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Barber V, Mielke T, Cartwright J, Díaz-Rodríguez A, Unsworth WP, Grogan G. Unspecific Peroxygenase (UPO) can be Tuned for Oxygenation or Halogenation Activity by Controlling the Reaction pH. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401706. [PMID: 38700372 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Unspecific Peroxygenases (UPOs) are increasingly significant enzymes for selective oxygenations as they are stable, highly active and catalyze their reactions at the expense of only hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Their structural similarity to chloroperoxidase (CPO) means that UPOs can also catalyze halogenation reactions based upon the generation of hypohalous acids from halide and H2O2. Here we show that the halogenation and oxygenation modes of a UPO can be stimulated at different pH values. Using simple aromatic compounds such as thymol, we show that, at a pH of 3.0 and 6.0, either brominated or oxygenated products respectively are produced. Preparative 100 mg scale transformations of substrates were performed with 60-72 % isolated yields of brominated products obtained. A one-pot bromination-oxygenation cascade reaction on 4-ethylanisole, in which the pH was adjusted from 3.0 to 6.0 at the halfway stage, yielded sequentially brominated and oxygenated products 1-(3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl alcohol and 3-bromo-4-methoxy acetophenone with 82 % combined conversion. These results identify UPOs as an unusual example of a biocatalyst that is tunable for entirely different chemical reactions, dependent upon the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Barber
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tamara Mielke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jared Cartwright
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alba Díaz-Rodríguez
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - William P Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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2
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Agosto-Maldonado A, Guo J, Niu W. Engineering carboxylic acid reductases and unspecific peroxygenases for flavor and fragrance biosynthesis. J Biotechnol 2024; 385:1-12. [PMID: 38428504 PMCID: PMC11062483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Emerging consumer demand for safer, more sustainable flavors and fragrances has created new challenges for the industry. Enzymatic syntheses represent a promising green production route, but the broad application requires engineering advancements for expanded diversity, improved selectivity, and enhanced stability to be cost-competitive with current methods. This review discusses recent advances and future outlooks for enzyme engineering in this field. We focus on carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) and unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) that enable selective productions of complex flavor and fragrance molecules. Both enzyme types consist of natural variants with attractive characteristics for biocatalytic applications. Applying protein engineering methods, including rational design and directed evolution in concert with computational modeling, present excellent examples for property improvements to unleash the full potential of enzymes in the biosynthesis of value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States; The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States; The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.
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3
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Sayoga GV, Bueschler VS, Beisch H, Utesch T, Holtmann D, Fiedler B, Ohde D, Liese A. Electrochemical H 2O 2 - stat mode as reaction concept to improve the process performance of an unspecific peroxygenase. N Biotechnol 2023; 78:95-104. [PMID: 37852437 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The electroenzymatic hydroxylation of 4-ethylbenzoic acid catalyzed by the recombinant unspecific peroxygenase from the fungus Agrocybe aegerita (rAaeUPO) was performed in a gas diffusion electrode (GDE)-based system. Enzyme stability and productivity are significantly affected by the way the co-substrate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is supplied. In this study, two in-situ electrogeneration modes of H2O2 were established and compared. Experiments under galvanostatic conditions (constant productivity of H2O2) were conducted at current densities spanning from 0.8 mA cm-2 to 6.4 mA cm-2. For comparison, experiments under H2O2-stat mode (constant H2O2 concentration) were performed. Here, four H2O2 concentrations between 0.06 mM and 0.28 mM were tested. A maximum H2O2 productivity of 5.5 µM min-1 cm-2 and productivity of 10.5 g L-1 d-1 were achieved under the galvanostatic condition at 6.4 mA cm-2. Meanwhile, the highest total turnover number (TTN) of 710,000 mol mol-1 and turnover frequency (TOF) of 87.5 s-1 were obtained under the H2O2-stat mode at concentration limits of 0.15 mM and 0.28 mM, respectively. The most favorable outcome in terms of maximum achievable TTN, TOF and productivity was found under the H2O2-stat mode at concentration limit of 0.2 mM. Here, a TTN of 655,000 mol mol-1, a TOF of 80.3 s-1 and a productivity of 6.1 g L-1 d-1 were achieved. The electrochemical H2O2-stat mode not only offers a promising alternative reaction concept to the well-established galvanostatic mode but also enhances the process performance of unspecific peroxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni V Sayoga
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Victoria S Bueschler
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Beisch
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tyll Utesch
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bodo Fiedler
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Ohde
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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5
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Discovery and Heterologous Expression of Unspecific Peroxygenases. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2004, unspecific peroxygenases, in short UPOs (EC. 1.11.2.1), have been explored. UPOs are closing a gap between P450 monooxygenases and chloroperoxidases. These enzymes are highly active biocatalysts for the selective oxyfunctionalisation of C–H, C=C and C-C bonds. UPOs are secreted fungal proteins and Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) is an ideal host for high throughput screening approaches and UPO production. Heterologous overexpression of 26 new UPOs by K. phaffii was performed in deep well plate cultivation and shake flask cultivation up to 50 mL volume. Enzymes were screened using colorimetric assays with 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), naphthalene and 5-nitro-1,3-benzodioxole (NBD) as reporter substrates. The PaDa-I (AaeUPO mutant) and HspUPO were used as benchmarks to find interesting new enzymes with complementary activity profiles as well as good producing strains. Herein we show that six UPOs from Psathyrella aberdarensis, Coprinopsis marcescibilis, Aspergillus novoparasiticus, Dendrothele bispora and Aspergillus brasiliensis are particularly active.
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Hobisch M, De Santis P, Serban S, Basso A, Byström E, Kara S. Peroxygenase-Driven Ethylbenzene Hydroxylation in a Rotating Bed Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hobisch
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Piera De Santis
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simona Serban
- Unit D, Purolite Ltd., Llantrisant CF72 8LF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emil Byström
- SpinChem AB, Tvistevägen 48C, SE-90736 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Selin Kara
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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7
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Yoon J, Jang H, Oh MW, Hilberath T, Hollmann F, Jung YS, Park CB. Heat-fueled enzymatic cascade for selective oxyfunctionalization of hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3741. [PMID: 35768427 PMCID: PMC9243031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat is a fundamental feedstock, where more than 80% of global energy comes from fossil-based heating process. However, it is mostly wasted due to a lack of proper techniques of utilizing the low-quality waste heat (<100 °C). Here we report thermoelectrobiocatalytic chemical conversion systems for heat-fueled, enzyme-catalyzed oxyfunctionalization reactions. Thermoelectric bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) directly converts low-temperature waste heat into chemical energy in the form of H2O2 near room temperature. The streamlined reaction scheme (e.g., water, heat, enzyme, and thermoelectric material) promotes enantio- and chemo-selective hydroxylation and epoxidation of representative substrates (e.g., ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, tetralin, cyclohexane, cis-β-methylstyrene), achieving a maximum total turnover number of rAaeUPO (TTNrAaeUPO) over 32000. Direct conversion of vehicle exhaust heat into the enantiopure enzymatic product with a rate of 231.4 μM h−1 during urban driving envisions the practical feasibility of thermoelectrobiocatalysis. Thermoelectric materials enable us to convert heat into electricity, but their application has been limited to high-temperature heat sources. Here, the authors show the direct conversion of low-grade waste heat into chemical energy via combining thermoelectric materials with biocatalysts below 100 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhwi Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Wook Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanbat National University (HBNU), 125 Dongseodae-ro, Daejeon, 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Hilberath
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Charlton SN, Hayes MA. Oxygenating Biocatalysts for Hydroxyl Functionalisation in Drug Discovery and Development. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200115. [PMID: 35385205 PMCID: PMC9323455 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
C-H oxyfunctionalisation remains a distinct challenge for synthetic organic chemists. Oxygenases and peroxygenases (grouped here as "oxygenating biocatalysts") catalyse the oxidation of a substrate with molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The application of oxygenating biocatalysts in organic synthesis has dramatically increased over the last decade, producing complex compounds with potential uses in the pharmaceutical industry. This review will focus on hydroxyl functionalisation using oxygenating biocatalysts as a tool for drug discovery and development. Established oxygenating biocatalysts, such as cytochrome P450s and flavin-dependent monooxygenases, have widely been adopted for this purpose, but can suffer from low activity, instability or limited substrate scope. Therefore, emerging oxygenating biocatalysts which offer an alternative will also be covered, as well as considering the ways in which these hydroxylation biotransformations can be applied in drug discovery and development, such as late-stage functionalisation (LSF) and in biocatalytic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha N. Charlton
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
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9
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Peng Y, Chen Z, Xu J, Wu Q. Recent Advances in Photobiocatalysis for Selective Organic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Peng
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Zhichun Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
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10
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Li K, Yang Q, Zhang P, Zhang W. Research Progress of Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Reactions Driven by in-situ Generation of H 2 O 2. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Synthesis of Indigo-Dyes from Indole Derivatives by Unspecific Peroxygenases and Their Application for In-Situ Dyeing. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrian purple (also known as royal or imperial purple) is the oldest known commercial pigment and still one of the most expensive dyes, often associated with the wardrobes of clergy and royalty. It is a brominated derivative of indigo, a natural dye that has been used since 4000 BC. Moreover, just recently, the therapeutic value of indigoids for the treatment of several disorders was discovered. The manufacturing of indigo derivatives by the existing chemical routes has become increasingly uninteresting due to the use of aggressive reagents, expensive starting materials and high-energy costs. Thus, both dyestuff manufacturers and the pharmaceutical industry are interested in the development of gentle preparation methods of indigoids from simple precursors. Here, we describe a simple enzymatic method for the one-step synthesis of Tyrian purple and other indigo derivatives with fungal peroxygenases (UPO, EC 1.11.2.1). The reaction does not require complex co-substrates and works well in phosphate buffers with H2O2 (<0.1 wt%) and less than 5% (v/v) acetonitrile as co-solvent. We demonstrate the scaling up of the reaction to 10 Liters and established thereupon an environmentally friendly combined synthesis and in-situ dyeing process, further simplifying the manufacturing of vat-dyed fabrics. Eventually, we screened a number of halogen-substituted indoles in the search for novel indigo derivatives, which may be of interest for pharmaceutical and/or dyeing purposes.
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12
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Hobisch M, Holtmann D, Gomez de Santos P, Alcalde M, Hollmann F, Kara S. Recent developments in the use of peroxygenases - Exploring their high potential in selective oxyfunctionalisations. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107615. [PMID: 32827669 PMCID: PMC8444091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are an emerging new class of enzymes allowing selective oxyfunctionalisation reactions in a cofactor-independent way different from well-known P450 monooxygenases. Herein, we focused on recent developments from organic synthesis, molecular biotechnology and reaction engineering viewpoints that are devoted to bring these enzymes in industrial applications. This covers natural diversity from different sources, protein engineering strategies for expression, substrate scope, activity and selectivity, stabilisation of enzymes via immobilisation, and the use of peroxygenases in low water media. We believe that peroxygenases have much to offer for selective oxyfunctionalisations and we have much to study to explore the full potential of these versatile biocatalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hobisch
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, Gießen 35390, Germany
| | | | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain; EvoEnzyme S.L, C/ Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Biocatalysis Group, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
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13
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Grogan G. Hemoprotein Catalyzed Oxygenations: P450s, UPOs, and Progress toward Scalable Reactions. JACS AU 2021; 1:1312-1329. [PMID: 34604841 PMCID: PMC8479775 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of nonactivated carbon atoms is an ongoing synthetic challenge, and biocatalysts, particularly hemoprotein oxygenases, continue to be investigated for their potential, given both their sustainable chemistry credentials and also their superior selectivity. However, issues of stability, activity, and complex reaction requirements often render these biocatalytic oxygenations problematic with respect to scalable industrial processes. A continuing focus on Cytochromes P450 (P450s), which require a reduced nicotinamide cofactor and redox protein partners for electron transport, has now led to better catalysts and processes with a greater understanding of process requirements and limitations for both in vitro and whole-cell systems. However, the discovery and development of unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) has also recently provided valuable complementary technology to P450-catalyzed reactions. UPOs need only hydrogen peroxide to effect oxygenations but are hampered by their sensitivity to peroxide and also by limited selectivity. In this Perspective, we survey recent developments in the engineering of proteins, cells, and processes for oxygenations by these two groups of hemoproteins and evaluate their potential and relative merits for scalable reactions.
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14
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Kinner A, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Identification and Expression of New Unspecific Peroxygenases - Recent Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:705630. [PMID: 34307325 PMCID: PMC8293615 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.705630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2004, the fungal heme-thiolate enzyme subfamily of unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) was first described in the basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita. As UPOs naturally catalyze a broad range of oxidative transformations by using hydrogen peroxide as electron acceptor and thus possess a great application potential, they have been extensively studied in recent years. However, despite their versatility to catalyze challenging selective oxyfunctionalizations, the availability of UPOs for potential biotechnological applications is restricted. Particularly limiting are the identification of novel natural biocatalysts, their production, and the description of their properties. It is hence of great interest to further characterize the enzyme subfamily as well as to identify promising new candidates. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the state of the art in identification, expression, and screening approaches of fungal UPOs, challenges associated with current protein production and screening strategies, as well as potential solutions and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Modeling and Multi-Criteria Optimization of a Process for H2O2 Electrosynthesis. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article introduces a novel laboratory-scale process for the electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The process aims at an energy-efficient, decentralized production, and a mathematical optimization of it is presented. A dynamic, zero-dimensional mathematical model of the reactor is set up in Aspen custom modeler®. The proposed model constitutes a reasonable compromise between complexity and convergence. After thoroughly determining the reaction kinetics by adjustment to experimental data, the reactor unit is embedded in an Aspen Plus® flowsheet in order to investigate its interaction with other unit operations. The downstream contains another custom module for membrane distillation. Electricity appears as a resource in the process, and optimization shows that it reaches product purities of up to 3 wt.-%. Both the process optimization and the adjustment of the reaction kinetics are treated as multi-criteria optimization (MCO) problems.
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16
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Advances in enzymatic oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107703. [PMID: 33545329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxyfunctionalizations of aliphatic compounds are difficult chemical reactions, where enzymes can play an important role due to their stereo- and regio-selectivity and operation under mild reaction conditions. P450 monooxygenases are well-known biocatalysts that mediate oxyfunctionalization reactions in different living organisms (from bacteria to humans). Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), discovered in fungi, have arisen as "dream biocatalysts" of great biotechnological interest because they catalyze the oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, avoiding the necessity of expensive cofactors and regeneration systems, and only depending on H2O2 for their catalysis. Here, we summarize recent advances in aliphatic oxyfunctionalization reactions by UPOs, as well as the molecular determinants of the enzyme structures responsible for their activities, emphasizing the differences found between well-known P450s and the novel fungal peroxygenases.
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17
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In situ H 2O 2 generation methods in the context of enzyme biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109744. [PMID: 33750536 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile oxidant that has use in medical and biotechnology industries. Many enzymes require this oxidant as a reaction mediator in order to undergo their oxygenation chemistries. While there is a reliable method for generating hydrogen peroxide via an anthraquinone cycle, there are several advantages for generating hydrogen in situ. As highlighted in this review, this is particularly beneficial in the case of biocatalysts that require hydrogen peroxide as a reaction mediator because the exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide can damage their reactive heme centers and render them inactive. In addition, generation of hydrogen peroxide in situ does not dilute the reaction mixture and cause solution parameters to change. The environment would also benefit from a hydrogen peroxide synthesis cycle that does not rely on nonrenewable chemicals obtained from fossil fuels. Generation of hydrogen peroxide in situ for biocatalysis using enzymes, bioelectrocatalyis, photocatalysis, and cold temperature plasmas are addressed. Particular emphasis is given to reaction processes that support high total turnover numbers (TTNs) of the hydrogen peroxide-requiring enzymes. Discussion of innovations in the use of hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme cascades for antimicrobial activity, wastewater effluent treatment, and biosensors are also included.
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18
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Zhang W, Liu H, van Schie MMCH, Hagedoorn PL, Alcalde M, Denkova AG, Djanashvili K, Hollmann F. Nuclear Waste and Biocatalysis: A Sustainable Liaison? ACS Catal 2020; 10:14195-14200. [PMID: 33312749 PMCID: PMC7723303 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
It
is well-known that energy-rich radiation induces water splitting,
eventually yielding hydrogen peroxide. Synthetic applications, however,
are scarce and to the best of our knowledge, the combination of radioactivity
with enzyme-catalysis has not been considered yet. Peroxygenases utilize
H2O2 as an oxidant to promote highly selective
oxyfunctionalization reactions but are also irreversibly inactivated
in the presence of too high H2O2 concentrations.
Therefore, there is a need for efficient in situ H2O2 generation methods. Here, we show that radiolytic water splitting
can be used to promote specific biocatalytic oxyfunctionalization
reactions. Parameters influencing the efficiency of the reaction and
current limitations are shown. Particularly, oxidative inactivation
of the biocatalyst by hydroxyl radicals influences the robustness
of the overall reaction. Radical scavengers can alleviate this issue,
but eventually, physical separation of the enzymes from the ionizing
radiation will be necessary to achieve robust reaction schemes. We
demonstrate that nuclear waste can also be used to drive selective,
peroxygenase-catalyzed oxyfunctionalization reactions, challenging
our view on nuclear waste in terms of sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Morten M. C. H. van Schie
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia G. Denkova
- Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Djanashvili
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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19
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Chen H, Simoska O, Lim K, Grattieri M, Yuan M, Dong F, Lee YS, Beaver K, Weliwatte S, Gaffney EM, Minteer SD. Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Directions of Bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12903-12993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Koun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Fangyuan Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Erin M. Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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20
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Current state and future perspectives of engineered and artificial peroxygenases for the oxyfunctionalization of organic molecules. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Bormann S, Hertweck D, Schneider S, Bloh JZ, Ulber R, Spiess AC, Holtmann D. Modeling and simulation-based design of electroenzymatic batch processes catalyzed by unspecific peroxygenase from A. aegerita. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:7-16. [PMID: 32844401 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases have attracted interest due to their ability to catalyze the oxygenation of various types of C-H bonds using only hydrogen peroxide as a cosubstrate. Due to the instability of these enzymes at even low hydrogen peroxide concentrations, careful fed-batch addition of the cosubstrate or ideally in situ production is required. While various approaches for hydrogen peroxide addition have been qualitatively assessed, only limited kinetic data concerning enzyme inactivation and peroxide accumulation has been reported so far. To obtain quantitative insights into the kinetics of such a process, a detailed data set for a peroxygenase-catalyzed benzylic hydroxylation coupled with electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production is presented. Based on this data set, we set out to model such an electroenzymatic process. For this, initial velocity data for the benzylic hydroxylation is collected and an extended Ping-Pong-Bi-Bi type rate equation is established, which sufficiently describes the enzyme kinetic. Moreover, we propose an empirical inactivation term based on the collected data set. Finally, we show that the full model does not only describe the process with sufficient accuracy, but can also be used predictively to control hydrogen peroxide feeding rates To limit the concentration of this critical cosubstrate in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bormann
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik Hertweck
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schneider
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jonathan Z Bloh
- Chemical Technology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße, Gießen, Germany
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22
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Perz F, Bormann S, Ulber R, Alcalde M, Bubenheim P, Hollmann F, Holtmann D, Liese A. Enzymatic Oxidation of Butane to 2‐Butanol in a Bubble Column. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Perz
- Institute of Technical BiocatalysisHamburg University of Technology (TUHH) Denickestr. 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Bormann
- Industrial BiotechnologyDECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of Kaiserslautern 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of BiocatalysisInstitute of Catalysis CSIC 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Paul Bubenheim
- Institute of Technical BiocatalysisHamburg University of Technology (TUHH) Denickestr. 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Wiesenstrasse 14 35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical BiocatalysisHamburg University of Technology (TUHH) Denickestr. 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
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23
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Yayci A, Baraibar ÁG, Krewing M, Fueyo EF, Hollmann F, Alcalde M, Kourist R, Bandow JE. Plasma-Driven in Situ Production of Hydrogen Peroxide for Biocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2072-2079. [PMID: 32026604 PMCID: PMC7216967 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidases and peroxygenases are promising classes of enzymes for biocatalysis because of their ability to carry out one-electron oxidation reactions and stereoselective oxyfunctionalizations. However, industrial application is limited, as the major drawback is the sensitivity toward the required peroxide substrates. Herein, we report a novel biocatalysis approach to circumvent this shortcoming: in situ production of H2 O2 by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. The discharge plasma can be controlled to produce hydrogen peroxide at desired rates, yielding desired concentrations. Using horseradish peroxidase, it is demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide produced by plasma treatment can drive the enzymatic oxidation of model substrates. Fungal peroxygenase is then employed to convert ethylbenzene to (R)-1-phenylethanol with an ee of >96 % using plasma-generated hydrogen peroxide. As direct treatment of the reaction solution with plasma results in reduced enzyme activity, the use of plasma-treated liquid and protection strategies are investigated to increase total turnover. Technical plasmas present a noninvasive means to drive peroxide-based biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Yayci
- Applied MicrobiologyFaculty of Biology and BiotechnologyRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Álvaro Gómez Baraibar
- Microbial BiotechnologyFaculty of Biology and BiotechnologyRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Marco Krewing
- Applied MicrobiologyFaculty of Biology and BiotechnologyRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Elena Fernandez Fueyo
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of BiocatalysisInstitute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (CSIC)Campus Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Robert Kourist
- Microbial BiotechnologyFaculty of Biology and BiotechnologyRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044780BochumGermany
- current address: Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 14GrazAustria
| | - Julia E. Bandow
- Applied MicrobiologyFaculty of Biology and BiotechnologyRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044780BochumGermany
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24
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Willot SJ, Hoang MD, Paul CE, Alcalde M, Arends IWCE, Bommarius AS, Bommarius B, Hollmann F. FOx News: Towards Methanol‐driven Biocatalytic Oxyfunctionalisation Reactions. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien J.‐P. Willot
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft (The Netherlands
| | - Manh Dat Hoang
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Munich Boltzmannstr. 15 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft (The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis Institute of Catalysis, CSIC Madrid Spain
| | | | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 950 Atlantic Drive, N.W. Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Bettina Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 950 Atlantic Drive, N.W. Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft (The Netherlands
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25
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Yoon J, Kim J, Tieves F, Zhang W, Alcalde M, Hollmann F, Park CB. Piezobiocatalysis: Ultrasound-Driven Enzymatic Oxyfunctionalization of C–H Bonds. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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26
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Schie MMCH, Kaczmarek AT, Tieves F, Gomez de Santos P, Paul CE, Arends IWCE, Alcalde M, Schwarz G, Hollmann F. Selective Oxyfunctionalisation Reactions Driven by Sulfite Oxidase‐Catalysed
In Situ
Generation of H
2
O
2. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten M. C. H. Schie
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Technology Delft 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Alexander T. Kaczmarek
- Institute of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryCMMCUniversity of Cologne D-50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Technology Delft 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Technology Delft 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of BiocatalysisInstitute of Catalysis, CSIC 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Günter Schwarz
- Institute of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryCMMCUniversity of Cologne D-50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Technology Delft 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
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27
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Fungal Peroxygenases: A Phylogenetically Old Superfamily of Heme Enzymes with Promiscuity for Oxygen Transfer Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29541-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Bormann S, van Schie MMCH, De Almeida TP, Zhang W, Stöckl M, Ulber R, Hollmann F, Holtmann D. H 2 O 2 Production at Low Overpotentials for Electroenzymatic Halogenation Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4759-4763. [PMID: 31557410 PMCID: PMC6899481 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various enzymes utilize hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Such "peroxizymes" are potentially very attractive catalysts for a broad range of oxidation reactions. Most peroxizymes, however, are inactivated by an excess of H2 O2 . The electrochemical reduction of oxygen can be used as an in situ generation method for hydrogen peroxide to drive the peroxizymes at high operational stabilities. Using conventional electrode materials, however, also necessitates significant overpotentials, thereby reducing the energy efficiency of these systems. This study concerns a method to coat a gas-diffusion electrode with oxidized carbon nanotubes (oCNTs), thereby greatly reducing the overpotential needed to perform an electroenzymatic halogenation reaction. In comparison to the unmodified electrode, with the oCNTs-modified electrode the overpotential can be reduced by approximately 100 mV at comparable product formation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bormann
- Industrial BiotechnologyDECHEMA Research InstituteTheodor-Heuss-Allee 2560486Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Morten M. C. H. van Schie
- Department of Biotechnology, Biocatalysis GroupTechnical University DelftVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Tiago Pedroso De Almeida
- Department of Biotechnology, Biocatalysis GroupTechnical University DelftVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Biocatalysis GroupTechnical University DelftVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Markus Stöckl
- ElectrochemistryDECHEMA Research InstituteTheodor-Heuss-Allee 2560486Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of KaiserslauternGottlieb-Daimler-Str. 4967663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Biocatalysis GroupTechnical University DelftVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Industrial BiotechnologyDECHEMA Research InstituteTheodor-Heuss-Allee 2560486Frankfurt am MainGermany
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29
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Choi DS, Lee H, Tieves F, Lee YW, Son EJ, Zhang W, Shin B, Hollmann F, Park CB. Bias-Free In Situ H2O2 Generation in a Photovoltaic-Photoelectrochemical Tandem Cell for Biocatalytic Oxyfunctionalization. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Son
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Byungha Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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30
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Freakley SJ, Kochius S, van Marwijk J, Fenner C, Lewis RJ, Baldenius K, Marais SS, Opperman DJ, Harrison STL, Alcalde M, Smit MS, Hutchings GJ. A chemo-enzymatic oxidation cascade to activate C-H bonds with in situ generated H 2O 2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4178. [PMID: 31519878 PMCID: PMC6744418 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous low-level supply or in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is essential for the stability of unspecific peroxygenases, which are deemed ideal biocatalysts for the selective activation of C-H bonds. To envisage potential large scale applications of combined catalytic systems the reactions need to be simple, efficient and produce minimal by-products. We show that gold-palladium nanoparticles supported on TiO2 or carbon have sufficient activity at ambient temperature and pressure to generate H2O2 from H2 and O2 and supply the oxidant to the engineered unspecific heme-thiolate peroxygenase PaDa-I. This tandem catalyst combination facilitates efficient oxidation of a range of C-H bonds to hydroxylated products in one reaction vessel with only water as a by-product under conditions that could be easily scaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Freakley
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Svenja Kochius
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, C*Change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline van Marwijk
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, C*Change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caryn Fenner
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, C*Change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Kai Baldenius
- BASF SE, RBW/OS - A 30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Sarel S Marais
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, C*Change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Diederik J Opperman
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, C*Change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan T L Harrison
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, C*Change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martha S Smit
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, C*Change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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31
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van Schie MMCH, Zhang W, Tieves F, Choi DS, Park CB, Burek BO, Bloh JZ, Arends IWCE, Paul CE, Alcalde M, Hollmann F. Cascading g-C3N4 and Peroxygenases for Selective Oxyfunctionalization Reactions. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten M. C. H. van Schie
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Da Som Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bastien O. Burek
- DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonathan Z. Bloh
- DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- University of Utrecht, Faculty of Science, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Schmitz LM, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Enzyme-Based Electrobiotechnological Synthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 167:87-134. [PMID: 29134460 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are enzymes with a high potential for organic synthesis, as their selectivity often exceeds comparable chemical syntheses. The biochemical cofactors of these enzymes need regeneration during synthesis. Several regeneration methods are available but the electrochemical approach offers an efficient and quasi mass-free method for providing the required redox equivalents. Electron transfer systems involving direct regeneration of natural and artificial cofactors, indirect electrochemical regeneration via a mediator, and indirect electroenzymatic cofactor regeneration via enzyme and mediator have been investigated. This chapter gives an overview of electroenzymatic syntheses with oxidoreductases, structured by the enzyme subclass and their usage of cofactors for electron relay. Particular attention is given to the productivity of electroenzymatic biotransformation processes. Because most electroenzymatic syntheses suffer from low productivity, we discuss reaction engineering concepts to overcome the main limiting factors, with a focus on media conductivity optimization, approaches to prevent enzyme inactivation, and the application of advanced cell designs. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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Willot SJP, Fernández-Fueyo E, Tieves F, Pesic M, Alcalde M, Arends IW, Park CB, Hollmann F. Expanding the Spectrum of Light-Driven Peroxygenase Reactions. ACS Catal 2019; 9:890-894. [PMID: 30775065 PMCID: PMC6369655 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Peroxygenases
require a controlled supply of H2O2 to operate
efficiently. Here, we propose a photocatalytic
system for the reductive activation of ambient O2 to produce
H2O2 which uses the energy provided by visible
light more efficiently based on the combination of wavelength-complementary
photosensitizers. This approach was coupled to an enzymatic system
to make formate available as a sacrificial electron donor. The scope
and current limitations of this approach are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien J.-P. Willot
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Enzmann F, Stöckl M, Zeng AP, Holtmann D. Same but different-Scale up and numbering up in electrobiotechnology and photobiotechnology. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:121-132. [PMID: 32624994 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing energy problems, there is a strong demand for new technologies dealing with the replacement of fossil fuels. The emerging fields of biotechnology, photobiotechnology and electrobiotechnology, offer solutions for the production of fuels, energy, or chemicals using renewable energy sources (light or electrical current e.g. produced by wind or solar power) or organic (waste) substrates. From an engineering point of view both technologies have analogies and some similar challenges, since both light and electron transfer are primarily surface-dependent. In contrast to that, bioproduction processes are typically volume dependent. To allow large scale and industrially relevant applications of photobiotechnology and electrobiotechnology, this opinion first gives an overview over the current scales reached in these areas. We then try to point out the challenges and possible methods for the scale up or numbering up of the reactors used. It is shown that the field of photobiotechnology is by now much more advanced than electrobiotechnology and has achieved industrial applications in some cases. We argue that transferring knowledge from photobiotechnology to electrobiotechnology can speed up the development of the emerging field of electrobiotechnology. We believe that a combination of scale up and numbering up, as it has been shown for several photobiotechnological reactors, may well lead to industrially relevant scales in electrobiotechnological processes allowing an industrial application of the technology in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Enzmann
- Industrial Biotechnology DECHEMA Research Institute Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Markus Stöckl
- Electrochemistry DECHEMA Research Institute Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Technische Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Industrial Biotechnology DECHEMA Research Institute Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Engel M, Holtmann D, Ulber R, Tippkötter N. Increased Biobutanol Production by Mediator‐Less Electro‐Fermentation. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800514. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Engel
- Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of Kaiserslautern67663 KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Industrial BiotechnologyDECHEMA Research Institute60486 Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of Kaiserslautern67663 KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Nils Tippkötter
- Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of Applied Science AachenHeinrich‐Mußmann‐Straße 152428 JülichGermany
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Holtmann D, Harnisch F. Electrification of Biotechnology: Quo Vadis? ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 167:395-411. [PMID: 30267102 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrobiotechnology has come a long way and has gained much interest among researchers all over the world. In the previous chapters of this book, an abundance of successful developments of lab-scale electrobiosynthesis and their underlying fundamentals are described. Thereby the individual needs and lines of research are highlighted. In this final chapter we will try to shed light on the overall performance of electrobiosynthetic processes with regard to their technological maturity, as well as the potential ecological and economic incentives for their industrial implementation.The evaluation of technical maturity, in particular, clearly demonstrates that electrobiosynthesis is still in its infancy. Bridging the "valley of death" between promising lab-scale results and first industrial applications as a market opener can only be achieved by the joint efforts of researchers from different disciplines in academia and industry, as well as by public funding and venture capital.Unfortunately, among other factors, the low degree of technical maturity hampers ecological evaluation, which so far has been limited to a small number of complete life cycle assessments. Therefore, we suggest using simplified evaluation tools (e.g., the environmental E-factor) to at least acquire clues about different parameters that influence the ecological impact. Ultimately, money makes the world go round and, hence, economic aspects will determine whether or not electrobiotechnological processes are implemented in industry. The existing examples show that different production routes based on electrobiosynthesis can become economically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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Lee SH, Choi DS, Kuk SK, Park CB. Photobiokatalyse: Aktivierung von Redoxenzymen durch direkten oder indirekten Transfer photoinduzierter Elektronen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahng Ha Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republik Korea
| | - Da Som Choi
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republik Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republik Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republik Korea
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39
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Side chain removal from corticosteroids by unspecific peroxygenase. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 183:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee SH, Choi DS, Kuk SK, Park CB. Photobiocatalysis: Activating Redox Enzymes by Direct or Indirect Transfer of Photoinduced Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7958-7985. [PMID: 29194901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformation has received increasing attention in the green synthesis of chemicals because of the diversity of enzymes, their high catalytic activities and specificities, and mild reaction conditions. The idea of solar energy utilization in chemical synthesis through the combination of photocatalysis and biocatalysis provides an opportunity to make the "green" process greener. Oxidoreductases catalyze redox transformation of substrates by exchanging electrons at the enzyme's active site, often with the aid of electron mediator(s) as a counterpart. Recent progress indicates that photoinduced electron transfer using organic (or inorganic) photosensitizers can activate a wide spectrum of redox enzymes to catalyze fuel-forming reactions (e.g., H2 evolution, CO2 reduction) and synthetically useful reductions (e.g., asymmetric reduction, oxygenation, hydroxylation, epoxidation, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation). This Review provides an overview of recent advances in light-driven activation of redox enzymes through direct or indirect transfer of photoinduced electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahng Ha Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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