1
|
Ruiz-Pablos M, Paiva B, Zabaleta A. Epstein-Barr virus-acquired immunodeficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis-Is it present in long COVID? J Transl Med 2023; 21:633. [PMID: 37718435 PMCID: PMC10506247 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Both myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and long COVID (LC) are characterized by similar immunological alterations, persistence of chronic viral infection, autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory state, viral reactivation, hypocortisolism, and microclot formation. They also present with similar symptoms such as asthenia, exercise intolerance, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, and neurological and gastrointestinal complaints. In addition, both pathologies present Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation, indicating the possibility of this virus being the link between both pathologies. Therefore, we propose that latency and recurrent EBV reactivation could generate an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in three steps: first, an acquired EBV immunodeficiency develops in individuals with "weak" EBV HLA-II haplotypes, which prevents the control of latency I cells. Second, ectopic lymphoid structures with EBV latency form in different tissues (including the CNS), promoting inflammatory responses and further impairment of cell-mediated immunity. Finally, immune exhaustion occurs due to chronic exposure to viral antigens, with consolidation of the disease. In the case of LC, prior to the first step, there is the possibility of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with "weak" HLA-II haplotypes against this virus and/or EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Zabaleta
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mazucanti CH, Kennedy V, Premathilake HU, Doyle ME, Tian J, Liu QR, O'Connell J, Camandola S, Egan JM. AAV5-mediated manipulation of insulin expression in choroid plexus has long-term metabolic and behavioral consequences. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112903. [PMID: 37515772 PMCID: PMC10529429 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a source of trophic factors for the developing and mature brain. Insulin is produced in epithelial cells of the CP (EChPs), and its secretion is stimulated by Htr2c-mediated signaling. We modulated insulin expression in EChPs with intracerebroventricular injections of AAV5. Insulin overexpression in CP decelerates food intake, whereas its knockdown has the opposite effect. Insulin overexpression also results in reduced anxious behavior. Transcriptomic changes in the hypothalamus, especially in synapse-related processes, are also seen in mice overexpressing insulin in CP. Last, activation of Gq signaling in CP leads to acute Akt phosphorylation in neurons of the arcuate nucleus, indicating a direct action of CP-derived insulin on the hypothalamus. Taken together, our findings signify that CP is a relevant source of insulin in the central nervous system and that CP-derived insulin should be taken into consideration in future work pertaining to insulin actions in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caio Henrique Mazucanti
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vernon Kennedy
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hasitha U Premathilake
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Maire E Doyle
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jane Tian
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jennifer O'Connell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Simonetta Camandola
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kalra P, Khan H, Singh TG, Grewal AK. Mechanistic insights on impact of Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediated signalling pathways on cerebral ischemic injury. Neurosci Res 2023; 190:17-28. [PMID: 36403790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide due to the perturbations in the blood supply to the brain. The brain triggers a cascade of complex metabolic and cellular defects in response to ischemic stress. However, due to the disease heterogeneity and complexity, ischemic injury's metabolic and cellular pathologies remain elusive, and the link between various pathological mechanisms is difficult to determine. Efforts to develop effective treatments for these disorders have yielded limited efficacy, with no proper cure available to date. Recent clinical and experimental research indicates that several neuronal diseases commonly coexist with metabolic dysfunction, which may aggravate neurological symptoms. As a result, it stands to a reason that metabolic hormones could be a potential therapeutic target for major NDDs. Moreover, fasting signals also influence the circadian clock, as AMPK phosphorylates and promotes the degradation of the photo-sensing receptor (cryptochrome). Here, the interplay of AMPK signaling between metabolic regulation and neuronal death and its role for pathogenesis and therapeutics has been studied. We have also highlighted a significant signaling pathway, i.e., the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) involved in the relationship between the metabolism and ischemia, which could be used as a target for future studies therapeutics, and review some of the clinical progress in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Kalra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Amarjot Kaur Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crosstalk between neurological, cardiovascular, and lifestyle disorders: insulin and lipoproteins in the lead role. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:790-817. [PMID: 36149598 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and impaired lipoprotein metabolism contribute to a plethora of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. These alterations have been extensively linked with poor lifestyle choices, such as consumption of a high-fat diet, smoking, stress, and a redundant lifestyle. Moreover, these are also known to increase the co-morbidity of diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, insulin and lipoproteins exert a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. However, the tripping of balance between the periphery and center may alter the normal functioning of the brain and lead to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, depression, and multiple sclerosis. These neurological disorders are further characterized by certain behavioral and molecular changes that show consistent overlap with alteration in insulin and lipoprotein signaling pathways. Therefore, targeting these two mechanisms not only reveals a way to manage the co-morbidities associated with the circle of the metabolic, central nervous system, and cardiovascular disorders but also exclusively work as a disease-modifying therapy for neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of insulin resistance and lipoproteins in the progression of various neurological conditions and discuss the therapeutic options currently in the clinical pipeline targeting these two mechanisms; in addition, challenges faced in designing these therapeutic approaches have also been touched upon briefly.
Collapse
|
5
|
Severe psychiatric disorders and general medical comorbidities: inflammation-related mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1257-1280. [PMID: 36062418 DOI: 10.1042/cs20211106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with severe psychiatric disorders, such as mood disorders and schizophrenia, are at increased risk of developing other medical conditions, especially cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. These medical conditions are underdiagnosed and undertreated in these patients contributing to their increased morbidity and mortality. The basis for this increased comorbidity is not well understood, possibly reflecting shared risks factors (e.g. lifestyle risk factors), shared biological mechanisms and/or reciprocal interactions. Among overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms, inflammation and related factors, such as dysbiosis and insulin resistance, stand out. Besides underlying the association between psychiatric disorders and cardiometabolic diseases, these mechanisms provide several potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rüttgens T, Wolf OT. The influence of a glucose administration on stress responsivity and memory after a socially evaluated cold pressor test. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 142:105803. [PMID: 35605475 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional state of participants prior to stress induction via a laboratory stressor has been demonstrated to influence reactivity of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis. So far, either primarily psychosocial or primarily physiological stressors have been utilized investigating this effect. In the present study, we aimed to fill this gap in the existing literature by utilizing a stressor that combines both elements, namely the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test. Furthermore, we investigated how glucose consumption and subsequent stress induction influence long-term memory retrieval as well as working memory. In a 2 × 2 design, half of the 72 participants (36 women, 36 men) participated in the laboratory stressor while the other half participated in a control condition after having fasted for at least six hours. Thirty minutes prior to stress or control treatment, fasted participants consumed either 75 g of glucose or stevia-sweetened water. Salivary cortisol levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as affect did not significantly differ between participants consuming glucose or the placebo beverage. Acute stress impaired working memory but had no effect on long-term memory retrieval. Glucose consumption did not significantly influence memory. Our results suggest that the intensity of a stressor might be important when determining the effects of a glucose administration on stress reactivity. The nutritional state of participants taking part in studies investigating the effects of acute stress on memory might be less decisive than previously assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rüttgens
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Touati H, Ouali-Hassenaoui S, Dekar-Madoui A, Benhafri N, Boumansour L, Challet E, Pévet P, Vuillez P. Osmoregulatory neurons clockwork is altered during metabolic disorder induced by high energy diet in the Sand rat Psammomys obesus. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2022.2102710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Touati
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Saliha Ouali-Hassenaoui
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Aicha Dekar-Madoui
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Nadir Benhafri
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Lydia Boumansour
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Etienne Challet
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paul Pévet
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Vuillez
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen W, Cai W, Hoover B, Kahn CR. Insulin action in the brain: cell types, circuits, and diseases. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:384-400. [PMID: 35361499 PMCID: PMC9035105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery over 100 years ago, insulin has been recognized as a key hormone in control of glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies of insulin signaling are central to diabetes and many other disorders. The brain is among the targets of insulin action, and insulin resistance is a major contributor to many diseases, including brain disorders. Here, we summarize key roles of insulin action in the brain and how this involves different brain cell types. Disordered brain insulin signaling can also contribute to neuropsychiatric diseases, affecting brain circuits involved in mood and cognition. Understanding of insulin signaling in different brain cell types/circuits and how these are altered in disease may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to these challenging disorders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang B, Yang X, Lu J, Ntim M, Xia M, Kundu S, Jiang R, Chen D, Wang Y, Yang JY, Li S. Two-hour acute restraint stress facilitates escape behavior and learning outcomes through the activation of the Cdk5/GR P S211 pathway in male mice. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114023. [PMID: 35218707 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress exerts pleiotropic actions on learning behaviors. The induced negative effects are sometimes adopted to measure the efficacy of particular drugs. Until now, there are no detailed experimental data on the time-gradient effects of acute stress. Here, we developed the time gradient acute restraint stress (ARS) model to precisely assess the roles of different restrain times on inducing acute stress. Time gradient ARS facilitates escape behaviors and learning outcomes, peaking at 2 h-ARS and then declining to baseline at 3.5 h-ARS as confirmed by time gradient post-stress data. Furthermore, time gradient ARS activates glucocorticoid receptor (GR) phosphorylation site at Serine211 (P S221) as an inverted V-shaped pattern peaking at 2 h-ARS, whereas that of the GR phosphorylation site at Serine226 (P S226) from 2 h-ARS to 3.5 h-ARS. The 2 h-ARS but not 3.5 h-ARS enhances synaptic plasticity and genes transcription associated with learning and memory in the hippocampus of male mice. The Cdk5 inhibitor, roscovitine, blocks this facilitation effect by intervening in GR phosphorylation at Serine211 in the 2 h-ARS mice. Altogether, these findings show that the time gradient ARS selectively activates GR phospho-isoforms and differentially influences the behaviors along with maintaining a relationship between 2 h-ARS and Cdk5/GR P S211-mediated transcriptional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jincheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Michael Ntim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Supratik Kundu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai Campus, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases of Dalian Medical University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jin-Yi Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Dalian Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of glucose intake on stress reactivity in young, healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105062. [PMID: 33524887 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The psychobiological stress response has a broad impact on energy metabolism, while the availability of energy may, in turn, affect the stress response. Specifically, a reduced cortisol response has been found after 8-11 hours of fasting, while glucose intake has led to an increase in cortisol reactivity. We compared the effects of standardized glucose or artificial sweetener drinks, as well as water, ingested prior to a physical (cold pressor test, CPT) or a psychosocial stressor (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) after four hours of fasting. Healthy male subjects (N = 151) were randomized to one of six groups (either glucose, sweetener or water group and stress induction with the CPT or TSST). Thirty minutes after ingestion, participants were exposed to the stressor. Repeated measures of the subjective stress response, salivary cortisol and alpha amylase as well as continuous heart rate recordings were taken to capture the psychobiological stress response. Capillary blood glucose levels were measured four times. We found significant psychobiological stress responses for all variables and both stressors, but significantly stronger responses for the TSST. Moreover, we found a significant but small effect for a slightly stronger cortisol response to stress after glucose ingestion, which is presumably driven by a more pronounced effect in the TSST compared to the CPT condition. Responder rates did not differ for the three conditions in either the TSST or in the CPT. Our results demonstrate that even after a short fasting timeframe of four hours, higher glucose availability results in slightly higher cortisol stress responses in men.
Collapse
|
11
|
Beddows CA, Dodd GT. Insulin on the brain: The role of central insulin signalling in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12947. [PMID: 33687120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signals to the brain where it coordinates multiple physiological processes underlying energy and glucose homeostasis. This review explores where and how insulin interacts within the brain parenchyma, how brain insulin signalling functions to coordinate energy and glucose homeostasis and how this contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cait A Beddows
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schell M, Wardelmann K, Kleinridders A. Untangling the effect of insulin action on brain mitochondria and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12932. [PMID: 33506556 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of energy homeostasis is controlled by the brain and, besides requiring high amounts of energy, it relies on functional insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signalling in the central nervous system. This energy is mainly provided by mitochondria in form of ATP. Thus, there is an intricate interplay between mitochondrial function and insulin/IGF-1 action to enable functional brain signalling and, accordingly, propagate a healthy metabolism. To adapt to different nutritional conditions, the brain is able to sense the current energy status via mitochondrial and insulin signalling-dependent pathways and exerts an appropriate metabolic response. However, regional, cell type and receptor-specific consequences of this interaction occur and are linked to diverse outcomes such as altered nutrient sensing, body weight regulation or even cognitive function. Impairments of this cross-talk can lead to obesity and glucose intolerance and are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, yet they also induce a self-sustainable, dysfunctional 'metabolic triangle' characterised by insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in the brain. The identification of causal factors deteriorating insulin action, mitochondrial function and concomitantly a signature of metabolic stress in the brain is of utter importance to offer novel mechanistic insights into development of the continuously rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration. This review aims to determine the effect of insulin action on brain mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. It precisely outlines the interaction and differences between insulin action, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signalling and mitochondrial function; distinguishes between causality and association; and reveals its consequences for metabolism and cognition. We hypothesise that an improvement of at least one signalling pathway can overcome the vicious cycle of a self-perpetuating metabolic dysfunction in the brain present in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Schell
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Wardelmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Nutritional Medicine, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - André Kleinridders
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Nutritional Medicine, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rawlinson S, Andrews ZB. Hypothalamic insulin signalling as a nexus regulating mood and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12939. [PMID: 33634518 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin has long been known as a metabolic hormone critical in the treatment of diabetes for its peripheral effects on blood glucose. However, in the last 50 years, insulin has entered the realm of neuroendocrinology and many studies have described its function on insulin receptors in the brain in relation to both metabolic and mood disorders. Indeed, rodent models of impaired insulin signalling show signs of dysregulated energy and glucose homeostasis, as well as anxiety-like and depressive behaviours. Importantly, many metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes increase the risk of developing mood disorders; however, the brain mechanisms underlying the connection between metabolism and mood remain unresolved. We present the current literature on the importance of the insulin receptor with respect to regulating glucose and energy homeostasis and mood-related behaviours. Specifically, we hypothesise that the insulin receptor in the hypothalamus, classically known as the homeostatic centre of the brain, plays a causal role in linking metabolic and behavioural effects of insulin signalling. In this review, we discuss insulin signalling in the hypothalamus as a critical point of neural integration controlling metabolism and mood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Rawlinson
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Quaresma PGF, Dos Santos WO, Wasinski F, Metzger M, Donato J. Neurochemical phenotype of growth hormone-responsive cells in the mouse paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1228-1239. [PMID: 32844436 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses are regulated by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Previous studies have shown that PVH neurons express the growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR), although the role of GH signaling on PVH neurons is still unknown. Given the great heterogeneity of cell types located in the PVH, we performed a detailed analysis of the neurochemical identity of GH-responsive cells to understand the possible physiological importance of GH action on PVH neurons. GH-responsive cells were detected via the phosphorylated form of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (pSTAT5) in adult male mice that received an intraperitoneal GH injection. Approximately 51% of GH-responsive cells in the PVH co-localized with the vesicular glutamate transporter 2. Rare co-localizations between pSTAT5 and vesicular GABA transporter or vasopressin were observed, whereas approximately 20% and 38% of oxytocin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cells, respectively, were responsive to GH in the PVH. Approximately 55%, 35% and 63% of somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons expressed GH-induced pSTAT5, respectively. Additionally, 8%, 49% and 75% of neuroendocrine TH, TRH and CRH neurons, and 67%, 32% and 74% of nonneuroendocrine TH, TRH and CRH neurons were responsive to GH in the PVH of Fluoro-Gold-injected mice. Our findings suggest that GH action on PVH neurons is involved in the regulation of the thyroid, somatotropic and adrenal endocrine axes, possibly influencing homeostatic and stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula G F Quaresma
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian O Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guevara-Aguirre J, Teran E, Lescano D, Guevara C, Guevara A, Saavedra J, Procel P, Wasserfall C, Gavilanes AWD. Assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in syndromes of severe short stature. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 53-54:101339. [PMID: 32763832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Individuals affected with two genetic syndromes identified in Ecuador have severe short stature and diminished insulin secretion, along with essentially different GH counterregulatory effects on insulin action, which leads to the appearance of opposing metabolic phenotypes. In the case of Laron syndrome, subjects have enhanced insulin sensitivity and diminished incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the other clinical entity, individuals have innate insulin resistance, a varying degree of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances, glucose intolerance, and eventually insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Since both groups have diminished insulin secretion, the standard homeostatic minimal models for assessment of insulin sensitivity and resistance were used to see if they could properly identify the metabolic status, especially considering that these methodologies are simple and non-invasive procedures. METHODS Fasting insulin concentrations, fasting glucose/fasting insulin ratio and various minimal models were determined in individuals from the two syndromic cohorts, as well as in a control group made of first-degree normal relatives of the insulin-resistant phenotype subjects. RESULTS The metabolic characteristics of enhanced insulin sensitivity in one of the syndromes and innate insulin resistance in the other could not be properly ascertained by the selected methodology. Furthermore, results were confusing and even discrepant with the clinical findings. CONCLUSIONS The standard homeostatic minimal models could not properly identify or discriminate insulin sensitivity and resistance in subjects with inherently diminished secretion. It is thereby suggested that these models should be used with caution in clinical situations where reduced secretion of the metabolic peptide is found or suspected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Guevara-Aguirre
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Enrique Teran
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniela Lescano
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Guevara
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Clive Wasserfall
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Antonio W D Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Di T, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sha S, Zeng Y, Chen L. Dopaminergic afferents from midbrain to dorsolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis inhibit release and expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in paraventricular nucleus. J Neurochem 2020; 154:218-234. [PMID: 32096869 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) are known to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis but have no direct projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. This study investigated whether VTA DAergic afferents modulate glutamatergic transmission-dependent GABAergic neurons in dorsolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (dlBNST) to affect the activity of the HPA-axis. Herein, we demonstrate that systemic administration of the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or the VTA-injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in male mice (MPTP-mice and MPP+mice) caused a decline of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) cells in VTA with a reduction in TH+fibers in the dlBNST. MPTP-mice and MPP+mice displayed a clear increase in serum levels of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression, and CRH neuron activity in PVN. The presynaptic glutamate release, glutamatergic synaptic transmission and induction of long-term potentiation in dlBNST of MPTP-mice were suppressed, and these effects were rescued by a D1-like DAergic receptor (D1R) agonist and mimicked in control dlBNST by blockade of D1R. MPTP-mice exhibited low expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase and dysfunction of the excitatory-dependent GABAergic circuit in dlBNST, and these effects were recovered by the administration of D1R agonist. Furthermore, either dlBNST-injection of D1R agonist or PVN-injection of GABAA receptor (GABAA R) agonist could correct the increased secretion and expression of CRH in MPTP-mice. The results indicate that the DAergic afferents from VTA enhance excitatory-dependent activation of GABAergic neurons in dlBNST, which suppress the activity of the HPA-axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Di
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanying Zeng
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tosato S, Bonetto C, Tomassi S, Zanardini R, Faravelli C, Bruschi C, D'Agostino A, Minelli A, Scocco P, Lasalvia A, Furlato K, Imbesi M, Preti A, Ruggeri M, Gennarelli M, Bocchio-Chiavetto L. Childhood trauma and glucose metabolism in patients with first-episode psychosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 113:104536. [PMID: 31864124 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the associations between first-episode psychosis (FEP) and metabolic abnormalities on one side, and childhood trauma (CT) and risk of developing psychosis on the other are both well established, evidence on the relationship between CT and metabolic dysregulation in terms of abnormal glucose metabolism is very limited. We tested whether, already at illness onset, FEP patients with a history of CT show dysregulation of a broad range of glucose metabolism markers. In particular, in 148 FEP patients we evaluated serum concentrations of c-peptide, insulin, plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin, visfatin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric-inhibitor-peptide (GIP), leptin, and ghrelin. We also assessed CT with the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire, and stressful life events (SLEs) with a semi-structured interview. Psychopathology, cannabis and tobacco habits, Body Mass Index (BMI) were recorded. Serum concentrations of markers were analyzed from peripheral blood. Ninety-five patients (56 % males, mean age 29.5) reported CT. Multivariate models showed that CT is associated only with the concentrations of c-peptide and insulin after adjusting for age, sex, BMI and SLEs. FEP patients who had experienced CT showed higher c-peptide and insulin serum concentrations. Our study reports that CT might be associated with the metabolic abnormalities in the first stage of psychosis, suggesting that a thorough anamnestic evaluation at psychosis onset that would include the history of CT could be helpful for clinicians in order to implement early programmes of healthy lifestyle education and to guide choice of therapeutic interventions for trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; UOC Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simona Tomassi
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Zanardini
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Faravelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Minelli
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Scocco
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; UOC Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Karin Furlato
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Preti
- Detection and Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Mental Health, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; UOC Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate (Como), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chellappa K, Brinkman JA, Mukherjee S, Morrison M, Alotaibi MI, Carbajal KA, Alhadeff AL, Perron IJ, Yao R, Purdy CS, DeFelice DM, Wakai MH, Tomasiewicz J, Lin A, Meyer E, Peng Y, Arriola Apelo SI, Puglielli L, Betley JN, Paschos GK, Baur JA, Lamming DW. Hypothalamic mTORC2 is essential for metabolic health and longevity. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13014. [PMID: 31373126 PMCID: PMC6718533 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that regulates growth and metabolism. mTOR is found in two protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, that have distinct components and substrates and are both inhibited by rapamycin, a macrolide drug that robustly extends lifespan in multiple species including worms and mice. Although the beneficial effect of rapamycin on longevity is generally attributed to reduced mTORC1 signaling, disruption of mTORC2 signaling can also influence the longevity of worms, either positively or negatively depending on the temperature and food source. Here, we show that loss of hypothalamic mTORC2 signaling in mice decreases activity level, increases the set point for adiposity, and renders the animals susceptible to diet-induced obesity. Hypothalamic mTORC2 signaling normally increases with age, and mice lacking this pathway display higher fat mass and impaired glucose homeostasis throughout life, become more frail with age, and have decreased overall survival. We conclude that hypothalamic mTORC2 is essential for the normal metabolic health, fitness, and lifespan of mice. Our results have implications for the use of mTORC2-inhibiting pharmaceuticals in the treatment of brain cancer and diseases of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jacqueline A. Brinkman
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
| | - Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Mark Morrison
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
| | - Mohammed I. Alotaibi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Kathryn A. Carbajal
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
| | - Amber L. Alhadeff
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Isaac J. Perron
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Rebecca Yao
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Cole S. Purdy
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Denise M. DeFelice
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Matthew H. Wakai
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
| | - Jay Tomasiewicz
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Emma Meyer
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Yajing Peng
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Sebastian I. Arriola Apelo
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - J. Nicholas Betley
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Georgios K. Paschos
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The neurohypophysial endocrine system is identified here as a potential target for therapeutic interventions toward improving obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, given its coinciding pleiotropic effects on psychological, neurological and metabolic systems that are disrupted in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Copeptin, the C-terminal portion of the precursor of arginine-vasopressin, is positively associated with body mass index and risk of type 2 diabetes. Plasma oxytocin is decreased in obesity and several other conditions of abnormal glucose homeostasis. Recent data also show non-classical tissues, such as myocytes, hepatocytes and β-cells, exhibit responses to oxytocin and vasopressin receptor binding that may contribute to alterations in metabolic function. The modulation of anorexigenic and orexigenic pathways appears to be the dominant mechanism underlying the effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on body weight regulation; however, there are apparent limitations associated with their use in direct pharmacological applications. A clearer picture of their wider physiological effects is needed before either system can be considered for therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports-Section of Obesity Research, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C; Building 2-85, Room H134, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gómez-Pimienta E, González-Castro TB, Fresan A, Juárez-Rojop IE, Martínez-López MC, Barjau-Madrigal HA, Ramírez-González IR, Martínez-Villaseñor E, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Villar-Soto M, López-Narváez ML, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Genis-Mendoza AD. Decreased Quality of Life in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Emotional Distress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152652. [PMID: 31349552 PMCID: PMC6695823 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: individuals with type 2 diabetes show emotional distress as they learn how to cope with the disease. The emotional distress increases the possibility of complications in these patients. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the impact of the emotional distress in the quality of life of individuals with diabetes, and to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with the emotional distress of living with diabetes in a Mexican population. Methods: a total of 422 Mexican individuals with type 2 diabetes were recruited from the outpatient Diabetes Clinic of the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Dr. Gustavo A. Rovirosa of Villahermosa, Tabasco. Demographic and clinical characteristics along with quality of life (SF-36) were assessed in these individuals. The emotional distress of living with diabetes was measured using the 5-item Problem Areas in Diabetes. Patients were divided according to the presence of high or low distress. Results: we identified that 31.8% (n = 134) of patients presented high diabetes-related emotional distress. We observed that hepatic diseases as comorbidities (p = 0.008) and diagnosis of major depression (p = 0.04) are factors associated with the emotional distress of living with diabetes. These patients showed a reduced quality of life in all dimensions (p < 0.001); the most affected dimensions were physical role (d = 0.37) and general health (d = 0.89) showing lower scores in comparison with patients with low emotional distress. Conclusions: our results suggest that Mexican individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus show high emotional distress living with the disease and have a decreased quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to decrease factors associated with the high emotional distress of living with diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gómez-Pimienta
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco P.C. 86650, Mexico
| | - Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco P.C. 86100, Mexico
| | - Ana Fresan
- Subdirección de Investigaciones clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México P.C. 14370, Mexico
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco P.C. 86100, Mexico.
| | - Miriam Carolina Martínez-López
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco P.C. 86100, Mexico
| | - Hugo Adrián Barjau-Madrigal
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco P.C. 86650, Mexico
| | - Iris Rubí Ramírez-González
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco P.C. 86100, Mexico
| | - Esteban Martínez-Villaseñor
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco P.C. 44280, Mexico
- Hospital de Alta Especialidad "Gustavo A Rovirosa Pérez", Secretaría de Salud. Villahermosa, Tabasco P.C. 86020, Mexico
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Hospital de Alta Especialidad "Gustavo A Rovirosa Pérez", Secretaría de Salud. Villahermosa, Tabasco P.C. 86020, Mexico
| | - Mario Villar-Soto
- Hospital de Alta Especialidad "Gustavo A Rovirosa Pérez", Secretaría de Salud. Villahermosa, Tabasco P.C. 86020, Mexico
| | - María Lilia López-Narváez
- Hospital General de Yajalón "Dr. Manuel Velasco Suarez", Secretaría de Salud. Yajalón, Chiapas P.C. 29930, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco P.C. 86650, Mexico.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jeong JK, Horwath JA, Simonyan H, Blackmore KA, Butler SD, Young CN. Subfornical organ insulin receptors tonically modulate cardiovascular and metabolic function. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:333-341. [PMID: 31172876 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin acts within the central nervous system through the insulin receptor to influence both metabolic and cardiovascular physiology. While a major focus has been placed on hypothalamic regions, participation of extrahypothalamic insulin receptors in cardiometabolic regulation remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that insulin receptors in the subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain circumventricular region devoid of a blood-brain barrier, are involved in metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. Immunohistochemistry in mice revealed widespread insulin receptor-positive cells throughout the rostral to caudal extent of the SFO. SFO-targeted adenoviral delivery of Cre-recombinase in insulin receptorlox/lox mice resulted in sufficient ablation of insulin receptors in the SFO. Interestingly, when mice were maintained on a normal chow diet, deletion of SFO insulin receptors resulted in greater weight gain and adiposity, relative to controls, independently of changes in food intake. In line with this, ablation of insulin receptors in the SFO was associated with marked hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia. Selective removal of SFO insulin receptors also resulted in a lower mean arterial blood pressure, which was primarily due to a reduction in diastolic blood pressure, whereas systolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Cre-mediated targeting of SFO insulin receptors did not influence heart rate. These data demonstrate multidirectional roles for insulin receptor signaling in the SFO, with ablation of SFO insulin receptors resulting in an overall deleterious metabolic state while at the same time maintaining blood pressure at low levels. These novel findings further suggest that alterations in insulin receptor signaling in the SFO could contribute to metabolic syndrome phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Julie A Horwath
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Hayk Simonyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Katherine A Blackmore
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Scott D Butler
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Colin N Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Chronic itch is clinically correlated with the development of mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. Nonetheless, whether this relevance exists in rodents is unknown, and evidence demonstrating chronic itch can affect mood is lacking. The aim of this study is to characterize the affective consequences of chronic itch, and explore potential mechanisms and interventional strategy. We subjected mice to chronic itch by repetitive cutaneous treatment with acetone and diethylether followed by water (AEW) that models "dry skin." After 3 to 4 weeks AEW treatment, the mice developed behavioral phenotypes of anxiety and depression assessed by a battery of behavioral paradigms, such as light-dark box and forced swim test. These behavioral symptoms of mood disturbance were independent of cutaneous barrier disruption, but correlated well with the degree of the irritating itch sensation. Although AEW mice showed normal circadian hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, their neuroendocrine functionality was dampened, including impaired endocrine stress responsivity, altered neuroendocrine-immune interaction, and blunted corticosterone response to both dexamethasone and CRF. Parameters of HPA functionality at the level of mRNA transcripts are altered in stress-related brain regions of AEW mice, implying an overdrive of central CRF system. Remarkably, chronic treatment of AEW mice with antalarmin, a CRFR1 antagonist, ameliorated both their mood impairment and stress axis dysfunction. This is the first evidence revealing mood impairment, HPA axis dysfunction, and potential therapeutic efficacy by CRFR1 antagonist in mice with chronic itch, thus providing a preclinical model to investigate the affective consequence of chronic itch and the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
|
23
|
Di T, Chen P, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Sha S, Chen L. Dorsal hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons play an inhibitory role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via activation of D2R in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13187. [PMID: 30204307 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study investigated the effects of dorsal hypothalamic dopamine (dh-DA) neurons on activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in adult male mice. METHODS Tyrosine hydroxylase-labelled DA neurons, DA content, c-Fos immune-positive (c-Fos+) cells and CRH expression in paraventricular nuclei (PVN), serum CORT and ACTH were examined at 4-, 8-, and 12-hour after a signal injection of MPTP (20 mg kg-1 ) respectively. RESULTS The dh-DA neurons and DA content in PVN at 4-hour post-MPTP were reduced with recovery at 12-hour post-MPTP, while decline of nigrostriatal DA neurons and DA content in striatum started from 12-hour post-MPTP. Number of c-Fos+ cells, and CORT/ACTH levels increased at 4-hour post-MPTP, followed by recovery at 12-hour post-MPTP. The CRH mRNA was elevated at 4-hour post-MPTP, and sustained for over 12 hours. At 2-hour post-MPTP, PVN-injection of D2R agonist quinpirole corrected the increases in c-Fos+ cells, CORT/ACTH and CRH mRNA, but D1R agonist SKF38393 did not. PVN-injection of D2R antagonist L-sulpiride alone caused increases in c-Fos+ cells, CORT/ACTH and CRH mRNA. Similarly, PVN-injection of CB1R agonist WIN552,12 prevented the increases in c-Fos+ cells and CORT/ACTH rather than CRH mRNA, which were blocked by CB1R antagonist AM251. Levels of PKA and CREB phosphorylation in PVN were increased at 4-hour post-MPTP, which were blocked by quinpirole, but not WIN552,12. PKA inhibitor H89 corrected the increase of CRH mRNA at 8-hour post-MPTP. CONCLUSION The activation of dh-DA neurons regulates negatively HPA axis through targeting D2Rs of CRH neurons to enhance endocannabinoid release and inhibit PKA-CREB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Di
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zihao Yuan
- Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lyra E Silva NDM, Lam MP, Soares CN, Munoz DP, Milev R, De Felice FG. Insulin Resistance as a Shared Pathogenic Mechanism Between Depression and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:57. [PMID: 30837902 PMCID: PMC6382695 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are major public health concerns proposed to be intimately connected. T2D is associated with increased risk of dementia, neuropsychiatric and mood disorders. Evidences of the involvement of insulin signaling on brain mechanisms related to depression indicate that insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, could develop in the brains of depressive patients. In this article, we briefly review possible molecular mechanisms associating defective brain insulin signaling with reward system, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis in depression. We further discuss the involvement of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) promoting defective insulin signaling and depressive-like behavior in rodent models. Finally, due to the high resistant rate of anti-depressants, novel insights into the link between insulin resistance and depression may advance the development of alternative treatments for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minh P Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio N Soares
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Roumen Milev
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo De Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Borges BC, Han X, Allen SJ, Garcia-Galiano D, Elias CF. Insulin signaling in LepR cells modulates fat and glucose homeostasis independent of leptin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E121-E134. [PMID: 30376348 PMCID: PMC6417687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00287.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic neurons detect changes in circulating hormones such as leptin and insulin and put forward outputs to sustain energy and glucose homeostasis. Because leptin and insulin receptors colocalize in ~40-60% of neurons in the hypothalamus, we characterized the metabolic phenotype of mice with selective deletion of the insulin receptor (InsR) in LepR cells. LRΔInsR mice presented no difference in body weight and insulin levels but increased fat mass. In the light phase, LRΔInsR mice exhibited increased food intake, locomotor activity, carbon dioxide production, and respiratory exchange rate. These mice showed reduced fat oxidation and reduced expression of cluster of differentiation 36 and AMP-activated protein kinase-α1 in the liver, increased glucose oxidation in the light phase, and overall reduced basal glucose levels. To verify the impact of InsR deletion in LepR cells in obesity, we generated ob/ ob InsRfl, ob/ ob LRcre, and ob/ ob LRΔInsR mice. The ob/ ob LRΔInsR mice had higher body weight, fat mass, and expression of genes related to fat metabolism in the liver. No difference in food intake despite increased neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide expression, and no difference in energy expenditure, fat, or glucose oxidation was found in ob/ ob LRΔInsR compared with LRcre or LRΔInsR controls. Remarkably, basal glucose levels were reduced, and the expression of genes associated with glucose metabolism in the liver was higher. Insulin signaling in LepR cells is required for the proper fat and glucose oxidation. These effects are independent of leptin given that the leptin-deficient ob/ ob LRΔInsR mice also presented reduced glycemia and higher adiposity. The mechanisms underlying these responses remain to be unveiled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C Borges
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Xingfa Han
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Isotope Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan J Allen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Garcia-Galiano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Differential effects of chronic stress in young-adult and old female mice: cognitive-behavioral manifestations and neurobiological correlates. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1432-1445. [PMID: 29257131 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related psychopathology is highly prevalent among elderly individuals and is associated with detrimental effects on mood, appetite and cognition. Conversely, under certain circumstances repeated mild-to-moderate stressors have been shown to enhance cognitive performance in rodents and exert stress-inoculating effects in humans. As most stress-related favorable outcomes have been reported in adolescence and young-adulthood, this apparent disparity could result from fundamental differences in how aging organisms respond to stress. Furthermore, given prominent age-related alterations in sex hormones, the effect of chronic stress in aging females remains a highly relevant yet little studied issue. In the present study, female C57BL/6 mice aged 3 (young-adult) and 20-23 (old) months were subjected to 8 weeks of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Behavioral outcomes were measured during the last 3 weeks of the CUS protocol, followed by brain dissection for histological and molecular end points. We found that in young-adult female mice, CUS resulted in decreased anxiety-like behavior and enhanced cognitive performance, whereas in old female mice it led to weight loss, dysregulated locomotion and memory impairment. These phenotypes were paralleled by differential changes in the expression of hypothalamic insulin and melanocortin-4 receptors and were consistent with an age-dependent reduction in the dynamic range of stress-related changes in the hippocampal transcriptome. Supported by an integrated microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA expression analysis, the present study proposes that, when confronted with ongoing stress, neuroprotective mechanisms involving the upregulation of neurogenesis, Wnt signaling and miR-375 can be harnessed more effectively during young-adulthood. Conversely, we suggest that aging alters the pattern of immune activation elicited by stress. Ultimately, interventions that modulate these processes could reduce the burden of stress-related psychopathology in late life.
Collapse
|
27
|
de Oliveira JC, de Moura EG, Miranda RA, de Moraes AMP, Barella LF, da Conceição EPS, Gomes RM, Ribeiro TA, Malta A, Martins IP, Franco CCDS, Lisboa PC, Mathias PCDF. Low-protein diet in puberty impairs testosterone output and energy metabolism in male rats. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:243-254. [PMID: 29599416 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the long-term effects of protein restriction during puberty on the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes in male rats. Male Wistar rats from the age of 30 to 60 days were fed a low-protein diet (4%, LP). A normal-protein diet (20.5%) was reintroduced to rats from the age of 60 to 120 days. Control rats were fed a normal-protein diet throughout life (NP). Rats of 60 or 120 days old were killed. Food consumption, body weight, visceral fat deposits, lipid profile, glycemia, insulinemia, corticosteronemia, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), testosteronemia and leptinemia were evaluated. Glucose-insulin homeostasis, pancreatic-islet insulinotropic response, testosterone production and hypothalamic protein expression of the androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and leptin signaling pathway were also determined. LP rats were hypophagic, leaner, hypoglycemic, hypoinsulinemic and hypoleptinemic at the age of 60 days (P < 0.05). These rats exhibited hyperactivity of the HPA axis, hypoactivity of the HPG axis and a weak insulinotropic response (P < 0.01). LP rats at the age of 120 days were hyperphagic and exhibited higher visceral fat accumulation, hyperleptinemia and dyslipidemia; lower blood ACTH, testosterone and testosterone release; and reduced hypothalamic expression of AR, GR and SOCS3, with a higher pSTAT3/STAT3 ratio (P < 0.05). Glucose-insulin homeostasis was disrupted and associated with hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and increased insulinotropic response of the pancreatic islets. The cholinergic and glucose pancreatic-islet responses were small in 60-day-old LP rats but increased in 120-day-old LP rats. The hyperactivity of the HPA axis and the suppression of the HPG axis caused by protein restriction at puberty contributed to energy and metabolic disorders as long-term consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Praxedes de Moraes
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Barella
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Ellen Paula Santos da Conceição
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mello Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Isabela Peixoto Martins
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina Lisboa
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Epigenetic Programming of Synthesis, Release, and/or Receptor Expression of Common Mediators Participating in the Risk/Resilience for Comorbid Stress-Related Disorders and Coronary Artery Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041224. [PMID: 29670001 PMCID: PMC5979500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotrophin releasing factor, vasopressin, oxytocin, natriuretic hormones, angiotensin, neuregulins, some purinergic substances, and some cytokines contribute to the long-term modulation and restructuring of cardiovascular regulation networks and, at the same time, have relevance in situations of comorbid abnormal stress responses. The synthesis, release, and receptor expression of these mediators seem to be under epigenetic control since early stages of life, possibly underlying the comorbidity to coronary artery disease (CAD) and stress-related disorders (SRD). The exposure to environmental conditions, such as stress, during critical periods in early life may cause epigenetic programming modifying the development of pathways that lead to stable and long-lasting alterations in the functioning of these mediators during adulthood, determining the risk of or resilience to CAD and SRD. However, in contrast to genetic information, epigenetic marks may be dynamically altered throughout the lifespan. Therefore, epigenetics may be reprogrammed if the individual accepts the challenge to undertake changes in their lifestyle. Alternatively, epigenetics may remain fixed and/or even be inherited in the next generation. In this paper, we analyze some of the common neuroendocrine functions of these mediators in CAD and SRD and summarize the evidence indicating that they are under early programming to put forward the theoretical hypothesis that the comorbidity of these diseases might be epigenetically programmed and modified over the lifespan of the individual.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hamidovic A. Targeting Mediators of Smoking Persistence with Intranasal Insulin. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:706. [PMID: 29085297 PMCID: PMC5649209 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid-acting, non-irritating nasal treatment options for smoking cessation pharmacotherapy are lacking. The halt in development is due, in part, to difficulty in delivering compounds across the blood brain barrier. Recently, in both human and animal models, insulin was shown to be capable of being transported to the cerebrospinal fluid and various brain regions via the “nose-to-brain” pathway, which bypasses the blood brain barrier, but is not free of its own unique, though different from blood brain barrier, challenges. This review will first evaluate and critique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evidence of intranasal insulin (i.e., nose-to-brain) delivery. As intranasal insulin has been shown in clinical trials to be effective in reducing nicotine cravings, in the remainder of the review, hypothesis-generating literature for additional mediators (i.e., other than the already shown nicotine craving) of smoking persistence will be reviewed. In particular, weight gain, impulsive behavior, and anhedonia have been shown to contribute to the inability to quit smoking. For each of these, after reviewing how the mediator promotes smoking, intranasal insulin literature from animal and clinical models will be critiqued in assessing whether a hypothesis may be generated that intranasal insulin may alleviate it, thereby potentially contributing to a successful smoking cessation outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajna Hamidovic
- Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dodd GT, Tiganis T. Insulin action in the brain: Roles in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28758251 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence from research in rodents and humans has identified insulin as an important neuoregulatory peptide in the brain, where it coordinates diverse aspects of energy balance and peripheral glucose homeostasis. This review discusses where and how insulin interacts within the brain and evaluates the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of central insulin signalling in metabolism, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G T Dodd
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - T Tiganis
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mansur RB, Rizzo LB, Santos CM, Asevedo E, Cunha GR, Noto MN, Pedrini M, Zeni-Graiff M, Cordeiro Q, McIntyre RS, Brietzke E. Plasma copeptin and metabolic dysfunction in individuals with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:624-636. [PMID: 28457001 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare plasma copeptin levels, the c-terminal of provasopressin, between individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls and to assess the relation between copeptin and metabolic parameters. METHODS We measured plasma levels of copeptin in individuals with BD (n = 55) and healthy controls (n = 21). Information related to psychiatric/medical history, as well as to metabolic comorbidities and laboratorial parameters was also captured. Insulin resistance and β-cell function in basal state were calculated from fasting plasma glucose and C-peptide using the HOMA2 calculator. Impaired glucose metabolism was defined as pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Copeptin, adiponectin, and leptin plasma levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Plasma copeptin levels were lower in individuals with BD, relative to healthy controls (P < 0.001). There were significant interactions between BD and plasma copeptin on β-cell function (rate ratio [RR] = 1.048; P = 0.030) and on leptin levels (RR = 1.087; P = 0.012), indicating that there was a positive correlation between these markers in the BD group, but a negative one in healthy controls. Finally, in individuals with BD only, the association between β-cell function, body mass index (RR = 1.007; P < 0.001), and insulin resistance (RR = 1.001; P = 0.037) was moderated by copeptin levels. CONCLUSION Copeptin levels were lower in individuals with BD than in healthy controls. There were differential associations between copeptin and metabolic parameters within the BD and healthy control subgroups, suggesting an association between abnormal copeptin and metabolic dysregulation only in the BD population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lucas B Rizzo
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Camila M Santos
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elson Asevedo
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graccielle R Cunha
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane N Noto
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Vila Maria Outpatient Clinic, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pedrini
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Zeni-Graiff
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Loh K, Zhang L, Brandon A, Wang Q, Begg D, Qi Y, Fu M, Kulkarni R, Teo J, Baldock P, Brüning JC, Cooney G, Neely G, Herzog H. Insulin controls food intake and energy balance via NPY neurons. Mol Metab 2017; 6:574-584. [PMID: 28580287 PMCID: PMC5444095 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin signaling in the brain has been implicated in the control of satiety, glucose homeostasis and energy balance. However, insulin signaling is dispensable in energy homeostasis controlling AgRP or POMC neurons and it is unclear which other neurons regulate these effects. Here we describe an ancient insulin/NPY neuronal network that governs energy homeostasis across phyla. METHODS To address the role of insulin action specifically in NPY neurons, we generated a variety of models by selectively removing insulin signaling in NPY neurons in flies and mice and testing the consequences on energy homeostasis. RESULTS By specifically targeting the insulin receptor in both fly and mouse NPY expressing neurons, we found NPY-specific insulin signaling controls food intake and energy expenditure, and lack of insulin signaling in NPY neurons leads to increased energy stores and an obese phenotype. Additionally, the lack of insulin signaling in NPY neurons leads to a dysregulation of GH/IGF-1 axis and to altered insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that insulin actions in NPY neurons is critical for maintaining energy balance and an impairment of this pathway may be causally linked to the development of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Loh
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, 2052, Australia
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Amanda Brandon
- Diabetes Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Qiaoping Wang
- Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Denovan Begg
- School of Psychology, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yue Qi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
| | - Melissa Fu
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
| | - Rishikesh Kulkarni
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
| | - Jonathan Teo
- School of Psychology, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Paul Baldock
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
| | - Jens C. Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregory Cooney
- Diabetes Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Greg Neely
- Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Melanocortin-3 receptors expressed in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons are sufficient for controlling appetitive responses to hypocaloric conditioning. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44444. [PMID: 28294152 PMCID: PMC5353610 DOI: 10.1038/srep44444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin-3 receptors (MC3R) have a contextual role in appetite control that is amplified with hypocaloric conditioning. C57BL/6J (B6) mice subjected to hypocaloric feeding schedules (HFS) exhibit compulsive behavioral responses involving food anticipatory activity (FAA) and caloric loading following food access. These homeostatic responses to calorie-poor environs are attenuated in B6 mice in which Mc3r transcription is suppressed by a lox-stop-lox sequence in the 5'UTR (Mc3rTB/TB). Here, we report that optimization of caloric loading in B6 mice subject to HFS, characterized by increased meal size and duration, is not observed in Mc3rTB/TB mice. Analysis of hypothalamic and neuroendocrine responses to HFS throughout the light-dark cycle suggests uncoupling of hypothalamic responses involving appetite-stimulating fasting-responsive hypothalamic neurons expressing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (Npy). Rescuing Mc3rs expression in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons is sufficient to restore normal hypothalamic responses to negative energy balance. In addition, Mc3rs expressed in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons are also sufficient to restore FAA and caloric loading of B6 mice subjected to HFS. In summary, MC3Rs expressed in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons are sufficient to coordinate hypothalamic response and expression of compulsive behavioral responses involving meal anticipation and consumption of large meals during situations of prolonged negative energy balance.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sisley SR, Arble DM, Chambers AP, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, He Y, Xu Y, Gardner D, Moore DD, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. Hypothalamic Vitamin D Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Reduces Weight. Diabetes 2016; 65:2732-41. [PMID: 27217488 PMCID: PMC5001188 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite clear associations between vitamin D deficiency and obesity and/or type 2 diabetes, a causal relationship is not established. Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) are found within multiple tissues, including the brain. Given the importance of the brain in controlling both glucose levels and body weight, we hypothesized that activation of central VDR links vitamin D to the regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis. Indeed, we found that small doses of active vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) (calcitriol), into the third ventricle of the brain improved glucose tolerance and markedly increased hepatic insulin sensitivity, an effect that is dependent upon VDR within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition, chronic central administration of 1,25D3 dramatically decreased body weight by lowering food intake in obese rodents. Our data indicate that 1,25D3-mediated changes in food intake occur through action within the arcuate nucleus. We found that VDR colocalized with and activated key appetite-regulating neurons in the arcuate, namely proopiomelanocortin neurons. Together, these findings define a novel pathway for vitamin D regulation of metabolism with unique and divergent roles for central nervous system VDR signaling. Specifically, our data suggest that vitamin D regulates glucose homeostasis via the paraventricular nuclei and energy homeostasis via the arcuate nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Sisley
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Deanna M Arble
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Adam P Chambers
- Department of Incretin and Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yanlin He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - David Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:278-316. [PMID: 27159875 PMCID: PMC4890267 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The steep rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated complications go along with mounting evidence of clinically important sex and gender differences. T2DM is more frequently diagnosed at lower age and body mass index in men; however, the most prominent risk factor, which is obesity, is more common in women. Generally, large sex-ratio differences across countries are observed. Diversities in biology, culture, lifestyle, environment, and socioeconomic status impact differences between males and females in predisposition, development, and clinical presentation. Genetic effects and epigenetic mechanisms, nutritional factors and sedentary lifestyle affect risk and complications differently in both sexes. Furthermore, sex hormones have a great impact on energy metabolism, body composition, vascular function, and inflammatory responses. Thus, endocrine imbalances relate to unfavorable cardiometabolic traits, observable in women with androgen excess or men with hypogonadism. Both biological and psychosocial factors are responsible for sex and gender differences in diabetes risk and outcome. Overall, psychosocial stress appears to have greater impact on women rather than on men. In addition, women have greater increases of cardiovascular risk, myocardial infarction, and stroke mortality than men, compared with nondiabetic subjects. However, when dialysis therapy is initiated, mortality is comparable in both males and females. Diabetes appears to attenuate the protective effect of the female sex in the development of cardiac diseases and nephropathy. Endocrine and behavioral factors are involved in gender inequalities and affect the outcome. More research regarding sex-dimorphic pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM and its complications could contribute to more personalized diabetes care in the future and would thus promote more awareness in terms of sex- and gender-specific risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Gender Medicine Unit (A.K.-W., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and Metabolic Unit (G.P.), Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Jürgen Harreiter
- Gender Medicine Unit (A.K.-W., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and Metabolic Unit (G.P.), Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- Gender Medicine Unit (A.K.-W., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and Metabolic Unit (G.P.), Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 35127 Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Heni M, Kullmann S, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Häring HU. Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:701-11. [PMID: 26460339 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated that the human brain is an insulin-sensitive organ. Insulin regulates activity in a limited number of specific brain areas that are important for memory, reward, eating behaviour and the regulation of whole-body metabolism. Accordingly, insulin in the brain modulates cognition, food intake and body weight as well as whole-body glucose, energy and lipid metabolism. However, brain imaging studies have revealed that not everybody responds equally to insulin and that a substantial number of people are brain insulin resistant. In this Review, we provide an overview of the effects of insulin in the brain in humans and the relevance of the effects for physiology. We present emerging evidence for insulin resistance of the human brain. Factors associated with brain insulin resistance such as obesity and increasing age, as well as possible pathogenic factors such as visceral fat, saturated fatty acids, alterations at the blood-brain barrier and certain genetic polymorphisms, are reviewed. In particular, the metabolic consequences of brain insulin resistance are discussed and possible future approaches to overcome brain insulin resistance and thereby prevent or treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brain insulin receptors link stress and metabolism. Mol Metab 2015; 4:77-8. [PMID: 25685693 PMCID: PMC4314538 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|