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Katsipoulaki M, Stappers MHT, Malavia-Jones D, Brunke S, Hube B, Gow NAR. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: global priority pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0002123. [PMID: 38832801 PMCID: PMC11332356 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA significant increase in the incidence of Candida-mediated infections has been observed in the last decade, mainly due to rising numbers of susceptible individuals. Recently, the World Health Organization published its first fungal pathogen priority list, with Candida species listed in medium, high, and critical priority categories. This review is a synthesis of information and recent advances in our understanding of two of these species-Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Of these, C. albicans is the most common cause of candidemia around the world and is categorized as a critical priority pathogen. C. glabrata is considered a high-priority pathogen and has become an increasingly important cause of candidemia in recent years. It is now the second most common causative agent of candidemia in many geographical regions. Despite their differences and phylogenetic divergence, they are successful as pathogens and commensals of humans. Both species can cause a broad variety of infections, ranging from superficial to potentially lethal systemic infections. While they share similarities in certain infection strategies, including tissue adhesion and invasion, they differ significantly in key aspects of their biology, interaction with immune cells, host damage strategies, and metabolic adaptations. Here we provide insights on key aspects of their biology, epidemiology, commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, interactions with the immune system, and antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Katsipoulaki
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H. T. Stappers
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Dhara Malavia-Jones
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Holmes-Hampton GP, Kumar VP, Valenzia K, Ghosh SP. FSL-1: A Synthetic Peptide Increases Survival in a Murine Model of Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome. Radiat Res 2024; 201:449-459. [PMID: 38373011 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00142.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In the current geopolitical climate there is an unmet need to identify and develop prophylactic radiation countermeasures, particularly to ensure the well-being of warfighters and first responders that may be required to perform on radiation-contaminated fields for operational or rescue missions. Currently, no countermeasures have been approved by the U.S. FDA for prophylactic administration. Here we report on the efficacious nature of FSL-1 (toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist) and the protection from acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in a murine total-body irradiation (TBI) model. A single dose of FSL-1 was administered subcutaneously in mice. The safety of the compound was assessed in non-irradiated animals, the efficacy of the compound was assessed in animals exposed to TBI in the AFRRI Co-60 facility, the dose of FSL-1 was optimized, and common hematological parameters [complete blood cell (CBC), cytokines, and bone marrow progenitor cells] were assessed. Animals were monitored up to 60 days after exposure and radiation-induced damage was evaluated. FSL-1 was shown to be non-toxic when administered to non-irradiated mice at doses up to 3 mg/kg. The window of efficacy was determined to be 24 h prior to 24 h after TBI. FSL-1 administration resulted in significantly increased survival when administered either 24 h prior to or 24 h after exposure to supralethal doses of TBI. The optimal dose of FSL-1 administration was determined to be 1.5 mg/kg when administered prior to irradiation. Finally, FSL-1 protected the hematopoietic system (recovery of CBC and bone marrow CFU). Taken together, the effects of increased survival and accelerated recovery of hematological parameters suggests that FSL-1 should be developed as a novel radiation countermeasure for soldiers and civilians, which can be used either before or after irradiation in the aftermath of a radiological or nuclear event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Holmes-Hampton
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889
| | - Vidya P Kumar
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889
| | - Kaylee Valenzia
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889
| | - Sanchita P Ghosh
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889
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Zhang FY, Lian N, Li M. Macrophage pyroptosis induced by Candida albicans. Pathog Dis 2024; 82:ftae003. [PMID: 38499444 PMCID: PMC11162155 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen that causes mucocutaneous and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Macrophages play a crucial role in eliminating C. albicans in local and bloodstream contexts, while also regulating antifungal immune responses. However, C. albicans can induce macrophage lysis through pyroptosis, a type of regulated cell death. This process can enable C. albicans to escape from immune cells and trigger the release of IL-1β and IL-18, which can impact both the host and the pathogen. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which C. albicans triggers pyroptosis in macrophages and the key factors involved in this process remain unclear. In this review, we will explore various factors that may influence or trigger pyroptosis in macrophages induced by C. albicans, such as hypha, ergosterol, cell wall remodeling, and other virulence factors. We will also examine the possible immune response following macrophage pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-yuan Zhang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 12th. JiangWangmiao street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ni Lian
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 12th. JiangWangmiao street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Min Li
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 12th. JiangWangmiao street, Nanjing, 210042, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101st. LongMian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
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Li F, Wang H, Li YQ, Gu Y, Jia XM. C-type lectin receptor 2d forms homodimers and heterodimers with TLR2 to negatively regulate IRF5-mediated antifungal immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6718. [PMID: 37872182 PMCID: PMC10593818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimerization of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) or Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can alter their ligand binding ability, thereby modulating immune responses. However, the possibilities and roles of dimerization between CLRs and TLRs remain unclear. Here we show that C-type lectin receptor-2d (CLEC2D) forms homodimers, as well as heterodimers with TLR2. Quantitative ligand binding assays reveal that both CLEC2D homodimers and CLEC2D/TLR2 heterodimers have a higher binding ability to fungi-derived β-glucans than TLR2 homodimers. Moreover, homo- or hetero-dimeric CLEC2D mediates β-glucan-induced ubiquitination and degradation of MyD88 to inhibit the activation of transcription factor IRF5 and subsequent IL-12 production. Clec2d-deficient female mice are resistant to infection with Candida albicans, a human fungal pathogen, owing to the increase of IL-12 production and subsequent generation of IFN-γ-producing NK cells. Together, these data indicate that CLEC2D forms homodimers or heterodimers with TLR2, which negatively regulate antifungal immunity through suppression of IRF5-mediated IL-12 production. These homo- and hetero-dimers of CLEC2D and TLR2 provide an example of receptor dimerization to regulate host innate immunity against microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yan-Qi Li
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yebo Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Sharma J, Mudalagiriyappa S, Nanjappa SG. T cell responses to control fungal infection in an immunological memory lens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905867. [PMID: 36177012 PMCID: PMC9513067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungal vaccine research emanated significant findings in the field of antifungal T-cell immunity. The generation of effector T cells is essential to combat many mucosal and systemic fungal infections. The development of antifungal memory T cells is integral for controlling or preventing fungal infections, and understanding the factors, regulators, and modifiers that dictate the generation of such T cells is necessary. Despite the deficiency in the clear understanding of antifungal memory T-cell longevity and attributes, in this review, we will compile some of the existing literature on antifungal T-cell immunity in the context of memory T-cell development against fungal infections.
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Chen T, Wagner AS, Reynolds TB. When Is It Appropriate to Take Off the Mask? Signaling Pathways That Regulate ß(1,3)-Glucan Exposure in Candida albicans. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:842501. [PMID: 36908584 PMCID: PMC10003681 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.842501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida spp. are an important source of systemic and mucosal infections in immune compromised populations. However, drug resistance or toxicity has put limits on the efficacy of current antifungals. The C. albicans cell wall is considered a good therapeutic target due to its roles in viability and fungal pathogenicity. One potential method for improving antifungal strategies could be to enhance the detection of fungal cell wall antigens by host immune cells. ß(1,3)-glucan, which is an important component of fungal cell walls, is a highly immunogenic epitope. Consequently, multiple host pattern recognition receptors, such as dectin-1, complement receptor 3 (CR3), and the ephrin type A receptor A (EphA2) are capable of recognizing exposed (unmasked) ß(1,3)-glucan moieties on the cell surface to initiate an anti-fungal immune response. However, ß(1,3)-glucan is normally covered (masked) by a layer of glycosylated proteins on the outer surface of the cell wall, hiding it from immune detection. In order to better understand possible mechanisms of unmasking ß(1,3)-glucan, we must develop a deeper comprehension of the pathways driving this phenotype. In this review, we describe the medical importance of ß(1,3)-glucan exposure in anti-fungal immunity, and highlight environmental stimuli and stressors encountered within the host that are capable of inducing changes in the levels of surface exposed ß(1,3)-glucan. Furthermore, particular focus is placed on how signal transduction cascades regulate changes in ß(1,3)-glucan exposure, as understanding the role that these pathways have in mediating this phenotype will be critical for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Andrew S. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Todd B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast fungus of the human oral, gastrointestinal, and genital mucosal surfaces, and skin. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, iatrogenic immunosuppression, and/or medical interventions that impair the integrity of the mucocutaneous barrier and/or perturb protective host defense mechanisms enable C. albicans to become an opportunistic pathogen and cause debilitating mucocutaneous disease and/or life-threatening systemic infections. In this review, we synthesize our current knowledge of the tissue-specific determinants of C. albicans pathogenicity and host immune defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Lopes
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Wang J, Wu C, Wang Y, Chen C, Cheng J, Rao X, Sun H. The Role of HMGB1 in Invasive Candida albicans Infection. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:789-805. [PMID: 34608551 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an important "late" inflammatory mediator in bacterial sepsis. Ethyl pyruvate (EP), an inhibitor of HMGB1, can prevent bacterial sepsis by decreasing HMGB1 levels. However, the role of HMGB1 in fungal sepsis is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the role of HMGB1 and EP in invasive C. albicans infection. METHODS We measured serum HMGB1 levels in patients with sepsis with C. albicans infection and without fungal infection, and control subjects. We collected clinical indices to estimate correlations between HMGB1 levels and disease severity. Furthermore, we experimentally stimulated mice with C. albicans and C. albicans + EP. Then, we examined HMGB1 levels from serum and tissue, investigated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), determined pathological changes in tissues, and assessed mortality. RESULTS Serum HMGB1 levels in patients with severe sepsis with C. albicans infection were elevated. Increased HMGB1 levels were correlated with procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), 1,3-β-D-Glucan (BDG) and C. albicans sepsis severity. HMGB1 levels in serum and tissues were significantly increased within 7 days after mice were infected with C. albicans. The administration of EP inhibited HMGB1 levels, decreased tissue damage, increased survival rates and inhibited the release of TNF-α and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 levels were significantly increased in invasive C. albicans infections. EP prevented C. albicans lethality by decreasing HMGB1 expression and release. HMGB1 may provide an effective diagnostic and therapeutic target for invasive C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaoJiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - ChuanXin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - YunYing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - ChongXiang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - XiaoLong Rao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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9
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Ricci E, Roselletti E, Gentili M, Sabbatini S, Perito S, Riccardi C, Migliorati G, Monari C, Ronchetti S. Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper-Mediated TLR2 Downregulation Accounts for Reduced Neutrophil Activity Following Acute DEX Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:2228. [PMID: 34571877 PMCID: PMC8472062 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the most powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive pharmacological drugs available, despite their adverse effects. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a glucocorticoid-induced gene that shares several anti-inflammatory properties with glucocorticoids. Although immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids on neutrophils remain poorly understood, we previously demonstrated that GILZ suppresses neutrophil activation under glucocorticoid treatment. Here, we sought to explore the regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on neutrophils and the associated GILZ involvement. Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from wild type and GILZ-knock-out (KO) mice. TLR2 was found to be downregulated by the in vivo administration of glucocorticoids in wild type but not in GILZ-KO neutrophils, suggesting the involvement of GILZ in TLR2 downregulation. Accordingly, the TLR2-associated anti-fungal activity of neutrophils was reduced by DEX treatment in wild type but not GILZ-KO neutrophils. Furthermore, GILZ did not interact with NF-κB but was found to bind with STAT5, a pivotal factor in the regulation of TLR2 expression. A similar modulation of TLR2 expression, impaired phagocytosis, and killing activity was observed in circulating human neutrophils treated in vitro with DEX. These results demonstrate that glucocorticoids reduce the ability of neutrophils to respond to infections by downregulating TLR2 via GILZ, thereby reducing critical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ricci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Elena Roselletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Marco Gentili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Stefano Perito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Graziella Migliorati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Claudia Monari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacology Division, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (G.M.)
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Yuki K, Koutsogiannaki S. Pattern recognition receptors as therapeutic targets for bacterial, viral and fungal sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107909. [PMID: 34182242 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis remains to be a significant health care problem associated with high morbidities and mortalities. Recognizing its heterogeneity, it is critical to understand our host immunological responses to develop appropriate therapeutic approaches according to the type of sepsis. Because pattern recognition receptors are largely responsible for the recognition of microbes, we reviewed their role in immunological responses in the setting of bacterial, fungal and viral sepsis. We also considered their therapeutic potentials in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, United States.
| | - Sophia Koutsogiannaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, United States.
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Wang M, Li L, Xiao S, Chen W, Hu F, Li F, Guo P, Chen X, Cai W, Tang X. The Association of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 Gene Polymorphisms With Susceptibility to Talaromycosis Among Han Chinese AIDS Patients in Guangdong. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:625461. [PMID: 33777838 PMCID: PMC7991721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Talaromycosis (TM) caused by Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei) is a growing public health concern. Although Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes play a critical role in the host defense against fungal infection, the influence of polymorphisms in these genes on the susceptibility of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients to TM remains unknown. This study aims to uncover the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR genes with TM susceptibility among patients with AIDS. Methods Altogether 200 AIDS patients complicated with TM, 200 matched AIDS patients without TM, and 76 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this case-control study. In total, 23 SNPs in the TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 genes, which may influence the susceptibility of AIDS patients to TM, were checked by the time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS) method among these Han Chinese subjects. Results No significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies of selected SNPs were found among the TM group, Non-TM group, and HC group. Haplotype analysis also demonstrated no correlation of these SNPs with TM. However, subgroup analysis showed that the genotype TT and the T allele in TLR2 SNP rs1339 were more frequent in typical TM cases than controls (50.0 vs. 35.8%, 70.5 vs. 59.7%); the frequency of the GT genotype in TLR2 SNP rs7656411 was markedly higher in severe TM cases compared to controls (57.8 vs. 34.4%). Conclusion Our results demonstrate a genetic connection of TLR2 SNPs rs1339 and rs7656411 with an increased susceptibility and severity of TM among Han Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saiyin Xiao
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Wanshan Chen
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengyu Hu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengle Guo
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiejie Chen
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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The Host Immune Response to Scedosporium/ Lomentospora. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020075. [PMID: 33499053 PMCID: PMC7912657 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the opportunistic pathogens Scedosporium/Lomentospora are on the rise. This causes problems in the clinic due to the difficulty in diagnosing and treating them. This review collates information published on immune response against these fungi, since an understanding of the mechanisms involved is of great interest in developing more effective strategies against them. Scedosporium/Lomentospora cell wall components, including peptidorhamnomannans (PRMs), α-glucans and glucosylceramides, are important immune response activators following their recognition by TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin-1 and through receptors that are yet unknown. After recognition, cytokine synthesis and antifungal activity of different phagocytes and epithelial cells is species-specific, highlighting the poor response by microglial cells against L. prolificans. Moreover, a great number of Scedosporium/Lomentospora antigens have been identified, most notably catalase, PRM and Hsp70 for their potential medical applicability. Against host immune response, these fungi contain evasion mechanisms, inducing host non-protective response, masking fungal molecular patterns, destructing host defense proteins and decreasing oxidative killing. In conclusion, although many advances have been made, many aspects remain to be elucidated and more research is necessary to shed light on the immune response to Scedosporium/Lomentospora.
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Breda LCD, Breda CNDS, de Almeida JRF, Paulo LNM, Jannuzzi GP, Menezes IDG, Albuquerque RC, Câmara NOS, Ferreira KS, de Almeida SR. Fonsecaeapedrosoi Conidia and Hyphae Activate Neutrophils Distinctly: Requirement of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in Neutrophil Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:540064. [PMID: 33193308 PMCID: PMC7609859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.540064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic and progressive subcutaneous mycosis caused mainly by the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The infection is characterized by erythematous papules and histological sections demonstrating an external layer of fibrous tissue and an internal layer of thick granulomatous inflammatory tissue containing mainly macrophages and neutrophils. Several groups are studying the roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in F. pedrosoi infection; however, few studies have focused on the role of neutrophils in this infection. In the current study, we verify the importance of murine neutrophils in the killing of F. pedrosoi conidia and hyphae. We demonstrate that phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species during infection with conidia are TLR-2- and TLR-4-dependent and are essential for conidial killing. Meanwhile, hyphal killing occurs by NET formation in a TLR-2-, TLR-4-, and ROS-independent manner. In vivo experiments show that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are also important in chromoblastomycosis infection. TLR-2KO and TLR-4KO animals had lower levels of CCL3 and CXCL1 chemokines and impaired neutrophil migration to the infected site. These animals also had higher fungal loads during infection with F. pedrosoi conidia, confirming that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are essential receptors for F. pedrosoi recognition and immune system activation. Therefore, this study demonstrates for the first time that neutrophil activation during F. pedrosoi is conidial or hyphal-specific with TLR-2 and TLR-4 being essential during conidial infection but unnecessary for hyphal killing by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Carvalho Dantas Breda
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Roberto Fogaça de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Neves Monteiro Paulo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Pereira Jannuzzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Godoy Menezes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Chaves Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liang J, Zhang JJ, Huang HI, Kanayama M, Youssef N, Jin YJ, Reyes EY, Abram CL, Yang S, Lowell CA, Wang D, Shao L, Shinohara ML, Zhang JY, Hammer GE. The Ubiquitin-Modifying Enzyme A20 Terminates C-Type Lectin Receptor Signals and Is a Suppressor of Host Defense against Systemic Fungal Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00048-20. [PMID: 32540868 PMCID: PMC7440764 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00048-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) play key roles in antifungal defense. CLR-induced NF-κB is central to CLR functions in immunity, and thus, molecules that control the amplitude of CLR-induced NF-κB could profoundly influence host defense against fungal pathogens. However, little is known about the mechanisms that negatively regulate CLR-induced NF-κB, and molecules which act on the CLR family broadly and which directly regulate acute CLR-signaling cascades remain unidentified. Here, we identify the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 as a negative regulator of acute NF-κB activation downstream of multiple CLR pathways. Absence of A20 suppression results in exaggerated CLR responses in cells which are A20 deficient and also cells which are A20 haplosufficient, including multiple primary immune cells. Loss of a single allele of A20 results in enhanced defense against systemic Candida albicans infection and prolonged host survival. Thus, A20 restricts CLR-induced innate immune responses in vivo and is a suppressor of host defense against systemic fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Junyi J Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hsin-I Huang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nourhan Youssef
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yingai J Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Estefany Y Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clare L Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shigao Yang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ling Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gianna Elena Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Haidl ID, Meghnem D, Issekutz TB, Marshall JS. Toll-like receptor 2 activation induces C-C chemokine receptor 2-dependent natural killer cell recruitment to the peritoneum. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:854-867. [PMID: 32696994 PMCID: PMC7754274 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effector cells with critical roles not only in tumor immunosurveillance and viral immunity, but also in bacterial and fungal infections. Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) can be important in the early and sustained immune responses to pathogens and tumors through the induction of cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate immune effector cells. We investigated the role of TLR2 activation in NK cell recruitment with a view to informing approaches to induce or regulate peritoneal NK cell responses therapeutically. Peritoneal injection of TLR2 activators, including peptidoglycan and the lipopeptides FSL‐1 and Pam3CSK4, resulted in NK cell recruitment after 16 h with increased NK cell numbers maintained for 48 h. TLR2 activators induced large amounts of CCR2 ligands, but much smaller amounts of CCR5 and CXCR3 ligands. Consistent with this observation, NK cell migration was abrogated in CCR2‐deficient mice after peritoneal FSL‐1 injection. Adoptive transfer of CCR2‐deficient NK cells prior to peritoneal FSL‐1 activation confirmed a cell‐intrinsic component of CCR2‐mediated NK cell migration. TLR2 activation did not induce an activated NK cell phenotype, but significant changes included an increase in the KLRG1+ subset and decreased NKG2D expression. Although not activated in vivo, peritoneal NK cells could be activated by interleukin (IL)‐12 and IL‐18 ex vivo to express CD69 and interferonγ. These data demonstrate that TLR2‐mediated immune activation is a potent inducer of NK cell recruitment via a CCR2‐dependent mechanism and that NK cells recruited by this mechanism can respond to additional signals to exert effector cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Haidl
- Dalhousie Human Immunology and Inflammation Group, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dihia Meghnem
- Dalhousie Human Immunology and Inflammation Group, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thomas B Issekutz
- Dalhousie Human Immunology and Inflammation Group, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jean S Marshall
- Dalhousie Human Immunology and Inflammation Group, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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16
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Dectin-1 Stimulation of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Occurs In Vivo and Promotes Differentiation Toward Trained Macrophages via an Indirect Cell-Autonomous Mechanism. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00781-20. [PMID: 32576672 PMCID: PMC7315119 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00781-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an increasingly frequent cause of serious and often fatal infections. Understanding host defense is essential to design novel therapeutic strategies to boost immune protection against Candida albicans. In this article, we delve into two new concepts that have arisen over the last years: (i) the delivery of myelopoiesis-inducing signals by microbial components directly sensed by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and (ii) the concept of “trained innate immunity” that may also apply to HSPCs. We demonstrate that dectin-1 ligation in vivo activates HSPCs and induces their differentiation to trained macrophages by a cell-autonomous indirect mechanism. This points to new mechanisms by which pathogen detection by HSPCs may modulate hematopoiesis in real time to generate myeloid cells better prepared to deal with the infection. Manipulation of this process may help to boost the innate immune response during candidiasis. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists drive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to differentiate along the myeloid lineage. In this study, we used an HSPC transplantation model to investigate the possible direct interaction of β-glucan and its receptor (dectin-1) on HSPCs in vivo. Purified HSPCs from bone marrow of B6Ly5.1 mice (CD45.1 alloantigen) were transplanted into dectin-1−/− mice (CD45.2 alloantigen), which were then injected with β-glucan (depleted zymosan). As recipient mouse cells do not recognize the dectin-1 agonist injected, interference by soluble mediators secreted by recipient cells is negligible. Transplanted HSPCs differentiated into macrophages in response to depleted zymosan in the spleens and bone marrow of recipient mice. Functionally, macrophages derived from HSPCs exposed to depleted zymosan in vivo produced higher levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and interleukin 6 [IL-6]). These results demonstrate that trained immune responses, already described for monocytes and macrophages, also take place in HSPCs. Using a similar in vivo model of HSPC transplantation, we demonstrated that inactivated yeasts of Candida albicans induce differentiation of HSPCs through a dectin-1- and MyD88-dependent pathway. Soluble factors produced following exposure of HSPCs to dectin-1 agonists acted in a paracrine manner to induce myeloid differentiation and to influence the function of macrophages derived from dectin-1-unresponsive or β-glucan-unexposed HSPCs. Finally, we demonstrated that an in vitro transient exposure of HSPCs to live C. albicans cells, prior to differentiation, is sufficient to induce a trained phenotype of the macrophages they produce in a dectin-1- and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner.
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Li M, Li C, Wu X, Chen T, Ren L, Xu B, Cao J. Microbiota-driven interleukin-17 production provides immune protection against invasive candidiasis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:268. [PMID: 32460890 PMCID: PMC7251893 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-02977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in human health, which could affect host immunity and the susceptibility to infectious diseases. However, the role of intestinal microbiota in the immunopathology of invasive candidiasis remains unknown. Methods In this work, an antibiotic cocktail was used to eliminate the intestinal microbiota of conventional-housed (CNV) C57/BL6 mice, and then both antibiotic-treated (ABX) mice and CNV mice were intravenously infected with Candida albicans to investigate their differential responses to infection. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was applied to ABX mice in order to assess its effects on host immunity against invasive candidiasis after restoring the intestinal microbiota, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was conducted on fecal samples from both uninfected ABX and CNV group of mice to analyze their microbiomes. Results We found that ABX mice displayed significantly increased weight loss, mortality, and organ damage during invasive candidiasis when compared with CNV mice, which could be alleviated by FMT. In addition, the level of IL-17A in ABX mice was significantly lower than that in the CNV group during invasive candidiasis. Treatment with recombinant IL-17A could improve the survival of ABX mice during invasive candidiasis. Besides, the microbial diversity of ABX mice was significantly reduced, and the intestinal microbiota structure of ABX mice was significantly deviated from the CNV mice. Conclusions Our data revealed that intestinal microbiota plays a protective role in invasive candidiasis by enhancing IL-17A production in our model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Friendship Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Congya Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), No.1 Shuanghu Branch Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Xianan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Friendship Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tangtian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Friendship Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Medical Examination Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Banglao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Friendship Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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18
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Deramaudt TB, Ali M, Vinit S, Bonay M. Sulforaphane reduces intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages through inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK‑induced inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1927-1941. [PMID: 32323751 PMCID: PMC7169961 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are active contributors to the innate immune defense system. As macrophage activation is clearly affected by the surrounding microenvironment, the present study investigated the effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on the bactericidal activity of macrophages and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this process. Human THP-1-derived macrophages, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages, and primary mouse bone marrow derived-macrophages (BMDMs) pretreated with SFN or DMSO were utilized in a model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. The results suggested that SFN pretreatment of macrophages effectively repressed the intracellular survival of S. aureus through modulation of p38/JNK signaling and decreased S. aureus-induced caspases-3/7-dependent cell apoptosis, potentially through downregulation of microRNA (miR)-142-5p and miR-146a-5p. As SFN is a well-known activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Nrf2−/− BMDMs were used to demonstrate that the SFN-mediated inhibitory effect was independent of Nrf2. Nevertheless, an increase in intracellular bacterial survival in Nrf2-deficient macrophages was observed. In addition, SFN pretreatment suppressed S. aureus-induced transcriptional expression of genes coding for the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as for the M1 markers C-C motif chemokine receptor 7, IL-23 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Western blot analysis indicated that S. aureus challenge activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (p38) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK signaling pathways, while SFN pretreatment prevented p38 and JNK phosphorylation. Pretreatment with 2 specific inhibitors of p38 and JNK, SB203580 and SP600125, respectively, resulted in a decrease in S. aureus-induced proinflammatory gene expression levels compared with those observed in the SFN-pretreated macrophages. Furthermore, THP-1-derived macrophages pretreated with SB203580 or SP600125 prior to bacterial infection exhibited a significant inhibition in intracellular S. aureus survival. In conclusion, we hypothesize that concomitant targeting of the p38/JNK-inflammatory response and the S. aureus-induced apoptosis with SFN may be a promising therapeutic approach in S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese B Deramaudt
- Department of Neuromuscular Handicap: Biotherapies and Therapeutic Innovations, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Versailles‑Saint‑Quentin‑en‑Yvelines, 78180 Montigny‑le‑Bretonneux, France
| | - Malika Ali
- Department of Neuromuscular Handicap: Biotherapies and Therapeutic Innovations, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Versailles‑Saint‑Quentin‑en‑Yvelines, 78180 Montigny‑le‑Bretonneux, France
| | - Stephane Vinit
- Department of Neuromuscular Handicap: Biotherapies and Therapeutic Innovations, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Versailles‑Saint‑Quentin‑en‑Yvelines, 78180 Montigny‑le‑Bretonneux, France
| | - Marcel Bonay
- Department of Neuromuscular Handicap: Biotherapies and Therapeutic Innovations, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Versailles‑Saint‑Quentin‑en‑Yvelines, 78180 Montigny‑le‑Bretonneux, France
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Jin X, Tian QZ, Zhang M, Cao GF, Yang YF. Modulation of SBD-1 expression by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components in ovine ruminal epithelial cells. Res Vet Sci 2020; 129:28-38. [PMID: 31927467 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ovine rumen is an immune interface with the external environment, participating in host defence responses. Ovine ruminal epithelial cells (ORECs) not only have a physical barrier function, but also secrete sheep β-defensin-1 (SBD-1), which plays a key role in innate and adaptive immunity. Prebiotics are potential alternatives to infeed antibiotics. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall (S.c.CW) is rich in prebiotics, which play roles in improving the growth performance of animals and regulating immunity. Here, we investigated whether S.c.CW induces SBD-1 expression in ORECs, as well as the underlying mechanism. The regulatory mechanisms of S.c.CW-induced up-regulation of SBD-1 were determined using quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blotting. S.c.CW significantly increased the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), but had no effect on TLR4 expression. TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB inhibition attenuated the induction of SBD-1 expression by S.c.CW. However, TLR4 inhibition only resulted in attenuated SBD-1 mRNA, having no effect on SBD-1 protein expression. Thus, we conclude that S.c.CW can induce SBD-1 expression and that this induction is regulated by the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Veterinary Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Zhen Tian
- Veterinary Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Medicine college of Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhang
- Veterinary Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Animal Medicine College of Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Fang Cao
- Veterinary Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Feng Yang
- Veterinary Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China.
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Bie X, Zhang S, Luo X, Qi RQ. Candida albicans cell wall mannoprotein synergizes with lipopolysaccharide to affect RAW264.7 proliferation, phagocytosis and apoptosis. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:98-105. [PMID: 30953745 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of invasive surgery, immunosuppressive therapy and broad-spectrum antibiotics, there has resulted a corresponding increase in severe systemic infections as produced by Candida albicans (C.albicans), as it combines with bacterial infections. Such infections often result in high rates of mortality. In this report, we examined the effects of the C. albicans cell wall mannoprotein (MP) on macrophage immunity. The MTS assay was used to detect cell proliferation activity and neutral red staining to observe cell phagocytosis. The Griess method was used to detect NO secretion in culture supernatants and apoptosis of macrophages were determined with use of FITC-Annexin V and PI staining. mRNA and protein expressions of JAK2, STAT3, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and iNOS in RAW264.7 cells were determined with use of RT-PCR and western blot. MP significantly promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells, inhibited their phagocytic capacity, but exerted no significant effects on apoptosis of macrophages. In addition, MP not only up-regulated the expression of cytokines, but also the expressions of p-stat3 and p-jak2. Interestingly, when MP was combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) a markedly accentuated release of inflammatory cytokines was observed. MP promotes macrophage inflammation induced by LPS and participates in the inflammatory response. One of the potential mechanisms of this effect involves MP activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells, which enables macrophages to transform from M0 to M1 and promote the occurrence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Bie
- Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Pathology Department, The 202 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- NHC/Ministry of Education/Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology(China Medical University), The First Hospital of China Medical University, China.
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Nguyen TNY, Padungros P, Wongsrisupphakul P, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Mahanonda R, Matangkasombut O, Choo MK, Ritprajak P. Cell wall mannan of Candida krusei mediates dendritic cell apoptosis and orchestrates Th17 polarization via TLR-2/MyD88-dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17123. [PMID: 30459422 PMCID: PMC6244250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) abundantly express diverse receptors to recognize mannans in the outer surface of Candida cell wall, and these interactions dictate the host immune responses that determine disease outcomes. C. krusei prevalence in candidiasis worldwide has increased since this pathogen has developed multidrug resistance. However, little is known how the immune system responds to C. krusei. Particularly, the molecular mechanisms of the interplay between C. krusei mannan and DCs remain to be elucidated. We investigated how C. krusei mannan affected DC responses in comparison to C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata mannan. Our results showed that only C. krusei mannan induced massive cytokine responses in DCs, and led to apoptosis. Although C. krusei mannan-activated DCs underwent apoptosis, they were still capable of initiating Th17 response. C. krusei mannan-mediated DC apoptosis was obligated to the TLR2 and MyD88 pathway. These pathways also controlled Th1/Th17 switching possibly by virtue of the production of the polarizing cytokines IL-12 and IL-6 by the C. krusei mannan activated-DCs. Our study suggests that TLR2 and MyD88 pathway in DCs are dominant for C. krusei mannan recognition, which differs from the previous reports showing a crucial role of C-type lectin receptors in Candida mannan sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ngoc Yen Nguyen
- Graduate program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panachai Wongsrisupphakul
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Sa-Ard-Iam
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rangsini Mahanonda
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Oral Biology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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22
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Martínez A, Bono C, Megías J, Yáñez A, Gozalbo D, Gil ML. Systemic Candidiasis and TLR2 Agonist Exposure Impact the Antifungal Response of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:309. [PMID: 30234030 PMCID: PMC6130230 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Candida albicans induces differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) toward the myeloid lineage both in vitro and in vivo in a TLR2- and Dectin-1-dependent manner, giving rise to functional macrophages. In this work, we used an ex vivo model to investigate the functional consequences for macrophages derived from HSPCs in vivo-exposed to Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2 agonist) or C. albicans infection. Short in vivo treatment of mice with Pam3CSK4 results in a tolerized phenotype of ex vivo HSPC-derived macrophages, whereas an extended Pam3CSK4 treatment confers a trained phenotype. Early during candidiasis, HSPCs give rise to macrophages trained in their response to Pam3CSK4 and with an increased fungicidal activity; however, as the infection progresses to higher fungal burden, HSPC-derived macrophages become tolerized, while their fungicidal capacity is maintained. These results demonstrate that memory-like innate immune responses, already described for monocytes and macrophages, also take place in HSPCs. Interestingly, extended Pam3CSK4 treatment leads to an expansion of spleen HSPCs and myeloid cells, and drastically reduces the fungal burden in the kidney and spleen during systemic C. albicans infection. This protection against tissue invasion is abrogated by immunodepletion of HSPCs, suggesting their protective role against infection in this model. In addition, HSPCs produce in vitro cytokines and chemokines in response to C. albicans and Pam3CSK4, and these secretomes are capable of inducing myeloid differentiation of HSPCs and modulating peritoneal macrophage cytokine responses. Taken together, these data assign an active role for HSPCs in sensing pathogens during infection and in contributing to host protection by diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Cristina Bono
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Javier Megías
- Departamento de Patología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Yáñez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Gozalbo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - M Luisa Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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23
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Taghavi M, Khosravi A, Mortaz E, Nikaein D, Athari SS. Role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) in immune responses to fungal infections. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 808:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Gazendam RP, van de Geer A, Roos D, van den Berg TK, Kuijpers TW. How neutrophils kill fungi. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:299-311. [PMID: 27558342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in the prevention of invasive fungal infections. Whereas mouse studies have demonstrated the role of various neutrophil pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), signal transduction pathways, and cytotoxicity in the murine antifungal immune response, much less is known about the killing of fungi by human neutrophils. Recently, novel primary immunodeficiencies have been identified in patients with a susceptibility to fungal infections. These human 'knock-out' neutrophils expand our knowledge to understand the role of PRRs and signaling in human fungal killing. From the studies with these patients it is becoming clear that neutrophils employ fundamentally distinct mechanisms to kill Candida albicans or Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel P Gazendam
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie van de Geer
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Maneu V, Noailles A, Gómez-Vicente V, Carpena N, Cuenca N, Gil ML, Gozalbo D. Immunosuppression, peripheral inflammation and invasive infection from endogenous gut microbiota activate retinal microglia in mouse models. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:617-25. [PMID: 27466067 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although its actual role in the progression of degenerative processes is not fully known, the persistent activated state of retinal microglia and the concurrent secretion of inflammatory mediators may contribute to neuronal death and permanent vision loss. Our objective was to determine whether non-ocular conditions (immunosuppression and peripheral inflammation) could lead to activation of retinal microglia. Mouse models of immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide and/or peripheral inflammation by chemically induced sublethal colitis in C57BL/6J mice were used. Retinal microglia morphology, spatial distribution and complexity, as well as MHCII and CD11b expression levels were determined by flow cytometry and confocal immunofluorescence analysis with anti-CD11b, anti-IBA1 and anti-MHCIIRT1B antibodies. Retinas of mice with double treatment showed changes in microglial morphology, spatial distribution and expression levels of CD11b and MHCII. These effects were higher than those observed with any treatment separately. In addition, we also observed in these mice: (i) translocation of endogenous bacteria from gut to liver, and (ii) upregulation of TLR2 expression in retinal microglia. Using a mouse model of immunosuppression and gut colonization by Candida albicans, translocation of fungal cells was confirmed to occur in wild type and, to a higher extent, in TLR2 KO mice, which are more susceptible to fungal invasion; interestingly microglial changes were also higher in TLR2 KO mice. Hence, non-ocular injuries (immunosuppression, peripheral inflammation and invasive infection from endogenous gut microbiota) can activate retinal microglia and therefore could affect the progression of neurodegenerative disorders and should be taken into account to improve therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Pabellon 13, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690-San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Agustina Noailles
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Pabellón 13, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690-San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, 46100-Burjassot, Spain
| | - Violeta Gómez-Vicente
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Pabellon 13, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690-San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nuria Carpena
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Facultad de Farmacia, Avda Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Pabellón 13, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690-San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, 46100-Burjassot, Spain
| | - M Luisa Gil
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Facultad de Farmacia, Avda Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain
| | - Daniel Gozalbo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Facultad de Farmacia, Avda Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain.
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26
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Kollmann E, Cleaver D, Cleaver L, Cleaver J. Regression of Nevi After Candida Injection for the Treatment of Verruca Vulgaris. Pediatr Dermatol 2017; 34:199-200. [PMID: 27981626 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The most common treatment methods for verruca vulgaris are destructive methods that are often painful and treat individual verruca. Thus immune modulators, including Candida immunotherapy, are used to treat persistent recalcitrant and multiple verrucas simultaneously. Very few side effects are reported with Candida immunotherapy; they include vitiligo and now halo nevi. Physicians need to be aware of and discuss side effects with patients undergoing Candida immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Cleaver
- Northeast Regional Medical Center, Kirksville, Missouri
| | - Lloyd Cleaver
- Northeast Regional Medical Center, Kirksville, Missouri
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27
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Choteau L, Vancraeyneste H, Le Roy D, Dubuquoy L, Romani L, Jouault T, Poulain D, Sendid B, Calandra T, Roger T, Jawhara S. Role of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 in the modulation of intestinal inflammation and Candida albicans elimination. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:9. [PMID: 28289440 PMCID: PMC5310049 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major pattern recognition receptors that mediate sensing of a wide range of microorganisms. TLR2 forms heterodimers with either TLR1 or TLR6, broadening its ligand diversity against pathogens. TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 have been implicated in the recognition of Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we explored whether the deficiency in TLR1, TLR2 or TLR6 impacts C. albicans colonization and inflammation-associated colonic injury in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Results DSS treatment and C. albicans challenge induced greater weight loss, worse clinical signs of inflammation, higher histopathologic scores, and increased mortality rates in TLR1−/− and TLR2−/− mice when compared to TLR6−/− and wild-type mice. The number of C. albicans colonies in the stomach, colon and feces was decreased in TLR6−/− mice as compared to TLR2−/−, TLR1−/− and wild-type mice. Interestingly, the population of E. coli in colonic luminal contents, intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran and cytokine expression were significantly increased in TLR1−/− and TLR2−/− mice, while they were decreased in TLR6−/− mice. Conclusion In contrast to TLR6, both TLR1 and TLR2 deficiencies increased intestinal inflammation, and the overgrowth of C. albicans and E. coli populations in the colitis model, suggesting the involvement of TLR1 and TLR2 in epithelial homeostasis, and a role of TLR6 in increasing intestinal inflammation in response to pathogen-sensing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0158-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Choteau
- INSERM U995/2, Université Lille Nord de France, 1 Place Verdun, 59000 Lille, France.,U995-LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University Lille2, 59000 Lille, France.,Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Hélène Vancraeyneste
- INSERM U995/2, Université Lille Nord de France, 1 Place Verdun, 59000 Lille, France.,U995-LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University Lille2, 59000 Lille, France.,Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Didier Le Roy
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- INSERM U995/2, Université Lille Nord de France, 1 Place Verdun, 59000 Lille, France.,U995-LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University Lille2, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Luiginia Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Thierry Jouault
- INSERM U995/2, Université Lille Nord de France, 1 Place Verdun, 59000 Lille, France.,U995-LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University Lille2, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Daniel Poulain
- INSERM U995/2, Université Lille Nord de France, 1 Place Verdun, 59000 Lille, France.,U995-LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University Lille2, 59000 Lille, France.,Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- INSERM U995/2, Université Lille Nord de France, 1 Place Verdun, 59000 Lille, France.,U995-LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University Lille2, 59000 Lille, France.,Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Thierry Calandra
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samir Jawhara
- INSERM U995/2, Université Lille Nord de France, 1 Place Verdun, 59000 Lille, France.,U995-LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University Lille2, 59000 Lille, France.,Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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28
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Halder LD, Abdelfatah MA, Jo EAH, Jacobsen ID, Westermann M, Beyersdorf N, Lorkowski S, Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Factor H Binds to Extracellular DNA Traps Released from Human Blood Monocytes in Response to Candida albicans. Front Immunol 2017; 7:671. [PMID: 28133459 PMCID: PMC5233719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon systemic infection with human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (C. albicans), human monocytes and polymorph nuclear neutrophilic granulocytes are the first immune cells to respond and come into contact with C. albicans. Monocytes exert immediate candidacidal activity and inhibit germination, mediate phagocytosis, and kill fungal cells. Here, we show that human monocytes spontaneously respond to C. albicans cells via phagocytosis, decondensation of nuclear DNA, and release of this decondensed DNA in the form of extracellular traps (called monocytic extracellular traps: MoETs). Both subtypes of monocytes (CD14++CD16−/CD14+CD16+) formed MoETs within the first hours upon contact with C. albicans. MoETs were characterized by the presence of citrullinated histone, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, and elastase. MoETs were also formed in response to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating a general reaction of monocytes to infectious microbes. MoET induction differs from extracellular trap formation in macrophages as MoETs are not triggered by simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis and inducer of extracellular traps in macrophages. Extracellular traps from both monocytes and neutrophils activate complement and C3b is deposited. However, factor H (FH) binds via C3b to the extracellular DNA, mediates cofactor activity, and inhibits the induction of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta in monocytes. Altogether, the results show that human monocytes release extracellular DNA traps in response to C. albicans and that these traps finally bind FH via C3b to presumably support clearance without further inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Halder
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelfatah
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Emeraldo A H Jo
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy of the University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
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29
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Hau CS, Tada Y, Kanda N, Watanabe S. Immunoresponses in dermatomycoses. J Dermatol 2016; 42:236-44. [PMID: 25736316 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Contact with fungal pathogens initiates a series of host responses beginning with innate immunity, which leads to fungal recognition and microbial killing. The innate immune system also modulates the adaptive immune responses, leading to the establishment of immunological memory and protection against pathogens. In the case of dimorphic fungi such as Candida albicans and Malassezia, the immune system plays an important role in tolerance and resistance when managing the organisms either as commensal microbiota or invading pathogens, and disruption of this balance can result in pathological consequences for the host. In addition, Malassezia and dermatophytes have immunomodulatory capabilities that allow them to adapt to their environments and they may exert different effects in healthy and diseased skin. Here, we discuss the host immune responses to dermatomycoses caused by dimorphic fungi such as C. albicans and Malassezia as well as dermatophytes such as Trichophyton spp. and Arthroderma benhamiae to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the host-dermatomycosis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carren Sy Hau
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Prieto D, Carpena N, Maneu V, Gil ML, Pla J, Gozalbo D. TLR2 modulates gut colonization and dissemination of Candida albicans in a murine model. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:656-660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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The Role of Phagocytes and NETs in Dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:263-272. [PMID: 27659806 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the host first line of defense against pathogens. However, only in recent years, we are beginning to better understand the ways it operates. A key player is this branch of the immune response that are the phagocytes, as macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. These cells act as sentinels, employing specialized receptors in the sensing of invaders and host injury, and readily responding to them by production of inflammatory mediators. They afford protection not only by ingesting and destroying pathogens, but also by providing a suitable biochemical environment that shapes the adaptive response. In this review, we aim to present a broad perspective about the role of phagocytes in dermatophytosis, focusing on the mechanisms possibly involved in protective and non-protective responses. A full understanding of how phagocytes fit in the pathogenesis of these infections may open the venue for the development of new and more effective therapeutic approaches.
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32
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Trevijano-Contador N, Rueda C, Zaragoza O. Fungal morphogenetic changes inside the mammalian host. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:100-109. [PMID: 27101887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the main features of the majority of pathogenic fungi is the ability to switch between different types of morphological forms. These changes include the transition between cells of different shapes (such as the formation of pseudohyphae and hyphae), or the massive growth of the blastoconidia and formation of titan cells. Morphological changes occur during infection, and there is extensive evidence that they play a key role in processes required for disease, such as adhesion, invasion and dissemination, immune recognition evasion, and phagocytosis avoidance. In the present review, we will provide an overview of how morphological transitions contribute to the development of fungal disease, with special emphasis in two cases: Candida albicans as an example of yeast that switches between blastoconidia and filaments, and Cryptococcus neoformans as an example of a fungus that changes the size without modifying the shape of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Trevijano-Contador
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rueda
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Zaragoza
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Zheng NX, Wang Y, Hu DD, Yan L, Jiang YY. The role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate recognition of Candida albicans. Virulence 2016; 6:347-61. [PMID: 25714264 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1014270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is both a commensal microorganism in healthy individuals and a major fungal pathogen causing high mortality in immunocompromised patients. Yeast-hypha morphological transition is a well known virulence trait of C. albicans. Host innate immunity to C. albicans critically requires pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In this review, we summarize the PRRs involved in the recognition of C. albicans in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and phagocytic cells separately. We figure out the differential recognition of yeasts and hyphae, the findings on PRR-deficient mice, and the discoveries on human PRR-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Xin Zheng
- a Changzheng Hospital ; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai , China
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34
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Megías J, Martínez A, Yáñez A, Goodridge HS, Gozalbo D, Gil ML. TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin-1 signalling in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells determines the antifungal phenotype of the macrophages they produce. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:354-63. [PMID: 26828664 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TLRs represent an attractive target for the stimulation of myeloid cell production by HSPCs. We have previously demonstrated that HSPCs use TLR2 to sense Candida albicans in vivo and induce the production of macrophages. In this work, we used an in vitro model of HSPCs differentiation to investigate the functional consequences for macrophages of exposure of HSPCs to various PAMPs and C. albicans cells. Mouse HSPCs (Lin(-) cells) were cultured with M-CSF to induce macrophage differentiation, in the presence or absence of the following PRR agonists: Pam3CSK4 (TLR2 ligand), LPS (TLR4 ligand), depleted zymosan (which only activates Dectin-1), or C. albicans yeasts (which activate several PRRs, but principally TLR2 and Dectin-1). Our data show that these PAMPs differentially impact the anti-microbial function of the macrophages produced by the exposed HSPCs. Pure TLR2 and TLR4 ligands generate macrophages with a diminished ability to produce inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, HSPCs activation in response to C. albicans leads to the generation of macrophages that are better prepared to deal with the infection, as they produce higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines and have higher fungicidal capacity than control macrophages. Therefore, the tailored manipulation of the differentiation process may help to boost the innate immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Megías
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Patología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alberto Yáñez
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Gozalbo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - M Luisa Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.
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35
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Kaur A, Kumar V, Singh S, Singh J, Upadhyay N, Datta S, Singla S, Kumar V. Toll-like receptor-associated keratitis and strategies for its management. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:611-619. [PMID: 28324534 PMCID: PMC4569616 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratitis is an inflammatory condition, characterized by involvement of corneal tissues. Most recurrent challenge of keratitis is infection. Bacteria, virus, fungus and parasitic organism have potential to cause infection. TLR are an important class of protein which has a major role in innate immune response to combat with pathogens. In last past years, extensive research efforts have provided considerable abundance information regarding the role of TLR in various types of keratitis. This paper focuses to review the recent literature illustrating amoebic, bacterial, fungal and viral keratitis associated with Toll-like receptor molecules and summarize existing thoughts on pathogenesis and treatment besides future probabilities for prevention against TLR-associated keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Shivika Datta
- Department of Zoology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sourav Singla
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
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Oouchi M, Hasebe A, Hata H, Segawa T, Yamazaki Y, Yoshida Y, Kitagawa Y, Shibata KI. Age-related alteration of expression and function of TLRs and NK activity in oral candidiasis. Oral Dis 2015; 21:645-51. [PMID: 25704085 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Roles of aging or immune responses mediated by Toll-like receptors and natural killer cell in the onset or progression of human candidiasis remain unclear. This study was designed to elucidate the roles using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and patients with oral candidiasis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Subjects tested were healthy volunteers and patients who visited Dental Clinical Division of Hokkaido University Hospital. The patients with oral candidiasis included 39 individuals (25-89 years of age) with major complaints on pain in oral mucosa and/or dysgeusia. Healthy volunteers include students (25-35 years of age) and teaching staffs (50-65 years of age) of Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine. RESULTS Functions of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 were downregulated significantly and the natural killer activity was slightly, but not significantly downregulated in aged healthy volunteers compared with healthy young volunteers. Functions of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and the natural killer activity were significantly downregulated in patients with oral candidiasis compared with healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION Downregulation of functions of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 as well as natural killer activity is suggested to be associated with the onset or progression of oral candidiasis in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oouchi
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan.,Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - A Hasebe
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - H Hata
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - T Segawa
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - Y Yamazaki
- Department of Gerondontology, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - Y Yoshida
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - Y Kitagawa
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - K-I Shibata
- Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Japan
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Thind SK, Taborda CP, Nosanchuk JD. Dendritic cell interactions with Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides. Virulence 2015; 6:424-32. [PMID: 25933034 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.965586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the most common microbes encountered by humans. More than 100, 000 fungal species have been described in the environment to date, however only a few species cause disease in humans. Fungal infections are of particular importance to immunocompromised hosts in whom disease is often more severe, especially in those with impaired cell-mediated immunity such as individuals with HIV infection, hematologic malignancies, or those receiving TNF-α inhibitors. Nevertheless, environmental disturbances through natural processes or as a consequence of deforestation or construction can expose immunologically competent people to a large number of fungal spores resulting in asymptomatic acquisition to life-threatening disease. In recent decades, the significance of the innate immune system and more importantly the role of dendritic cells (DC) have been found to play a fundamental role in the resolution of fungal infections, such as in dimorphic fungi like Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides. In this review article the general role of DCs will be illustrated as the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as their specific interactions with these 2 dimorphic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjeet K Thind
- a Department of Medicine [Division of Infectious Diseases]; SUNY Downstate Medical Center ; Brooklyn , NY , USA
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Plato A, Hardison SE, Brown GD. Pattern recognition receptors in antifungal immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:97-106. [PMID: 25420452 PMCID: PMC4326652 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptors of the innate immune system are the first line of defence against infection, being able to recognise and initiate an inflammatory response to invading microorganisms. The Toll-like (TLR), NOD-like (NLR), RIG-I-like (RLR) and C-type lectin-like receptors (CLR) are four receptor families that contribute to the recognition of a vast range of species, including fungi. Many of these pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are able to initiate innate immunity and polarise adaptive responses upon the recognition of fungal cell wall components and other conserved molecular patterns, including fungal nucleic acids. These receptors induce effective mechanisms of fungal clearance in normal hosts, but medical interventions, immunosuppression or genetic predisposition can lead to susceptibility to fungal infections. In this review, we highlight the importance of PRRs in fungal infection, specifically CLRs, which are the major PRR involved. We will describe specific PRRs in detail, the importance of receptor collaboration in fungal recognition and clearance, and describe how genetic aberrations in PRRs can contribute to disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Plato
- Division of Applied Medicine Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme Room 4.20, Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Sarah E. Hardison
- Division of Applied Medicine Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme Room 4.20, Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Division of Applied Medicine Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme Room 4.20, Institute of Medical Sciences, Ashgrove Road West University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
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Smeekens SP, Gresnigt MS, Becker KL, Cheng SC, Netea SA, Jacobs L, Jansen T, van de Veerdonk FL, Williams DL, Joosten LAB, Dinarello CA, Netea MG. An anti-inflammatory property of Candida albicans β-glucan: Induction of high levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist via a Dectin-1/CR3 independent mechanism. Cytokine 2014; 71:215-22. [PMID: 25461401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that induces strong proinflammatory responses, such as IL-1β production. Much less is known about the induction of immune modulatory cytokines, such as the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) that is the main natural antagonist of IL-1, by C. albicans. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy individuals were stimulated with C. albicans and different components of the fungal cell wall. The role of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) for the induction of IL-1β and IL-1Ra was investigated by using specific blockers or in PBMC from Dectin-1 deficient patients. RESULTS C. albicans induced a strong IL-1Ra response, and this induction was primarily induced by the cell-wall component β-glucan. Blocking IL-1Ra significantly increased C. albicans β-glucan hyphae induced IL-1β and IL-6 production. Surprisingly, blocking the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 or the downstream Syk or Raf-1 pathways only marginally reduced C. albicans-induced IL-1Ra production, while blocking of the complement receptor 3 (CR3), TLR2 or TLR4 had no effect. In line with this, blocking MAP kinases had little effect on Candida-induced IL-1Ra production. PBMC isolated from Dectin-1 deficient patients produced normal IL-1Ra amounts in response to C. albicans stimulation. Interestingly, the IL-1Ra synthesis induced by β-glucan was blocked by inhibitors of the Akt/PI3K pathway. CONCLUSIONS β-glucan of C. albicans induces a strong IL-1Ra response, which is independent of the β-glucan receptors dectin-1 and CR3. These data strongly argue for the existence of an unknown β-glucan receptor that specifically induces an Akt/PI3K-dependent anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra response upon recognition of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne P Smeekens
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina L Becker
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shih-Chin Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stejara A Netea
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trees Jansen
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, TN, USA
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Lopez-Bárcenas A, Sánchez-Blanco B, Arenas R. The role of IL-33 in host response to Candida albicans. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:340690. [PMID: 25136658 PMCID: PMC4130336 DOI: 10.1155/2014/340690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL) 33 is a recently identified pleiotropic cytokine that influences the activity of multiple cell types and orchestrates complex innate and adaptive immune responses. METHODS We performed an extensive review of the literature published between 2005 and 2013 on IL-33 and related cytokines, their functions, and their regulation of the immune system following Candida albicans colonization. Our literature review included cross-references from retrieved articles and specific data from our own studies. RESULTS IL-33 (IL-1F11) is a recently identified member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. Accumulating evidence suggests a pivotal role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in host immune defense against fungal pathogens, including C. albicans. IL-33 induces a Th2-type inflammatory response and activates both innate and adaptive immunity. Studies in animal models have shown that Th2 inflammatory responses have a beneficial role in immunity against gastrointestinal and systemic infections by Candida spp. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes the most important clinical studies and case reports describing the beneficial role of IL-33 in immunity and host defense mechanisms against pathogenic fungi. The finding that the IL-33/ST2 axis is involved in therapeutic target has implications for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases, including acute or chronic candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rodríguez-Cerdeira
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital do Meixoeiro (CHUVI) and University of Vigo, C/Meixoeiro S/N, Vigo, 36200 Galicia, Spain
| | - A. Lopez-Bárcenas
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Tlalpan, 14000 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - B. Sánchez-Blanco
- Department of Emergency, CHUVI, Hospital do Meixoeiro (CHUVI), C/Meixoeiro S/N, Vigo, 36200 Galicia, Spain
| | - R. Arenas
- Department of Dermatology (Section of Mycology), Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Tlalpan, 14000 México City, DF, Mexico
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Abstract
Systemic infection caused by Candida species is the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection in modern hospitals and carries high morbidity and mortality despite antifungal therapy. A recent surge of immunological studies in the mouse models of systemic candidiasis and the parallel discovery and phenotypic characterization of inherited genetic disorders in antifungal immune factors that are associated with enhanced susceptibility or resistance to the infection have provided new insights into the cellular and molecular basis of protective innate immune responses against Candida. In this review, the new developments in our understanding of how the mammalian immune system responds to systemic Candida challenge are synthesized and important future research directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Whitney PG, Bär E, Osorio F, Rogers NC, Schraml BU, Deddouche S, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Reis e Sousa C. Syk signaling in dendritic cells orchestrates innate resistance to systemic fungal infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004276. [PMID: 25033445 PMCID: PMC4102599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host protection from fungal infection is thought to ensue in part from the activity of Syk-coupled C-type lectin receptors and MyD88-coupled toll-like receptors in myeloid cells, including neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Given the multitude of cell types and receptors involved, elimination of a single pathway for fungal recognition in a cell type such as DCs, primarily known for their ability to prime T cell responses, would be expected to have little effect on innate resistance to fungal infection. Here we report that this is surprisingly not the case and that selective loss of Syk but not MyD88 in DCs abrogates innate resistance to acute systemic Candida albicans infection in mice. We show that Syk expression by DCs is necessary for IL-23p19 production in response to C. albicans, which is essential to transiently induce GM-CSF secretion by NK cells that are recruited to the site of fungal replication. NK cell-derived-GM-CSF in turn sustains the anti-microbial activity of neutrophils, the main fungicidal effectors. Thus, the activity of a single kinase in a single myeloid cell type orchestrates a complex series of molecular and cellular events that underlies innate resistance to fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Whitney
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Bär
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola Osorio
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C. Rogers
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara U. Schraml
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Safia Deddouche
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
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Ramirez-Garcia A, Rementeria A, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Moragues MD, Antoran A, Pellon A, Abad-Diaz-de-Cerio A, Hernando FL. Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression? Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:181-93. [PMID: 24963692 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.913004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is currently increasing concern about the relation between microbial infections and cancer. More and more studies support the view that there is an association, above all, when the causal agents are bacteria or viruses. This review adds to this, summarizing evidence that the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans increases the risk of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Until recent years, Candida spp. had fundamentally been linked to cancerous processes as it is an opportunist pathogen that takes advantage of the immunosuppressed state of patients particularly due to chemotherapy. In contrast, the most recent findings demonstrate that C. albicans is capable of promoting cancer by several mechanisms, as described in the review: production of carcinogenic byproducts, triggering of inflammation, induction of Th17 response and molecular mimicry. We underline the need not only to control this type of infection during cancer treatment, especially given the major role of this yeast species in nosocomial infections, but also to find new therapeutic approaches to avoid the pro-tumor effect of this fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aize Pellon
- a Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology
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Firat YH, Simanski M, Rademacher F, Schröder L, Brasch J, Harder J. Infection of keratinocytes with Trichophytum rubrum induces epidermal growth factor-dependent RNase 7 and human beta-defensin-3 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93941. [PMID: 24747887 PMCID: PMC3991580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human keratinocytes are able to express various antimicrobial peptides (AMP) to protect the skin from exaggerated microbial colonization and infection. Recently, in vitro growth-inhibiting activity of the skin-derived AMP psoriasin, RNase 7 and human beta-defensin (hBD)-2 against dermatophytes such as Trichophyton (T.) rubrum have been reported. To evaluate whether keratinocytes are able to respond to T. rubrum infection by an induced expression of AMP we exposed primary keratinocytes to living conidia of T. rubrum. This led to conidia germination and mycelial growth which was paralleled by a strong gene induction of the skin-derived AMP RNase 7 and hBD-3. Gene expression of the AMP psoriasin (S100A7) and hBD-2 were only slightly induced. The T. rubrum-mediated RNase 7 gene induction was accompanied by increased secretion of RNase 7. Parallel treatment of the keratinocytes with T. rubrum and the cytokine combination IL-17A/IFN-γ resulted in synergistic induction of RNase 7 and hBD-3 expression. Since patients receiving therapy by inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) more often suffer from dermatophytoses we investigated whether EGFR may be involved in the T. rubrum-mediated RNase 7 and hBD-3 induction. Primary keratinocytes incubated with an EGFR blocking antibody as well as with the EGFR antagonist AG1478 showed a significantly diminished RNase 7 and hBD-3 induction upon exposure of the keratinocytes to T. rubrum indicating that EGFR is involved in the T. rubrum-mediated induction of RNase 7 and hBD-3. The growth of T. rubrum in vitro was inhibited by hBD-3 in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that hBD-3 may contribute to cutaneous innate defense against T. rubrum. Taken together our data indicate that keratinocytes are able to initiate a fast defense response towards T. rubrum by the increased expression of AMP active against T. rubrum. A dysregulation of AMP may contribute to chronic and recurring dermatophytoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Helene Firat
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Simanski
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Rademacher
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Brasch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inoue
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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de C Negrini T, Ferreira LS, Arthur RA, Alegranci P, Placeres MCP, Spolidorio LC, Carlos IZ. Influence of TLR-2 in the immune response in the infection induced by fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:370-90. [PMID: 24484374 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.879174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immunity, since they bind to pathogen surface antigens and initiate the immune response. However, little is known about the role of TLR-2 in the recognition of S. schenckii and in the subsequent immune response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of TLR-2 in the immune response induced by S. schenckii. C57BL/6 mice (WT) and C57BL/6 TLR-2 knockout (TLR-2-/-) were used to evaluate, over a period of 10 weeks of sporotrichotic infection, the influence of TLR-2 over macrophages production of IL-1β, IL-12 and TNF-α, their stimulation level by NO release and the production of IFN -γ, IL-6, IL-17 and TGF-β by spleen cells. The results showed that the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and NO, TLR-2 interference is striking, since its absence completely inhibited it. IL-17 production was independent of TLR-2. The absence of Th1 response in TLR2-/- animals was concomitant with IL-17 production. Therefore, it can be suggested that TLR-2 absence interferes with the course of the infection induced by the fungus S. schenckii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais de C Negrini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , SP , Brazil
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Yáñez A, Goodridge HS, Gozalbo D, Gil ML. TLRs control hematopoiesis during infection. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2526-33. [PMID: 24122753 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that (i) Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists drive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to proliferate and differentiate along the myeloid lineage in vitro, and (ii) direct TLR-mediated stimulation of HSPCs also promotes macrophage differentiation in vivo following infection. These new insights demonstrate that TLR signaling in HSPCs, in addition to other TLR-dependent mechanisms, can contribute to HSPC expansion and myeloid differentiation after infection. Evidence is, therefore, mounting that direct TLR-induced programming of hematopoiesis plays a key role in host defense by rapidly replenishing the innate immune system with the cells needed to deal with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Yáñez
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nakagawa M, Coleman HN, Wang X, Daniels J, Sikes J, Nagarajan UM. IL-12 secretion by Langerhans cells stimulated with Candida skin test reagent is mediated by dectin-1 in some healthy individuals. Cytokine 2013; 65:202-9. [PMID: 24301038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our group and others have shown that serial intra-lesional injections of common warts with skin testing reagents such as Candida, mumps and Trichophyton are effective in regressing injected and non-injected warts. Anti-HPV T-cell responses appear to be induced. The goal of this study was to understand the mechanisms of how Candida skin testing reagent enhances immune responses. METHODS The following immunological features were studied to understand how Candida induces immune responses in healthy subjects: (1) proliferative capacity of T-cells upon exposure to Candida through monocyte-derived human Langerhans cells (LCs) measured using alamarBlue, (2) cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-23Ap19, IFN-γ, and TNF- expression upon Candida stimulation of LCs by quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR and cytokine secretion by ELISA, (3) expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) known to associate with Candida albicans (DC-SIGN, dectin-1, dectin-2, galectin-3, mincle, mannose receptor, Toll-like receptors 1, 2, 4, 6, and 9) on LCs by qRT-PCR, (4) role of dectin-1 in IL-12 production by antibody blocking, and (5) induction of Th1, Th2, and/or Th17 responses by intracellular cytokine staining of CD4 cells exposed to Candida pulsed LCs for IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A. RESULTS T-cell proliferation upon stimulation with Candida-pulsed LCs was significantly higher compared to proliferation in the absence of Candida (p=0.004). The most frequently expressed cytokine in stimulated LCs was IL-12p40 mRNA, and IL-12p40 and IL-12p70 were also detected at protein levels. All other cytokine mRNAs examined were detected in the following order of decreasing frequency: IL23Ap19, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. LCs expressed all PRRs examined. Anti-dectin-1 inhibited IL-12p40 mRNA production upon Candida stimulation of LCs from some healthy subjects. IFN-γ secretion was increased and IL-4 secretion was decreased in CD4 cells of a few healthy subjects, but IL-17A was essentially unchanged upon Candida treatment. CONCLUSIONS Proliferation of T-cells in a substantial majority of healthy subjects can be demonstrated with Candida stimulation. We show Th1 promotion and dectin-1 stimulation of LCs as potential mechanisms in some healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Hannah N Coleman
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jaclyn Daniels
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - James Sikes
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Uma M Nagarajan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Smeekens SP, Malireddi RK, Plantinga TS, Buffen K, Oosting M, Joosten LAB, Kullberg BJ, Perfect JR, Scott WK, van de Veerdonk FL, Xavier RJ, van de Vosse E, Kanneganti TD, Johnson MD, Netea MG. Autophagy is redundant for the host defense against systemic Candida albicans infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:711-22. [PMID: 24202731 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-2002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been demonstrated to play an important role in the immunity against intracellular pathogens, but very little is known about its role in the host defense against fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans. Therefore, the role of autophagy for the host defense against C. albicans was assessed by complementary approaches using mice defective in autophagy, as well as immunological and genetic studies in humans. Although C. albicans induced LC3-II formation in macrophages, myeloid cell-specific ATG7(-/-) mice with defects in autophagy did not display an increased susceptibility to disseminated candidiasis. In in vitro experiments in human blood mononuclear cells, blocking autophagy modulated cytokine production induced by lipopolysaccharide, but not by C. albicans. Furthermore, autophagy modulation in human monocytes did not influence the phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans. Finally, 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 13 autophagy genes were not associated with susceptibility to candidemia or clinical outcome of disease in a large cohort of patients, and there was no correlation between these genetic variants and cytokine production in either candidemia patients or healthy controls. Based on these complementary in vitro and in vivo studies, it can be concluded that autophagy is redundant for the host response against systemic infections with C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Smeekens
- Department of Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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