adequate preparation of cell lysates to prevent artefactual degradation during cell processing. In the present study, we re-examined the cleavage/degradation of reported GP63 substrates when GP63 activity was efficiently neutralized during the preparation of cell lysates. To this end, we infected bone marrow-derived macrophages with either wild type, Δgp63, and Δgp63+GP63 L. major metacyclic promastigotes for various time points. We prepared cell lysates in the absence or presence of the zinc-metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline and examined the levels and integrity of ten previously reported host cell GP63 substrates. Inhibition of GP63 activity with 1,10-phenanthroline during the processing of macrophages prevented the cleavage/degradation of several previously described GP63 targets, including PTP-PEST, mTOR, p65RelA, c-Jun, VAMP3, and NLRP3. Conversely, we confirmed that SHP-1, Synaptotagmin XI, VAMP8, and Syntaxin-5 are bona fide GP63 substrates. These results point to the importance of efficiently inhibiting GP63 activity during the preparation of Leishmania-infected host cell lysates. In addition, our results indicate that the role of GP63 in Leishmania pathogenesis must be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Michèle Guay-Vincent
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine Matte
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Berthiaume
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maritza Jaramillo
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Oliveira IH, Kjeldsen F, Melo-Braga MN, Verano-Braga T, de Andrade HM. Assessing the effects of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis infections in macrophages using a quantitative proteome approach. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Aminizadeh N, Bodhale N, Sarkar A, Jafarzadeh S, Sharifi I, Saha B. Bidirectional cytokine-microRNA control: A novel immunoregulatory framework in leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010696. [PMID: 35925884 PMCID: PMC9351994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As effector innate immune cells and as a host to the protozoan parasite Leishmania, macrophages play a dual role in antileishmanial immunoregulation. The 2 key players in this immunoregulation are the macrophage-expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) and the macrophage-secreted cytokines. miRNAs, as small noncoding RNAs, play vital roles in macrophage functions including cytokines and chemokines production. In the reverse direction, Leishmania-regulated cytokines alter miRNAs expression to regulate the antileishmanial functions of macrophages. The miRNA patterns vary with the time and stage of infection. The cytokine-regulated macrophage miRNAs not only help parasite elimination or persistence but also regulate cytokine production from macrophages. Based on these observations, we propose a novel immunoregulatory framework as a scientific rationale for antileishmanial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- * E-mail: (AJ); (BS)
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Aminizadeh
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman
| | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune, India
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (AJ); (BS)
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14
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Buffi G, Diotallevi A, Ceccarelli M, Bruno F, Castelli G, Vitale F, Magnani M, Galluzzi L. The host micro-RNA cfa-miR-346 is induced in canine leishmaniasis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:247. [PMID: 35761326 PMCID: PMC9235276 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniases are a group of anthropo-zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by a protozoan of the Leishmania genus, affecting both humans and other vertebrates, including dogs. L. infantum is responsible for the visceral and occasionally cutaneous form of the disease in humans and canine leishmaniasis. Previously, we have shown that L. infantum induces a mild but significant increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress expression markers to promote parasites survival in human and murine infected macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrated that the miRNA hsa-miR-346, induced by the UPR-activated transcription factor sXBP1, was significantly upregulated in human macrophages infected with different L. infantum strains. However, the ER stress response in infected dogs, which represent an important reservoir for Leishmania parasite, was described once recently, whereas the miR-346 expression was not reported before. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate these pathways in the canine macrophage-like cell line DH82 infected by Leishmania spp. and to evaluate the presence of cfa-miR-346 in plasma of non-infected and infected dogs. The DH82 cells were infected with L. infantum and L. braziliensis parasites and the expression of cfa-mir-346 and several ER stress markers was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) at different time points. Furthermore, the cfa-miR-346 was monitored in plasma collected from non-infected dogs (n = 11) and dogs naturally infected by L. infantum (n = 18). Results The results in DH82 cells showed that cfa-mir-346 was induced at both 24 h and 48 h post-infection with all Leishmania strains but not with tunicamycin, accounting for a mechanism of induction independent from sXBP1, unlike what was previously observed in human cell lines. Moreover, the cfa-miR-346 expression analysis on plasma revealed a significant increase in infected dogs compared to non-infected dogs. Conclusions Here for the first time, we report the upregulation of cfa-miR-346 induced by Leishmania infection in canine macrophage-like cells and plasma samples of naturally infected dogs. According to our results, the cfa-miR-346 appears to be linked to infection, and understanding its role and identifying its target genes could contribute to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis.
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15
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Aljedaie MM. Epigenetic paradigms/exemplars of the macrophage: inflammasome axis in Leishmaniasis. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2553-2565. [PMID: 35595955 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The infectious paradigms have recently led to the recognition interplay of complex phenomenon underpinning disease diagnosis and prognosis. Evidently, parasitic infection studies are depicting converging trends of the epigenetic, environmental, and microbiome contributions, assisting pathogen-directed modulations of host biological system. The molecular details of epigenetic variations and memory, along with the multi-omics data at the interface of the host-pathogen level becomes strong indicator of immune cell plasticity, differentiation, and pathogen survival. Despite being one of the most important aspects of the disease's etiopathology, the epigenetic regulation of host-pathogen interactions and evolutionary epigenetics have received little attention thus far. Recent evidence has focused on the growing need to link epigenetic and microbiome modulations on parasite phenotypic plasticity and pathogen-induced host phenotypic plasticity for designing futuristic therapeutic regimes. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical illness with varying degrees of disease severity that is linked to a trans-species and epigenetic heredity process, including the pathogen-induced host and strain-specific modulations. The review configures research findings aligning to the epigenetic epidemiology niche, involving co-evolutionary epigenetic inheritance and plasticity disease models. The epigenetic exemplars focus on the host-pathogen interactome expanse at the macrophage-inflammasome axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manei M Aljedaie
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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The Leishmania donovani Ortholog of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Biosynthesis Cofactor PBN1 Is Essential for Host Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0043322. [PMID: 35420475 PMCID: PMC9239262 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00433-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly infectious disease caused by Leishmania donovani, a kinetoplastid parasite for which no licensed vaccine is available. To identify potential vaccine candidates, we systematically identified genes encoding putative cell surface and secreted proteins essential for parasite viability and host infection. We identified a protein encoded by LdBPK_061160 which, when ablated, resulted in a remarkable increase in parasite adhesion to tissue culture flasks. Here, we show that this phenotype is caused by the loss of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored surface molecules and that LdBPK_061160 encodes a noncatalytic component of the L. donovani GPI-mannosyltransferase I (GPI-MT I) complex. GPI-anchored surface molecules were rescued in the LdBPK_061160 mutant by the ectopic expression of both human genes PIG-X and PIG-M, but neither gene could complement the phenotype alone. From further sequence comparisons, we conclude that LdBPK_061160 is the functional orthologue of yeast PBN1 and mammalian PIG-X, which encode the noncatalytic subunits of their respective GPI-MT I complexes, and we assign LdBPK_061160 as LdPBN1. The LdPBN1 mutants could not establish a visceral infection in mice, a phenotype that was rescued by constitutive expression of LdPBN1. Although mice infected with the null mutant did not develop an infection, exposure to these parasites provided significant protection against subsequent infection with a virulent strain. In summary, we have identified the orthologue of the PBN1/PIG-X noncatalytic subunit of GPI-MT I in trypanosomatids, shown that it is essential for infection in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis, and demonstrated that the LdPBN1 mutant shows promise for the development of an attenuated live vaccine.
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17
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Immune Responses in Leishmaniases: An Overview. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7040054. [PMID: 35448829 PMCID: PMC9029249 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90 countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of leishmaniasis that range in severity from cutaneous lesions to systemic infection. The diversity of leishmaniasis forms is due to the species of parasite, vector, environmental and social factors, genetic background, nutritional status, as well as immunocompetence of the host. Here, we discuss the role of the immune system, its molecules, and responses in the establishment, development, and outcome of Leishmaniasis, focusing on innate immune cells and Leishmania major interactions.
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18
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Staffen IV, Banhuk FW, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Pavanelli WR, Ayala TS, Menolli RA. Chalcone-rich extracts from Lonchocarpus cultratus roots present in vitro leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:77-87. [PMID: 34791343 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-Leishmania activity of chalcone-rich three extracts (LDR, LHR and LMR) from Lonchocarpus cultratus (Vell.) A.M.G. Azevedo & H.C. Lima against L. amazonensis. Also, the immunomodulatory and antioxidant capacity was assessed. METHODS Successive extraction with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol were performed to obtain LHR, LDR and LMR extracts from L. cultratus roots, which were characterized by 1H NMR. Promastigotes, amastigotes and peritoneal macrophages were exposed to crescent concentrations of the three extracts, and after incubation, the inhibition rates were determined to both types of cells, and morphological analyses were performed on the parasite. The immunomodulatory activity was determined against stimulated macrophages. KEY FINDINGS LDR, LHR and LMR inhibited promastigote cell growth (IC50 0.62 ± 0.3, 0.94 ± 0.5 and 1.28 ± 0.73 µg/ml, respectively) and reduced the number of amastigotes inside macrophages (IC50 1.36 ± 0.14, 1.54 ± 0.26 and 4.09 ± 0.88 µg/ml, respectively). The cytotoxicity against murine macrophages resulted in a CC50 of 13.12 ± 1.92, 92.93 ± 9.1 and >300 µg/ml, resulting in high selectivity index to promastigotes and amastigotes. The extracts also inhibited the nitric oxide secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The antioxidant capacity resulted in a higher scavenger LMR ability. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that L. cultratus extracts have anti-Leishmania potential, are non-toxic, and immunosuppress macrophages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Virginia Staffen
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Paraná State University (Unioeste), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Weyand Banhuk
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Paraná State University (Unioeste), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/Fiocruz/PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Molecular Virology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/Fiocruz/PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/Fiocruz/PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Molecular Virology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/Fiocruz/PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/Fiocruz/PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thaís Soprani Ayala
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Paraná State University (Unioeste), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Andrade Menolli
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Paraná State University (Unioeste), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
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19
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Briggs EM, Warren FSL, Matthews KR, McCulloch R, Otto TD. Application of single-cell transcriptomics to kinetoplastid research. Parasitology 2021; 148:1223-1236. [PMID: 33678213 PMCID: PMC8311972 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are responsible for both human and animal diseases across the globe where they have a great impact on health and economic well-being. Many species and life cycle stages are difficult to study due to limitations in isolation and culture, as well as to their existence as heterogeneous populations in hosts and vectors. Single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) has the capacity to overcome many of these difficulties, and can be leveraged to disentangle heterogeneous populations, highlight genes crucial for propagation through the life cycle, and enable detailed analysis of host–parasite interactions. Here, we provide a review of studies that have applied scRNA-seq to protozoan parasites so far. In addition, we provide an overview of sample preparation and technology choice considerations when planning scRNA-seq experiments, as well as challenges faced when analysing the large amounts of data generated. Finally, we highlight areas of kinetoplastid research that could benefit from scRNA-seq technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Briggs
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Felix S. L. Warren
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keith R. Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Ross EA, Devitt A, Johnson JR. Macrophages: The Good, the Bad, and the Gluttony. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708186. [PMID: 34456917 PMCID: PMC8397413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic cells that play critical roles in the induction and resolution of sterile inflammation. In this review, we will compile and interpret recent findings on the plasticity of macrophages and how these cells contribute to the development of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, with a particular focus on allergic and autoimmune disorders. The critical roles of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation will then be examined, emphasizing the ability of macrophages to clear apoptotic immune cells. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune-driven spectrum of diseases where persistent inflammation results in synovial hyperplasia and excessive immune cell accumulation, leading to remodeling and reduced function in affected joints. Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of RA, driving episodic cycles of chronic inflammation and tissue destruction. RA patients have increased numbers of active M1 polarized pro-inflammatory macrophages and few or inactive M2 type cells. This imbalance in macrophage homeostasis is a main contributor to pro-inflammatory mediators in RA, resulting in continual activation of immune and stromal populations and accelerated tissue remodeling. Modulation of macrophage phenotype and function remains a key therapeutic goal for the treatment of this disease. Intriguingly, therapeutic intervention with glucocorticoids or other DMARDs promotes the re-polarization of M1 macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype; this reprogramming is dependent on metabolic changes to promote phenotypic switching. Allergic asthma is associated with Th2-polarised airway inflammation, structural remodeling of the large airways, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Macrophage polarization has a profound impact on asthma pathogenesis, as the response to allergen exposure is regulated by an intricate interplay between local immune factors including cytokines, chemokines and danger signals from neighboring cells. In the Th2-polarized environment characteristic of allergic asthma, high levels of IL-4 produced by locally infiltrating innate lymphoid cells and helper T cells promote the acquisition of an alternatively activated M2a phenotype in macrophages, with myriad effects on the local immune response and airway structure. Targeting regulators of macrophage plasticity is currently being pursued in the treatment of allergic asthma and other allergic diseases. Macrophages promote the re-balancing of pro-inflammatory responses towards pro-resolution responses and are thus central to the success of an inflammatory response. It has long been established that apoptosis supports monocyte and macrophage recruitment to sites of inflammation, facilitating subsequent corpse clearance. This drives resolution responses and mediates a phenotypic switch in the polarity of macrophages. However, the role of apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ACdEV) in the recruitment and control of macrophage phenotype has received remarkably little attention. ACdEV are powerful mediators of intercellular communication, carrying a wealth of lipid and protein mediators that may modulate macrophage phenotype, including a cargo of active immune-modulating enzymes. The impact of such interactions may result in repair or disease in different contexts. In this review, we will discuss the origin, characterization, and activity of macrophages in sterile inflammatory diseases and the underlying mechanisms of macrophage polarization via ACdEV and apoptotic cell clearance, in order to provide new insights into therapeutic strategies that could exploit the capabilities of these agile and responsive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Ross
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Devitt
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jill R Johnson
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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21
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Wiser MF. Unique Endomembrane Systems and Virulence in Pathogenic Protozoa. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080822. [PMID: 34440567 PMCID: PMC8401336 DOI: 10.3390/life11080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence in pathogenic protozoa is often tied to secretory processes such as the expression of adhesins on parasite surfaces or the secretion of proteases to assisted in tissue invasion and other proteins to avoid the immune system. This review is a broad overview of the endomembrane systems of pathogenic protozoa with a focus on Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, kinetoplastids, and apicomplexans. The focus is on unique features of these protozoa and how these features relate to virulence. In general, the basic elements of the endocytic and exocytic pathways are present in all protozoa. Some of these elements, especially the endosomal compartments, have been repurposed by the various species and quite often the repurposing is associated with virulence. The Apicomplexa exhibit the most unique endomembrane systems. This includes unique secretory organelles that play a central role in interactions between parasite and host and are involved in the invasion of host cells. Furthermore, as intracellular parasites, the apicomplexans extensively modify their host cells through the secretion of proteins and other material into the host cell. This includes a unique targeting motif for proteins destined for the host cell. Most notable among the apicomplexans is the malaria parasite, which extensively modifies and exports numerous proteins into the host erythrocyte. These modifications of the host erythrocyte include the formation of unique membranes and structures in the host erythrocyte cytoplasm and on the erythrocyte membrane. The transport of parasite proteins to the host erythrocyte involves several unique mechanisms and components, as well as the generation of compartments within the erythrocyte that participate in extraparasite trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Wiser
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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22
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Leishmania donovani Metacyclic Promastigotes Impair Phagosome Properties in Inflammatory Monocytes. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0000921. [PMID: 33875473 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00009-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a debilitating disease with clinical manifestations ranging from self-healing ulcers to life-threatening visceral pathologies, is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. These professional vacuolar pathogens are transmitted by infected sand flies to mammalian hosts as metacyclic promastigotes and are rapidly internalized by various phagocyte populations. Classical monocytes are among the first myeloid cells to migrate to infection sites. Recent evidence shows that recruitment of these cells contributes to parasite burden and the establishment of chronic disease. However, the nature of Leishmania-inflammatory monocyte interactions during the early stages of host infection has not been well investigated. Here, we aimed to assess the impact of Leishmania donovani metacyclic promastigotes on antimicrobial responses within these cells. Our data showed that inflammatory monocytes are readily colonized by L. donovani metacyclic promastigotes, while infection with Escherichia coli is efficiently cleared. Upon internalization, metacyclic promastigotes inhibited superoxide production at the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) through a mechanism involving exclusion of NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox and p47phox from the PV membrane. Moreover, we observed that unlike phagosomes enclosing zymosan particles, vacuoles containing parasites acidify poorly. Interestingly, whereas the parasite surface coat virulence glycolipid lipophosphoglycan (LPG) was responsible for the inhibition of PV acidification, impairment of the NADPH oxidase assembly was independent of LPG and GP63. Collectively, these observations indicate that permissiveness of inflammatory monocytes to L. donovani may thus be related to the ability of this parasite to impair the microbicidal properties of phagosomes.
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Leishmania-Induced Dendritic Cell Migration and Its Potential Contribution to Parasite Dissemination. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061268. [PMID: 34207943 PMCID: PMC8230586 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, an intracellular parasite species, causes lesions on the skin and in the mucosa and internal organs. The dissemination of infected host cells containing Leishmania is crucial to parasite survival and the establishment of infection. Migratory phenomena and the mechanisms underlying the dissemination of Leishmania-infected human dendritic cells (hDCs) remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate differences among factors involved in hDC migration by comparing infection with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) induced by Leishmaniainfantum with diverse clinical forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) induced by Leishmaniabraziliensis or Leishmania amazonensis. Following the infection of hDCs by isolates obtained from patients with different clinical forms of Leishmania, the formation of adhesion complexes, actin polymerization, and CCR7 expression were evaluated. We observed increased hDC migration following infection with isolates of L. infantum (VL), as well as disseminated (DL) and diffuse (DCL) forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis, respectively. Increased expression of proteins involved in adhesion complex formation and actin polymerization, as well as higher CCR7 expression, were seen in hDCs infected with L. infantum, DL and DCL isolates. Together, our results suggest that hDCs play an important role in the dissemination of Leishmania parasites in the vertebrate host.
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de Freitas E Silva R, von Stebut E. Unraveling the Role of Immune Checkpoints in Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620144. [PMID: 33776999 PMCID: PMC7990902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people every year in at least 98 countries and is one of the major unsolved world health issues. Leishmania is a parasitic protozoa which are transmitted by infected sandflies and in the host they mainly infect macrophages. Immunity elicited against those parasites is complex and immune checkpoints play a key role regulating its function. T cell receptors and their respective ligands, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, CD200, CD40, OX40, HVEM, LIGHT, 2B4 and TIM-3 have been characterized for their role in regulating adaptive immunity against different pathogens. However, the exact role those receptors perform during Leishmania infections remains to be better determined. This article addresses the key role immune checkpoints play during Leishmania infections, the limiting factors and translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Voak AA, Harris A, Coteron-Lopez JM, Angulo-Barturen I, Ferrer-Bazaga S, Croft SL, Seifert K. Pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic relationships of liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009013. [PMID: 33651812 PMCID: PMC7924795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a continued need to develop effective and safe treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Preclinical studies on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-infective agents, such as anti-bacterials and anti-fungals, have provided valuable information in the development and dosing of these agents. The aim of this study was to characterise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the anti-leishmanial drugs AmBisome and miltefosine in a preclinical disease model of VL. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPAL FINDINGS BALB/c mice were infected with L. donovani (MHOM/ET/67/HU3) amastigotes. Groups of mice were treated with miltefosine (orally, multi-dose regimen) or AmBisome (intravenously, single dose regimen) or left untreated as control groups. At set time points groups of mice were killed and plasma, livers and spleens harvested. For pharmacodynamics the hepatic parasite burden was determined microscopically from tissue impression smears. For pharmacokinetics drug concentrations were measured in plasma and whole tissue homogenates by LC-MS. Unbound drug concentrations were determined by rapid equilibrium dialysis. Doses exerting maximum anti-leishmanial effects were 40 mg/kg for AmBisome and 150 mg/kg (cumulatively) for miltefosine. AmBisome displayed a wider therapeutic range than miltefosine. Dose fractionation at a total dose of 2.5 mg/kg pointed towards concentration-dependent anti-leishmanial activity of AmBisome, favouring the administration of large doses infrequently. Protein binding was >99% for miltefosine and amphotericin B in plasma and tissue homogenates. CONCLUSION / SIGNIFICANCE Using a PK/PD approach we propose optimal dosing strategies for AmBisome. Additionally, we describe pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of miltefosine and compare our findings in a preclinical disease model to available knowledge from studies in humans. This approach also presents a strategy for improved use of animal models in the drug development process for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Voak
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon L. Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Seifert
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Mokdadi M, Abdelkrim YZ, Banroques J, Huvelle E, Oualha R, Yeter-Alat H, Guizani I, Barhoumi M, Tanner NK. The In Silico Identification of Potential Members of the Ded1/DDX3 Subfamily of DEAD-Box RNA Helicases from the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania infantum and Their Analyses in Yeast. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020212. [PMID: 33535521 PMCID: PMC7912733 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD-box RNA helicases are ubiquitous proteins found in all kingdoms of life and that are associated with all processes involving RNA. Their central roles in biology make these proteins potential targets for therapeutic or prophylactic drugs. The Ded1/DDX3 subfamily of DEAD-box proteins is of particular interest because of their important role(s) in translation. In this paper, we identified and aligned the protein sequences of 28 different DEAD-box proteins from the kinetoplast-protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, which is the cause of the visceral form of leishmaniasis that is often lethal if left untreated, and compared them with the consensus sequence derived from DEAD-box proteins in general, and from the Ded1/DDX3 subfamily in particular, from a wide variety of other organisms. We identified three potential homologs of the Ded1/DDX3 subfamily and the equivalent proteins from the related protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which is the causative agent of sleeping sickness. We subsequently tested these proteins for their ability to complement a yeast strain deleted for the essential DED1 gene. We found that the DEAD-box proteins from Trypanosomatids are highly divergent from other eukaryotes, and consequently they are suitable targets for protein-specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molka Mokdadi
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (M.M.); (Y.Z.A.); (J.B.); (E.H.); (H.Y.-A.)
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia; (R.O.); (I.G.)
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et Technologies, Université de Carthage, CEDEX, Tunis 1080, Tunisia
| | - Yosser Zina Abdelkrim
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (M.M.); (Y.Z.A.); (J.B.); (E.H.); (H.Y.-A.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia; (R.O.); (I.G.)
| | - Josette Banroques
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (M.M.); (Y.Z.A.); (J.B.); (E.H.); (H.Y.-A.)
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmeline Huvelle
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (M.M.); (Y.Z.A.); (J.B.); (E.H.); (H.Y.-A.)
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rafeh Oualha
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia; (R.O.); (I.G.)
| | - Hilal Yeter-Alat
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (M.M.); (Y.Z.A.); (J.B.); (E.H.); (H.Y.-A.)
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia; (R.O.); (I.G.)
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia; (R.O.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (N.K.T.); Tel.: +216-71 843 755 (ext. 544) (M.B.); +33-1-58-41-52-37 (N.K.T.); Fax: +216-71-791-833 (M.B.); +33-1-58-41-50-25 (N.K.T.)
| | - N. Kyle Tanner
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (M.M.); (Y.Z.A.); (J.B.); (E.H.); (H.Y.-A.)
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (N.K.T.); Tel.: +216-71 843 755 (ext. 544) (M.B.); +33-1-58-41-52-37 (N.K.T.); Fax: +216-71-791-833 (M.B.); +33-1-58-41-50-25 (N.K.T.)
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Dixit UG, Rodríguez NE, Polando R, McDowell MA, Wilson ME. Complement receptor 3 mediates ruffle-like, actin-rich aggregates during phagocytosis of Leishmania infantum metacyclics. Exp Parasitol 2021; 220:107968. [PMID: 32781093 PMCID: PMC7750307 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Leishmania infantum resides primarily in macrophages throughout mammalian infection. Infection is initiated by deposition of the metacyclic promastigote into the dermis of a mammalian host by the sand fly vector. Promastigotes enter macrophages by ligating surface receptors such as complement receptor 3 (CR3), inducing phagocytosis of the parasite. At the binding site of metacyclic promastigotes, we observed large asymmetrical aggregates of macrophage membrane with underlying actin, resembling membrane ruffles. Actin accumulation was observed at the point of initial contact, before phagosome formation and accumulation of peri-phagosomal actin. Ruffle-like structures did not form during phagocytosis of attenuated promastigotes or during phagocytosis of the intracellular amastigote form of L. infantum. Entry of promastigotes through massive actin accumulation was associated with a subsequent delay in fusion of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) with the lysosomal markers LAMP-1 and Cathepsin D. Actin accumulation was also associated with entry through CR3, since macrophages from CD11b knockout (KO) mice did not form massive aggregates of actin during phagocytosis of metacyclic promastigotes. Furthermore, intracellular survival of L. infantum was significantly decreased in CD11b KO compared to wild type macrophages, although entry rates were similar. We conclude that both promastigote virulence and host cell CR3 are needed for the formation of ruffle-like membrane structures at the site of metacyclic promastigote phagocytosis, and that formation of actin-rich aggregates during entry correlates with the intracellular survival of virulent promastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasna Gaur Dixit
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nilda E Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, 50614, USA.
| | - Rachel Polando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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28
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Kupani M, Pandey RK, Mehrotra S. Neutrophils and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Impact on innate immune response and cross-talks with macrophages and dendritic cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2255-2267. [PMID: 33345353 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils with their array of microbicidal activities are the first innate immune cells to guard against infection. They are also most crucial for the host's initial defense against Leishmania parasites which cause clinically diverse diseases ranging from self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to a more severe visceral form, visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Neutrophils are recruited in large numbers at the infection site after bite of sandfly, which is the vector for the disease. The initial interaction of neutrophils with the parasites may modulate the subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses and hence affect the disease outcome. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively appraise the role of neutrophils during the early stages of Leishmania infection with a focus on the visceral form of the disease. In the past decade, new insights regarding the role of neutrophils in VL have surfaced which have been extensively elaborated in the present review. In addition, since much of the information regarding neutrophil-Leishmania early interaction has accumulated through studies on mouse models of CL, these studies are also revisited. We begin by reviewing the factors which drive the recruitment of neutrophils at the site of injection by the sandfly. We then discuss the studies delineating the molecular mechanisms involved in the uptake of the Leishmania parasite by neutrophils and how the parasite subverts their microbicidal functions. In the end, the interaction of infected neutrophils with macrophages and dendritic cells is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kupani
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajeev K Pandey
- Research & Development, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjana Mehrotra
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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29
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El Mohtadi M, Pilkington L, Liauw CM, Ashworth JJ, Dempsey-Hibbert N, Belboul A, Whitehead KA. Differential engulfment of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with altered phagocyte biochemistry and morphology. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1372-1384. [PMID: 33192218 PMCID: PMC7658463 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of changes in macrophages following bacterial engulfment is limited. U937-derived macrophages were incubated with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Morphological and biochemical changes in macrophages following host-pathogen interactions were visualized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to assess the variability in the FTIR spectra. Following host-pathogen interactions, survival of S. aureus was significantly lower than P. aeruginosa (P<0.05) and cellular morphology of macrophages was different after incubation with S. aureus compared to P. aeruginosa. Following incubation with S. aureus macrophages were more globular and amorphous in shape whereas long linear pseudopodia were observed following incubation with P. aeruginosa. Distinct FTIR spectra were identified in macrophages post interaction with the different bacteria and PCA analysis demonstrated distinct biochemical differences in the phagocytes following engulfment of the bacteria, with > 99 % of variability in the FTIR spectra explained by the first two principal components. These findings demonstrated that there were clear morphological and biochemical changes in macrophages following engulfment of two different bacterial types suggesting that the biochemical components of the bacterial cell wall influenced the biochemical characteristics and hence the morphology of macrophages in distinct ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Mohtadi
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Lisa Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Liauw
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jason J Ashworth
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nina Dempsey-Hibbert
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Amina Belboul
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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30
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Gonçalves GA, Spillere AR, das Neves GM, Kagami LP, von Poser GL, Canto RFS, Eifler-Lima V. Natural and synthetic coumarins as antileishmanial agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Silva D, Moreira D, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Quintas C, Gonçalves J, Fresco P. Intracellular adenosine released from THP-1 differentiated human macrophages is involved in an autocrine control of Leishmania parasitic burden, mediated by adenosine A 2A and A 2B receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173504. [PMID: 32858046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infected macrophages have conditions to produce adenosine. Despite its known immunosuppressive effects, no studies have yet established whether adenosine alter Leishmania parasitic burden upon macrophage infection. This work aimed at investigating whether endogenous adenosine exerts an autocrine modulation of macrophage response towards Leishmania infection, identifying its origin and potential pharmacological targets for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), using THP-1 differentiated macrophages. Adenosine deaminase treatment of infected THP-1 cells reduced the parasitic burden (29.1 ± 2.2%, P < 0.05). Adenosine A2A and A2B receptor subtypes expression was confirmed by RT-qPCR and by immunocytochemistry and their blockade with selective adenosine A2A and A2B antagonists reduced the parasitic burden [14.5 ± 3.1% (P < 0.05) and 12.3 ± 3.1% (P < 0.05), respectively; and 24.9 ± 2.8% (P < 0.05), by the combination of the two antagonists)], suggesting that adenosine A2 receptors are tonically activated in infected THP-1 differentiated macrophages. The tonic activation of adenosine A2 receptors was dependent on the release of intracellular adenosine through equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT1/ENT2): NBTI or dipyridamole reduced (~25%) whereas, when ENTs were blocked, adenosine A2 receptor antagonists failed to reduce and A2 agonists increase parasitic burden. Effects of adenosine A2 receptors antagonists and ENT1/2 inhibitor were prevented by L-NAME, indicating that nitric oxide production inhibition prevents adenosine from increasing parasitic burden. Results suggest that intracellular adenosine, released through ENTs, elicits an autocrine increase in parasitic burden in THP-1 macrophages, through adenosine A2 receptors activation. These observations open the possibility to use well-established ENT inhibitors or adenosine A2 receptor antagonists as new therapeutic approaches in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Diana Moreira
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Clara Quintas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Epithelial Interactions in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Fresco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Yadav S, Mandal H, Saravanan V, Das P, Singh SK. In vitro and in silico analysis of L. donovani enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase - A possible drug target. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6056-6069. [PMID: 32762412 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1802337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of increased resistance to the available drugs has created a situation that demands to find out more specific molecular drug targets for Leishmaniasis. The enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR), a regulatory enzyme in type II fatty acid synthesis, was confirmed as a novel drug target and triclosan as its specific inhibitor in many microorganisms. In this study, the triclosan was tested for the leishmanicidal property against Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) and the results of in vitro and ex vivo drug assays on promastigotes and amastigotes showed that triclosan possessed antileishmanial activity with a half minimal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 30 µM. Consequently, adopting in silico approach, we have tested the triclosan's ability to bind with the L. donovani enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (LdENR). The 3D structure of LdENR was modelled, triclosan and cofactors were docked in LdENR model and molecular dynamic simulations were performed to observe the protein-ligands interactions, stability, compactness and binding energy calculation of the ligands-LdENR complexes. The observation showed that triclosan stably interacted with LdENR in presence of both the cofactors (NADPH and NADH), however, simulation results favor NADH as a preferred co-factor for LdENR. These results support that the reduction of L. donovani growth in the in vitro and ex vivo drug assays may be due to the interaction of triclosan with LdENR, which should be confirmed through enzymatic assays. The results of this study suggest that LdENR could be a potential drug target and triclosan as a lead for Leishmaniasis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ICMR, Patna, India
| | - Haraprasad Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ICMR, Patna, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Vijayakumar Saravanan
- Division of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ICMR, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), ICMR, Patna, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ICMR, Patna, India
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The role of monocytes/macrophages in Leishmania infection: A glance at the human response. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105456. [PMID: 32222362 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate intracellular parasites of mononuclear phagocytes transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies. Monocytes are one of the main cell types recruited to the site of the bite having an important role in the defense against Leishmania parasites in the first hours of infection. In the tissue, macrophages play a pivotal role as both the primary replication sites and the major effector cells responsible for parasite elimination. Many authors have reviewed the monocyte/macrophage-Leishmania interactions from results derived in mice, however, given the important differences between mice an humans we considered vital to discuss the role of these cells in human leishmaniasis. In this review, we recapitulated the most important studies carried out to understand the different roles of human monocyte/macrophages in Leishmania infection and how they can participate in both control and the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
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Assolini JP, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Gonçalves MD, Sahd CS, Carloto ACM, Feuser PE, Cordeiro AP, Borghi SM, Verri WA, Sayer C, Hermes de Araújo PH, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Diethyldithiocarbamate encapsulation reduces toxicity and promotes leishmanicidal effect through apoptosis-like mechanism in promastigote and ROS production by macrophage. J Drug Target 2020; 28:1110-1123. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1783669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Department of Chemical, Center of Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudia Stoeglehner Sahd
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Poester Cordeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marques Borghi
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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35
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Bertasso AS, Léon JE, Silva RAB, Silva LAB, Queiroz AM, Pucinelli CM, Romualdo PC, Nelson‐Filho P. Immunophenotypic quantification of M1 and M2 macrophage polarization in radicular cysts of primary and permanent teeth. Int Endod J 2020; 53:627-635. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Bertasso
- Department of Pediatric DentistrySchool of Dentistry of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - J. E. Léon
- Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - R. A. B. Silva
- Department of Pediatric DentistrySchool of Dentistry of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - L. A. B. Silva
- Department of Pediatric DentistrySchool of Dentistry of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - A. M. Queiroz
- Department of Pediatric DentistrySchool of Dentistry of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - C. M. Pucinelli
- Department of Pediatric DentistrySchool of Dentistry of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - P. C. Romualdo
- Department of Pediatric DentistrySchool of Dentistry of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - P. Nelson‐Filho
- Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
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36
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Toledo MDS, Cronemberger-Andrade A, Barbosa FMC, Reis NFDC, Dupin TV, Soares RP, Torrecilhas AC, Xander P. Effects of extracellular vesicles released by peritoneal B-1 cells on experimental Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1803-1814. [PMID: 32356366 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0220-464rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells are a B-lymphocyte subtype whose roles in immunity are not completely defined. These cells can produce cytokines (mainly IL-10) and natural and specific antibodies. Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by immune cells have emerged as new important entities in cell-cell communication. Immune cells release EVs that can activate and/or modulate other immune cells. Here, we characterized the EVs released by peritoneal B-1 cells infected or not with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. This Leishmania species causes cutaneous leishmaniasis and can infect macrophages and B-1 cells. Our results showed that peritoneal B-1 cells spontaneously release EVs, but the parasite stimulated an increase in EVs production by peritoneal B-1 cells. The treatment of BALB/c and C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with EVs from infected peritoneal B-1 cells led to differential expression of iNOS, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. Additionally, BALB/c mice previous treated with EVs released by peritoneal B-1 cells showed a significant lower lesion size and parasite burden. Thus, this study demonstrated that peritoneal B-1 cells could release EVs that can alter the functions of macrophages in vitro and in vivo these EVs altered the course of L. amazonensis infection. These findings represent the first evidence that EVs from peritoneal B-1 cells can act as a new mechanism of cellular communication between macrophages and B-1 cells, contributing to immunity against experimental leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maytê Dos Santos Toledo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Talita Vieira Dupin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Xander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lecoeur H, Prina E, Rosazza T, Kokou K, N’Diaye P, Aulner N, Varet H, Bussotti G, Xing Y, Milon G, Weil R, Meng G, Späth GF. Targeting Macrophage Histone H3 Modification as a Leishmania Strategy to Dampen the NF-κB/NLRP3-Mediated Inflammatory Response. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1870-1882.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN. Leishmania Spp-Host Interaction: There Is Always an Onset, but Is There an End? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:330. [PMID: 31608245 PMCID: PMC6761226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time Leishmaniasis had been considered as a neglected tropical disease. Recently, it has become a priority in public health all over the world for different aspects such as geographic spread, number of population living at risk of infection as well as the potential lethality and/or the development of disfiguring lesions in the, respectively, visceral and tegumentary forms of the disease. As a result, several groups have been bending over this issue and many valuable data have been published. Nevertheless, parasite-host interactions are still not fully known and, consequently, we do not entirely understand the infection dynamics and parasite persistence. This knowledge may point targets for modulation or blockage, being very useful in the development of measures to interfere in the course of infection/ disease and to minimize the risks and morbidity. In the present review we will discuss some aspects of the Leishmania spp-mammalian host interaction in the onset of infection and after the clinical cure of the lesions. We will also examine the information already available concerning the parasite strategy to evade immune response mainly at the beginning of the infection, as well as during the parasite persistence. This knowledge can improve the conditions of treatment, follow-up and cure control of patients, minimizing the potential damages this protozoosis can cause to infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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da Silva Vieira T, Arango Duque G, Ory K, Gontijo CM, Soares RP, Descoteaux A. Leishmania braziliensis: Strain-Specific Modulation of Phagosome Maturation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:319. [PMID: 31555609 PMCID: PMC6743224 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is responsible for the largest number of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in Brazil. ATL can present several clinical forms including typical (TL) and atypical (AL) cutaneous and mucocutaneous (ML) lesions. To identify parasite and host factors potentially associated with these diverse clinical manifestations, we first surveyed the expression of two virulence-associated glycoconjugates, lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and the metalloprotease GP63 by a panel of promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis (L. braziliensis) strains isolated from patients with different clinical manifestations of ATL and from the sand fly vector. We observed a diversity of expression patterns for both LPG and GP63, which may be related to strain-specific polymorphisms. Interestingly, we noted that GP63 activity varies from strain to strain, including the ability to cleave host cell molecules. We next evaluated the ability of promastigotes from these L. braziliensis strains to modulate phagolysosome biogenesis in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM), by assessing phagosomal recruitment of the lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) and intraphagosomal acidification. Whereas, three out of six L. braziliensis strains impaired the phagosomal recruitment of LAMP-1, only the ML strain inhibited phagosome acidification to the same extent as the L. donovani strain that was used as a positive control. While decreased phagosomal recruitment of LAMP-1 correlated with higher LPG levels, decreased phagosomal acidification correlated with higher GP63 levels. Finally, we observed that the ability to infect and replicate within host cells did not fully correlate with the inhibition of phagosome maturation. Collectively, our results revealed a diversity of strain-specific phenotypes among L. braziliensis isolates, consistent with the high genetic diversity within Leishmania populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara da Silva Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Guillermo Arango Duque
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Kévin Ory
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada.,Université de Rennes 1, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Rennes, France
| | - Celia Maria Gontijo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
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Sengupta R, Mukherjee S, Moulik S, Mitra S, Chaudhuri SJ, Das NK, Chatterjee U, Chatterjee M. In-situ immune profile of polymorphic vs. macular Indian Post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2019; 11:166-176. [PMID: 31542359 PMCID: PMC6904817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL), a sequel of apparently cured Visceral Leishmaniasis presents in South Asia with papulonodular (polymorphic) or hypomelanotic lesions (macular). Till date, the polymorphic variant was considered predominant, constituting 85–90%. However, following active-case surveillance, the proportion of macular PKDL has increased substantially to nearly 50%, necessitating an in-depth analysis of this variant. Accordingly, this study aimed to delineate the cellular infiltrate in macular vis-à-vis polymorphic PKDL. To study the overall histopathology, hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on lesional sections and phenotyping by immunohistochemistry done in terms of dendritic cells (CD1a), macrophages (CD68), HLA-DR, T-cells (CD8, CD4), B-cells (CD20) and Ki67 along with assessment of the status of circulating homing markers CCL2, CCL7 and CXCL13. In polymorphic cases (n = 20), the cellular infiltration was substantial, whereas in macular lesions (n = 20) it was mild and patchy with relative sparing of the reticular dermis. Although parasite DNA was identified in both variants by ITS-1 PCR, the parasite load was significantly higher in the polymorphic variant and Leishman-Donovan bodies were notably minimally present in macular cases. Both variants demonstrated a decrease in CD1a+ dendritic cells, HLA-DR expression and CD4+ T-cells. In macular cases, the proportion of CD68+ macrophages, CD8+ T-cells and CD20+ B-cells was 4.6 fold, 17.0 fold and 1.6 fold lower than polymorphic cases. The absence of Ki67 positivity and increased levels of chemoattractants suggested dermal homing of these cellular subsets. Taken together, as compared to the polymorphic variant, patients with macular PKDL demonstrated a lower parasite load along with a lesser degree of cellular infiltration, suggesting differences in host-pathogen interactions, which in turn can impact on their disease transmitting potential and responses to chemotherapy. Comparative analysis of immunopathology of polymorphic vs. macular PKDL. Dense lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in polymorphic PKDL. Mild and patchy cellular infiltration in macular PKDL with minimal Leishman Donovan bodies. Decreased presence of CD1a, HLA-DR and CD4+ T-cells in both variants. The presence of CD8+, CD68+and CD20+ cells in polymorphic>>>macular PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Sengupta
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Srija Moulik
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Sneha Mitra
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | | | - Nilay Kanti Das
- Dept. of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, 722102, India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Dept. of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India.
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India.
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41
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Voak AA, Standing JF, Sepúlveda N, Harris A, Croft SL, Seifert K. Pharmacodynamics and cellular accumulation of amphotericin B and miltefosine in Leishmania donovani-infected primary macrophages. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1314-1323. [PMID: 29506127 PMCID: PMC5909632 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We examined the in vitro pharmacodynamics and cellular accumulation of the standard anti-leishmanial drugs amphotericin B and miltefosine in intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigote-macrophage drug assays. Methods Primary mouse macrophages were infected with L. donovani amastigotes. In time-kill assays infected macrophages were exposed to at least six different concentrations of serially diluted drugs and the percentage of infected macrophages was determined after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 120 h of exposure. Cellular drug accumulation was measured following exposure to highly effective drug concentrations for 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. Data were analysed through a mathematical model, relating drug concentration to the percentage of infected cells over time. Host cell membrane damage was evaluated through measurement of lactate dehydrogenase release. The effect of varying the serum and albumin concentrations in medium on the cellular accumulation levels of miltefosine was measured. Results Amphotericin B was more potent than miltefosine (EC50 values of 0.65 and 1.26 μM, respectively) and displayed a wider therapeutic window in vitro. The kinetics of the cellular accumulation of amphotericin B was concentration- and formulation-dependent. At an extracellular concentration of 10 μM miltefosine maximum cellular drug levels preceded maximum anti-leishmanial kill. Miltefosine induced membrane damage in a concentration-, time- and serum-dependent manner. Its cellular accumulation levels increased with decreasing amounts of protein in assay medium. Conclusions We have developed a novel approach to investigate the cellular pharmacology of anti-leishmanial drugs that serves as a model for the characterization of new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Voak
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Joseph F Standing
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.,Centre for Statistics and Applications of University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andy Harris
- Pharmidex, 3rd Floor, 14 Hanover Street, London W1S 1YH, UK
| | - Simon L Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Karin Seifert
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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42
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Hohman LS, Peters NC. CD4 + T Cell-Mediated Immunity against the Phagosomal Pathogen Leishmania: Implications for Vaccination. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:423-435. [PMID: 31080088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The generation of an efficacious vaccine that elicits protective CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity has been elusive. The lack of a vaccine against the Leishmania parasite is particularly perplexing as infected individuals acquire life-long immunity to reinfection. Experimental observations suggest that the relationship between immunological memory and protection against Leishmania is not straightforward and that a new paradigm is required to inform vaccine design. These observations include: (i) induction of Th1 memory is a component of protective immunity, but is not sufficient; (ii) memory T cells may be protective only if they generate circulating effector cells prior to, not after, challenge; and (iii) the low-dose/high-inflammation conditions of physiological vector transmission compromises vaccine efficacy. Understanding the implications of these observations is likely key to efficacious vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Hohman
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Nathan C Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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43
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Leishmania donovani Lipophosphoglycan Increases Macrophage-Dependent Chemotaxis of CXCR6-Expressing Cells via CXCL16 Induction. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00064-19. [PMID: 30804103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00064-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL16 is a multifunctional chemokine that is highly expressed by macrophages and other immune cells in response to bacterial and viral pathogens; however, little is known regarding the role of CXCL16 during parasitic infections. The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Even though chemokine production is a host defense mechanism during infection, subversion of the host chemokine system constitutes a survival strategy adopted by the parasite. Here, we report that L. donovani promastigotes upregulate CXCL16 synthesis and secretion by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). In contrast to wild-type parasites, a strain deficient in the virulence factor lipophosphoglycan (LPG) failed to induce CXCL16 production. Consistent with this, cell treatment with purified L. donovani LPG augmented CXCL16 expression and secretion. Notably, the ability of BMDM to promote migration of cells expressing CXCR6, the cognate receptor of CXCL16, was augmented upon L. donovani infection in a CXCL16- and LPG-dependent manner. Mechanistically, CXCL16 induction by L. donovani required the activity of AKT and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) but was independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. Collectively, these data provide evidence that CXCL16 is part of the inflammatory response elicited by L. donovani LPG in vitro Further investigation using CXCL16 knockout mice is required to determine whether this chemokine contributes to the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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44
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Castro Neto AL, Brito ANALM, Rezende AM, Magalhães FB, de Melo Neto OP. In silico characterization of multiple genes encoding the GP63 virulence protein from Leishmania braziliensis: identification of sources of variation and putative roles in immune evasion. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:118. [PMID: 30732584 PMCID: PMC6367770 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The leishmaniasis are parasitic diseases caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania, highly divergent eukaryotes, characterized by unique biological features. To survive in both the mammalian hosts and insect vectors, these pathogens make use of a number of mechanisms, many of which are associated with parasite specific proteases. The metalloprotease GP63, the major Leishmania surface antigen, has been found to have multiple functions required for the parasite’s survival. GP63 is encoded by multiple genes and their copy numbers vary considerably between different species and are increased in those from the subgenus Viannia, including L. braziliensis. Results By comparing multiple sequences from Leishmania and related organisms this study sought to characterize paralogs in silico, evaluating their differences and similarities and the implications for the GP63 function. The Leishmania GP63 genes are encoded on chromosomes 10, 28 and 31, with the genes from the latter two chromosomes more related to genes found in insect or plant parasites. Those from chromosome 10 have experienced independent expansions in numbers in Leishmania, especially in L. braziliensis. These could be clustered in three groups associated with different mRNA 3′ untranslated regions as well as distinct C-terminal ends for the encoded proteins, with presumably distinct expression patterns and subcellular localizations. Sequence variations between the chromosome 10 genes were linked to intragenic recombination events, mapped to the external surface of the proteins and predicted to be immunogenic, implying a role against the host immune response. Conclusions Our results suggest a greater role for the sequence variation found among the chromosome 10 GP63 genes, possibly related to the pathogenesis of L. braziliensis and closely related species within the mammalian host. They also indicate different functions associated to genes mapped to different chromosomes. For the chromosome 10 genes, variable subcellular localizations were found to be most likely associated with multiple functions and target substrates for this versatile protease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5465-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur L Castro Neto
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriana N A L M Brito
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Rezende
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Franklin B Magalhães
- Centro Universitário Tabosa de Almeida - ASCES/UNITA, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo P de Melo Neto
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Stamper BD, Davis M, Scott-Collins S, Tran J, Ton C, Simidyan A, Roberts SC. Model-based Evaluation of Gene Expression Changes in Response to Leishmania Infection. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:1177625019828350. [PMID: 30792575 PMCID: PMC6376507 DOI: 10.1177/1177625019828350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the development of high-density microarray technology in the late 1990s, global host gene expression changes in response to various stimuli have been extensively studied. More than a dozen peer-reviewed publications have investigated the effect of Leishmania infection in various models since 2001. This review covers the transcriptional changes in macrophage models induced by various Leishmania species and summarizes the resulting impact these studies have on our understanding of the host response to leishmaniasis in vitro. Characterization of the similarities and differences between various model systems will not only further our understanding of Leishmania-induced changes to macrophage gene expression but also identify potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison Davis
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | | | - Julie Tran
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Caryn Ton
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Agapi Simidyan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Sigrid C Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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Sex-Related Differences in Immune Response and Symptomatic Manifestations to Infection with Leishmania Species. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4103819. [PMID: 30756088 PMCID: PMC6348913 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4103819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 12 million people are infected with Leishmania spp. and an additional 350 million are at risk of infection. Leishmania are intracellular parasites that cause disease by suppressing macrophage microbicidal responses. Infection can remain asymptomatic or lead to a spectrum of diseases including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Ultimately, the combination of both pathogen and host factors determines the outcome of infection. Leishmaniasis, as well as numerous other infectious diseases, exhibits sex-related differences that cannot be explained solely in terms of environmental exposure or healthcare access. Furthermore, transcriptomic evidence is revealing that biological sex is a variable impacting physiology, immune response, drug metabolism, and consequently, the progression of disease. Herein, we review the distribution, morbidity, and mortality among male and female leishmaniasis patients. Additionally, we discuss experimental findings and new avenues of research concerning sex-specific responses in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The limitations of current therapies and the emergence of drug-resistant parasites underscore the need for new treatments that could harness the host immune response. As such, understanding the mechanisms driving the differential immune response and disease outcome of males versus females is a necessary step in the development of safer and more effective treatments against leishmaniasis.
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47
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Bordon MLAC, Laurenti MD, Ribeiro SP, Toyama MH, Toyama DDO, Passero LFD. Effect of phospholipase A 2 inhibitors during infection caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:21. [PMID: 30181736 PMCID: PMC6112134 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid metabolites play an important role in parasite differentiation and virulence. Studies have revealed that Leishmania sp. uses prostaglandins to evade innate barriers, thus enabling the parasites to survive inside immune cells. Despite the role of the enzyme Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in prostaglandins production, few studies have investigated the role of parasite PLA2 during the interaction between L. (L.) amazonensis and the host (in vitro and in vivo) immune cells. Methods In the present work, the leishmanicidal effect of PLA2 inhibitors, methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), bromoenol lactone (BEL) and aristolochic acid (AA) were investigated in vitro (promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis) and during in vivo infection using BALB/c mice. Results The aforementioned inhibitors were deleterious to promastigote and amastigote forms of the L. (L.) amazonensis and were non-toxic to peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice treated with the inhibitor BEL presented decreased lesion size and skin parasitism; however, BEL treatment induced hepatotoxicity in BALB/c mice. Conclusions Results presented herein suggested that PLA2 inhibitors altered L. (L.) amazonensis viability. In spite of liver toxicity, treatment with BEL was the most selective compound in vitro, as well in vivo, resulting in lower skin parasitism in the infected mice. These findings corroborate the role of PLA2 in parasite virulence and maintenance in vertebrate hosts, and suggest that molecules structurally related to BEL should be considered when planning compounds against Leishmania sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L A C Bordon
- 1Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246903 Brazil.,3São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Vicente, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- 1Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246903 Brazil
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- 2Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, room 5503, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Marcos H Toyama
- 3São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Vicente, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP Brazil
| | - Daniela de O Toyama
- 4School of Dentistry, Camilo Castelo Branco University (Unicastelo), Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584, São Paulo, SP CEP 08230-030 Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe D Passero
- 3São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Vicente, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP Brazil
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Arish M, Husein A, Ali R, Tabrez S, Naz F, Ahmad MZ, Rub A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in Leishmania donovani infection in macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006647. [PMID: 30118478 PMCID: PMC6118390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a crucial regulator of a wide array of cellular processes, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, but its role in Leishmania donovani infection is unknown. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, we observed that L. donovani infection in THP-1 derived macrophages (TDM) leads to decrease in the expression of S1pr2 and S1pr3 at mRNA level. We further observed that Leishmania infection inhibits the phosphorylation of sphingosine kinase 1 (sphK1) in a time-dependent manner. Exogenous S1P supplementation decreases L. donovani induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increases p38 phosphorylation in TDM, resulting in a decrease in the intracellular parasite burden in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, sphK inhibition by DMS increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation leading to increased IL-10 and parasite load. To gain further insight, cytokines expression were checked in S1P supplemented TDM and we observed increase in IL-12, while decrease IL-10 expression at mRNA and protein levels. In addition, treatment of antagonist of S1PR2 and S1PR3 such as JTE-013 and CAY10444 respectively enhanced Leishmania-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and parasite load. CONCLUSIONS Our overall study not only reports the significant role of S1P signaling during L. donovani infection but also provides a novel platform for the development of new drugs against Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Atahar Husein
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Farha Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Zulfazal Ahmad
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: , ,
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Development of Thiophene Compounds as Potent Chemotherapies for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania major. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071626. [PMID: 29973498 PMCID: PMC6100043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania major (L. major) is a protozoan parasite that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis. About 12 million people are currently infected with an annual incidence of 1.3 million cases. The purpose of this study was to synthesize a small library of novel thiophene derivatives, and evaluate its parasitic activity, and potential mechanism of action (MOA). We developed a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study of the thiophene molecule 5A. Overall, eight thiophene derivatives of 5A were synthesized and purified by silica gel column chromatography. Of these eight analogs, the molecule 5D showed the highest in vitro activity against Leishmania major promastigotes (EC50 0.09 ± 0.02 µM), with an inhibition of the proliferation of intracellular amastigotes higher than 75% at only 0.63 µM and an excellent selective index. Moreover, the effect of 5D on L. major promastigotes was associated with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and in silico docking studies suggested that 5D may play a role in inhibiting trypanothione reductase. In summary, the combined SAR study and the in vitro evaluation of 5A derivatives allowed the identification of the novel molecule 5D, which exhibited potent in vitro anti-leishmanial activity resulting in ROS production leading to cell death with no significant cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells.
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Ontoria E, Hernández-Santana YE, González-García AC, López MC, Valladares B, Carmelo E. Transcriptional Profiling of Immune-Related Genes in Leishmania infantum-Infected Mice: Identification of Potential Biomarkers of Infection and Progression of Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:197. [PMID: 30013952 PMCID: PMC6036295 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. is a protozoan parasite that affects millions of people around the world. At present, there is no effective vaccine to prevent leishmaniases in humans. A major limitation in vaccine development is the lack of precise understanding of the particular immunological mechanisms that allow parasite survival in the host. The parasite-host cell interaction induces dramatic changes in transcriptome patterns in both organisms, therefore, a detailed analysis of gene expression in infected tissues will contribute to the evaluation of drug and vaccine candidates, the identification of potential biomarkers, and the understanding of the immunological pathways that lead to protection or progression of disease. In this large-scale analysis, differential expression of 112 immune-related genes has been analyzed using high-throughput qPCR in spleens of infected and naïve Balb/c mice at four different time points. This analysis revealed that early response against Leishmania infection is characterized by the upregulation of Th1 markers and M1-macrophage activation molecules such as Ifng, Stat1, Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ccr5, Cxcr3, Xcl1, and Ccl3. This activation doesn't protect spleen from infection, since parasitic burden rises along time. This marked difference in gene expression between infected and control mice disappears during intermediate stages of infection, probably related to the strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresory signals that are activated early upon infection (Ctla4) or remain activated throughout the experiment (Il18bp). The overexpression of these Th1/M1 markers is restored later in the chronic phase (8 wpi), suggesting the generation of a classical "protective response" against leishmaniasis. Nonetheless, the parasitic burden rockets at this timepoint. This apparent contradiction can be explained by the generation of a regulatory immune response characterized by overexpression of Ifng, Tnfa, Il10, and downregulation Il4 that counteracts the Th1/M1 response. This large pool of data was also used to identify potential biomarkers of infection and parasitic burden in spleen, on the bases of two different regression models. Given the results, gene expression signature analysis appears as a useful tool to identify mechanisms involved in disease outcome and to establish a rational approach for the identification of potential biomarkers useful for monitoring disease progression, new therapies or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ontoria
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Yasmina E. Hernández-Santana
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana C. González-García
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Manuel C. López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Emma Carmelo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
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