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Barbosa-Moyano H, Zacariotti RL, de Oliveira CA. Validation of enzyme immunoassays for quantifying sex steroid hormones in tropical screech owls (Megascops choliba). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 345:114386. [PMID: 37748527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Androgens and estrogens are steroid hormones that regulate reproductive processes in both males and females. Monitoring plasma levels of these steroids or their metabolites present in feces, offers diagnostic support for assessing the reproductive status of animals. Immunoassays are commonly used methods for quantifying these hormones, but their protocols require species-specific validation to ensure reliability. The objective of this study was to perform analytically and biologically validation of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits for measuring testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), faecal androgen metabolites (fAM), and faecal estrogenic metabolites (fEM) in the tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba). Serum and fecal samples were collected from six adult females and six males both before and during breeding season, with males' gonadal activity assessed using electroejaculation (EE). The parallelism test confirmed the immunogenic similarity of the antigens in the estradiol and testosterone standards and the antigens in the serum samples and fecal extracts of M. choliba. Additionally, the EIA kits displayed nearly 100% recovery rates, and showed coefficients of variation ranging from 8% to 14% at the intra-assay level and from 10% to 16% at the inter-assay level, underscoring result reliability and consistency. In males, the highest serum T and fAM levels were recorded concurrently with the presence of spermatozoa in samples collected via EE. Although females did not exhibit oviposition events, significantly higher E2 and fEM levels were observed in August compared to May, suggesting potential seasonal variations in estrogenic hormone production. Fecal androgen and estrogen levels were significantly different between sexes in August, with males having higher fAM and females having higher fEM levels. Overall, the immunoassays validated in this study were found to be efficient in diagnosing reproductive activity in owls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Barbosa-Moyano
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Claudio Alvarenga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Solano F, Hernández E, Juárez-Rojas L, Rojas-Maya S, López G, Romero C, Casillas F, Betancourt M, López A, Heidari R, Ommati MM, Retana-Márquez S. Reproductive disruption in adult female and male rats prenatally exposed to mesquite pod extract or daidzein. Reprod Biol 2022; 22:100683. [PMID: 35932513 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2022.100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are considered to be endocrine disruptors, since they can alter the endocrine system, thus disturbing many reproductive events. The intake of diets containing a high content of phytoestrogens has increased worldwide in human populations and in domestic animals. Phytoestrogens in maternal blood can pass through the placenta to the fetus in high amounts and can have long-term organizational effects. Mesquite (Prosopis sp) is a leguminous plant widely used to feed several livestock species, and is also used in the human diet. In this study we assessed the effects of exposure to mesquite pod extract during the periconception and pregnancy periods on the reproduction of male and female descendants. The females of three experimental groups received one of the following treatments: 1) vehicle injection; 2) mesquite pod extract or 3) the isoflavone daidzein during the periconception and pregnancy periods. Estrous cyclicity, sexual behavior and hormones, as well as uterine and vaginal epithelia were evaluated in the female descendants. In the males, sexual behavior and hormones, apoptosis in testicular cells and sperm quality were evaluated. In females the following was observed: alterations in estrous cycles, decreased sexual behavior, estradiol and progesterone levels, increased uterine and vaginal epithelia. In males, we observed a decrease in sexual behavior, testosterone and sperm quality, and apoptosis increased in testicular cells. All these effects were similar to those caused by daidzein. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to mesquite pod extract or daidzein, administered to females before and during pregnancy, can disrupt normal organizational-activational programming of reproductive physiology in female and male descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriberta Solano
- Masters in Biology of Animal Reproduction, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Eunice Hernández
- Masters in Biology of Animal Reproduction, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Juárez-Rojas
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Susana Rojas-Maya
- Department of Neuroendocrinology of Reproductive Behavior, Veterinary Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gabriela López
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Romero
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Fahiel Casillas
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Betancourt
- Department of Health Sciences, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Alma López
- Department of Health Sciences, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Reza Heidari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, People's Republic of China; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Socorro Retana-Márquez
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico.
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3
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Nguyen J, Patel A, Gensburg A, Bokhari R, Lamar P, Edwards J. Diabetogenic and Obesogenic Effects of Cadmium in Db/Db Mice and Rats at a Clinically Relevant Level of Exposure. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030107. [PMID: 35324731 PMCID: PMC8949435 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies show an association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and prediabetes or type II diabetes mellitus. We have previously reported that Cd causes decreased levels of serum leptin in rats following 12 weeks of daily Cd dosing (0.6 mg/kg/b.w./day). Since leptin plays an important role in metabolism, we examined the effects of Cd on rats and db/db mice, which are deficient in leptin receptor activity. We gave rats and mice daily subcutaneous injections of saline (control) or CdCl2 at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg of Cd for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of no dosing. At the end of the 4-week study, exposure to Cd resulted in a more rapid increase in blood glucose levels following an oral glucose tolerance test in db/db vs. lean mice. During the two weeks of no Cd dosing, individual rat bodyweight gain was greater (p ≤ 0.05) in Cd-treated animals. At this time point, the combined epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pad weight was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) in the Cd-treated lean mice compared to saline-treated controls. Although this pilot study had relatively low N values (4 per treatment group for mice and 6 for rats) the results show that clinically relevant levels of Cd exposure resulted in diabetogenic as well as obesogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nguyen
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Arjun Patel
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Andrew Gensburg
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (A.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Rehman Bokhari
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (A.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Peter Lamar
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Joshua Edwards
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(630)-515-7417
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4
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Hafiz MS, Campbell MD, Orsi NM, Mappa G, Orfila C, Boesch C. Impact of food processing on postprandial glycaemic and appetite responses in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Food Funct 2022; 13:1280-1290. [PMID: 35024710 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chickpeas are among the lowest glycaemic index carbohydrate foods eliciting protracted digestion and enhanced satiety responses. In vitro studies suggest that mechanical processing of chickpeas significantly increases starch digestion. However, there is little evidence regarding the impact of processing on postprandial glycaemic response in response to chickpea intake in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of mechanical processing on postprandial interstitial glycaemic and satiety responses in humans. In a randomised crossover design, thirteen normoglycaemic adults attended 4 separate laboratory visits following an overnight fast. On each occasion, one of four test meals, matched for available carbohydrate content and consisting of different physical forms of chickpeas (whole, puree, and pasta) or control (mashed potato), was administered followed by a subsequent standardised lunch meal. Continuous glucose monitoring captured interstitial glucose responses, accompanied by periodic venous blood samples for retrospective analysis of C-peptide, glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, leptin, resistin, and cortisol. Subjective appetite responses were measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Postprandial glycaemic responses were comparable between chickpea treatments albeit significantly lower than the control (p < 0.001). Similarly, all chickpea treatments elicited significantly lower C-peptide and GLP-1 responses compared to the control (p < 0.05), accompanied by enhanced subjective satiety responses (p < 0.05), whilst no significant differences in satiety hormones were detected among different intervention groups (p > 0.05). Chickpea consumption elicits low postprandial glycaemic responses and enhanced subjective satiety responses irrespective of processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam S Hafiz
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew D Campbell
- School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, UK.,Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, UK.,Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Nicolas M Orsi
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Georgia Mappa
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Caroline Orfila
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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5
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Du Preez A, Eum J, Eiben I, Eiben P, Zunszain PA, Pariante CM, Thuret S, Fernandes C. Do different types of stress differentially alter behavioural and neurobiological outcomes associated with depression in rodent models? A systematic review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 61:100896. [PMID: 33359461 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cataloguing the effects of different types of stress on behaviour and physiology in rodent models has not been comprehensively attempted. Here, we systematically review whether chronic exposure to physical stress, psychosocial stress, or both types of stress can induce different behavioural and neurobiological outcomes in male and female rodents. We found that physical stress consistently increased depressive-like behaviour, impaired social interaction and decreased body weight, while psychosocial stress consistently increased both anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour, impaired social interaction and learning and memory, increased HPA axis activity, peripheral inflammation and microglial activation, and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in male rodents. Moreover, we found that the combined effect of both stress types resulted in a more severe pathological state defined by increased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour, impaired social interaction and learning and memory, increased HPA axis activity and central inflammation, and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and neural plasticity in male rodents. Phenotypes for females were less consistent, irrespective of the type of stress exposure, on account of the limited number of studies using females. This review highlights that the type of stress may indeed matter and will help animal researchers to more appropriately choose a stress/depression model that fits their research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Du Preez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Josephine Eum
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Inez Eiben
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Paola Eiben
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Patricia A Zunszain
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, UK
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6
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Janoschek R, Hoffmann T, Morcos YAT, Sengle G, Dötsch J, Hucklenbruch-Rother E. Asprosin in pregnancy and childhood. Mol Cell Pediatr 2020; 7:18. [PMID: 33354737 PMCID: PMC7755955 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-020-00110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Janoschek
- Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thorben Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Yousef Ashraf Tawfik Morcos
- Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Hucklenbruch-Rother
- Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Neuroendocrine disruption is associated to infertility in chronically stressed female rats. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:474-483. [PMID: 32807716 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is a growing worldwide public health problem, and stress is a main factor exerting detrimental effects on female reproduction. However, knowledge regarding the neuroendocrine changes caused by chronic stress in females is limited. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of stress on hormones that control female reproduction during the proestrus and diestrus stages of the estrous cycle, as well as its effects on fertility. Adult females were assigned to either a control or a stress group. Stress consisted of exposure, for 15 min, to cold-water immersion daily for 30 days. Estrous cyclicity, female sexual behavior, as well as hypothalamic kisspeptin, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) content, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), corticosterone (CORT) and fertility were assessed after chronic stress. The results show that chronically stressed females exhibited disrupted estrous cyclicity, decreased receptivity, low pregnancy rates and lower numbers of fetuses. The content of Kisspeptin and GnRH in the Anteroventral Periventricular/medial Preoptic Area decreased during proestrus, while Kisspeptin increased in the Arcuate nucleus in proestrus and diestrus. Serum LH decreased only during proestrus, whereas E2 and P4 concentrations decreased during proestrus and diestrus, with a concomitant increase in CORT levels in both stages. As a whole, these results indicate that chronic stress decreases Kisspeptin content in AVPV nucleus and GnRH in POA in females, and might induce disruption of the LH surge, consequently disrupting estrous cyclicity and fertility, leading to lower rates of pregnancy and number of fetuses.
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8
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Lapp HE, Mueller I, Moore CL. Limited bedding and nesting material changes indices of cellular metabolism and behavioral thermal regulation in Long-Evans rats during the first two weeks of life. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Solak HM, Yanchukov A, Çolak F, Matur F, Sözen M, Ayanoğlu İC, Winternitz JC. Altitudinal Effects on Innate Immune Response of a Subterranean Rodent. Zoolog Sci 2020; 37:31-41. [PMID: 32068372 DOI: 10.2108/zs190067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune defense is costly to maintain and deploy, and the optimal investment into immune defense depends on risk of infection. Altitude is a natural environmental factor that is predicted to affect parasite abundance, with lower parasite abundance predicted at higher altitudes due to stronger environmental stressors, which reduce parasite transmission. Using high and low altitude populations of the Turkish blind mole-rat (TBMR) Nannospalax xanthodon, we tested for effects of altitude on constitutive innate immune defense. Field studies were performed with 32 wild animals in 2017 and 2018 from two low- and one high-altitude localities in the Central Taurus Mountains, at respective altitudes of 1010 m, 1115 m, and 2900 m above sea level. We first compared innate standing immune defense as measured by the bacteria-killing ability of blood serum. We then measured corticosterone stress hormone levels, as stressful conditions may affect immune response. Finally, we compared prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites of field-captured TBMR. We found that the bacteria-killing ability of serum is greater in the mole-rat samples from high altitude. There was no significant difference in stress (corticosterone) levels between altitude categories. Coccidian prevalence and abundance were significantly higher in 2017 than 2018 samples, but there was no significant difference in prevalence, abundance, or intensity between altitudes, or between sexes. Small sample sizes may have reduced power to detect true differences; nevertheless, this study provides support that greater standing innate immunity in high altitude animals may reflect greater investment into constitutive defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Mert Solak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bülent Ecevit University, Farabi Campus, 67100, İncivez, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Alexey Yanchukov
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bülent Ecevit University, Farabi Campus, 67100, İncivez, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Faruk Çolak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bülent Ecevit University, Farabi Campus, 67100, İncivez, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Matur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylül University, Tınaztepe Campus, 35390, Buca, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sözen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bülent Ecevit University, Farabi Campus, 67100, İncivez, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - İhsan Cihan Ayanoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Science, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jamie C Winternitz
- Department of Animal Behavior, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany,
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10
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Görgens SW, Jahn-Hofmann K, Bangari D, Cummings S, Metz-Weidmann C, Schwahn U, Wohlfart P, Schäfer M, Bielohuby M. A siRNA mediated hepatic dpp4 knockdown affects lipid, but not glucose metabolism in diabetic mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225835. [PMID: 31794591 PMCID: PMC6890245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) represents an effective and established treatment option for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The current study investigated in mice if a liver selective knock-down of dpp4 by therapeutic siRNAs could be a novel, similarly effective treatment option for T2D. Furthermore, the potential effects on hepatic steatosis, inflammation and lipid metabolism were investigated after hepato-selective knock-down of dpp4. The knock-down efficiency and IC50 values of siRNAs targeting dpp4 were analyzed in PC3 cells. In two independent studies, either db/db mice or C57BL/6J mice were injected intravenously with a liposomal formulation of siRNAs targeting either dpp4 or a non-targeting control, followed by metabolically characterization. In comparator groups, additional cohorts of mice were treated with an oral dpp4 inhibitor. In both animal studies, we observed a robust knock-down (~75%) of hepatic dpp4 with a potent siRNA. Hepatic dpp4 knockdown did not significantly affect glucose metabolism or circulating incretin concentrations in both animal studies. However, in obese and diabetic db/db mice hepatic steatosis was reduced and hepatic mRNA expression of acaca, scd1, fasn and pparg was significantly lower after siRNA treatment. Systemic inhibition of the enzymatic dpp4 activity by an oral dpp4 inhibitor significantly improved glucose handling in db/db mice but did not affect hepatic endpoints. These data demonstrate that a targeted reduction of dpp4 expression in the liver may not be sufficient to improve whole-body glucose metabolism in obese and diabetic mice but may improve hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Jahn-Hofmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dinesh Bangari
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - Sheila Cummings
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Uwe Schwahn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Paulus Wohlfart
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail: (PW); (MB)
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail: (PW); (MB)
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11
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Jarvela TS, Shakya M, Bachor T, White A, Low MJ, Lindberg I. Reduced Stability and pH-Dependent Activity of a Common Obesity-Linked PCSK1 Polymorphism, N221D. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2630-2645. [PMID: 31504391 PMCID: PMC6892424 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Common mutations in the human prohormone convertase (PC)1/3 gene (PCKSI) are linked to increased risk of obesity. Previous work has shown that the rs6232 single-nucleotide polymorphism (N221D) results in slightly decreased activity, although whether this decrease underlies obesity risk is not clear. We observed significantly decreased activity of the N221D PC1/3 enzyme at the pH of the trans-Golgi network; at this pH, the mutant enzyme was less stable than wild-type enzyme. Recombinant N221D PC1/3 also showed enhanced susceptibility to heat stress. Enhanced susceptibility to tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress was observed in AtT-20/PC2 cell clones in which murine PC1/3 was replaced by human N221D PC1/3, as compared with wild-type human PC1/3. However, N221D PC1/3-expressing AtT-20/PC2 clones processed proopiomelanocortin to α-MSH similarly to wild-type PC1/3. We also generated a CRISPR-edited mouse line expressing the N221D mutation in the PCKSI gene. When homozygous N221D mice were fed either a standard or a high-fat diet, we found no increase in body weight compared with their wild-type sibling controls. Sexual dimorphism was observed in pituitary ACTH for both genotypes, with females exhibiting lower levels of pituitary ACTH. In contrast, hypothalamic α-MSH content for both genotypes was higher in females compared with males. Hypothalamic corticotropin-like intermediate peptide content was higher in wild-type females compared with wild-type, but not N221D, males. Taken together, these data suggest that the increased obesity risk linked to the N221D allele in humans may be due in part to PC1/3-induced loss of resilience to stressors rather than strictly to decreased enzymatic activity on peptide precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Jarvela
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Surbhi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tomas Bachor
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne White
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J Low
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence: Iris Lindberg, PhD, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Room S267, Baltimore, Maryland 21210. E-mail:
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12
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Gholib G, Wahyuni S, Akmal M, Hasan M, Agil M, Purwantara B. The validation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the effect of freeze-thaw cycles of serum on the stability of cortisol and testosterone concentrations in Aceh cattle. F1000Res 2019; 8:1220. [PMID: 32148759 PMCID: PMC7047911 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19804.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To obtain accurate measurements of cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) in Aceh cattle, commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits need to be carefully validated. Moreover, repeated freeze-thaw cycles during the storage of the samples may affect the stability of the hormones in the serum. Here, the reliability of C and T concentration measurements in the serum of Aceh cattle, was tested using commercial C and T ELISA kits designed to measure human C and T concentrations. Further, the effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of C and T concentrations in the serum was evaluated. Methods: Commercial C (Cat. no. EIA-1887) and T (Cat. no. EIA-1559) ELISA kits from DRG Instruments GmbH were validated through an analytical validation test (i.e., parallelism, accuracy, and precision) and a biological validation test (for C: effect of transportation on the C secretion; for T: the concentrations of T between bulls and cows). To test the effects of freeze-thaw cycles, cattle serum was subjected to the following treatments: (i) remained frozen at -20 OC (control group); (ii) exposed to freeze-thaw cycles for two, four, six, and eight times (test groups). Results: Parallelism, accuracy, and precision tests showed that both C and T ELISA kits adequately measured C and T in the serum of Aceh cattle. Concentrations of C post-transportation were significantly higher than pre-transportation (p<0.01). Concentrations of T in bulls were significantly higher than in cows (p<0.01). After four to eight freeze-thaw cycles, C concentrations were significantly lower compared to the control group (all p < 0.05). In contrast, T concentrations remained stable (all p>0.05). Conclusions: Commercial C (EIA-1887) and T (EIA-1559) ELISA kits are reliable assays for measuring serum C and T, respectively, in Aceh cattle. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles significantly affected the stability of serum C, but did not for T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholib Gholib
- Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muslim Akmal
- Histology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Agil
- Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Purwantara
- Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
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Gholib G, Wahyuni S, Akmal M, Hasan M, Agil M, Purwantara B. The validation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the effect of freeze-thaw cycles of serum on the stability of cortisol and testosterone concentrations in Aceh cattle. F1000Res 2019; 8:1220. [PMID: 32148759 PMCID: PMC7047911 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19804.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: To obtain accurate measurements of cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) in Aceh cattle, commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits need to be carefully validated. Moreover, repeated freeze-thaw cycles during the storage of the samples may affect the stability of the hormones in the serum. Here, the reliability of C and T concentration measurements in the serum of Aceh cattle, was tested using commercial C and T ELISA kits designed to measure human C and T concentrations. Further, the effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of C and T concentrations in the serum was evaluated. Methods: Commercial C (Cat. no. EIA-1887) and T (Cat. no. EIA-1559) ELISA kits from DRG Instruments GmbH were validated through an analytical validation test (i.e., parallelism, accuracy, and precision) and a biological validation test (for C: effect of transportation on the C secretion; for T: the concentrations of T between bulls and cows). To test the effects of freeze-thaw cycles, cattle serum was subjected to the following treatments: (i) remained frozen at -20 OC (control group); (ii) exposed to freeze-thaw cycles for two, four, six, and eight times (test groups). Results: Parallelism, accuracy, and precision tests showed that both C and T ELISA kits adequately measured C and T in the serum of Aceh cattle. Concentrations of C post-transportation were significantly higher than pre-transportation (p<0.01). Concentrations of T in bulls were significantly higher than in cows (p<0.01). After four to eight freeze-thaw cycles, C concentrations were significantly lower compared to the control group (all p < 0.05). In contrast, T concentrations remained stable (all p>0.05). Conclusions: Commercial C (EIA-1887) and T (EIA-1559) ELISA kits are reliable assays for measuring serum C and T, respectively, in Aceh cattle. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles significantly affected the stability of serum C, but did not for T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholib Gholib
- Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muslim Akmal
- Histology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Agil
- Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Purwantara
- Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
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Gholib G, Wahyuni S, Akmal M, Hasan M, Agil M, Purwantara B. The validation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the effect of freeze-thaw cycles of serum on the stability of cortisol and testosterone concentrations in Aceh cattle. F1000Res 2019; 8:1220. [PMID: 32148759 PMCID: PMC7047911 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19804.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To obtain accurate measurements of cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) in Aceh cattle, commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits need to be carefully validated. Moreover, repeated freeze-thaw cycles during the storage of the samples may affect the stability of the hormones in the serum. Here, the reliability of C and T concentration measurements in the serum of Aceh cattle, was tested using commercial C and T ELISA kits designed to measure human C and T concentrations. Further, the effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of C and T concentrations in the serum was evaluated. Methods: Commercial C (Cat. no. EIA-1887) and T (Cat. no. EIA-1559) ELISA kits from DRG Instruments GmbH were validated through an analytical validation test (i.e., parallelism, accuracy, and precision) and a biological validation test (for C: effect of transportation on the C secretion; for T: the concentrations of T between bulls and cows). To test the effects of freeze-thaw cycles, cattle serum was subjected to the following treatments: (i) remained frozen at -20 OC (control group); (ii) exposed to freeze-thaw cycles for two, four, six, and eight times (test groups). Results: Parallelism, accuracy, and precision tests showed that both C and T ELISA kits adequately measured C and T in the serum of Aceh cattle. Concentrations of C post-transportation were significantly higher than pre-transportation (p<0.01). Concentrations of T in bulls were significantly higher than in cows (p<0.01). After four to eight freeze-thaw cycles, C concentrations were significantly lower compared to the control group (all p < 0.05). In contrast, T concentrations remained stable (all p>0.05). Conclusions: Commercial C (EIA-1887) and T (EIA-1559) ELISA kits are reliable assays for measuring serum C and T, respectively, in Aceh cattle. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles significantly affected the stability of serum C, but did not for T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholib Gholib
- Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muslim Akmal
- Histology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Agil
- Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Purwantara
- Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
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Li AA, Makris SL, Marty MS, Strauss V, Gilbert ME, Blacker A, Zorrilla LM, Coder PS, Hannas B, Lordi S, Schneider S. Practical considerations for developmental thyroid toxicity assessments: What's working, what's not, and how can we do better? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:111-136. [PMID: 31018155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs; T3 and T4) play a role in development of cardiovascular, reproductive, immune and nervous systems. Thus, interpretation of TH changes from rodent studies (during pregnancy, in fetuses, neonates, and adults) is critical in hazard characterization and risk assessment. A roundtable session at the 2017 Society of Toxicology (SOT) meeting brought together academic, industry and government scientists to share knowledge and different perspectives on technical and data interpretation issues. Data from a limited group of laboratories were compiled for technical discussions on TH measurements, including good practices for reliable serum TH data. Inter-laboratory historical control data, derived from immunoassays or mass spectrometry methods, revealed: 1) assay sensitivities vary within and across methodologies; 2) TH variability is similar across animal ages; 3) laboratories generally achieve sufficiently sensitive TH quantitation levels, although issues remain for lower levels of serum TH and TSH in fetuses and postnatal day 4 pups; thus, assay sensitivity is critical at these life stages. Best practices require detailed validation of rat serum TH measurements across ages to establish assay sensitivity and precision, and identify potential matrix effects. Finally, issues related to data interpretation for biological understanding and risk assessment were discussed, but their resolution remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby A Li
- Exponent Inc., 1010 14th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94114, USA.
| | - Susan L Makris
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW 8623R, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - M Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Volker Strauss
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health Environmental Effects Research Lab, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD B105 05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Ann Blacker
- Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, RTP, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - Pragati S Coder
- Charles River Laboratories, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 1407 George Road, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA.
| | - Bethany Hannas
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Sheri Lordi
- Charles River Laboratories International, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA.
| | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Manservisi F, Lesseur C, Panzacchi S, Mandrioli D, Falcioni L, Bua L, Manservigi M, Spinaci M, Galeati G, Mantovani A, Lorenzetti S, Miglio R, Andrade AM, Kristensen DM, Perry MJ, Swan SH, Chen J, Belpoggi F. The Ramazzini Institute 13-week pilot study glyphosate-based herbicides administered at human-equivalent dose to Sprague Dawley rats: effects on development and endocrine system. Environ Health 2019; 18:15. [PMID: 30857531 PMCID: PMC6413565 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are broad-spectrum herbicides that act on the shikimate pathway in bacteria, fungi, and plants. The possible effects of GBHs on human health are the subject of an intense public debate for both its potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, including potential effects on the endocrine system The present pilot study examine whether exposure to GBHs at the dose of glyphosate considered to be "safe" (the US Acceptable Daily Intake - ADI - of 1.75 mg/kg bw/day), starting from in utero life, affect the development and endocrine system across different life stages in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS Glyphosate alone and Roundup Bioflow, a commercial brand of GBHs, were administered in drinking water at 1.75 mg/kg bw/day to F0 dams starting from the gestational day (GD) 6 (in utero) up to postnatal day (PND) 120. After weaning, offspring were randomly distributed in two cohorts: 8 M + 8F/group animals belonging to the 6-week cohort were sacrificed after puberty at PND 73 ± 2; 10 M + 10F/group animals belonging to the 13-week cohort were sacrificed at adulthood at PND 125 ± 2. Effects of glyphosate or Roundup exposure were assessed on developmental landmarks and sexual characteristics of pups. RESULTS In pups, anogenital distance (AGD) at PND 4 was statistically significantly increased both in Roundup-treated males and females and in glyphosate-treated males. Age at first estrous (FE) was significantly delayed in the Roundup-exposed group and serum testosterone concentration significantly increased in Roundup-treated female offspring from the 13-week cohort compared to control animals. A statistically significant increase in plasma TSH concentration was observed in glyphosate-treated males compared with control animals as well as a statistically significant decrease in DHT and increase in BDNF in Roundup-treated males. Hormonal status imbalances were more pronounced in Roundup-treated rats after prolonged exposure. CONCLUSIONS The present pilot study demonstrate that GBHs exposure, from prenatal period to adulthood, induced endocrine effects and altered reproductive developmental parameters in male and female SD rats. In particular, it was associated with androgen-like effects, including a statistically significant increase of AGDs in both males and females, delay of FE and increased testosterone in female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Corina Lesseur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Bua
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Manservigi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Spinaci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Galeati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Miglio
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anderson Martino Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - David Møbjerg Kristensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 1165, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melissa J Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy.
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García-Vargas D, Juárez-Rojas L, Rojas Maya S, Retana-Márquez S. Prenatal stress decreases sperm quality, mature follicles and fertility in rats. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2019; 65:223-235. [PMID: 30689429 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2019.1567870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress disrupts reproductive function in females and males. These alterations have primarily been related to maternal corticosteroid fetal programming due to the stress response, affecting the fetus and causing long-lasting effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of prenatal stress on male and female fertility. Dams were exposed to stress by immersion in cold water twice a day for the last week of gestation (days 15-21). In the adulthood, sperm quality, mature follicles, sexual hormones and fertility were assessed in female and male progeny. The results in prenatally stressed females showed lower body weight, longer estrous cycles, lower estradiol and progesterone, and lower number of pups. In prenatally stressed males, lower body weight, increased testicular cell death, as well as decreased testosterone levels, sperm quality, and fertility were observed. Aside from these effects, corticosterone levels in prenatally stressed males and females increased. These results show that prenatal stress can markedly influence infertility in adult female and male progeny. Abbreviations: 3β-HSD: 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone; DEX: dexamethasone; ERα: estrogen receptor alpha; H-E: hematoxylin-eosine; HPA: hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal; KISS: Kisspeptin; ORW: ovarian relative weight; PBS: phosphates; PS: prenatally stressed; PRW: prostatic relative weight; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SRW: seminal relative weight; TdT: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick-end labelling; TRW: testicular relative weight; URW: uterine relative weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizbeth Juárez-Rojas
- b Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Mexico City , México
| | - Susana Rojas Maya
- c Departamento de Neuroendocrinología de la Conducta Reproductiva, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México
| | - Socorro Retana-Márquez
- b Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Mexico City , México
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Bielohuby M, Bidlingmaier M, Schwahn U. Control of (pre)-analytical aspects in immunoassay measurements of metabolic hormones in rodents. Endocr Connect 2018; 7. [PMID: 29540488 PMCID: PMC5881432 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of circulating hormones by immunoassay remains a cornerstone in preclinical endocrine research. For scientists conducting and interpreting immunoassay measurements of rodent samples, the paramount aim usually is to obtain reliable and meaningful measurement data in order to draw conclusions on biological processes. However, the biological variability between samples is not the only variable affecting the readout of an immunoassay measurement and a considerable amount of unwanted or unintended variability can be quickly introduced during the pre-analytical and analytical phase. This review aims to increase the awareness for the factors 'pre-analytical' and 'analytical' variability particularly in the context of immunoassay measurement of circulating metabolic hormones in rodent samples. In addition, guidance is provided how to gain control over these variables and how to avoid common pitfalls associated with sample collection, processing, storage and measurement. Furthermore, recommendations are given on how to perform a basic validation of novel single and multiplex immunoassays for the measurement of metabolic hormones in rodents. Finally, practical examples from immunoassay measurements of plasma insulin in mice address the factors 'sampling site and inhalation anesthesia' as frequent sources of introducing an unwanted variability during the pre-analytical phase. The knowledge about the influence of both types of variability on the immunoassay measurement of circulating hormones as well as strategies to control these variables are crucial, on the one hand, for planning and realization of metabolic rodent studies and, on the other hand, for the generation and interpretation of meaningful immunoassay data from rodent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research LaboratoriesMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Schwahn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbHR&D, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
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19
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King DG, Walker M, Campbell MD, Breen L, Stevenson EJ, West DJ. A small dose of whey protein co-ingested with mixed-macronutrient breakfast and lunch meals improves postprandial glycemia and suppresses appetite in men with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:550-557. [PMID: 29635505 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Large doses of whey protein consumed as a preload before single high-glycemic load meals has been shown to improve postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes. It is unclear if this effect remains with smaller doses of whey co-ingested at consecutive mixed-macronutrient meals. Moreover, whether hydrolyzed whey offers further benefit under these conditions is unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate postprandial glycemic and appetite responses after small doses of intact and hydrolyzed whey protein co-ingested with mixed-nutrient breakfast and lunch meals in men with type 2 diabetes. Design In a randomized, single-blind crossover design, 11 men with type 2 diabetes [mean ± SD age: 54.9 ± 2.3 y; glycated hemoglobin: 6.8% ± 0.3% (51.3 ± 3.4 mmol/mol)] attended the laboratory on 3 mornings and consumed 1) intact whey protein (15 g), 2) hydrolyzed whey protein (15 g), or 3) placebo (control) immediately before mixed-macronutrient breakfast and lunch meals, separated by 3 h. Blood samples were collected periodically and were processed for insulin, intact glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY3-36), and amino acid concentrations. Interstitial glucose was measured during and for 24 h after each trial. Subjective appetite was assessed with the use of visual analog scales. Results Total postprandial glycemia area under the curve was reduced by 13% ± 3% after breakfast following the intact whey protein when compared with control (P < 0.05). Hydrolyzed whey attenuated early glucose after breakfast when compared with control (P < 0.05). Glycemia was improved postlunch after the intact whey protein only when compared with control (P < 0.05). Greater satiety was observed after the intact whey protein only after both meals when compared with control (P < 0.05). Insulin concentrations increased after both the intact and hydrolyzed whey protein, showing strong positive correlations with increases in valine and isoleucine (P < 0.05). Incretin and appetite regulatory hormone responses were similar across trials (P > 0.05). Conclusions The consumption of a small 15-g dose of intact whey protein immediately before consecutive mixed-macronutrient meals improves postprandial glycemia, stimulates insulin release, and increases satiety in men with type 2 diabetes. This trial was registered at www.clinicialtrials.gov as NCT02903199.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G King
- Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Surrey Human Performance Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D Campbell
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity, and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J West
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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20
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Comparison of fecal preservation and extraction methods for steroid hormone metabolite analysis in wild crested macaques. Primates 2018; 59:281-292. [PMID: 29429140 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-0653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the non-invasive field endocrinology techniques were developed, several fecal preservation and extraction methods have been established for a variety of species. However, direct adaptation of methods from previous studies for use in crested macaques should be taken with caution. We conducted an experiment to assess the accuracy and stability of fecal estrogen metabolite (E1C) and glucocorticoid metabolite (GCM) concentrations in response to several preservation parameters: (1) time lag between sample collection and fecal preservation; (2) long-term storage of fecal samples in 80% methanol (MeOH) at ambient temperature; (3) different degrees of feces drying temperature using a conventional oven; and (4) different fecal preservation techniques (i.e., freeze-drying, oven-drying, and field-friendly extraction method) and extraction solvents (methanol, ethanol, and commercial alcohol). The study used fecal samples collected from crested macaques (Macaca nigra) living in the Tangkoko Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Samples were assayed using validated E1C and GCM enzyme immunoassays. Concentrations of E1C and GCM in unprocessed feces stored at ambient temperature remained stable for up to 8 h of storage after which concentrations of both E1C and GCM changed significantly compared to controls extracted at time 0. Long-term storage in 80% MeOH at ambient temperature affected hormone concentrations significantly with concentrations of both E1C and GCM increasing after 6 and 4 months of storage, respectively. Drying fecal samples using a conventional oven at 50, 70, and 90 °C did not affect the E1C concentrations, but led to a significant decline for GCM concentrations in samples dried at 90 °C. Different fecal preservation techniques and extraction solvents provided similar results for both E1C and GCM concentrations. Our results confirm previous studies that prior to application of fecal hormone analysis in a new species, several preservation parameters should be evaluated for their effects on hormone metabolite stability. The results also provide several options for fecal preservation, extraction, and storage methods that can be selected depending on the condition of the field site and laboratory.
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Chen D, Han W, Su X, Li L, Li L. Overcoming Sample Matrix Effect in Quantitative Blood Metabolomics Using Chemical Isotope Labeling Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9424-9431. [PMID: 28787119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blood is widely used for discovery metabolomics to search for disease biomarkers. However, blood sample matrix can have a profound effect on metabolome analysis, which can impose an undesirable restriction on the type of blood collection tubes that can be used for blood metabolomics. We investigated the effect of blood sample matrix on metabolome analysis using a high-coverage and quantitative metabolome profiling technique based on differential chemical isotope labeling (CIL) LC-MS. We used 12C-/13C-dansylation LC-MS to perform relative quantification of the amine/phenol submetabolomes of four types of samples (i.e., serum, EDTA plasma, heparin plasma, and citrate plasma) collected from healthy individuals and compare their metabolomic results. From the analysis of 80 plasma and serum samples in experimental triplicate, we detected a total of 3651 metabolites with an average of 1818 metabolites per run (n = 240). The number of metabolites detected and the precision and accuracy of relative quantification were found to be independent of the sample type. Within each sample type, the metabolome data set could reveal biological variation (e.g., sex separation). Although the relative concentrations of some individual metabolites might be different in the four types of samples, for sex separation, all 66 significant metabolites with larger fold-changes (FC ≥ 2 and p < 0.05) found in at least one sample type could be found in the other types of samples with similar or somewhat reduced, but still significant, fold-changes. Our results indicate that CIL LC-MS could overcome the sample matrix effect, thereby greatly broadening the scope of blood metabolomics; any blood samples properly collected in routine clinical settings, including those in biobanks originally used for other purposes, can potentially be used for discovery metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xiaoling Su
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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22
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Lombardi G, Sansoni V, Banfi G. Measuring myokines with cardiovascular functions: pre-analytical variables affecting the analytical output. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:299. [PMID: 28856139 PMCID: PMC5555982 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.07.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, a growing number of molecules have been associated to an endocrine function of the skeletal muscle. Circulating myokine levels, in turn, have been associated with several pathophysiological conditions including the cardiovascular ones. However, data from different studies are often not completely comparable or even discordant. This would be due, at least in part, to the whole set of situations related to the preparation of the patient prior to blood sampling, blood sampling procedure, processing and/or store. This entire process constitutes the pre-analytical phase. The importance of the pre-analytical phase is often not considered. However, in routine diagnostics, the 70% of the errors are in this phase. Moreover, errors during the pre-analytical phase are carried over in the analytical phase and affects the final output. In research, for example, when samples are collected over a long time and by different laboratories, a standardized procedure for sample collecting and the correct procedure for sample storage are acknowledged. In this review, we discuss the pre-analytical variables potentially affecting the measurement of myokines with cardiovascular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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23
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Lombardi G, Barbaro M, Locatelli M, Banfi G. Novel bone metabolism-associated hormones: the importance of the pre-analytical phase for understanding their physiological roles. Endocrine 2017; 56:460-484. [PMID: 28181144 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine function of bone is now a recognized feature of this tissue. Bone-derived hormones that modulate whole-body homeostasis, are being discovered as for the effects on bone of novel and classic hormones produced by other tissues become known. Often, however, the data regarding these last generation bone-derived or bone-targeting hormones do not give about a clear picture of their physiological roles or concentration ranges. A certain degree of uncertainty could stem from differences in the pre-analytical management of biological samples. The pre-analytical phase comprises a series of decisions and actions (i.e., choice of sample matrix, methods of collection, transportation, treatment and storage) preceding analysis. Errors arising in this phase will inevitably be carried over to the analytical phase where they can reduce the measurement accuracy, ultimately, leading discrepant results. While the pre-analytical phase is all important, in routine laboratory medicine, it is often not given due consideration in research and clinical trials. This is particularly true for novel molecules, such as the hormones regulating the endocrine function of bone. In this review we discuss the importance of the pre-analytical variables affecting the measurement of last generation bone-associated hormones and describe their, often debated and rarely clear physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mosè Barbaro
- Laboratory Medicine Service, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
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24
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Metabolic, endocrine and appetite-related responses to acute and daily milk snack consumption in healthy, adolescent males. Appetite 2017; 108:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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25
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Sun J, Walker AJ, Dean B, van den Buuse M, Gogos A. Progesterone: The neglected hormone in schizophrenia? A focus on progesterone-dopamine interactions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:126-140. [PMID: 27608362 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences appear to be an important factor in schizophrenia. Women with schizophrenia tend to exhibit less disease impairment than men, typically presenting with a later age-at-onset, lower overall incidence and less severe symptoms. These observations underpin the estrogen hypothesis of schizophrenia, which postulates a protective role of estrogen against the development and severity of the disorder. While there has been significant attention placed on the impact of estrogens in schizophrenia, less consideration has been afforded to the role of progesterone, the other main female gonadal hormone. This narrative review discusses the role of progesterone as a neuroactive steroid and how it may be dysregulated in schizophrenia. Preclinical and molecular studies relevant to schizophrenia are discussed with a particular focus on the interactions between progesterone and the dopaminergic system. Notably, existing data on progesterone in relation to schizophrenia is inconsistent, with some studies suggesting a neuroprotective role for the hormone (e.g. animal models of cognitive dysfunction and positive symptoms), while other studies posit a disruptive impact of the hormone (e.g. negative correlations with symptom modulation in patients). This review aims to thoroughly address these discrepancies, concluding that altogether the data suggest that progesterone is a key modulator of central systems implicated in schizophrenia. On this basis, we argue that a more inclusive, considered effort of future studies to understand the intricacies of the interactions between progesterone and estrogen. Such an effort may enhance our understanding of the roles of sex hormones in schizophrenia, thus leading to avenues for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehae Sun
- Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam J Walker
- Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea Gogos
- Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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26
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Filgueira CS, Nicolov E, Hood RL, Ballerini A, Garcia-Huidobro J, Lin JZ, Fraga D, Webb P, Sabek OM, Gaber AO, Phillips KJ, Grattoni A. Sustained zero-order delivery of GC-1 from a nanochannel membrane device alleviates metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1776-1783. [PMID: 27460601 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess the sustained, low-dose and constant administration of the thyroid receptor-β (TRβ)-selective agonist GC-1 (sobetirome) from a novel nanochannel membrane device (NMD) for drug delivery. As it known to speed up metabolism, accomplish weight loss, improve cholesterol levels and possess anti-diabetic effects, GC-1 was steadily administered by our NMD, consisting of an implantable nanochannel membrane, as an alternative to conventional daily administration, which is subject to compliance issues in clinical settings. SUBJECTS/METHODS Diet-induced obese C57BL/J6 male mice were fed a very high-fat diet (VHFD) and received NMD implants subcutaneously. Ten mice per group received capsules containing GC-1 or phosphate-buffered saline (control). Weight, lean and fat mass, as well as cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and glucose, were monitored for 24 days. After treatment, plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine were compared. mRNA levels of a panel of thermogenic markers were examined using real-time PCR in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Adipose tissue, liver and local inflammatory response to the implant were examined histologically. Pancreatic islet number and β-cell area were assessed. RESULTS GC-1 released from the NMD reversed VHFD-induced obesity and normalized serum cholesterol and glycemia. Significant reductions in body weight and fat mass were observed within 10 days, whereas reductions in serum cholesterol and glucose levels were seen within 7 days. The significant decrease in TSH was consistent with TRβ selectivity for GC-1. Levels of transcript for Ucp1 and thermogenic genes PGC1a, Cidea, Dio2 and Cox5a showed significant upregulation in WAT in NMD-GC-1-treated mice, but decreased in BAT. Although mice treated by NMD-GC-1 showed a similar number of pancreatic islets, they exhibited significant increase in β-cell area. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the NMD implant achieves steady administration of GC-1, offering an effective and tightly controlled molecular delivery system for treatment of obesity and metabolic disease, thereby addressing compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Filgueira
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Nicolov
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R L Hood
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Ballerini
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - J Garcia-Huidobro
- Deparment of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Z Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Fraga
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Webb
- Genomic Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - O M Sabek
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - A O Gaber
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - K J Phillips
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Grattoni
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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27
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The Effect of a Dairy-Based Recovery Beverage on Post-Exercise Appetite and Energy Intake in Active Females. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060355. [PMID: 27338460 PMCID: PMC4924196 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effect of a dairy-based recovery beverage on post-exercise appetite and energy intake in active females. Thirteen active females completed three trials in a crossover design. Participants completed 60 min of cycling at 65% V̇O2peak, before a 120 min recovery period. On completion of cycling, participants consumed a commercially available dairy-based beverage (DBB), a commercially available carbohydrate beverage (CHO), or a water control (H₂O). Non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and appetite-related peptides alongside measures of subjective appetite were sampled at baseline and at 30 min intervals during recovery. At 120 min, energy intake was assessed in the laboratory by ad libitum assessment, and in the free-living environment by weighed food record for the remainder of the study day. Energy intake at the ad libitum lunch was lower after DBB compared to H₂O (4.43 ± 0.20, 5.58 ± 0.41 MJ, respectively; p = 0.046; (95% CI: -2.28, -0.20 MJ)), but was not different to CHO (5.21 ± 0.46 MJ), with no difference between trials thereafter. Insulin and GLP-17-36 were higher following DBB compared to H₂O (p = 0.015 and p = 0.001, respectively) but not to CHO (p = 1.00 and p = 0.146, respectively). In addition, glucagon was higher following DBB compared to CHO (p = 0.008) but not to H₂O (p = 0.074). The results demonstrate that where DBB consumption may manifest in accelerated recovery, this may be possible without significantly affecting total energy intake and subsequent appetite-related responses relative to a CHO beverage.
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28
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Zengin A, Kropp B, Chevalier Y, Junnila R, Sustarsic E, Herbach N, Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Milz S, Bidlingmaier M, Bielohuby M. Low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets have sex-specific effects on bone health in rats. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:2307-20. [PMID: 26386685 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies in humans suggest that consumption of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LC-HF) could be detrimental for growth and bone health. In young male rats, LC-HF diets negatively affect bone health by impairing the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis (GH/IGF axis), while the effects in female rats remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether sex-specific effects of LC-HF diets on bone health exist. METHODS Twelve-week-old male and female Wistar rats were isoenergetically pair-fed either a control diet (CD), "Atkins-style" protein-matched diet (LC-HF-1), or ketogenic low-protein diet (LC-HF-2) for 4 weeks. In females, microcomputed tomography and histomorphometry analyses were performed on the distal femur. Sex hormones were analysed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and endocrine parameters including GH and IGF-I were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Trabecular bone volume, serum IGF-I and the bone formation marker P1NP were lower in male rats fed both LC-HF diets versus CD. LC-HF diets did not impair bone health in female rats, with no change in trabecular or cortical bone volume nor in serum markers of bone turnover between CD versus both LC-HF diet groups. Pituitary GH secretion was lower in female rats fed LC-HF diet, with no difference in circulating IGF-I. Circulating sex hormone concentrations remained unchanged in male and female rats fed LC-HF diets. CONCLUSION A 4-week consumption of LC-HF diets has sex-specific effects on bone health-with no effects in adult female rats yet negative effects in adult male rats. This response seems to be driven by a sex-specific effect of LC-HF diets on the GH/IGF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Zengin
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kropp
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Chevalier
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Riia Junnila
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Elahu Sustarsic
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja Herbach
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefan Milz
- Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl II, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany. .,R&D Diabetes Division/Insulin Biology, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Bldg. H821, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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29
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Braun JP, Bourgès-Abella N, Geffré A, Concordet D, Trumel C. The preanalytic phase in veterinary clinical pathology. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 44:8-25. [PMID: 25438659 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the general causes of preanalytic variability with a few examples showing specialists and practitioners that special and improved care should be given to this too often neglected phase. The preanalytic phase of clinical pathology includes all the steps from specimen collection to analysis. It is the phase where most laboratory errors occur in human, and probably also in veterinary clinical pathology. Numerous causes may affect the validity of the results, including technical factors, such as the choice of anticoagulant, the blood vessel sampled, and the duration and conditions of specimen handling. While the latter factors can be defined, influence of biologic and physiologic factors such as feeding and fasting, stress, and biologic and endocrine rhythms can often not be controlled. Nevertheless, as many factors as possible should at least be documented. The importance of the preanalytic phase is often not given the necessary attention, although the validity of the results and consequent clinical decision making and medical management of animal patients would likely be improved if the quality of specimens submitted to the laboratory was optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Braun
- Sciences cliniques, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, ENVT, UMS 0006, Toulouse, France
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30
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Green BP, Gonzalez JT, Thomas K, Stevenson E, Rumbold PLS. Agreement between fingertip-capillary and antecubital-venous appetite-related peptides. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:233-42. [PMID: 25351445 PMCID: PMC8473955 DOI: 10.1530/ec-14-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the agreement between fingertip-capillary and antecubital-venous measures of appetite-related peptides. Simultaneous fingertip-capillary and antecubital-venous blood samples were collected from 19 participants. The samples were obtained at baseline, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min following breakfast for the determination of plasma GLP17-36, glucagon, insulin and leptin. Between-day reproducibility of fingertip-capillary-derived estimates was assessed in 18 participants. Deming regression, limits of agreement (LOA) and typical error as a coefficient of variation (CV) were used to quantify agreement (CVa) and reproducibility (CVr). Deming regression revealed no systematic bias for any of the analytes studied, but for insulin there was evidence of a proportional difference at higher concentrations. Measures of GLP17-36 (CVa=24.0%, LOA ±2.5 pg m/l per h), leptin (CVa=9.0%, LOA ×/÷1.19) and glucagon (CVa=21.0%, LOA, ±31.5 pg m/l per h) revealed good agreement between methodological approaches. Fingertip-capillary glucagon was highly reproducible between days (CVr=8.2%). GLP17-36 and leptin demonstrated modest reproducibility (CVr=22.7 and 25.0% respectively). For insulin, agreement (CVa=36.0%, LOA ×/÷1.79) and reproducibility were poor (CVr=36.0%). Collectively, the data demonstrate that fingertip-capillary blood sampling provides a comparable and reproducible alternative to antecubital-venous blood sampling for the quantification of glucagon, and to a lesser extent for GLP17-36 and leptin. Caution should be exercised when utilising fingertip-capillary blood sampling for insulin quantification, and consequently should not be employed interchangeably with antecubital-venous blood sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Paul Green
- Department of SportExercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Javier Thomas Gonzalez
- Department of SportExercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of SportExercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Department of SportExercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Penny Louise Sheena Rumbold
- Department of SportExercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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31
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Bielohuby M, Sisley S, Sandoval D, Herbach N, Zengin A, Fischereder M, Menhofer D, Stoehr BJM, Stemmer K, Wanke R, Tschöp MH, Seeley RJ, Bidlingmaier M. Impaired glucose tolerance in rats fed low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1059-70. [PMID: 23982154 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00208.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Moderate low-carbohydrate/high-fat (LC-HF) diets are widely used to induce weight loss in overweight subjects, whereas extreme ketogenic LC-HF diets are used to treat neurological disorders like pediatric epilepsy. Usage of LC-HF diets for improvement of glucose metabolism is highly controversial; some studies suggest that LC-HF diets ameliorate glucose tolerance, whereas other investigations could not identify positive effects of these diets or reported impaired insulin sensitivity. Here, we investigate the effects of LC-HF diets on glucose and insulin metabolism in a well-characterized animal model. Male rats were fed isoenergetic or hypocaloric amounts of standard control diet, a high-protein "Atkins-style" LC-HF diet, or a low-protein, ketogenic, LC-HF diet. Both LC-HF diets induced lower fasting glucose and insulin levels associated with lower pancreatic β-cell volumes. However, dynamic challenge tests (oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, insulin-tolerance tests, and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps) revealed that LC-HF pair-fed rats exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and impaired hepatic and peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity, the latter potentially being mediated by elevated intramyocellular lipids. Adjusting visceral fat mass in LC-HF groups to that of controls by reducing the intake of LC-HF diets to 80% of the pair-fed groups did not prevent glucose intolerance. Taken together, these data show that lack of dietary carbohydrates leads to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in rats despite causing a reduction in fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. Our results argue against a beneficial effect of LC-HF diets on glucose and insulin metabolism, at least under physiological conditions. Therefore, use of LC-HF diets for weight loss or other therapeutic purposes should be balanced against potentially harmful metabolic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bielohuby
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU Munich, Germany
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32
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Bielohuby M, Popp S, Bidlingmaier M. Influence of pre-analytical conditions on the measurement of components of the GH/IGF axis in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:141-148. [PMID: 23773927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pre-analytical variability characterises effects which are introduced to an analysis by manipulation and storage of a biological sample after taking it ex-vivo, but before actually quantifying the respective analyte. In humans, recent studies demonstrated that pre-analytical factors can be an important confounder for immunoassay measurements of circulating hormones of the GH/IGF-system. In contrast, this topic has rarely been addressed in rodent studies. We therefore now systematically investigated if and how commonly used sample processing and pre-treatment protocols affect measured hormone concentrations of the GH/IGF system in rats. Furthermore, we explored if short term fasting, age and circadian rhythmicity have an impact upon the concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in rats. RESULTS On average, concentrations of IGF-I were lower by 9.2% (p < 0.01), while those of IGF-II and IGFBP-3 were lower by 24% (p < 0.01) in EDTA plasma when compared to plain serum from the same rats. In contrast, concentrations of GH were significantly higher in plain plasma samples compared with serum (+137.8%; p < 0.01). Repeated freeze/thaw cycles significantly influenced the measurements of serum IGF-II (+25.9%; p < 0.01) and IGFBP-3 (+19.3%; p < 0.01) when compared to native serum. Pre-treatment of EDTA plasma with protease inhibitors, or immediate storage of EDTA blood on ice, did not significantly affect the outcome of any measurement. Acidification of plasma samples with HCl led to significantly lower IGF-I in samples (-11.9%, p < 0.001) and detection of GH was completely hampered in these samples. With respect to biological variability, age (12-week-old vs. 1-year-old male Wistar rats), but not fasting (up to 18 h) or circadian rhythmicity affected circulating concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. CONCLUSION Pre-analytical variability is a potentially confounding factor which also must be considered in rodent studies when analysing and comparing hormones of the GH/IGF system. If and to what extent a specific pre-analytical procedure affects immunoassay measurements in rodent studies cannot be predicted in advance but rather needs to be tested for each analyte separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bielohuby
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, Munich, Germany.
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Stemmer K, Bielohuby M, Grayson BE, Begg DP, Chambers AP, Neff C, Woods SC, Erben RG, Tschöp MH, Bidlingmaier M, Clemens TL, Seeley RJ. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery but not vertical sleeve gastrectomy decreases bone mass in male rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2015-24. [PMID: 23554454 PMCID: PMC5393329 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The most effective treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery. However, there is increasing concern that bariatric surgery can cause nutrient deficiencies that translate into metabolic bone disease. Whether this is true for all surgery types is not yet clear. We therefore investigated the effects of 2 commonly applied bariatric surgeries (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [RYGB] and vertical sleeve gastrectomy) on energy and bone metabolism in rats 60 days after surgery. Both surgeries resulted in similar reductions of body weight, body fat, and food intake. Glucose tolerance was improved to a similar extent after both surgeries and was accompanied by increased postprandial secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. Using microcomputed tomography, we found that, relative to sham-operated rats, bone volume was significantly reduced after RYGB but not vertical sleeve gastrectomy. RYGB rats also had markedly reduced lipid absorption from the intestine and significantly lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium levels. Importantly, dietary supplementation with calcium and vitamin D could not fully rescue the reduced bone volume after RYGB surgery. Both surgeries resulted in a significant increase in stomach pH, which may have worsened the malabsorption in RYGB rats. Our findings suggest that bone loss in RYGB rats is not exclusively driven by calcium and vitamin D malabsorption but also by additional factors that may not be rescuable by dietary supplementation. These data point toward important similarities and differences between bariatric procedures that should be considered in clinical settings as guidance for which procedure will be best for specific patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.L.C.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 and the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center (T.L.C.), Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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