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Mendonça JDS, de Almeida JCN, Vieira LG, Hirano LQL, Santos ALQ, Andrade DV, Malafaia G, de Oliveira Júnior RJ, Beletti ME. Mutagenicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity of glyphosate and fipronil commercial formulations in Amazon turtles neonates (Podocnemis expansa). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165529. [PMID: 37453711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are considered one of the main causes of the population decline of reptiles worldwide, with freshwater turtles being particularly susceptible to aquatic contamination. In this context, we investigated the potential mutagenic, hepatotoxic, and neurotoxic effects in neonates of Podocnemis expansa exposed to substrate contaminated with different concentrations of glyphosate and/or fipronil during embryonic development. Eggs collected from the natural environment were artificially incubated in sand moistened with pure water, water added with glyphosate Atar 48® at concentrations of 65 and 6500 μg/L (groups G1 and G2, respectively), water added with fipronil Regent® 800WG at 4 and 400 μg/L (groups F1 and F2, respectively) and, water added with the combination of 65 μg/L glyphosate and 4 μg/L fipronil or with 6500 μg/L glyphosate and 400 μg/L fipronil (groups GF1 and GF2, respectively). For mutagenicity analysis, we evaluated the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and other erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENAs), while for evaluation of hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity, livers and encephalon were analyzed for histopathological alterations. Exposure to pesticides, alone or in combination, increased the frequency of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, particularly blebbed nuclei, moved nuclei, and notched nuclei. Individuals exposed to fipronil exhibited congestion and inflammatory infiltrate in their liver tissue, while, in the encephalon, congestion, and necrosis were present. Our study confirms that the incubation of eggs in substrate polluted with glyphosate and fipronil causes histopathological damage and mutagenic alteration in P. expansa, highlighting the importance of using different biomarkers to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of these pesticides, especially in oviparous animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dos Santos Mendonça
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia Aplicada ao Meio Ambiente, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
| | - Julio Cesar Neves de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Líria Queiroz Luz Hirano
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília (UNB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Organização Não Governamental - Preservação dos Animais Silvestres do Brasil - ONG PAS do Brasil, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Denis Vieira Andrade
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aplicada ao Meio Ambiente, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação dos Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Robson José de Oliveira Júnior
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Emílio Beletti
- Laboratório de Biologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Ruiz-Ruiz B, Torres-Bugarin O, Zúñiga-Violante E, Casillas-Figueroa F, Luna-Vázquez-Gómez R, Campos Gallegos V, Ruiz-Arellano AE, Arellano-García ME. Genomic Instability and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Two Communities Exposed to Pesticides in the Mexicali Valley by the L-CBMN Assay. TOXICS 2023; 11:807. [PMID: 37888658 PMCID: PMC10611012 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The continuous biomonitoring of a population directly or indirectly exposed to pesticides could be an additional tool for decision makers to improve their health conditions. In this work, we performed biomonitoring on two groups of people from the Mexicali Valley who were continuously exposed to pesticides using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay (L-CBMN) to evaluate cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The study groups comprised 14 indigenous Cucapah with non-vegetarian habits (NV group) from Ejido el Mayor (32.12594°, -115.27265°) and 21 lacto-ovo vegetarian (LOV) persons from the Seventh-day Adventist Church of Ejido Vicente Guerrero (32.3961°, -115.14023°). The L-CBMN assay determines the nuclear division index (NDI), apoptosis, necrosis, micronuclei (MNs), nuclear buds (NBUDs), and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs). Our results show that, regardless of diet or daily habits, both the studied groups presented with cytogenotoxic damage compared with non-exposed pesticide individuals, without modifications to the nuclear division index. In the rest of the evaluated biomarkers, the NV group exhibited greater cytotoxic and genotoxic damage than the LOV group. Nevertheless, individuals practicing a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet (LOV) showed lower damage than those with non-vegetarian habits (NV), suggesting a better antioxidant response that helps decrease the genotoxic damage due to the enhanced intake of folates and antioxidants from a plant-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balam Ruiz-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (B.R.-R.); (E.Z.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (R.L.-V.-G.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Olivia Torres-Bugarin
- Laboratorio de Evaluación de Genotóxicos, Medicina Interna II, Facultad de Medicina, Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erika Zúñiga-Violante
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (B.R.-R.); (E.Z.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (R.L.-V.-G.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Francisco Casillas-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (B.R.-R.); (E.Z.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (R.L.-V.-G.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Roberto Luna-Vázquez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (B.R.-R.); (E.Z.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (R.L.-V.-G.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Verónica Campos Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (B.R.-R.); (E.Z.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (R.L.-V.-G.); (V.C.G.)
| | - Ana Erika Ruiz-Arellano
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - María Evarista Arellano-García
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (B.R.-R.); (E.Z.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (R.L.-V.-G.); (V.C.G.)
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Çavuşoğlu K, Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Macar O, Çavuşoğlu D, Yalçın E. Comparative investigation of toxicity induced by UV-A and UV-C radiation using Allium test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33988-33998. [PMID: 35032264 PMCID: PMC8760590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are increasingly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays of sunlight, due to the thinning of the ozone layer and its widespread use in sterilization processes, especially against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The present study was conducted with the purpose of evaluating the damages of UV-A and UV-C radiations in Allium cepa L. roots. The effects of two different types of UV on some physiological, biochemical, cytogenotoxic, and anatomical parameters were investigated in a multifaceted study. Three groups were formed from Allium bulbs, one of which was the control group. One of the other groups was exposed to 254 nm (UV-C) and the other to 365 nm (UV-A) UV. Growth retardation effect of UV was investigated with respect to germination percentage, total weight gain, and root elongation, while cytogenotoxicity arisen from UV exposure was analyzed using mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) frequency. Oxidative stress due to UV application was investigated based on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. Also, anatomical changes induced by UV-A and UV-C were analyzed in root meristematic cells. UV treatments caused significant reductions in growth-related parameters. Both UV treatments caused a significant increase in MDA levels and induction of SOD and CAT enzymes in root meristematic cells. A decrease in MI and an increase in the frequency of MN and CAs were observed in root tip cells, indicating the cytogenotoxic effect of UV application. Anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, necrotic zones, giant cell nucleus, and indistinct transmission tissue occurred in cells exposed to UV. All of the physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomical damages observed in this study were more severe in cells treated with UV-C compared to UV-A. This study suggested that UV exposure triggered growth inhibition, cytogenotoxicity, oxidative stress, and meristematic cell damages in A. cepa roots depending on the wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Oksal Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Dilek Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Atabey Vocational School, Isparta Applied Sciences University, 32200, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Emine Yalçın
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
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Miguel FM, Picada JN, da Silva JB, Schemitt EG, Colares JR, Hartmann RM, Marroni CA, Marroni NP. Melatonin Attenuates Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and DNA Damage in Mice with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Induced by a Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet. Inflammation 2022; 45:1968-1984. [PMID: 35419738 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease with a high incidence worldwide, but its diagnosis and treatment are poorly managed. In this study, NASH pathophysiology and DNA damage biomarkers were investigated in mice with NASH treated and untreated with melatonin (MLT). C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks to develop NASH. Melatonin was administered at 20 mg/kg during the last 2 weeks. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured, and hepatic tissue was dissected for histological analysis, evaluation of lipoperoxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (Nrf2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression by immunohistochemistry. DNA damage was evaluated using Comet assay, while a micronucleus test in bone marrow was performed to assess the genomic instability associated with the disease. Melatonin decreased AST and ALT, liver inflammatory processes, balloonization, and fibrosis in mice with NASH, decreasing TNF-α, iNOS, and TGF-β, as well as oxidative stress, shown by reducing lipoperoxidation and intensifying Nrf2 expression. The SOD and GPx activities were increased, while CAT was decreased by treatment with MLT. Although the micronucleus frequency was not increased in mice with NASH, a protective effect on DNA was observed with MLT treatment in blood and liver tissues using Comet assay. As conclusions, MLT slows down the progression of NASH, reducing hepatic oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, inhibiting DNA damage via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Moraes Miguel
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied To Health, Lutheran University of Brazil, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, CEP 92425900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Pneumological Sciences and Inflammation, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP 90035003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied To Health, Lutheran University of Brazil, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, CEP 92425900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Bondan da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied To Health, Lutheran University of Brazil, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, CEP 92425900, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Elizângela Gonçalves Schemitt
- Experimental Laboratory of Pneumological Sciences and Inflammation, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP 90035003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Josieli Raskopf Colares
- Experimental Laboratory of Pneumological Sciences and Inflammation, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP 90035003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Minuzzo Hartmann
- Experimental Laboratory of Pneumological Sciences and Inflammation, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP 90035003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Augusto Marroni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate Program - Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, CEP 90050170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Norma Possa Marroni
- Experimental Laboratory of Pneumological Sciences and Inflammation, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP 90035003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, RS, CEP 90050170, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Gerussi A, Caime C, Binatti E, Cristoferi L, Asselta R, Gershwin EM, Invernizzi P. X marks the spot in autoimmunity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:429-437. [PMID: 35349778 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune diseases mostly affect females. Besides hormones, several factors related to chromosome X have been called in action to explain this sex predominance. AREAS COVERED This paper provides an overview on the role of chromosome X (chrX) in explaining why females have higher susceptibility to autoimmunity. The work outlines some essential concepts regarding chrX inactivation, escape from chrX inactivation and the evolutionary history of chrX. In addition, we will discuss the concept of gene escape in immune cells, with examples related to specific X-linked genes and autoimmune diseases. EXPERT OPINION There is growing evidence that many genes present on chrX escape inactivation, and some of them have significant immune-mediated functions. In immune cells of female individuals the escape of these genes is not constant, but the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling this plasticity are not completely understood. Future studies aimed at the characterization of these modifications at single-cell resolution, together with conformational 3D studies of the inactive X chromosome, will hopefully help to fill this gap of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gerussi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Caime
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Binatti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Cristoferi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Eric M Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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Vicia–Micronucleus Test Application for Saline Irrigation Water Risk Assessment. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030462. [PMID: 35161444 PMCID: PMC8840222 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In view of climate change, increasing soil salinity is expected worldwide. It is therefore important to improve prediction ability of plant salinity effects. For this purpose, brackish/saline irrigation water from two areas in central and coastal Tunisia was sampled. The water samples were classified as C3 (EC: 2.01–2.24 dS m−1) and C4 (EC: 3.46–7.00 dS m−1), indicating that the water was questionable and not suitable for irrigation, respectively. The water samples were tested for their genotoxic potential and growth effects on Vicia faba seedlings. Results showed a decrease in mitotic index (MI) and, consequently, growth parameters concomitant to the appearance of micronucleus (MCN) and chromosome aberrations when the water salinity increased. Salt ion concentration had striking influence on genome stability and growth parameters. Pearson correlation underlined the negative connection between most ions in the water inappropriate for irrigation (C4) and MI as well as growth parameters. MI was strongly influenced by Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, and to a less degree Ca2+, K+, and SO42−. Growth parameters were moderately to weakly affected by K+ and Ca2+, respectively. Re-garding MCN, a very strong positive correlation was found for MCN and K+. Despite its short-term application, the Vicia-MCN Test showed a real ability to predict toxicity induced by salt ions confirming that is has a relevant role in hazard identification and risk assessment of salinity effects.
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Bálintová L, Matúšková M, Gábelová A. The evaluation of the efficacy and potential genotoxic hazard of combined SAHA and 5-FU treatment in the chemoresistant colorectal cancer cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 874-875:503445. [PMID: 35151424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an essential chemotherapeutic drug for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. However, the frequent development of drug resistance has dramatically affected its clinical use. Therefore, novel treatment strategies are critical to improving patient outcomes. Herein, we investigated the ability of the epigenetic drug SAHA to increase the sensitivity of chemoresistant CRC cells to 5-FU. In addition, we evaluated the potential genotoxic risk of SAHA+5-FU combination treatment. As a model system, we used three CRC cell lines, HT-29, SW480, and HT-29/EGFP/FUR, differing in their resistance to 5-FU. CRC cell lines were exposed to sub-toxic SAHA concentrations for 24 h, followed by a 48 h treatment with 5-FU. The cytotoxicity of SAHA, 5-FU, and SAHA+5-FU was measured by the MTT test, the genotoxicity by the comet assay, and the micronucleus test. The apoptotic/necrotic activity was assessed using morphological criteria. We found a synergic decrease in the viability of HT-29 and SW480 cells, but not the most resistant HT-29/EGFP/FUR cells after combined SAHA+5-FU exposure compared to 5-FU. Remarkably, SAHA most efficiently induced apoptosis in HT-29/EGFP/FUR cells compared to HT-29 and SW480 cells. Combined SAHA+5-FU treatment resulted in a synergistic increase in apoptotic/necrotic cells in HT-29 cell line, while rather additive/sub-additive effect was determined in the SW480 and HT-29/EGFP/FUR cells. At the same time, however, a synergistic rise in micronuclei was found in CRC cell lines (at least at some concentrations). We have shown that SAHA can sensitize CRC cells to 5-FU; therefore, epigenetic and convential drug combinations could be beneficial for the patients. However, the increase in micronucleus formation after combined SAHA+5-FU treatment indicates a potential health hazard. The clastogenic activity could contribute to cancer heterogeneity, favoring progeny of such aberrant cells to clonal expansion. Therefore, developing new specific epigenetic drugs or nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery might reduce the potential genotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bálintová
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 54, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Miroslava Matúšková
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 54, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alena Gábelová
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 54, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Lopes A, Benvindo-Souza M, Carvalho WF, Nunes HF, de Lima PN, Costa MS, Benetti EJ, Guerra V, Saboia-Morais SMT, Santos CE, Simões K, Bastos RP, de Melo E Silva D. Evaluation of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and histopathological hepatic effects of polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) and glyphosate on Dendropsophus minutus tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117911. [PMID: 34365244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides improve the productivity of a monoculture by eliminating weeds, although they may also be toxic and have negative effects on non-target organisms, such as amphibians. The present study evaluated the genotoxic, mutagenic, and histopathological hepatic responses of Dendropsophus minutus tadpoles to acute exposure (96 h) to the herbicide glyphosate (GLY, 65, 130, 260 and 520 μg/L) and the surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 μg/L). On average, 174 % more genomic damage was observed in the tadpoles exposed to all concentrations of POEA in comparison with the control, while up to seven times more micronuclei were recorded, on average, at a concentration of 5 μg/L of POEA. All the individuals exposed to 10 μg/L of POEA died. The tadpoles exposed to GLY presented 165 % more DNA damage than the control, on average, at the highest concentrations (260 and 520 μg/L), and up to six times more micronuclei at 520 μg/L. The Erythrocyte Nuclear Abnormality test (ENA) detected a relatively high frequency of cells with lobed nuclei in the tadpoles expose to POEA at 5 μg/L and binucleated cells in those exposed to GLY at 520 μg/L. The hepatic histopathological observations revealed several types of lesions in the tadpoles exposed to both GLY and POEA. Overall, then, the results of the study indicate that both GLY and POEA have potential genotoxic, mutagenic, and hepatotoxic effects in D. minutus tadpoles. We emphasize the need for further studies to monitor the amphibian populations, such as those of D. minutus, which breed in aquatic environments associated with agricultural areas. The release of pollutants into natural habitats may have significant long-term impacts on the survival of anuran tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lopes
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB I - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcelino Benvindo-Souza
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB I - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Wanessa Fernandes Carvalho
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB I - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Freire Nunes
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB I - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Phamella Neres de Lima
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB III - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Santos Costa
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB III - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Edson José Benetti
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB III - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Guerra
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Center for Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco Campus, Rio Branco, Acre, CEP: 69915-900, Brazil.
| | - Simone Maria Teixeira Saboia-Morais
- Cell Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences IV - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Emilia Santos
- Laboratory of Herpetology and Animal Behavior, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB V - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Karina Simões
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB III - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Pereira Bastos
- Laboratory of Herpetology and Animal Behavior, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB V - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, ICB I - Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
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9
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Zamora-Perez AL, Luna-Aguirre J, Zúñiga-González GM, Torres-Bugarín O, Torres-Mendoza BM, Gallegos-Arreola MP, Ortiz-García RG, Gutiérrez-Sevilla JE, Gómez-Meda BC. Micronuclei and Nuclear Buds Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Crocodylus moreletii as Useful Biomarkers in Aquatic Environments. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113178. [PMID: 34827910 PMCID: PMC8614446 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Crocodiles are territorial reptiles that are exposed to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Analyzing their state of health and the environment in which they live is essential to detect changes that could affect them by exposure to agents that damage their genetic material, putting their health or other species that share said habitat, including humans, at risk. There are several ways to determine exposure to harmful agents, a very simple and direct one is to analyze the nuclei of blood cells under a microscope, a test that can also be carried out directly in their habitat and that gives rapid results on the effects of agents on those at that moment they are exposed. This study demonstrates the possibility of analyzing the blood of Crocodylus moreletii to quickly analyze its exposure to toxic agents in a sample of its blood by evaluating two abnormal structures in its cells under the microscope, demonstrating that evidence of damage can be observed only by analyzing a drop of their blood. Abstract Micronuclei (MN) are used to assess genotoxic exposure, whereas nuclear buds (NBs) have been linked to genotoxic events. Crocodylus moreletii was studied to identify MN and NBs. Three groups were formed: Group 1 (water) and groups 2 and 3 (7 or 10 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide). A drop of blood was obtained daily from the claw tip at 0 to 120 h. Spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) and erythrocytes with nuclear buds (NBEs) were counted. The frequencies of micronucleated young erythrocytes (MNYEs) and NB young erythrocytes (NBYEs) were evaluated, including the ratio of young erythrocytes (YE)/1000 total erythrocytes. No significant differences were observed in the YE proportion on sampling days; group 1 did not show differences for any parameter, whereas group 2 showed significant differences in MNEs and NBEs, and group 3 showed differences in NBEs and NBYEs. Some mitotic activity in circulation was observed in YEs. In conclusion, NBEs could be a more sensitive biomarker to genotoxic damage than MNEs. The identification of these biomarkers leads us to propose Crocodylus moreletii as a possible environment bioindicator because these parameters could be useful to analyze the in vivo health status of these reptiles and for biomonitoring genotoxic pollutants in their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
- Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Luna-Aguirre
- División de Tecnología Ambiental, Universidad Tecnológica de Puebla, Puebla 72300, Mexico;
| | - Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (G.M.Z.-G.); (R.G.O.-G.)
| | - Olivia Torres-Bugarín
- Departamento de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (B.M.T.-M.); (J.E.G.-S.)
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola
- División de Genética, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Ramón Guillermo Ortiz-García
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (G.M.Z.-G.); (R.G.O.-G.)
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Ernesto Gutiérrez-Sevilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (B.M.T.-M.); (J.E.G.-S.)
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-0(1)-1058-5200 (ext. 33646)
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10
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Nakamura K, Ishii Y, Takasu S, Nohmi T, Shibutani M, Ogawa K. Chromosome aberrations induced by the non-mutagenic carcinogen acetamide involve in rat hepatocarcinogenesis through micronucleus formation in hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2851-2865. [PMID: 34160648 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome aberrations (CAs), i.e. changes in chromosome number or structure, are known to cause chromosome rearrangements and subsequently tumorigenesis. However, the involvement of CAs in chemical-induced carcinogenesis is unclear. In the current study, we aimed to clarify the possible involvement of CAs in chemical carcinogenesis using a rat model with the non-mutagenic hepatocarcinogen acetamide. In an in vivo micronucleus (MN) test, acetamide was revealed to induce CAs specifically in rat liver at carcinogenic doses. Acetamide also induced centromere-positive large MN (LMN) in hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analyses of the LMN, which can be histopathologically detected as basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion, revealed abnormal expression of nuclear envelope proteins, increased heterochromatinization, and massive DNA damage. These molecular pathological features in LMN progressed with acetamide exposure in a time-dependent manner, implying that LMN formation can lead to chromosome rearrangements. Overall, these data suggested that CAs induced by acetamide play a pivotal role in acetamide-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats and that CAs can cause chemical carcinogenesis in animals via MN formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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11
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Balthazar CF, de Moura NA, Romualdo GR, Rocha RS, Pimentel TC, Esmerino EA, Freitas MQ, Santillo A, Silva MC, Barbisan LF, Cruz AG, Albenzio M. Synbiotic sheep milk ice cream reduces chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7406-7414. [PMID: 33934866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sheep dairy products containing prebiotic and probiotic ingredients may have health-promoting properties. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of sheep milk ice cream [conventional full-fat (CONV), full-fat enriched with probiotic (PROB, 100 mg % wt/wt of Lacticaseibacillus casei 01), or nonfat synbiotic (SYNB, Lacticaseibacillus casei 01 and inulin, 10% wt/wt)] on carcinogen-induced colonic crypt cytotoxicity and premalignant lesion development. Male Swiss mice received 2 doses of colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM, 15 mg/kg of body weight) at wk 3 and 4. Two weeks before and during AOM administrations (4 wk) mice were treated with CONV, PROB, or SYNB by gavage (10 mL/kg). Mice were euthanized at wk 4 or 25 (n = 5 or 10 mice/group, respectively). At wk 4, a significant reduction in micronucleated colonocytes was observed in PROB and SYNB groups, and a significant decrease in both p53 expression and apoptosis indexes in colonic crypts was observed in SYNB group. At wk 25, both PROB and SYNB interventions reduced the mean number of colonic premalignant lesions. However, only SYNB group showed lower incidence and number of high-grade premalignant lesions in the colonic mucosa. These findings indicate that PROB or SYNB sheep milk ice cream, especially SYNB intervention, can reduce chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso F Balthazar
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelci A de Moura
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Romualdo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon S Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C Pimentel
- Department of Food Science, Federal Institute of Paraná (IFPR), Paranavaí, 87703-536, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erick A Esmerino
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mônica Q Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonella Santillo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia (UNIFG), Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - Marcia Cristina Silva
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marzia Albenzio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia (UNIFG), Foggia, 71122, Italy.
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12
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Baudoin NC, Bloomfield M. Karyotype Aberrations in Action: The Evolution of Cancer Genomes and the Tumor Microenvironment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:558. [PMID: 33921421 PMCID: PMC8068843 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of cellular evolution. For this cellular evolution to take place, a population of cells must contain functional heterogeneity and an assessment of this heterogeneity in the form of natural selection. Cancer cells from advanced malignancies are genomically and functionally very different compared to the healthy cells from which they evolved. Genomic alterations include aneuploidy (numerical and structural changes in chromosome content) and polyploidy (e.g., whole genome doubling), which can have considerable effects on cell physiology and phenotype. Likewise, conditions in the tumor microenvironment are spatially heterogeneous and vastly different than in healthy tissues, resulting in a number of environmental niches that play important roles in driving the evolution of tumor cells. While a number of studies have documented abnormal conditions of the tumor microenvironment and the cellular consequences of aneuploidy and polyploidy, a thorough overview of the interplay between karyotypically abnormal cells and the tissue and tumor microenvironments is not available. Here, we examine the evidence for how this interaction may unfold during tumor evolution. We describe a bidirectional interplay in which aneuploid and polyploid cells alter and shape the microenvironment in which they and their progeny reside; in turn, this microenvironment modulates the rate of genesis for new karyotype aberrations and selects for cells that are most fit under a given condition. We conclude by discussing the importance of this interaction for tumor evolution and the possibility of leveraging our understanding of this interplay for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas C. Baudoin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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13
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How Chaotic Is Genome Chaos? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061358. [PMID: 33802828 PMCID: PMC8002653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer genomes can undergo major restructurings involving many chromosomal locations at key stages in tumor development. This restructuring process has been designated “genome chaos” by some authors. In order to examine how chaotic cancer genome restructuring may be, the cell and molecular processes for DNA restructuring are reviewed. Examination of the action of these processes in various cancers reveals a degree of specificity that indicates genome restructuring may be sufficiently reproducible to enable possible therapies that interrupt tumor progression to more lethal forms. Abstract Cancer genomes evolve in a punctuated manner during tumor evolution. Abrupt genome restructuring at key steps in this evolution has been called “genome chaos.” To answer whether widespread genome change is truly chaotic, this review (i) summarizes the limited number of cell and molecular systems that execute genome restructuring, (ii) describes the characteristic signatures of DNA changes that result from activity of those systems, and (iii) examines two cases where genome restructuring is determined to a significant degree by cell type or viral infection. The conclusion is that many restructured cancer genomes display sufficiently unchaotic signatures to identify the cellular systems responsible for major oncogenic transitions, thereby identifying possible targets for therapies to inhibit tumor progression to greater aggressiveness.
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14
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Solórzano-Meléndez A, Rodrigo-Alarcón R, Gómez-Meda BC, Zamora-Pérez AL, Ortiz-García RG, Bayardo-López LH, González-Virgen R, Gallegos-Arreola MP, Zúñiga-González GM. Micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood from neonate rats fed by nursing mothers exposed to X-rays. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:177-184. [PMID: 33496960 DOI: 10.1002/em.22426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most women with breast cancer can become pregnant and give birth while undergoing radiation therapy and breastfeeding is generally not contraindicated. The induction of long-lived reactive species in proteins, such as casein by X-ray radiation and DNA damage to unexposed organisms, has been shown when ingesting irradiated cheese. To determine whether exposing lactating rats to X-rays increases the number of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) in peripheral blood of their unexposed or breastfeeding rat pups, 15 female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Negative control; Experimental group exposed to X-rays, and group exposed to X-rays plus vitamin C. The mothers of groups 2 and 3 were irradiated for three consecutive days after giving birth, returning them to their respective cages each time to continue lactation. A blood sample was taken from the mothers and pups at 0, 24, and 48 hr. Blood smears were stained with acridine orange to analyze MNEs. In mother rats, the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) increased significantly at 24 and 48 hr in both study groups exposed to radiation. Likewise, in rat pups the MNPCE and MNE frequencies increased in both groups with radiation and radiation plus vitamin C at 24 and 48 hr, and a protection from vitamin C was observed. In conclusion, the genotoxic damage produced in rat pups that were lactated by mothers irradiated with X-rays is possibly due to the effect of long-lived reactive species that were formed in the breast milk of female Wistar rats during the irradiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Solórzano-Meléndez
- Servicio de Radio-oncología, Centro Nacional de Radioneurocirugía, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Rodrigo-Alarcón
- Servicio de Radio-oncología, Centro Nacional de Radioneurocirugía, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Belinda C Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Genética Humana "Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera", Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana L Zamora-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ramón G Ortiz-García
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis H Bayardo-López
- Servicio de Radio-oncología, Centro Nacional de Radioneurocirugía, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Roberto González-Virgen
- Servicio de Radio-oncología, Centro Nacional de Radioneurocirugía, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Martha P Gallegos-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo M Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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15
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Pellestor F, Gaillard JB, Schneider A, Puechberty J, Gatinois V. Chromoanagenesis, the mechanisms of a genomic chaos. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 123:90-99. [PMID: 33608210 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Designated under the name of chromoanagenesis, the phenomena of chromothripsis, chromanasynthesis and chromoplexy constitute new types of complex rearrangements, including many genomic alterations localized on a few chromosomal regions, and whose discovery over the last decade has changed our perception about the formation of chromosomal abnormalities and their etiology. Although exhibiting specific features, these new catastrophic mechanisms generally occur within a single cell cycle and their emergence is closely linked to genomic instability. Various non-exclusive exogenous or cellular mechanisms capable of generating chromoanagenesis have been evoked. However, recent experimental data shed light on 2 major processes, which following a defect in the mitotic segregation of chromosomes, can generate a cascade of cellular events leading to chromoanagenesis. These mechanisms are the formation of micronuclei integrating isolated chromosomal material, and the occurrence of chromatin bridges around chromosomal material resulting from telomeric fusions. In both cases, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fragmentation, repair and transmission of damaged chromosomal material are consistent with the features of chromoanagenesis-related complex chromosomal rearrangements. In this review, we introduce each type of chromoanagenesis, and describe the experimental models that have allowed to validate the existence of chromoanagenesis events and to better understand their cellular mechanisms of formation and transmission, as well as their impact on the stability and the plasticity of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pellestor
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHU, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier Cedex 5 34295, France; INSERM 1183 Unit "Genome and Stem Cell Plasticity in Development and Aging" Institute of Regenerative Medecine and Biotherapies, St Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
| | - J B Gaillard
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHU, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier Cedex 5 34295, France
| | - A Schneider
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHU, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier Cedex 5 34295, France
| | - J Puechberty
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHU, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier Cedex 5 34295, France
| | - V Gatinois
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHU, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier Cedex 5 34295, France; INSERM 1183 Unit "Genome and Stem Cell Plasticity in Development and Aging" Institute of Regenerative Medecine and Biotherapies, St Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
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16
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de Almeida KA, Garcia EM, Penteado JO, Tavella RA, Fernandes CLF, Ramires PF, Ramires Júnior OV, Muccillo-Baisch AL, da Luz Mathias M, Dias D, da Siva Júnior FMR. Multimarker approach to assess the exposure of the wild rodent Calomys laucha to a simulated crude oil spill. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2236-2244. [PMID: 32880044 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A mysterious oil spill occurred in the ocean near Brazil in 2019, which affected coastal areas in northeastern Brazil. When oil pollution occurs in coastal zones, organisms such as small mammals can suffer deleterious effects to their health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to contaminated sandy soil with different crude oil concentrations in males of the species Calomys laucha. The exposure to crude oil resulted in multiple health issues for the subjects in the very first days of exposure. Furthermore, the exposure resulted in mutagenic damage to bone marrow blood cells and behavioral and morphological alterations, which were almost always in a dose-dependent form. The present study demonstrates the sensibility of the biomarkers used and highlights that small wild mammals such as C. laucha are useful for predicting environmental damage caused by the exposure to crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissia Aparecida de Almeida
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Edariane Menestrino Garcia
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Julia Oliveira Penteado
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Ronan Adler Tavella
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Caroline Lopes Feijo Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Paula Florencio Ramires
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Luíza Muccillo-Baisch
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Maria da Luz Mathias
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deodália Dias
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Siva Júnior
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil.
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Herek JS, Vargas L, Rinas Trindade SA, Rutkoski CF, Macagnan N, Hartmann PA, Hartmann MT. Genotoxic effects of glyphosate on Physalaemus tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103516. [PMID: 33080355 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity studies have revealed that pesticides bind to genetic material in non-target vertebrates, thereby impairing the genetic integrity of these animals. The main objective of this study was to determine the genotoxic damage in erythrocytes of two native South American amphibian Physalaemus cuvieri and Physalaemus gracilis, both species exposed to a glyphosate-based herbicide. We evaluated the presence of micronuclei (MN) and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENA) as biomarkers for potential genotoxic compounds. Tadpoles were exposed to doses permitted by Brazilian legislation and concentrations found naturally in Brazilian and Argentinian waters (500, 700 and 1000 μg/L). Glyphosate-based herbicide caused micronuclei formation and several types of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities in both Physalaemus species. The total frequency of MN and ENA demonstrated the occurrence of cell damage at all tested concentrations. Glyphosate herbicide can be considered a genotoxic that may impact the genetic integrity of native populations of P. cuvieri and P. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Samara Herek
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, Brazil, ERS 135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luana Vargas
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, Brazil, ERS 135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Suélen Andressa Rinas Trindade
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, Brazil, ERS 135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camila Fatima Rutkoski
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, Brazil, ERS 135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Natani Macagnan
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, Brazil, ERS 135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Afonso Hartmann
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, Brazil, ERS 135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marilia Teresinha Hartmann
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, Brazil, ERS 135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
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18
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Kirsch-Volders M, Bolognesi C, Ceppi M, Bruzzone M, Fenech M. Micronuclei, inflammation and auto-immune disease. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108335. [PMID: 33339583 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Auto-immune diseases (AUD) are characterized by an immune response to antigenic components of the host itself. The etiology of AUD is not well understood. The available evidence points to an interaction between genetic, epigenetic, environmental, infectious and life-style factors. AUD are more prevalent in women than in men; sex hormones play a crucial role in this sex bias. Micronuclei (MN) emerged as a new player in the induction of AUD, based on the capacity of DNA-sensors to detect self-DNA that leaks into the cytoplasm from disrupted MN and induce the cGAS-STING pathway triggering an innate auto-immune response and chronic inflammation. It was found that inflammation can induce MN and MN can induce inflammation, leading to a vicious inflammation-oxidative-DNA damage-MN-formation-chromothripsis cycle. MN originating from sex chromosome-loss may induce inflammation and AUD. We performed a systematic review of studies reporting MN in patients with systemic or organ-specific AUD. A meta-analysis was performed on lymphocyte MN in diabetes mellitus (10 studies, 457 patients/290 controls) and Behcet's disease (3 studies, 100 patients/70 controls) and for buccal MN in diabetes mellitus (11 studies, 507 patients/427 controls). A statistically significant increase in patients compared to controls was found in the meta-analyses providing an indication of an association between MN and AUD. A 36%-higher mean-MRi in buccal cells (3.8+/-0.7) was found compared to lymphocytes (2.8+/-0.7)(P = 0.01). The meta-MRi in lymphocytes and buccal cells (1.7 and 3.0 respectively) suggest that buccal cells may be more sensitive. To assess their relative sensitivity, studies with measurements from the same subjects would be desirable. It is important that future studies (i) investigate, in well-designed powered studies, the prospective association of MN-formation with AUD and (ii) explore the molecular mechanisms by which chromosome shattering in MN and the release of chromatin fragments from MN lead to the formation of auto-antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marcello Ceppi
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bruzzone
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, 5048, Australia; Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA 5000, Australia
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19
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Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase promotes the inflammatory and autophagy responses in Huntington disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15989-15999. [PMID: 32581130 PMCID: PMC7354937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002144117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic disorder caused by glutamine-expansion in the huntingtin (mHTT) protein, which affects motor, psychiatric, and cognitive function, but the mechanisms remain unclear. mHTT is known to induce DNA damage and affect autophagy, both associated with inflammatory responses, but what mediates all these were unknown. Here we report that cGAS, a DNA damage sensor, is highly upregulated in the striatum of a mouse model and HD human patient’s tissue. We found ribosomes, which make proteins, are robustly accumulated on the cGAS mRNA in HD cells. cGAS depletion decreases—and cGAS expression increases—both inflammatory and autophagy responses in HD striatal cells. Thus, cGAS is a therapeutic target for HD. Blocking cGAS will prevent/slow down HD symptoms. Huntington disease (HD) is caused by an expansion mutation of the N-terminal polyglutamine of huntingtin (mHTT). mHTT is ubiquitously present, but it induces noticeable damage to the brain’s striatum, thereby affecting motor, psychiatric, and cognitive functions. The striatal damage and progression of HD are associated with the inflammatory response; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a DNA sensor, is a critical regulator of inflammatory and autophagy responses in HD. Ribosome profiling revealed that the cGAS mRNA has high ribosome occupancy at exon 1 and codon-specific pauses at positions 171 (CCG) and 172 (CGT) in HD striatal cells. Moreover, the protein levels and activity of cGAS (based on the phosphorylated STING and phosphorylated TBK1 levels), and the expression and ribosome occupancy of cGAS-dependent inflammatory genes (Ccl5 and Cxcl10) are increased in HD striatum. Depletion of cGAS diminishes cGAS activity and decreases the expression of inflammatory genes while suppressing the up-regulation of autophagy in HD cells. In contrast, reinstating cGAS in cGAS-depleted HD cells activates cGAS activity and promotes inflammatory and autophagy responses. Ribosome profiling also revealed that LC3A and LC3B, the two major autophagy initiators, show altered ribosome occupancy in HD cells. We also detected the presence of numerous micronuclei, which are known to induce cGAS, in the cytoplasm of neurons derived from human HD embryonic stem cells. Collectively, our results indicate that cGAS is up-regulated in HD and mediates inflammatory and autophagy responses. Thus, targeting the cGAS pathway may offer therapeutic benefits in HD.
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20
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Pellestor F, Gatinois V. Chromoanagenesis: a piece of the macroevolution scenario. Mol Cytogenet 2020; 13:3. [PMID: 32010222 PMCID: PMC6988253 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-020-0470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, new types of massive and complex chromosomal rearrangements based on the chaotic shattering and restructuring of chromosomes have been identified in cancer cells as well as in patients with congenital diseases and healthy individuals. These unanticipated phenomena are named chromothripsis, chromoanasynthesis and chromoplexy, and are grouped under the term of chromoanagenesis. As mechanisms for rapid and profound genome modifications in germlines and early development, these processes can be regarded as credible pathways for genomic evolution and speciation process. Their discovery confirms the importance of genome-centric investigations to fully understand organismal evolution. Because they oppose the model of progressive acquisition of driver mutations or rearrangements, these phenomena conceptually give support to the concept of macroevolution, known through the models of “Hopeful Monsters” and the “Punctuated Equilibrium”. In this review, we summarize mechanisms underlying chromoanagenesis processes and we show that numerous cases of chromosomal speciation and short-term adaptation could be correlated to chromoanagenesis-related mechanisms. In the frame of a modern and integrative analysis of eukaryote evolutionary processes, it seems important to consider the unexpected chromoanagenesis phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Pellestor
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,INSERM 1183 «Genome and Stem Cell Plasticity in Development and Aging », Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, St Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,INSERM 1183 «Genome and Stem Cell Plasticity in Development and Aging », Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, St Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
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21
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Fagbenro OS, Alimba CG, Bakare AA. Experimental modeling of the acute toxicity and cytogenotoxic fate of composite mixtures of chromate, copper and arsenate oxides associated with CCA preservative using Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2019; 34:e2019010. [PMID: 31771319 PMCID: PMC7014949 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.e2019010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent occurrence of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and arsenic (As) from chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservative in aquatic ecosystems demands that their joint-actions in eliciting toxic effects be assessed for adequate understanding of the health risk they may pose to biota. Clarias gariepinus was exposed to As2O3 , CrO3 and CuO and their composite mixtures (1:1 and 1:1:1) at various concentrations (0 – 600 mg/L) for 96-h to determine the acute toxicity using OECD (1992) protocol. C. gariepinus was then exposed to sub-lethal concentrations corresponding to 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0 and 100% of the 96-h LC50 for 7 days to assess the cytogenotoxic effects using piscine micronucleus (MN) test. The 96-h LC50 showed that the metals/metalloid demonstrated differential interactions in a concentration dependent pattern. The 96-h LC50 showed that Cr was the most toxic while Cu and As:Cu were indeterminate (Cr > Cr:Cu > As:Cr > As > As:Cr:Cu > Cu = As:Cu indeterminate). Isobologram and synergistic ratio (SR) models predicted antagonistic interaction between Cu:Cr and As:Cr and synergism between As:Cu in the causation of morbidity and mortality of C. gariepinus. Interaction factor model predicted antagonism as common interactive mechanism among the metal/metalloid mixtures in the induction of MN and abnormal nuclear erythrocytes in C. gariepinus. Predicted interactions among the three metals/ metalloid were largely antagonism and synergism towards the induction of acute toxicity and cytogenotoxicity. The models employed herein may be useful in establishing environmental safe limits for mixtures of metals/metalloids against the induction of acute toxicity and DNA damage in lower aquatic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukunle S Fagbenro
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Germany
| | - Chibuisi G Alimba
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adekunle A Bakare
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Germany
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22
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Pantelias A, Karachristou I, Georgakilas AG, Terzoudi GI. Interphase Cytogenetic Analysis of Micronucleated and Multinucleated Cells Supports the Premature Chromosome Condensation Hypothesis as the Mechanistic Origin of Chromothripsis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1123. [PMID: 31390832 PMCID: PMC6721583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of chromothripsis in cancer genomes challenges the long-standing concept of carcinogenesis as the result of progressive genetic events. Despite recent advances in describing chromothripsis, its mechanistic origin remains elusive. The prevailing conception is that it arises from a massive accumulation of fragmented DNA inside micronuclei (MN), whose defective nuclear envelope ruptures or leads to aberrant DNA replication, before main nuclei enter mitosis. An alternative hypothesis is that the premature chromosome condensation (PCC) dynamics in asynchronous micronucleated cells underlie chromosome shattering in a single catastrophic event, a hallmark of chromothripsis. Specifically, when main nuclei enter mitosis, premature chromatin condensation provokes the shattering of chromosomes entrapped inside MN, if they are still undergoing DNA replication. To test this hypothesis, the agent RO-3306, a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK1 that promotes cell cycle arrest at the G2/M boundary, was used in this study to control the degree of cell cycle asynchrony between main nuclei and MN. By delaying the entrance of main nuclei into mitosis, additional time was allowed for the completion of DNA replication and duplication of chromosomes inside MN. We performed interphase cytogenetic analysis using asynchronous micronucleated cells generated by exposure of human lymphocytes to γ-rays, and heterophasic multinucleated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells generated by cell fusion procedures. Our results demonstrate that the PCC dynamics during asynchronous mitosis in micronucleated or multinucleated cells are an important determinant of chromosome shattering and may underlie the mechanistic origin of chromothripsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pantelias
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | - Ioanna Karachristou
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Zografou, Greece
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
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23
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Erikel E, Yuzbasioglu D, Unal F. In vitro genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of cynarin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:171-181. [PMID: 30890359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cynarin is an artichoke phytochemical that possesses a variety of pharmacological features including free-radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. The origin of artichoke species appears to be Mediterranean region. Two of these species, globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis DC), are widely cultivated and consumed. This vegetable, as the basis of the mediterranean diet, has been used as herbal medicine for its therapeutic effects since ancient times. Therefore, this study was performed to determine genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of cynarin against MMC (mitomycin C) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) induced genomic instability using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronucleus (MN), and comet assays in human lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lymphocytes obtained from two healthy volunteers (1 male and 1 female) were exposed to different concentrations of cynarin (12-194 μM) alone and the combination of cynarin and MMC (0.60 μM) or cynarin and H2O2 (100 μM, only for comet assay). RESULTS Cynarin alone did not induce significant genotoxic effect in the CA, SCE (except 194 μM), MN, and comet assays. The combination of some concentrations of cynarin and MMC decreased the frequency of CAs, SCEs and MN induced by MMC. Furthermore, the combination of cynarin and H2O2 reduced all comet parameters at all the concentrations compared to H2O2 alone. While the highest concentrations of cynarin significantly decreased mitotic index (MI), the combination of cynarin and MMC increased the reduction of MI induced by MMC alone. CONCLUSION All the results obtained in this study demonstrated that cynarin exhibited antigenotoxic effects rather than genotoxic effects. It is believed that cynarin can act as a potential chemo-preventive against genotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Erikel
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Yuzbasioglu
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Unal
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey.
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24
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Pellestor F. Chromoanagenesis: cataclysms behind complex chromosomal rearrangements. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:6. [PMID: 30805029 PMCID: PMC6371609 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the last decade, genome sequencing projects in cancer genomes as well as in patients with congenital diseases and healthy individuals have led to the identification of new types of massive chromosomal rearrangements arising during single chaotic cellular events. These unanticipated catastrophic phenomenon are termed chromothripsis, chromoanasynthesis and chromoplexis., and are grouped under the name of “chromoanagenesis”. Results For each process, several specific features have been described, allowing each phenomenon to be distinguished from each other and to understand its mechanism of formation and to better understand its aetiology. Thus, chromothripsis derives from chromosome shattering followed by the random restitching of chromosomal fragments with low copy-number change whereas chromoanasynthesis results from erroneous DNA replication of a chromosome through serial fork stalling and template switching with variable copy-number gains, and chromoplexy refers to the occurrence of multiple inter-and intra-chromosomal translocations and deletions with little or no copy-number alterations in prostate cancer. Cumulating data and experimental models have shown that chromothripsis and chromoanasynthesis may essentially result from lagging chromosome encapsulated in micronuclei or telomere attrition and end-to-end telomere fusion. Conclusion The concept of chromanagenesis has provided new insight into the aetiology of complex structural rearrangements, the connection between defective cell cycle progression and genomic instability, and the complexity of cancer evolution. Increasing reported chromoanagenesis events suggest that these chaotic mechanisms are probably much more frequent than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Pellestor
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 371, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.,INSERM 1183 Unit «Genome and Stem Cell Plasticity in Development and Aging », Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, St Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Un Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea
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26
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Kirsch-Volders M, Pacchierotti F, Parry EM, Russo A, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Adler ID. Risks of aneuploidy induction from chemical exposure: Twenty years of collaborative research in Europe from basic science to regulatory implications. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 779:126-147. [PMID: 31097149 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although Theodor Boveri linked abnormal chromosome numbers and disease more than a century ago, an in-depth understanding of the impact of mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation errors on cell proliferation and diseases is still lacking. This review reflects on the efforts and results of a large European research network that, from the 1980's until 2004, focused on protection against aneuploidy-inducing factors and tackled the following problems: 1) the origin and consequences of chromosome imbalance in somatic and germ cells; 2) aneuploidy as a result of environmental factors; 3) dose-effect relationships; 4) the need for validated assays to identify aneugenic factors and classify them according to their modes of action; 5) the need for reliable, quantitative data suitable for regulating exposure and preventing aneuploidy induction; 6) the need for mechanistic insight into the consequences of aneuploidy for human health. This activity brought together a consortium of experts from basic science and applied genetic toxicology to prepare the basis for defining guidelines and to encourage regulatory activities for the prevention of induced aneuploidy. Major strengths of the EU research programmes on aneuploidy were having a valuable scientific approach based on well-selected compounds and accurate methods that allow the determination of precise dose-effect relationships, reproducibility and inter-laboratory comparisons. The work was conducted by experienced scientists stimulated by a fascination with the complex scientific issues surrounding aneuploidy; a key strength was asking the right questions at the right time. The strength of the data permitted evaluation at the regulatory level. Finally, the entire enterprise benefited from a solid partnership under the lead of an inspired and stimulating coordinator. The research programme elucidated the major modes of action of aneugens, developed scientifically sound assays to assess aneugens in different tissues, and achieved the international validation of relevant assays with the goal of protecting human populations from aneugenic chemicals. The role of aneuploidy in tumorigenesis will require additional research, and the study of effects of exposure to multiple agents should become a priority. It is hoped that these reflections will stimulate the implementation of aneuploidy testing in national and OECD guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Antonella Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter
- Institute of Gene Technology/Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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27
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Palumbo E, Russo A. Common fragile site instability in normal cells: Lessons and perspectives. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 58:260-269. [PMID: 30387295 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms and events related to common fragile site (CFS) instability are well known in cancer cells. Here, we argue that normal cells remain an important experimental model to address questions related to CFS instability in the absence of alterations in cell cycle and DNA damage repair pathways, which are common features acquired in cancer. Furthermore, a major gap of knowledge concerns the stability of CFSs during gametogenesis. CFS instability in meiotic or postmeiotic stages of the germ cell line could generate chromosome deletions or large rearrangements. This in turn can lead to the functional loss of the several CFS-associated genes with tumor suppressor function. Our hypothesis is that such mutations can potentially result in genetic predisposition to develop cancer. Indirect evidence for CFS instability in human germ cells has been provided by genomic investigations in family pedigrees associated with genetic disease. The issue of CFS instability in the germ cell line should represent one of the future efforts, and may take advantage of the existence of sequence and functional conservation of CFSs between rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Palumbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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