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Hu L, Liu Y, Yuan Z, Guo H, Duan R, Ke P, Meng Y, Tian X, Xiao F. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase alleviates epileptic seizures by repressing reactive oxygen species production to promote signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-mediated N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors inhibition. Redox Biol 2024; 74:103236. [PMID: 38875958 PMCID: PMC11225908 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of epilepsy remains unclear; however, a prevailing hypothesis suggests that the primary underlying cause is an imbalance between neuronal excitability and inhibition. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a key enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is primarily involved in deoxynucleic acid synthesis and antioxidant defense mechanisms and exhibits increased expression during the chronic phase of epilepsy, predominantly colocalizing with neurons. G6PD overexpression significantly reduces the frequency and duration of spontaneous recurrent seizures. Furthermore, G6PD overexpression enhances signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) expression, thus influencing N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors expression, and subsequently affecting seizure activity. Importantly, the regulation of STAT1 by G6PD appears to be mediated primarily through reactive oxygen species signaling pathways. Collectively, our findings highlight the pivotal role of G6PD in modulating epileptogenesis, and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ziwei Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Haokun Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ran Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Pingyang Ke
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China; Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China; Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Park KI. Understanding epileptogenesis from molecules to network alteration. ENCEPHALITIS 2024; 4:47-54. [PMID: 38886161 PMCID: PMC11237188 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures. Following an initial insult, a latent period precedes the onset of spontaneous seizures, a process referred to as epileptogenesis. This period plays a critical role in halting the progression toward epilepsy before the onset of abnormal molecular and network alterations. In this study, the fundamental concepts of epileptogenesis as well as the associated molecular and cellular targets are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Swanson MA, Jiang H, Busquet N, Carlsen J, Brindley C, Benke TA, Van Hove RA, Friederich MW, MacLean KN, Mesches MH, Van Hove JLK. Deep postnatal phenotyping of a new mouse model of nonketotic hyperglycinemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38840294 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia due to deficient glycine cleavage enzyme activity causes a severe neonatal epileptic encephalopathy. Current therapies based on mitigating glycine excess have only limited impact. An animal model with postnatal phenotyping is needed to explore new therapeutic approaches. We developed a Gldc p.Ala394Val mutant model and bred it to congenic status in two colonies on C57Bl/6J (B6) and J129X1/SvJ (J129) backgrounds. Mutant mice had reduced P-protein and enzyme activity indicating a hypomorphic mutant. Glycine levels were increased in blood and brain regions, exacerbated by dietary glycine, with higher levels in female than male J129 mice. Birth defects were more prevalent in mutant B6 than J129 mice, and hydrocephalus was more frequent in B6 (40%) compared to J129 (none). The hydrocephalus rate was increased by postnatal glycine challenge in B6 mice, more so when delivered from the first neonatal week than from the fourth. Mutant mice had reduced weight gain following weaning until the eighth postnatal week, which was exacerbated by glycine loading. The electrographic spike rate was increased in mutant mice following glycine loading, but no seizures were observed. The alpha/delta band intensity ratio was decreased in the left cortex in female J129 mice, which were less active in an open field test and explored less in a Y-maze, suggesting an encephalopathic effect. Mutant mice showed no evidence of memory dysfunction. This partial recapitulation of human symptoms and biochemistry will facilitate the evaluation of new therapeutic approaches with an early postnatal time window likely most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicolas Busquet
- NeuroTechnology Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- NeuroTechnology Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Connie Brindley
- NeuroTechnology Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tim A Benke
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Roxanne A Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marisa W Friederich
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth N MacLean
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael H Mesches
- NeuroTechnology Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Shanker OR, Kumar S, Banerjee J, Tripathi M, Chandra PS, Dixit AB. Role of non-receptor tyrosine kinases in epilepsy: significance and potential as therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:283-294. [PMID: 38629385 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2343952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by a persistent propensity for seizure generation. About one-third of patients do not achieve seizure control with the first-line treatment options, which include >20 antiseizure medications. It is therefore imperative that new medications with novel targets and mechanisms of action are developed. AREAS COVERED Clinical studies and preclinical research increasingly implicate Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (nRTKs) in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. To date, several nRTK members have been linked to processes relevant to the development of epilepsy. Therefore, in this review, we provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which the various nRTK subfamilies can contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We further highlight the prospective use of specific nRTK inhibitors in the treatment of epilepsy deriving evidence from existing literature providing a rationale for their use as therapeutic targets. EXPERT OPINION Specific small-molecule inhibitors of NRTKs can be employed for the targeted therapy as already seen in other diseases by examining the precise molecular pathways regulated by them contributing to the development of epilepsy. However, the evidence supporting NRTKs as therapeutic targets are limiting in nature thus, necessitating more research to fully comprehend their function in the development and propagation of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozasvi R Shanker
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonali Kumar
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Swanson MA, Jiang H, Busquet N, Carlsen J, Brindley C, Benke TA, Van Hove RA, Friederich MW, MacLean KN, Mesches MH, Van Hove JLK. Deep postnatal phenotyping of a new mouse model of nonketotic hyperglycinemia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.26.586818. [PMID: 38586005 PMCID: PMC10996592 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia due to deficient glycine cleavage enzyme activity causes a severe neonatal epileptic encephalopathy. Current therapies based on mitigating glycine excess have only limited impact. An animal model with postnatal phenotyping is needed to explore new therapeutic approaches. We developed a Gldc p.Ala394Val mutant model and bred it to congenic status in 2 colonies on C57Bl/6J (B6) and J129X1/SvJ (J129) backgrounds. Mutant mice had reduced P-protein and enzyme activity indicating a hypomorphic mutant. Glycine levels were increased in blood and brain regions, exacerbated by dietary glycine, with higher levels in female than male J129 mice. Birth defects were more prevalent in mutant B6 than J129 mice, and hydrocephalus was more frequent in B6 (40%) compared to J129 (none). The hydrocephalus rate was increased by postnatal glycine challenge in B6 mice, more so when delivered from the first neonatal week than from the fourth. Mutant mice had reduced weight gain following weaning until the eighth postnatal week, which was exacerbated by glycine loading. The electrographic spike rate was increased in mutant mice following glycine loading, but no seizures were observed. The alpha/delta band intensity ratio was decreased in the left cortex in female J129 mice, which were less active in an open field test and explored less in a Y-maze, suggesting an encephalopathic effect. Mutant mice showed no evidence of memory dysfunction. This partial recapitulation of human symptoms and biochemistry will facilitate the evaluation of new therapeutic approaches with an early postnatal time window likely most effective. Take home message A mouse model of nonketotic hyperglycinemia is described that shows postnatal abnormalities in glycine levels, neural tube defects, body weight, electroencephalographic recordings, and in activity in young mice making it amenable for the evaluation of novel treatment interventions. Author contributions Study concept and design: JVH, MHM, NB, KNMAnimal study data: MAS, HJ, NB, MHM, JC, CBBiochemical and genetic studies: MAS, RAVH, MWFStatistical analysis: NB, JVHFirst draft writing: JVH, NB, MHMCritical rewriting: MAS, NB, MHM, TAB, JC, MWF, KNM, JVHFinal responsibility, guarantor, and communicating author: JVH. Competing interest statement The University of Colorado (JVH, MS, KNM, HJ) has the intention to file Intellectual property protection for certain biochemical treatments of NKH. Otherwise, the authors have stated that they had no interests that might be perceived as posing a conflict or bias to this subject matter. Funding support Financial support is acknowledged form the NKH Crusaders, Brodyn's Friends, Nora Jane Almany Foundation, the Dickens Family Foundation, the Lucas John Foundation, Les Petits Bourdons, Joseph's Fund, the Barnett Family, Maud & Vic Foundation, Lucy's BEElievers fund, Hope for NKH, Madi's Mission NKH fund, and from Dr. and Ms. Shaw, and the University of Colorado Foundation NKH research fund. The study was supported by a grant (CNS-X-19-103) from the University of Colorado School of Medicine and the Colorado Clinical Translational Science Institute, which is supported by NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA Grant Number UL1 TR002535. Contents are the authors' sole responsibility and do not necessarily represent official NIH views. All funding sources had no role in the design or execution of the study, the interpretation of data, or the writing of the study. Ethics approval on Laboratory Animal Studies Mouse studies were carried out with approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (IACUC# 00413). Data sharing statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Sprissler R, Hammer M, Labiner D, Joshi N, Alan A, Weinand M. Leukocyte differential gene expression prognostic value for high versus low seizure frequency in temporal lobe epilepsy. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:16. [PMID: 38166692 PMCID: PMC10759702 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to test the hypothesis that systemic leukocyte gene expression has prognostic value differentiating low from high seizure frequency refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS A consecutive series of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy was studied. Based on a median baseline seizure frequency of 2.0 seizures per month, low versus high seizure frequency was defined as ≤ 2 seizures/month and > 2 seizures/month, respectively. Systemic leukocyte gene expression was analyzed for prognostic value for TLE seizure frequency. All differentially expressed genes were analyzed, with Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) and Reactome, to identify leukocyte gene expression and biological pathways with prognostic value for seizure frequency. RESULTS There were ten males and six females with a mean age of 39.4 years (range: 16 to 62 years, standard error of mean: 3.6 years). There were five patients in the high and eleven patients in the low seizure frequency cohorts, respectively. Based on a threshold of twofold change (p < 0.001, FC > 2.0, FDR < 0.05) and expression within at least two pathways from both Reactome and Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®), 13 differentially expressed leukocyte genes were identified which were all over-expressed in the low when compared to the high seizure frequency groups, including NCF2, HMOX1, RHOB, FCGR2A, PRKCD, RAC2, TLR1, CHP1, TNFRSF1A, IFNGR1, LYN, MYD88, and CASP1. Similar analysis identified four differentially expressed genes which were all over-expressed in the high when compared to the low seizure frequency groups, including AK1, F2R, GNB5, and TYMS. CONCLUSIONS Low and high seizure frequency TLE are predicted by the respective upregulation and downregulation of specific leukocyte genes involved in canonical pathways of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) inhibition, and AMPA and NMDA receptor signaling. Furthermore, high seizure frequency-TLE is distinguished prognostically from low seizure frequency-TLE by differentially increased specific leukocyte gene expression involved in GABA inhibition and NMDA receptor signaling. High and low seizure frequency patients appear to represent two mechanistically different forms of temporal lobe epilepsy based on leukocyte gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sprissler
- Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, RII, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Michael Hammer
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Labiner
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Neil Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Albert Alan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Hoffman OR, Patterson A, Gohar E, Coleman E, Espina JEC, Schoenike B, Espinosa-Garcia C, Paredes F, Dingledine R, Maguire J, Roopra A. Profound seizure suppression and disease modification by targeting JAK1, a key driver of a pro-epileptogenic gene network. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552299. [PMID: 37662337 PMCID: PMC10473616 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the 4th most prevalent neurological disorder with over 50 million cases worldwide. While a number of drugs exist to suppress seizures, approximately 1/3 of patients remain drug resistant, and no current treatments are disease modifying. Using network and systems-based approaches, we find that the histone methylase EZH2 suppresses epileptogenesis and slows disease progression, via repression of JAK1 and STAT3 signaling in hippocampal neurons. Pharmacological inhibition of JAK1 with the orally available, FDA-approved drug CP690550 (Tofacitinib) profoundly suppresses behavioral and electrographic seizures after the onset of epilepsy across preclinical rodent models of acquired epilepsy. This seizure suppression persists for weeks after drug withdrawal. Identification of an endogenous protective response to status epilepticus in the form of EZH2 induction has highlighted a critical role for the JAK1 kinase and STAT3 in both the initiation and propagation of epilepsy across preclinical rodent models and human disease. Overall, we find that STAT3 is transiently activated after insult, reactivates with spontaneous seizures, and remains targetable for disease modification in chronic epilepsy.
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Bahabry R, Hauser RM, Sánchez RG, Jago SS, Ianov L, Stuckey RJ, Parrish RR, Hoef LV, Lubin FD. Alterations in DNA 5-hydroxymethylation Patterns in the Hippocampus of an Experimental Model of Refractory Epilepsy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560698. [PMID: 37873276 PMCID: PMC10592907 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of focal epilepsy characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures originating from the hippocampus. The epigenetic reprogramming hypothesis of epileptogenesis suggests that the development of TLE is associated with alterations in gene transcription changes resulting in a hyperexcitable network in TLE. DNA 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is an epigenetic mechanism that has been associated with chronic epilepsy. However, the contribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), a product of 5-mC demethylation by the Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) family proteins in chronic TLE is poorly understood. 5-hmC is abundant in the brain and acts as a stable epigenetic mark altering gene expression through several mechanisms. Here, we found that the levels of bulk DNA 5-hmC but not 5-mC were significantly reduced in the hippocampus of human TLE patients and in the kainic acid (KA) TLE rat model. Using 5-hmC hMeDIP-sequencing, we characterized 5-hmC distribution across the genome and found bidirectional regulation of 5-hmC at intergenic regions within gene bodies. We found that hypohydroxymethylated 5-hmC intergenic regions were associated with several epilepsy-related genes, including Gal , SV2, and Kcnj11 and hyperdroxymethylation 5-hmC intergenic regions were associated with Gad65 , TLR4 , and Bdnf gene expression. Mechanistically, Tet1 knockdown in the hippocampus was sufficient to decrease 5-hmC levels and increase seizure susceptibility following KA administration. In contrast, Tet1 overexpression in the hippocampus resulted in increased 5-hmC levels associated with improved seizure resiliency in response to KA. These findings suggest an important role for 5-hmC as an epigenetic regulator of epilepsy that can be manipulated to influence seizure outcomes.
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Kumari S, Brewster AL. Epileptic Neurons Know JAK/STAT3. Epilepsy Curr 2023; 23:324-326. [PMID: 37901780 PMCID: PMC10601025 DOI: 10.1177/15357597231181892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective Neuronal Knockout of STAT3 Function Inhibits Epilepsy Progression, Improves Cognition, and Restores Dysregulated Gene Networks in a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Model Tipton AE, Del Angel YC, Hixson K, Carlsen J, Strode D, Busquet N, Mesches MH, Gonzalez MI, Napoli E, Russek SJ, Brooks-Kayal AR. Ann Neurol . 2023 Mar 19. doi:10.1002/ana.26644 Objective: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a progressive disorder mediated by pathological changes in molecular cascades and hippocampal neural circuit remodeling that results in spontaneous seizures and cognitive dysfunction. Targeting these cascades may provide disease-modifying treatments for TLE patients. Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) inhibitors have emerged as potential disease-modifying therapies; a more detailed understanding of JAK/STAT participation in epileptogenic responses is required, however, to increase the therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects associated with global inhibition. Methods: We developed a mouse line in which tamoxifen treatment conditionally abolishes STAT3 signaling from forebrain excitatory neurons (nSTAT3KO). Seizure frequency (continuous in vivo electroencephalography) and memory (contextual fear conditioning and motor learning) were analyzed in wild-type and nSTAT3KO mice after intrahippocampal kainate (IHKA) injection as a model of TLE. Hippocampal RNA was obtained 24 h after IHKA and subjected to deep sequencing. Results: Selective STAT3 knock-out in excitatory neurons reduced seizure progression and hippocampal memory deficits without reducing the extent of cell death or mossy fiber sprouting induced by IHKA injection. Gene expression was rescued in major networks associated with response to brain injury, neuronal plasticity, and learning and memory. We also provide the first evidence that neuronal STAT3 may directly influence brain inflammation. Interpretation: Inhibiting neuronal STAT3 signaling improved outcomes in an animal model of TLE, prevented progression of seizures and cognitive co-morbidities while rescuing pathogenic changes in gene expression of major networks associated with epileptogenesis. Specifically targeting neuronal STAT3 may be an effective disease-modifying strategy for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University
| | - Amy L Brewster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University
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Tipton AE, Del Angel YC, Hixson K, Carlsen J, Strode D, Busquet N, Mesches MH, Gonzalez MI, Napoli E, Russek SJ, Brooks-Kayal AR. Selective Neuronal Knockout of STAT3 Function Inhibits Epilepsy Progression, Improves Cognition, and Restores Dysregulated Gene Networks in a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Model. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:106-122. [PMID: 36935347 PMCID: PMC10313781 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a progressive disorder mediated by pathological changes in molecular cascades and hippocampal neural circuit remodeling that results in spontaneous seizures and cognitive dysfunction. Targeting these cascades may provide disease-modifying treatments for TLE patients. Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) inhibitors have emerged as potential disease-modifying therapies; a more detailed understanding of JAK/STAT participation in epileptogenic responses is required, however, to increase the therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects associated with global inhibition. METHODS We developed a mouse line in which tamoxifen treatment conditionally abolishes STAT3 signaling from forebrain excitatory neurons (nSTAT3KO). Seizure frequency (continuous in vivo electroencephalography) and memory (contextual fear conditioning and motor learning) were analyzed in wild-type and nSTAT3KO mice after intrahippocampal kainate (IHKA) injection as a model of TLE. Hippocampal RNA was obtained 24 h after IHKA and subjected to deep sequencing. RESULTS Selective STAT3 knock-out in excitatory neurons reduced seizure progression and hippocampal memory deficits without reducing the extent of cell death or mossy fiber sprouting induced by IHKA injection. Gene expression was rescued in major networks associated with response to brain injury, neuronal plasticity, and learning and memory. We also provide the first evidence that neuronal STAT3 may directly influence brain inflammation. INTERPRETATION Inhibiting neuronal STAT3 signaling improved outcomes in an animal model of TLE, prevented progression of seizures and cognitive co-morbidities while rescuing pathogenic changes in gene expression of major networks associated with epileptogenesis. Specifically targeting neuronal STAT3 may be an effective disease-modifying strategy for TLE. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:106-122.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Tipton
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasmin Cruz Del Angel
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn Hixson
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dana Strode
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicolas Busquet
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael H. Mesches
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marco I. Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Shelley J. Russek
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy R. Brooks-Kayal
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Balaha MF, Alamer AA, Abdel-Kader MS, Alharthy KM. Ameliorative Potential of (-) Pseudosemiglabrin in Mice with Pilocarpine-Induced Epilepsy: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Neurotransmission Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10773. [PMID: 37445950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One prevalent neurological disorder is epilepsy. Modulating GABAergic/glutamatergic neurotransmission, Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/Akt, and TLR-4/NF-B pathways might be a therapeutic strategy for epilepsy. Eight-week-old BALB/c mice were administered 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg (-) pseudosemiglabrin orally one hour before inducing epilepsy with an i.p. injection of 360 mg/kg pilocarpine. (-) Pseudosemiglabrin dose-dependently alleviated pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, as revealed by the complete repression of pilocarpine-induced convulsions and 100% survival rate in mice. Furthermore, (-) pseudosemiglabrin significantly enhanced mice's locomotor activities, brain GABA, SLC1A2, GABARα1 levels, glutamate decarboxylase activity, and SLC1A2 and GABARα1mRNA expression while decreasing brain glutamate, SLC6A1, GRIN1 levels, GABA transaminase activity, and SLC6A1 and GRIN1 mRNA expression. These potentials can be due to the suppression of the TLR-4/NF-κB and the enhancement of the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt pathways, as demonstrated by the reduction in TLR-4, NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α mRNA expression, MDA, NO, caspase-3, Bax levels, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the enhancement of Nrf2, HO-1, PI3K, Akt mRNA expression, GSH, Bcl-2 levels, and SOD activity. Additionally, (-) pseudosemiglabrin abrogated the pilocarpine-induced histopathological changes. Interestingly, the (-) pseudosemiglabrin intervention showed a comparable effect to the standard medication, diazepam. Therefore, (-) pseudosemiglabrin can be a promising medication for the management of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Balaha
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Alamer
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged S Abdel-Kader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Alharthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Liu S, Yu D, Wei P, Cai J, Xu M, He H, Tang X, Nong C, Wei Y, Xu X, Mo X, Zhang Z, Qin J. JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway and Klotho Gene in Cadmium-induced Neurotoxicity In Vitro and In Vivo. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2854-2863. [PMID: 36166115 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a common heavy metal in the environment, is associated with cognitive impairment. In the present study, we carried out a preliminary inquiry to explore whether Cd causes neurotoxicity by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and affecting the expression of klotho genes in vivo and in vitro, providing clues for the mechanism of Cd-induced cognitive dysfunction. The rat samples were injected with Cd chloride solution for 14 weeks, and the memory function of the rats was detected. Different concentrations of Cd and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway inhibitors were used to treat PC12 cells and thus detect the apoptosis rate. The protein expression levels of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3, and klotho in rat and PC12 cell were detected by ELISA and Western blot, respectively. With the increase in exposure dose, the memory function of rats was severely impaired. The expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 proteins was significantly up-regulated, whereas that of klotho was significantly down-regulated both in vivo and in vitro (p < 0.05). In comparison with the high-dose Cd exposure group, after adding tyrphostin AG490 (AG490), the apoptosis rate of PC12 cells increased, whereas the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3 in the cells decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Cd exposure may cause neurotoxicity by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and down-regulating klotho protein expression, leading to cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jiansheng Cai
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Haoyu He
- College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chuntao Nong
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Wei
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xia Xu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaoting Mo
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 20 Lequn Road, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Jian Qin
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Massey N, Vasanthi SS, Samidurai M, Gage M, Rao N, Meyer C, Thippeswamy T. 1400 W, a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, mitigates early neuroinflammation and nitrooxidative stress in diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced short-term neurotoxicity rat model. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1125934. [PMID: 37008784 PMCID: PMC10064070 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1125934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate nerve agent (OPNA) exposure induces acute and long-term neurological deficits. OPNA exposure at sub-lethal concentrations induces irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and cholinergic toxidrome and develops status epilepticus (SE). Persistent seizures have been associated with increased production of ROS/RNS, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. A total of 1400W is a novel small molecule, which irreversibly inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and has been shown to effectively reduce ROS/RNS generation. In this study, we investigated the effects of 1400W treatment for a week or two weeks at 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg per day in the rat diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) model. 1400W significantly reduced the number of microglia, astroglia, and NeuN+FJB positive cells compared to the vehicle in different regions of the brain. 1400W also significantly reduced nitrooxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines in the serum. However, neither of the two concentrations of 1400W for two weeks of treatment had any significant effect on epileptiform spike rate and spontaneous seizures during the treatment period in mixed sex cohorts, males, or females. No significant sex differences were found in response to DFP exposure or 1400W treatment. In conclusion, 1400W treatment at 15 mg/kg per day for two weeks was more effective in significantly reducing DFP-induced nitrooxidative stress, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative changes.
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Tang FL, Zhang XG, Ke PY, Liu J, Zhang ZJ, Hu DM, Gu J, Zhang H, Guo HK, Zang QW, Huang R, Ma YL, Kwan P. MBD5 regulates NMDA receptor expression and seizures by inhibiting Stat1 transcription. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106103. [PMID: 36997128 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered to result from an imbalance between excitation and inhibition of the central nervous system. Pathogenic mutations in the methyl-CpG binding domain protein 5 gene (MBD5) are known to cause epilepsy. However, the function and mechanism of MBD5 in epilepsy remain elusive. Here, we found that MBD5 was mainly localized in the pyramidal cells and granular cells of mouse hippocampus, and its expression was increased in the brain tissues of mouse models of epilepsy. Exogenous overexpression of MBD5 inhibited the transcription of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 gene (Stat1), resulting in increased expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit 1 (GluN1), 2A (GluN2A) and 2B (GluN2B), leading to aggravation of the epileptic behaviour phenotype in mice. The epileptic behavioural phenotype was alleviated by overexpression of STAT1 which reduced the expression of NMDARs, and by the NMDAR antagonist memantine. These results indicate that MBD5 accumulation affects seizures through STAT1-mediated inhibition of NMDAR expression in mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that the MBD5-STAT1-NMDAR pathway may be a new pathway that regulates the epileptic behavioural phenotype and may represent a new treatment target.
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Bäckström F, Ahl M, Wickham J, Ekdahl CT. Reduced epilepsy development in synapsin 2 knockout mice with autistic behavior following early systemic treatment with interleukin-6 receptor antibody. Epilepsy Res 2023; 191:107114. [PMID: 36870094 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have an increased risk of developing epilepsy. Both ASD and epilepsy have been associated with increased levels of immune factors in the blood, including the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Mice lacking the synapsin 2 gene (Syn2 KO) exhibit ASD-like behavior and develop epileptic seizures. Their brains display neuroinflammatory changes including elevated IL-6 levels. We aimed to investigate the effect of systemic IL-6 receptor antibody (IL-6R ab) treatment on seizure development and frequency in Syn2 KO mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Weekly systemic (i.p.) injections of IL-6R ab or saline were given to Syn2 KO mice starting either early in life at 1 month of age, before seizure debut or at 3 months of age, directly after seizure debut and continued for 4 or 2 months, respectively. Seizures were provoked by handling the mice three times per week. The neuroinflammatory response and synaptic protein levels in the brain were determined by ELISA, immunohistochemistry and western blots. In an additional group of Syn2 KO mice, with IL-6R ab treatment early in life, ASD-related behavioral tests including social interaction and repetitive self-grooming, as well as cognitive memory and depressive-/anxiety-like tests, and actigraphy measurements of circadian sleep-awake rhythm were analyzed. RESULTS The IL-6R ab treatment reduced seizure development and frequency in Syn2 KO mice when initiated before, but not after, seizure debut. However, early treatment did not reverse the neuroinflammatory response or the imbalance in synaptic protein levels in the brain previously reported in Syn2 KO mice. The treatment did not affect social interaction, performance in memory, depressive-/anxiety-like tests or the sleep-awake rhythm of Syn2 KO mice. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the involvement of IL-6 receptor signaling during epilepsy development in Syn2 KO mice, without significant alterations of the immune reaction in the brain, and independently of cognitive performance, mood and circadian sleep-awake rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Bäckström
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matilda Ahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Wickham
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Shan Y, Chen Y, Gu H, Wang Y, Sun Y. Regulatory Basis of Adipokines Leptin and Adiponectin in Epilepsy: from Signaling Pathways to Glucose Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2017-2028. [PMID: 36797447 PMCID: PMC10181973 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common and severe neurological disorder in which impaired glucose metabolism leads to changes in neuronal excitability that slow or promote the development of epilepsy. Leptin and adiponectin are important mediators regulating glucose metabolism in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Many studies have reported a strong association between epilepsy and these two adipokines involved in multiple signaling cascades and glucose metabolism. Due to the complex regulatory mechanisms between them and various signal activation networks, their role in epilepsy involves many aspects, including the release of inflammatory mediators, oxidative damage, and neuronal apoptosis. This paper aims to summarize the signaling pathways involved in leptin and adiponectin and the regulation of glucose metabolism from the perspective of the pathogenesis of epilepsy. In particular, we discuss the dual effects of leptin in epilepsy and the relationship between antiepileptic drugs and changes in the levels of these two adipokines. Clinical practitioners may need to consider these factors in evaluating clinical drugs. Through this review, we can better understand the specific involvement of leptin and adiponectin in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, provide ideas for further exploration, and bring about practical significance for the treatment of epilepsy, especially for the development of personalized treatment according to individual metabolic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Shan
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China.,Translational Medical Innovation Center, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Yeting Chen
- Department of Acupuncture, Zhangjiagang Second People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Yaming Sun
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China.
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Kumar S, Mehan S, Narula AS. Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:9-49. [PMID: 36478124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India.
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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HAT- and HDAC-Targeted Protein Acetylation in the Occurrence and Treatment of Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010088. [PMID: 36672596 PMCID: PMC9856006 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common and severe chronic neurological disorder. Recently, post-translational modification (PTM) mechanisms, especially protein acetylation modifications, have been widely studied in various epilepsy models or patients. Acetylation is regulated by two classes of enzymes, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs catalyze the transfer of the acetyl group to a lysine residue, while HDACs catalyze acetyl group removal. The expression of many genes related to epilepsy is regulated by histone acetylation and deacetylation. Moreover, the acetylation modification of some non-histone substrates is also associated with epilepsy. Various molecules have been developed as HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), which have become potential antiepileptic drugs for epilepsy treatment. In this review, we summarize the changes in acetylation modification in epileptogenesis and the applications of HDACi in the treatment of epilepsy as well as the mechanisms involved. As most of the published research has focused on the differential expression of proteins that are known to be acetylated and the knowledge of whole acetylome changes in epilepsy is still minimal, a further understanding of acetylation regulation will help us explore the pathological mechanism of epilepsy and provide novel ideas for treating epilepsy.
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Wang P, Yang L, Yang R, Chen Z, Ren X, Wang F, Jiao Y, Ding Y, Yang F, Sun T, Ma H. Predicted molecules and signaling pathways for regulating seizures in the hippocampus in lithium-pilocarpine induced acute epileptic rats: A proteomics study. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:947732. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.947732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures in rodent models that are induced by lithium-pilocarpine mimic human seizures in a highly isomorphic manner. The hippocampus is a brain region that generates and spreads seizures. In order to understand the early phases of seizure events occurring in the hippocampus, global protein expression levels in the hippocampus on day 1 and day 3 were analyzed in lithium-pilocarpine induced acute epileptic rat models using a tandem mass tag-based proteomic approach. Our results showed that differentially expressed proteins were likely to be enhanced rather than prohibited in modulating seizure activity on days 1 and 3 in lithium-pilocarpine induced seizure rats. The differentially regulated proteins differed on days 1 and 3 in the seizure rats, indicating that different molecules and pathways are involved in seizure events occurring from day 1 to day 3 following lithium-pilocarpine administration. In regard to subcellular distribution, the results suggest that post-seizure cellular function in the hippocampus is possibly regulated in a differential manner on seizure progression. Gene ontology annotation results showed that, on day 1 following lithium-pilocarpine administration, it is likely necessary to regulate macromolecular complex assembly, and cell death, while on day 3, it may be necessary to modulate protein metabolic process, cytoplasm, and protein binding. Protein metabolic process rather than macromolecular complex assembly and cell death were affected on day 3 following lithium-pilocarpine administration. The extracellular matrix, receptors, and the constitution of plasma membranes were altered most strongly in the development of seizure events. In a KEGG pathway enrichment cluster analysis, the signaling pathways identified were relevant to sustained angiogenesis and evading apoptosis, and complement and coagulation cascades. On day 3, pathways relevant to Huntington’s disease, and tumor necrosis factor signaling were most prevalent. These results suggest that seizure events occurring in day 1 modulate macromolecular complex assembly and cell death, and in day 3 modulate biological protein metabolic process. In summary, our study found limited evidence for ongoing seizure events in the hippocampus of lithium-pilocarpine induced animal models; nevertheless, evaluating the global differential expression of proteins and their impacts on bio-function may offer new perspectives for studying epileptogenesis in the future.
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Morin offsets PTZ-induced neuronal degeneration and cognitive decrements in rats: The modulation of TNF-α/TNFR-1/RIPK1,3/MLKL/PGAM5/Drp-1, IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/GFAP and Keap-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 trajectories. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175213. [PMID: 35981604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morin is a bioactive flavonoid with prominent neuroprotective potentials, however, its impact on epilepsy-provoked cognitive dysregulations has not been revealed. Hence, the present investigation aims to divulge the potential anticonvulsant/neuroprotective effects of morin in rats using a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model with an emphasis on the possible signaling trajectories involved. Kindling was induced using a sub-convulsive dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.), once every other day for 25 days (12 injections). The expression of targeted biomarkers and molecular signals were examined in hippocampal tissues by ELISA, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology. Contrary to PTZ effects, administration of morin (10 mg/kg, i.p., from day 15 of PTZ injection to the end of the experiment) significantly reduced the severity of seizures coupled with a delay in kindling acquisition. It also preserved hippocampal neurons, and diminished astrogliosis to counteract cognitive deficits, exhibited by the enhanced performance in MWM and PA tests. These favorable impacts of morin were mediated via the abrogation of the PTZ-induced necroptotic changes and mitochondrial fragmentation proven by the suppression of p-RIPK-1/p-RIPK-3/p-MLKL and PGAM5/Drp-1 cues alongside the enhancement of caspase-8. Besides, morin inhibited the inflammatory cascade documented by the attenuation of the pro-convulsant receptor/cytokines TNFR-1, TNF-α, I L-1β, and IL-6 and the marked reduction of hippocampal IL-6/p-JAK2/p-STAT3/GFAP cue. In tandem, morin signified its anti-oxidant capacity by lowering the hippocampal contents of MDA, NOX-1, and Keap-1 with the restoration of the impaired Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Together, these versatile neuro-modulatory effects highlight the promising role of morin in the management of epilepsy.
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Aulická S, Česká K, Šána J, Siegl F, Brichtová E, Ošlejšková H, Hermanová M, Hendrych M, Michu EP, Brázdil M, Slabý O, Nestrašil I. Cytokine-chemokine profiles in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res 2022; 180:106858. [PMID: 35026708 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) is the most common drug-resistant epilepsy. Despite major advances in epilepsy research, the epileptogenesis of the MTLE-HS is not well understood. The altered neuroimmune response is one of the pathomechanisms linked to progressive epileptogenesis in MTLE-HS, and understanding its role may help design future cures for pharmaco-resistant MTLE-HS. Here, the neuroimmune function was evaluated by the assessment of cytokine-chemokine profiles in brain samples from the hippocampus of patients with MTLE-HS. METHODS Brain samples from patients with MTLE-HS collected during epileptosurgical resection (n = 21) were compared to those obtained from autopsy controls (n = 13). The typing of HS was performed according to ILAE consensus classification, and patients were additionally sorted into subgroups based on the severity of neuronal depletion (Wyler grading system). Differences between patients with MTLE-HS with and without a history of febrile seizures were also assessed. RNA was isolated from native samples, and real-time gene expression analysis of cytokine-chemokine profiles, i.e., levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and STAT3, was carried out by qRT-PCR methodology. RESULTS Upregulation of IL-1β (p = 0.001), IL-18 (p = 0.0018), CCL2 (p = 0,0377), CCL3 (p < 0.001), and CCL4 (p < 0.001) in MTLE-HS patients was detected when compared to the post-mortem hippocampal samples collected from autopsy controls. The STAT3 expression was higher in more severe neuronal loss and glial scaring determined by different Wyler grades in HS patients. Furthermore, cytokine-chemokine profiles were not different in MTLE-HS patients with or without febrile seizures. CONCLUSION The upregulation of specific cytokines and chemokines in MTLE-HS provides evidence that the neuroinflammatory process contributes to MTLE epileptogenesis. History of febrile seizures did not alter the immune profiles. Specific immune mediators and related immune pathways represent potential therapeutic targets for seizure control and pharmacoresistancy prevention in MTLE associated with hippocampal sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Aulická
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brno Epilepsy Center, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Ondrej Slaby Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic; Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Katarina Česká
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brno Epilepsy Center, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šána
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brno Epilepsy Center, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Ondrej Slaby Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Siegl
- Ondrej Slaby Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Brichtová
- Department of Neurosurgery, St Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Ošlejšková
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brno Epilepsy Center, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Hermanová
- Department of Pathology, St Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hendrych
- Department of Pathology, St Anne´s University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elleni Ponechal Michu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brno Epilepsy Center, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Ondrej Slaby Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Brázdil
- Brno Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slabý
- Ondrej Slaby Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Nestrašil
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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22
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An insight into crosstalk among multiple signaling pathways contributing to epileptogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174469. [PMID: 34478688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the years of research, epilepsy remains uncontrolled in one-third of afflicted individuals and poses a health and economic burden on society. Currently available anti-epileptic drugs mainly target the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance despite targeting the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. Recent research focuses on understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to seizure generation and on possible new treatment avenues for preventing epilepsy after a brain injury. Various signaling pathways, including the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP-ERK) pathway, JAK-STAT pathway, wnt/β-catenin signaling, cAMP pathway, and jun kinase pathway, have been suggested to play an essential role in this regard. Recent work suggests that the mTOR pathway intervenes epileptogenesis and proposes that mTOR inhibitors may have antiepileptogenic properties for epilepsy. In the same way, several animal studies have indicated the involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in neurogenesis and neuronal death induced by seizures in different phases (acute and chronic) of seizure development. Various studies have also documented the activation of JAK-STAT signaling in epilepsy and cAMP involvement in epileptogenesis through CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). Although studies are there, the mechanism for how components of these pathways mediate epileptogenesis requires further investigation. This review summarises the current role of various signaling pathways involved in epileptogenesis and the crosstalk among them. Furthermore, we will also discuss the mechanical base for the interaction between these pathways and how these interactions could be a new emerging promising target for future epilepsy therapies.
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23
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Song LJ, Zhang H, Qu XP, Jin JG, Wang C, Jiang X, Gao L, Li G, Wang DL, Shen LL, Liu B. Increased expression of Rho-associated protein kinase 2 confers astroglial Stat3 pathway activation during epileptogenesis. Neurosci Res 2021; 177:25-37. [PMID: 34740726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with TLE are prone to tolerance to antiepileptic drugs. Based on the perspective of molecular targets for drug resistance, it is necessary to explore effective drug resistant genes and signaling pathways for the treatment of TLE. We performed gene expression profiles in hippocampus of patients with drug-resistant TLE and identified ROCK2 as one of the 20 most significantly increased genes in hippocampus. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to identify the potential role of ROCK2 in epileptogenesis. In addition, the activity of Stat3 pathway was tested in rat hippocampal tissues and primary cultured astrocytes. The expression levels of ROCK2 in the hippocampus of TLE patients were significantly increased compared with the control group, which was due to the hypomethylation of ROCK2 promoter. Fasudil, a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, alleviated epileptic seizures in the pilocarpine rat model of TLE. Furthermore, ROCK2 activated the Stat3 pathway in pilocarpine-treated epilepsy rats, and the spearman correlation method confirmed that ROCK2 is associated with Stat3 activation in TLE patients. In addition, ROCK2 was predominantly expressed in astrocytes during epileptogenesis, and induced epileptogenesis by activating astrocyte cell cycle progression via Stat3 pathway. The overexpressed ROCK2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of drug-resistant epilepsy. ROCK2 accelerates astrocytes cell cycle progression via the activation of Stat3 pathway likely provides the key to explaining the process of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jia Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Gong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da-Li Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang-Liang Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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24
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Singh S, Singh TG. Emerging perspectives on mitochondrial dysfunctioning and inflammation in epileptogenesis. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:1027-1042. [PMID: 34652489 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common denominator of neuroinflammation recognized by neuronal oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis that is well recognized by common intracellular molecular pathway-interlinked neuroinflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress, a feature of epileptogenesis. In addition, the neuronal damage in the epileptic brain corroborated the concept of brain injury-mediated neuroinflammation, further providing an interlink between inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature review of Bentham, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to provide evidence of preclinical and clinically used drugs targeting such nuclear, cytosolic, and mitochondrial proteins suggesting that the correlation of mechanisms linked to neuroinflammation has been elucidated in the current review. Despite that, the evidence of elevated levels of inflammatory mediators and pro-apoptotic protein levels can provide the correlation of inflammatory responses often concerned with hyperexcitability attributing to the fact that mitochondrial redox mechanisms and higher susceptibilities to neuroinflammation result from repetitive recurring epileptic seizures. Therefore, providing an understanding of seizure-induced pathological changes read by activating neuroinflammatory cascades like NF-kB, RIPK, MAPK, ERK, JNK, and JAK-STAT signaling further related to mitochondrial damage promoting hyperexcitability. CONCLUSION The current review highlights the further opportunity for establishing therapeutic interventions underlying the apparent correlation of neuroinflammation mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress might contribute to common intracellular mechanisms underlying a future prospective of drug treatment targeting mitochondrial dysfunction linked to the neuroinflammation in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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25
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Negi P, Cheke RS, Patil VM. Recent advances in pharmacological diversification of Src family kinase inhibitors. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Src kinase, a nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase is composed of 11 members (in human) and is involved in a wide variety of essential functions required to sustain cellular homeostasis and survival.
Main body of the abstract
Deregulated activity of Src family kinase is related to malignant transformation. In 2001, Food and Drug Administration approved imatinib for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia followed by approval of various other inhibitors from this category as effective therapeutics for cancer patients. In the past decade, Src family kinase has been investigated for the treatment of diverse pathologies in addition to cancer. In this regard, we provide a systematic evaluation of Src kinase regarding its mechanistic role in cancer and other diseases. Here we comment on preclinical and clinical success of Src kinase inhibitors in cancer followed by diabetes, hypertension, tuberculosis, and inflammation.
Short conclusion
Studies focusing on the diversified role of Src kinase as potential therapeutical target for the development of medicinally active agents might produce significant advances in the management of not only various types of cancer but also other diseases which are in demand for potent and safe therapeutics.
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26
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Yu N, Lin XJ, Di Q. How to Find Candidate Drug-targets for Antiepileptogenic Therapy? Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:624-635. [PMID: 31989901 PMCID: PMC7457424 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200128124338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although over 25 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have become currently available for clinical use, the incidence of epilepsy worldwide and the proportions of drug-resistant epilepsy among them are not significantly reduced during the past decades. Traditional screens for AEDs have been mainly focused on their anti-ictogenic roles, and their efficacies primarily depend on suppressing neuronal excitability or enhancing inhibitory neuronal activity, almost without the influence on the epileptogenesis or with inconsistent results from different studies. Epileptogenesis refers to the pathological process of a brain from its normal status to the alterations with the continuous prone of unprovoked spontaneous seizures after brain insults, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, CNS infectious, and autoimmune disorders, and even some specific inherited conditions. Recently growing experimental and clinical studies have discovered the underlying mechanisms for epileptogenesis, which are multi-aspect and multistep. These findings provide us a number of interesting sites for antiepileptogenic drugs (AEGDs). AEGDs have been evidenced as significantly roles of postponing or completely blocking the development of epilepsy in experimental models. The present review will introduce potential novel candidate drug-targets for AEGDs based on the published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Jian Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Di
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
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27
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Temporal dynamics of a CSF1R signaling gene regulatory network involved in epilepsy. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008854. [PMID: 33819288 PMCID: PMC8057615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R) is a potential target for anti-epileptic drugs. However, inhibition of CSF1R is not well tolerated by patients, thereby prompting the need for alternative targets. To develop a framework for identification of such alternatives, we here develop a mathematical model of a pro-inflammatory gene regulatory network (GRN) involved in epilepsy and centered around CSF1R. This GRN comprises validated transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations involving STAT1, STAT3, NFκB, IL6R, CSF3R, IRF8, PU1, C/EBPα, TNFR1, CSF1 and CSF1R. The model was calibrated on mRNA levels of all GRN components in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse microglial BV-2 cells, and allowed to predict that STAT1 and STAT3 have the strongest impact on the expression of the other GRN components. Microglial BV-2 cells were selected because, the modules from which the GRN was deduced are enriched for microglial marker genes. The function of STAT1 and STAT3 in the GRN was experimentally validated in BV-2 cells. Further, in silico analysis of the GRN dynamics predicted that a pro-inflammatory stimulus can induce irreversible bistability whereby the expression level of GRN components occurs as two distinct states. The irreversibility of the switch may enforce the need for chronic inhibition of the CSF1R GRN in order to achieve therapeutic benefit. The cell-to-cell heterogeneity driven by the bistability may cause variable therapeutic response. In conclusion, our modeling approach uncovered a GRN controlling CSF1R that is predominantly regulated by STAT1 and STAT3. Irreversible inflammation-induced bistability and cell-to-cell heterogeneity of the GRN provide a theoretical foundation to the need for chronic GRN control and the limited potential for disease modification via inhibition of CSF1R. Epilepsy is associated with the induction of complex molecular inflammatory processes. A better understanding of these molecular mechanisms is crucial to optimize therapeutic options. Here, we identified a gene regulatory network (GRN) involved in epilepsy that is controlled by inflammation and which regulates the expression and function of Colony Stimulating Factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), a therapeutic target for anti-epileptic drugs. Using mathematical modeling and experiments with cultured cells, we found that two of eleven components of the network, namely STAT1 and STAT3, exert a tight control on all other components. In addition, we found that inflammation can induce an irreversible switch in the expression of all components of the network, and can cause high cell-to-cell variability. Our findings provide a framework explaining why chronic, not acute, anti-inflammatory treatment is necessary to modulate the network and why drugs targeting CSF1R have limited therapeutic potential.
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28
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Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK, Sharma V, Singh M, Kaur R. Reviving mitochondrial bioenergetics: A relevant approach in epilepsy. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:213-226. [PMID: 33775871 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis is most commonly associated with neurodegeneration and a bioenergetic defect attributing to the fact that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key precursor for neuronal death. Mitochondria are the essential organelle of neuronal cells necessary for certain neurophysiological processes like neuronal action potential activity and synaptic transmission. The mitochondrial dysfunction disrupts calcium homeostasis leading to inhibitory interneuron dysfunction and increasing the excitatory postsynaptic potential. In epilepsy, the prolonged repetitive neuronal activity increases the excessive demand for energy and acidosis in the brain further increasing the intracellular calcium causing neuronal death. Similarly, the mitochondrial damage also leads to the decline of energy by dysfunction of the electron transport chain and abnormal production of the ROS triggering the apoptotic neuronal death. Thus, the elevated level of cytosolic calcium causes the mitochondria DNA damage coinciding with mtROS and releasing the cytochrome c binding to Apaf protein further initiating the apoptosis resulting in epileptic encephalopathies. The various genetic and mRNA studies of epilepsy have explored the various pathogenic mutations of genes affecting the mitochondria functioning further initiating the neuronal excitotoxicity. Based on the results of previous studies, the recent therapeutic approaches are targeting basic mitochondrial processes, such as energy metabolism or free-radical generation, or specific interactions of disease-related proteins with mitochondria and hold great promise to attenuate epileptogenesis. Therefore, the current review emphasizes the emerging insights to uncover the relation between mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS generation contributing to mechanisms underlying epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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29
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Sarfati E, Hadjadj J, Fusaro M, Klifa R, Grimaud M, Berteloot L, Hadchouel A, Godot C, Stolzenberg MC, Frémond ML, Pressiat C, Molina T, Fischer A, Picard C, Renolleau S, Rieux-Laucat F, Blanche S, Neven B. Life-Saving, Dose-Adjusted, Targeted Therapy in a Patient with a STAT3 Gain-of-Function Mutation. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:807-810. [PMID: 33428086 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eytan Sarfati
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Hadjadj
- University of Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratory of immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune disease, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Fusaro
- University of Paris, Paris, France.,Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP centre, Paris, France
| | - Roman Klifa
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marion Grimaud
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, AP-HP centre, Paris, France
| | - Laureline Berteloot
- Pediatric Radiology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP Centre, Paris, France
| | - Alice Hadchouel
- University of Paris, Paris, France.,Pediatric Pneumology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP Centre, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Godot
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP Centre, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Stolzenberg
- Laboratory of immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune disease, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Louise Frémond
- University of Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Claire Pressiat
- Department of Pharmacology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Molina
- University of Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP Centre, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Paris, France.,Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP centre, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Renolleau
- University of Paris, Paris, France.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, AP-HP centre, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Rieux-Laucat
- Laboratory of immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune disease, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Blanche
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Neven
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015, Paris, France. .,University of Paris, Paris, France. .,Laboratory of immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune disease, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.
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30
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Kumar S, Attrish D, Srivastava A, Banerjee J, Tripathi M, Chandra PS, Dixit AB. Non-histone substrates of histone deacetylases as potential therapeutic targets in epilepsy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 25:75-85. [PMID: 33275850 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1860016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Epilepsy is a network-level neurological disorder characterized by unprovoked recurrent seizures and associated comorbidities. Aberrant activity and localization of histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been reported in epilepsy and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been used for therapeutic purposes. Several non-histone targets of HDACs have been recognized whose reversible acetylation can modulate protein functions and can contribute to disease pathology. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of HDACs in epilepsy and reflects its action on non-histone substrates involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and explores the effectiveness of HDACi as anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). It also covers the efforts undertaken to target the interaction of HDACs with their substrates. We have further discussed non-deacetylase activity possessed by specific HDACs that might be essential in unraveling the molecular mechanism underlying the disease. For this purpose, relevant literature from 1996 to 2020 was derived from PubMed. Expert opinion: The interaction of HDACs and their non-histone substrates can serve as a promising therapeutic target for epilepsy. Pan-HDACi offers limited benefits to the epileptic patients. Thus, identification of novel targets of HDACs contributing to the disease and designing inhibitors targeting these complexes would be more effective and holds a greater potential as an anti-epileptogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Kumar
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi , New Delhi, India
| | - Diksha Attrish
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi , New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi , New Delhi, India
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31
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Chen QL, Xia L, Zhong SP, Wang Q, Ding J, Wang X. Bioinformatic analysis identifies key transcriptome signatures in temporal lobe epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1266-1277. [PMID: 33225612 PMCID: PMC7702228 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To identify transcriptome signatures underlying epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods Robust rank aggregation analysis was used to integrate multiple microarrays in rodent models of TLE and determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in acute, latent, and chronic stages. Functional annotation and protein‐protein interaction analysis were performed to explore the potential functions of the DEGs and identify hub genes with the highest intramodular connectivity. The association between hub genes and hippocampal sclerosis/seizure frequency was analyzed using publicly available RNA‐sequencing datasets from TLE patients. We subsequently established a pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE) model in rats and validated mRNA expression of hub genes by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR). Results The DEGs in the acute, latent, and chronic phases of TLE in animal models were prominently enriched in inflammatory response. Hub genes identified in the acute phase mainly participated in biological processes including inflammation, blood‐brain barrier damage, and cell adhesion. The hub genes in the latent phase were related to microglia/macrophage activation (Emr1 and Aif1) and phagocytosis (Cd68, Tyrobp, and Lyz). In the chronic phase, the hub genes were associated with activation of complements and microglia/macrophages. We further found that some hub genes identified in human TLE, such as Tlr2, Lgals3, and Stat3, were positively correlated with seizure frequency. Other hub genes, including Lgals3 and Serpine1, were associated with hippocampus sclerosis. qRT‐PCR analysis confirmed that the mRNA levels of hub genes in rat hippocampus were significantly up‐regulated after SE induction. Conclusions Our integrated analysis identified hub genes in different stages of epilepsy. The functional annotations suggest that the activation and phagocytic activities of microglia/macrophages may play critical roles in epileptogenesis of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Ureña-Guerrero ME, Castañeda-Cabral JL, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Macias-Velez RJ, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Gudiño-Cabrera G, Beas-Zárate C. Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Effects of Epo and VEGF: Perspectives for New Therapeutic Approaches to Neurological Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1263-1276. [PMID: 31942853 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200114104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (Epo) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are two vasoactive molecules with essential trophic effects for brain development. The expression and secretion of both molecules increase in response to neuronal damage and they exert protective and restorative effects, which may also be accompanied by adverse side effects. OBJECTIVE We review the most relevant evidence on the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of Epo and VEGF in three of the most frequent neurological disorders, namely, stroke, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease, to develop new therapeutic approaches. METHODS Several original scientific manuscripts and reviews that have discussed the evidence in critical way, considering both the beneficial and adverse effects of Epo and VEGF in the selected neurological disorders, were analysed. In addition, throughout this review, we propose several considerations to take into account in the design of therapeutic approaches based on Epo and VEGF signalling. RESULTS Although the three selected disorders are triggered by different mechanisms, they evolve through similar processes: excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal death, glial reactivity and vascular remodelling. Epo and VEGF exert neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects by acting on these processes due to their pleiotropism. In general, the evidence shows that both Epo and VEGF reduce neuronal death but that at the vascular level, their effects are contradictory. CONCLUSION Because the Epo and VEGF signalling pathways are connected in several ways, we conclude that more experimental studies, primarily studies designed to thoroughly assess the functional interactions between Epo and VEGF in the brain under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José L Castañeda-Cabral
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.,Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV sede Sur), IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha C Rivera-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rafael J Macias-Velez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José J Jarero-Basulto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Xiaoying G, Guo M, Jie L, Yanmei Z, Ying C, Shengjie S, Haiyan G, Feixiang S, Sihua Q, Jiahang S. CircHivep2 contributes to microglia activation and inflammation via miR-181a-5p/SOCS2 signalling in mice with kainic acid-induced epileptic seizures. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12980-12993. [PMID: 33002329 PMCID: PMC7701587 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel family of endogenous non‐coding RNAs that have been proposed to regulate gene expression. However, there is a lack of data on the role of circRNA in epilepsy. In this study, the circRNA profiles were evaluated by microarray analysis. In total, 627 circRNAs were up‐regulated, whereas 892 were down‐regulated in the hippocampus in mice with kainic acid (KA)‐induced epileptic seizures compared with control. The expression of circHivep2 was significantly down‐regulated in hippocampus tissues of mice with KA‐induced epileptic seizures and BV‐2 microglia cells upon KA treatment. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that circHivep2 interacts with miR‐181a‐5p to regulate SOCS2 expression, which was validated using a dual‐luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, overexpression of circHivep2 significantly inhibited KA‐induced microglial activation and the expression of inflammatory factors in vitro, which was blocked by miR‐181a‐5p, whereas circHivep2 knockdown further induced microglia cell activation and the release of pro‐inflammatory proteins in BV‐2 microglia cells after KA treatment. The application of circHivep2+ exosomes derived from adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) exerted significant beneficial effects on the behavioural seizure scores of mice with KA‐induced epilepsy compared to control exosomes. The circHivep2+ exosomes also inhibited microglial activation, the expression of inflammatory factors, and the miR‐181a‐5p/SOCS2 axis in vivo. Our results suggest that circHivep2 regulates microglia activation in the progression of epilepsy by interfering with miR‐181a‐5p to promote SOCS2 expression, indicating that circHivep2 may serve as a therapeutic tool to prevent the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Xiaoying
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mian Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liu Jie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhu Yanmei
- Department of Radiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Cui Ying
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu Shengjie
- Department of Imageology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gou Haiyan
- Department of Radiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sun Feixiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Sihua
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sun Jiahang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Chen L, Zhu L, Lu D, Wu Z, Han Y, Xu P, Chang L, Wu Q. Interleukin 4 Affects Epilepsy by Regulating Glial Cells: Potential and Possible Mechanism. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:554547. [PMID: 33013320 PMCID: PMC7500526 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.554547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain dysfunction induced by an abnormal neuronal discharge that is caused by complicated psychopathologies. Recently, accumulating studies have revealed a close relationship between inflammation and epilepsy. Specifically, microglia and astrocytes are important inflammatory cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that have been proven to be related to the pathogenesis and development of epilepsy. Additionally, interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an anti-inflammatory factor that can regulate microglia and astrocytes in many aspects. This review article focuses on the regulatory role of IL-4 in the pathological changes of glial cells related to epilepsy. We additionally propose that IL-4 may play a protective role in epileptogenesis and suggest that IL-4 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Di Lu
- Biomedicine Engineering Research Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Psychology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yanbing Han
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Puying Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lvhua Chang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Vuokila N, Aronica E, Korotkov A, van Vliet EA, Nuzhat S, Puhakka N, Pitkänen A. Chronic Regulation of miR-124-3p in the Perilesional Cortex after Experimental and Human TBI. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072418. [PMID: 32244461 PMCID: PMC7177327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) dysregulates microRNAs, which are the master regulators of gene expression. Here we investigated the changes in a brain-enriched miR-124-3p, which is known to associate with major post-injury pathologies, such as neuroinflammation. RT-qPCR of the rat tissue sampled at 7 d and 3 months in the perilesional cortex adjacent to the necrotic lesion core (aPeCx) revealed downregulation of miR-124-3p at 7 d (fold-change (FC) 0.13, p < 0.05 compared with control) and 3 months (FC 0.40, p < 0.05) post-TBI. In situ hybridization confirmed the downregulation of miR-124-3p at 7 d and 3 months post-TBI in the aPeCx (both p < 0.01). RT-qPCR confirmed the upregulation of the miR-124-3p target Stat3 in the aPeCx at 7 d post-TBI (7-fold, p < 0.05). mRNA-Seq revealed 312 downregulated and 311 upregulated miR-124 targets (p < 0.05). To investigate whether experimental findings translated to humans, we performed in situ hybridization of miR-124-3p in temporal lobe autopsy samples of TBI patients. Our data revealed downregulation of miR-124-3p in individual neurons of cortical layer III. These findings indicate a persistent downregulation of miR-124-3p in the perilesional cortex that might contribute to post-injury neurodegeneration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Vuokila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (N.V.); (S.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.K.); (E.A.v.V.)
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 0397 Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Anatoly Korotkov
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.K.); (E.A.v.V.)
| | - Erwin Alexander van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.K.); (E.A.v.V.)
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, P.O. Box 94246, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salma Nuzhat
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (N.V.); (S.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (N.V.); (S.N.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-861-4939
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (N.V.); (S.N.); (A.P.)
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Khan N, Schoenike B, Basu T, Grabenstatter H, Rodriguez G, Sindic C, Johnson M, Wallace E, Maganti R, Dingledine R, Roopra A. A systems approach identifies Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) as a protective factor in epilepsy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226733. [PMID: 31891591 PMCID: PMC6938365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex neurological conditions can give rise to large scale transcriptomic changes that drive disease progression. It is likely that alterations in one or a few transcription factors or cofactors underlie these transcriptomic alterations. Identifying the driving transcription factors/cofactors is a non-trivial problem and a limiting step in the understanding of neurological disorders. Epilepsy has a prevalence of 1% and is the fourth most common neurological disorder. While a number of anti-seizure drugs exist to treat seizures symptomatically, none is curative or preventive. This reflects a lack of understanding of disease progression. We used a novel systems approach to mine transcriptome profiles of rodent and human epileptic brain samples to identify regulators of transcriptional networks in the epileptic brain. We find that Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) regulates differentially expressed genes in epilepsy across multiple rodent models of acquired epilepsy. EZH2 undergoes a prolonged upregulation in the epileptic brain. A transient inhibition of EZH2 immediately after status epilepticus (SE) robustly increases spontaneous seizure burden weeks later. This suggests that EZH2 upregulation is a protective. These findings are the first to characterize a role for EZH2 in opposing epileptogenesis and debut a bioinformatic approach to identify nuclear drivers of complex transcriptional changes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Khan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Barry Schoenike
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Trina Basu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Heidi Grabenstatter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Genesis Rodriguez
- College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Caleb Sindic
- College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Margaret Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eli Wallace
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rama Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Avtar Roopra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kuo SH, Louis ED, Faust PL, Handforth A, Chang SY, Avlar B, Lang EJ, Pan MK, Miterko LN, Brown AM, Sillitoe RV, Anderson CJ, Pulst SM, Gallagher MJ, Lyman KA, Chetkovich DM, Clark LN, Tio M, Tan EK, Elble RJ. Current Opinions and Consensus for Studying Tremor in Animal Models. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:1036-1063. [PMID: 31124049 PMCID: PMC6872927 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tremor is the most common movement disorder; however, we are just beginning to understand the brain circuitry that generates tremor. Various neuroimaging, neuropathological, and physiological studies in human tremor disorders have been performed to further our knowledge of tremor. But, the causal relationship between these observations and tremor is usually difficult to establish and detailed mechanisms are not sufficiently studied. To overcome these obstacles, animal models can provide an important means to look into human tremor disorders. In this manuscript, we will discuss the use of different species of animals (mice, rats, fruit flies, pigs, and monkeys) to model human tremor disorders. Several ways to manipulate the brain circuitry and physiology in these animal models (pharmacology, genetics, and lesioning) will also be discussed. Finally, we will discuss how these animal models can help us to gain knowledge of the pathophysiology of human tremor disorders, which could serve as a platform towards developing novel therapies for tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, Room 305, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 800 Howard Avenue, Ste Lower Level, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Handforth
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Billur Avlar
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Lang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Department of Medical Research and Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Collin J Anderson
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Kyle A Lyman
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Lorraine N Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Murni Tio
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rodger J Elble
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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Feng X, Xiong W, Yuan M, Zhan J, Zhu X, Wei Z, Chen X, Cheng X. Down-regulated microRNA-183 mediates the Jak/Stat signaling pathway to attenuate hippocampal neuron injury in epilepsy rats by targeting Foxp1. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3206-3222. [PMID: 31571517 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1671717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the impacts of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in epilepsy (EP), this study was designed to assess the role of miR-183 in hippocampal neuron injury in EP. Rat EP models were established by injected with lithium-pilocarpine. The pathological observation of rats' hippocampus sections was conducted. Expression of miR-183, Foxp1, Jak1, Stat1, and Stat3 in rats' hippocampal tissues was determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis. The proliferation ability and the apoptosis of the rats' neurons were measured. Furthermore, the target relation between miR-183 and Foxp1 was determined by bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase gene reporter assay. The levels of miR-183, Jak1, Stat1, and Stat3 were elevated, and the expression of Foxp1 was declined in EP rats' hippocampal tissues. Inhibited miR-183 could up-regulate Foxp1, inhibited miR-183 together with up-regulated Foxp1 could repress hippocampal neuron injury, promote neuron proliferation, suppress neuron apoptosis, and inactivate the Jak/Stat signaling pathway, resulting in an attenuation of EP progression. Moreover, down-regulated Foxp1 could reverse the attenuation of EP progression which was contributed by inhibited miR-183. Our study implies that inhibited miR-183 could up-regulate Foxp1, resulting in an inactivation of the Jak/Stat signaling pathway and promotion of neuron proliferation, as well as inhibition of apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in EP rats, by which the hippocampal neuron injury and EP progression could be repressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated hospital of zunyi medical university , Zunyi , Guizhou , PR. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated hospital of zunyi medical university , Zunyi , Guizhou , PR. China
| | - Mingqiong Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated hospital of zunyi medical university , Zunyi , Guizhou , PR. China
| | - Jian Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou , PR. China
| | - Xiankun Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated hospital of zunyi medical university , Zunyi , Guizhou , PR. China
| | - Zhijie Wei
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated hospital of zunyi medical university , Zunyi , Guizhou , PR. China
| | - Xidong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated hospital of zunyi medical university , Zunyi , Guizhou , PR. China
| | - Xianbing Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated hospital of zunyi medical university , Zunyi , Guizhou , PR. China
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Cela E, Sjöström PJ. Novel Optogenetic Approaches in Epilepsy Research. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:947. [PMID: 31551699 PMCID: PMC6743373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a major neurological disorder characterized by repeated seizures afflicting 1% of the global population. The emergence of seizures is associated with several comorbidities and severely decreases the quality of life of patients. Unfortunately, around 30% of patients do not respond to first-line treatment using anti-seizure drugs (ASDs). Furthermore, it is still unclear how seizures arise in the healthy brain. Therefore, it is critical to have well developed models where a causal understanding of epilepsy can be investigated. While the development of seizures has been studied in several animal models, using chemical or electrical induction, deciphering the results of such studies has been difficult due to the uncertainty of the cell population being targeted as well as potential confounds such as brain damage from the procedure itself. Here we describe novel approaches using combinations of optical and genetic methods for studying epileptogenesis. These approaches can circumvent some shortcomings associated with the classical animal models and may thus increase the likelihood of developing new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Cela
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Per Jesper Sjöström
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Hixson KM, Cogswell M, Brooks-Kayal AR, Russek SJ. Evidence for a non-canonical JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the synthesis of the brain's major ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:677. [PMID: 31455240 PMCID: PMC6712773 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a major signaling molecule that the brain uses to control a vast network of intracellular cascades fundamental to properties of learning and memory, and cognition. While much is known about BDNF signaling in the healthy nervous system where it controls the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclic-AMP pathways, less is known about its role in multiple brain disorders where it contributes to the dysregulated neuroplasticity seen in epilepsy and traumatic brain injury (TBI). We previously found that neurons respond to prolonged BDNF exposure (both in vivo (in models of epilepsy and TBI) and in vitro (in BDNF treated primary neuronal cultures)) by activating the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway. This pathway is best known for its association with inflammatory cytokines in non-neuronal cells. RESULTS Here, using deep RNA-sequencing of neurons exposed to BDNF in the presence and absence of well characterized JAK/STAT inhibitors, and without non-neuronal cells, we determine the BDNF transcriptome that is specifically regulated by agents that inhibit JAK/STAT signaling. Surprisingly, the BDNF-induced JAK/STAT transcriptome contains ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors coming from all the major classes expressed in the brain, along with key modulators of synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and axonal remodeling. Analysis of this dataset has revealed a unique non-canonical mechanism of JAK/STATs in neurons as differential gene expression mediated by STAT3 is not solely dependent upon phosphorylation at residue 705 and may involve a BDNF-induced interaction of STAT3 with Heterochromatin Protein 1 alpha (HP1α). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the neuronal BDNF-induced JAK/STAT pathway involves more than STAT3 phosphorylation at 705, providing the first evidence for a non-canonical mechanism that may involve HP1α. Our analysis reveals that JAK/STAT signaling regulates many of the genes associated with epilepsy syndromes where BDNF levels are markedly elevated. Uncovering the mechanism of this novel form of BDNF signaling in the brain may provide a new direction for epilepsy therapeutics and open a window into the complex mechanisms of STAT3 transcriptional regulation in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Hixson
- Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston, USA
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience (GPN), Boston University (BU), Boston, USA
| | - Meaghan Cogswell
- Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston, USA
| | - Amy R. Brooks-Kayal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Shelley J. Russek
- Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston, USA
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience (GPN), Boston University (BU), Boston, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University (BU), Boston, USA
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41
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Kinase Inhibitors with Antiepileptic Properties Identified with a Novel in Vitro Screening Platform. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102502. [PMID: 31117204 PMCID: PMC6566965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinase signaling plays an important role in acquired epilepsy, but only a small percentage of the total kinome has been investigated in this context. A major roadblock that prevents the systematic investigation of the contributions of kinase signaling networks is the slow speed of experiments designed to test the chronic effects of target inhibition in epilepsy models. We developed a novel in vitro screening platform based on microwire recordings from an organotypic hippocampal culture model of acquired epilepsy. This platform enables the direct, parallel determination of the effects of compounds on spontaneous epileptiform activity. The platform also enables repeated recordings from the same culture over two-week long experiments. We screened 45 kinase inhibitors and quantified their effects on seizure duration, the frequency of paroxysmal activity, and electrographic load. We identified several inhibitors with previously unknown antiepileptic properties. We also used kinase inhibition profile cross-referencing to identify kinases that are inhibited by seizure-suppressing compounds, but not by compounds that had no effect on seizures.
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42
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Song P, Hu J, Liu X, Deng X. Increased expression of the P2X7 receptor in temporal lobe epilepsy: Animal models and clinical evidence. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5433-5439. [PMID: 31059094 PMCID: PMC6522874 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive homomeric P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role and exhibits therapeutic potential in a number of brain disorders, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of P2X7R, glutamate (GLU) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the temporal neocortex and hippocampus of rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy as well as in patients with intractable TLE. The results demonstrated that the levels of P2X7R, GLU and GFAP were significantly upregulated in rats with spontaneous recurrent seizures, whereas they were reduced in rats that were treated with brilliant blue G (BBG), a P2X7R antagonist. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is also the first to demonstrate that P2X7R expression was elevated in patients with intractable TLE. These findings suggest that P2X7R plays a key role in the development of TLE and that BBG treatment may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Song
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Xijin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ordos Center Hospital, Ordos, The Nei Mongol Autonomous Region 017000, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Zhang P, Dai H, Peng L. AGEs induce epithelial to mesenchymal transformation of human peritoneal mesothelial cells via upregulation of STAT3. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:155-163. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mai HN, Nguyen LTT, Shin EJ, Kim DJ, Jeong JH, Chung YH, Lei XG, Sharma N, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Astrocytic mobilization of glutathione peroxidase-1 contributes to the protective potential against cocaine kindling behaviors in mice via activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:408-431. [PMID: 30592974 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that oxidative stress contributes to cocaine neurotoxicity. The present study was performed to elucidate the role of the glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) in cocaine-induced kindling (convulsive) behaviors in mice. Cocaine-induced convulsive behaviors significantly increased GPx-1, p-IkB, and p-JAK2/STAT3 expression, and oxidative burdens in the hippocampus of mice. There was no significant difference in cocaine-induced p-IkB expression between non-transgenic (non-TG) and GPx-1 overexpressing transgenic (GPx-1 TG) mice, but significant differences were observed in cocaine-induced p-JAK2/STAT3 expression and oxidative stress between non-TG and GPx-1 TG mice. Cocaine-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-labeled astrocytic level was significantly higher in the hippocampus of GPx-1 TG mice. Triple-labeling immunocytochemistry indicated that GPx-1-, p-STAT3-, and GFAP-immunoreactivities were co-localized in the same cells. AG490, a JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, but not pyrrolidone dithiocarbamate, an NFκB inhibitor, significantly counteracted GPx-1-mediated protective potentials (i.e., anticonvulsant-, antioxidant-, antiapoptotic-effects). Genetic overexpression of GPx-1 significantly attenuated proliferation of Iba-1-labeled microglia induced by cocaine in mice. However, AG490 or astrocytic inhibition (by GFAP antisense oligonucleotide and α-aminoadipate) significantly increased Iba-1-labeled microglial activity and M1 phenotype microglial mRNA levels, reflecting that proinflammatory potentials were mediated by AG490 or astrocytic inhibition. This microglial activation was less pronounced in GPx-1 TG than in non-TG mice. Furthermore, either AG490 or astrocytic inhibition significantly counteracted GPx-1-mediated protective potentials. Therefore, our results suggest that astrocytic modulation between GPx-1 and JAK2/STAT3 might be one of the underlying mechanisms for protecting against convulsive neurotoxicity induced by cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Lan Thuy Ty Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; Aino University, Ibaraki 576-0012, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Venuto S, Castellana S, Monti M, Appolloni I, Fusilli C, Fusco C, Pucci P, Malatesta P, Mazza T, Merla G, Micale L. TRIM8-driven transcriptomic profile of neural stem cells identified glioma-related nodal genes and pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:491-501. [PMID: 30528352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported TRIM8, encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a gene aberrantly expressed in glioblastoma whose expression suppresses cell growth and induces a significant reduction of clonogenic potential in glioblastoma cell lines. METHODS we provided novel insights on TRIM8 functions by profiling the transcriptome of TRIM8-expressing primary mouse embryonal neural stem cells by RNA-sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Functional analysis including luciferase assay, western blot, PCR arrays, Real time quantitative PCR were performed to validate the transcriptomic data. RESULTS Our study identified enriched pathways related to the neurotransmission and to the central nervous system (CNS) functions, including axonal guidance, GABA receptor, Ephrin B, synaptic long-term potentiation/depression, and glutamate receptor signalling pathways. Finally, we provided additional evidence about the existence of a functional interactive crosstalk between TRIM8 and STAT3. CONCLUSIONS Our results substantiate the role of TRIM8 in the brain functions through the dysregulation of genes involved in different CNS-related pathways, including JAK-STAT. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides novel insights on the physiological TRIM8 function by profiling for the first time the primary Neural Stem Cell over-expressing TRIM8 by using RNA-Sequencing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Venuto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Padre Pio, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy; Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Foggia, Via A. Gramsci, 89/91, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Castellana
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Padre Pio, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Monti
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Irene Appolloni
- U.O. Medicina Rigenerativa Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Caterina Fusilli
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Padre Pio, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Carmela Fusco
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Padre Pio, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Piero Pucci
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paolo Malatesta
- U.O. Medicina Rigenerativa Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genova, Via Leon Battista Alberti, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Padre Pio, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Padre Pio, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Micale
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Padre Pio, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
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Vuokila N, Lukasiuk K, Bot AM, van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Pitkänen A, Puhakka N. miR-124-3p is a chronic regulator of gene expression after brain injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4557-4581. [PMID: 30155647 PMCID: PMC11105702 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates molecular and cellular pathologies that underlie post-injury morbidities, including hippocampus-related memory decline and epileptogenesis. Non-coding small RNAs are master regulators of gene expression with the potential to affect multiple molecular pathways. To evaluate whether hippocampal gene expression networks are chronically regulated by microRNAs after TBI, we sampled the dentate gyrus of rats with severe TBI induced by lateral fluid-percussion injury 3 months earlier. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed 30 upregulated miR-124-3p targets, suggesting that miR-124-3p is downregulated post-TBI (z-score = - 5.146, p < 0.05). Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and in situ hybridization confirmed the chronic downregulation of miR-124-3p (p < 0.05). Quantitative PCR analysis of two targets, Plp2 and Stat3, indicated that their upregulation correlated with the miR-124-3p downregulation (r = - 0.647, p < 0.05; r = - 0.629, p < 0.05, respectively). Immunohistochemical staining of STAT3 confirmed the increased protein expression. STRING analysis showed that 9 of the 30 miR-124-3p targets belonged to a STAT3 network. Reactome analysis and data mining connected the targets especially to inflammation and signal transduction. L1000CDS2 software revealed drugs (e.g., importazole, trichostatin A, and IKK-16) that could reverse the observed molecular changes. The translational value of our data was emphasized by in situ hybridization showing chronic post-traumatic downregulation of miR-124-3p in the dentate gyrus of TBI patients. Analysis of another brain injury model, status epilepticus, highlighted the fact that chronic downregulation of miR-124 is a common phenomenon after brain injury. Together, our findings indicate that miR-124-3p is a chronic modulator of molecular networks relevant to post-injury hippocampal pathologies in experimental models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Vuokila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Lukasiuk
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Bot
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Han CL, Zhao XM, Liu YP, Wang KL, Chen N, Hu W, Zhang JG, Ge M, Meng FG. Gene Expression Profiling of Two Epilepsy Models Reveals the ECM/Integrin signaling Pathway is Involved in Epiletogenesis. Neuroscience 2018; 396:187-199. [PMID: 30452975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of epilepsy, i.e., epileptogenesis, are due to altered expression of a series of genes. Global expression profiling of temporal lobe epilepsy is confounded by a number of factors, including the variability among animal species, animal models, and tissue sampling time-points. In this study, we pooled two microarray datasets of the most used pilocarpine and kainic acid epilepsy models from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of 567 known and novel genes were commonly differentially expressed across the two models. Pathway analyses demonstrated that the dysregulated genes were involved in 46 pathways. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis confirmed the activation of extracellular matrix (ECM)/integrin signaling pathways. Moreover, targeting ECM/integrin signaling inhibits astrocyte activation and promotes neuron injury in the hippocampus of epileptic mice. This study may provide a "gene/pathway database" that with further investigation can determine the mechanisms underlining epileptogenesis and the possible targets for neuron protection in the hippocampus after status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Han
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhao
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai-Liang Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, FL 32607, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Fan-Gang Meng
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing 100050, China.
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48
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Lam PM, González MI. Calpain activation and neuronal death during early epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:141-151. [PMID: 30423475 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by a predisposition to suffer epileptic seizures. Acquired epilepsy might be the result of brain insults like head trauma, stroke, brain infection, or status epilepticus (SE) when one of these triggering injuries starts a transformative process known as epileptogenesis. There is some data to suggest that, during epileptogenesis, seizures themselves damage the brain but there is no conclusive evidence to demonstrate that spontaneous recurrent seizures themselves injure the brain. Our recent evidence indicates that calpain overactivation might be relevant for epileptogenesis. Here, we investigated if spontaneous recurrent seizures that occur during an early period of epileptogenesis show any correlation with the levels of calpain activation and/or expression. In addition, we also investigated a possible association between the occurrence of spontaneous seizures and increased levels of cell death, gliosis and inflammation (typical markers associated with epileptogenesis). We found that the number of spontaneous seizures detected prior to sample collection was correlated with altered calpain activity and expression. Moreover, the levels of hippocampal neurodegeneration were also correlated with seizure occurrence. Our findings suggest that, at least during early epileptogenesis, there is a correlation between seizure occurrence, calpain activity and neurodegeneration. Thus, this study opens the possibility that aberrant calpain reactivation by spontaneous seizures might contribute to the manifestation of future spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marco I González
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Liu Y, Hou B, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Peng B, Liu W, Han S, Yin J, He X. Anticonvulsant agent DPP4 inhibitor sitagliptin downregulates CXCR3/RAGE pathway on seizure models. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:90-98. [PMID: 29885296 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder with a complex etiology. Our previous study demonstrated that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) may be associated with the pathogenesis of epilepsy. However, whether the DPP4 inhibitor sitagliptin has an anticonvulsant effect and the underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. In this study, we determined that sitagliptin remarkably attenuated the severity of seizures in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced rat model. In addition, sitagliptin decreased epileptiform activity measured by electroencephalography (EEG) recordings and patch-clamp methods. Interestingly, sitagliptin pretreatment downregulated the RAGE-JAK2/STAT3 pathway and decreased the expression of CXCL4 and CXCR3. Moreover, CXCR3 knockdown decreased the expression of RAGE, JAK2 and STAT3 in cultured neurons, which suggests that CXCR3 is upstream of the RAGE-JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Altogether, our present data suggest that sitagliptin has an anticonvulsant effect, which might act via downregulation of the CXCL4/CXCR3 axis, followed by a decrease in RAGE and JAK2/STAT3 expression. Considering these effects, sitagliptin could be considered as a novel potential anticonvulsant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baohua Hou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanteng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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50
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Yang GS, Zhou XY, An XF, Liu XJ, Zhang YJ, Yu D. Mild hypothermia inhibits the Notch 3 and Notch 4 activation and seizure after stroke in the rat model. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1008-1016. [PMID: 29754932 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is an important cause for seizure. Mild hypothermia of the brain or the whole body is an effective way to remit the post-stroke seizure. Our previous study revealed an implication of Notch 1 and 2 in the post-stroke seizure. This study further investigated the involvement of Notch 3 and 4 in post-stroke seizure and the effect of mild hypothermia on these two factors. A global cerebral ischemia (GCI) model was conducted in Sprague Dawley rats. Seizure activity was evaluated by the frequency of seizure attacks, seizure severity scores, and seizure discharges. Seizures were frequently occurred in the first and the second 24 h after GCI, however active whole-body cooling (mild hypothermia) and DAPT (Notch inhibitor) injection into the hippocampus, alone or in combination, alleviated seizure activity after GCI. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays revealed the up-regulation of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) 3 and 4 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following GCI, but mild hypothermia and DAPT inhibited the up-regulation of NICD 3 and 4. NF-κB, PPARα, PPARγ, cyclin D1, Sox2 and Pax6 are associated with the pathogenesis of diverse type of seizures. GCI induced NF-κB, cyclin D1, and Pax6 activity, but suppressed PPARγ. These effects of GCI were abolished by both mild hypothermia and DAPT treatment. This indicated the implication of Notch signaling in the effects of GCI. Collectively, mild hypothermia inhibits Notch 3 and Notch 4 activation and seizure after stroke in the rat model. This study adds to the further understanding of the pathogenesis of post-stroke seizures and the protective mechanism of mild hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xue-Fang An
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xuan-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
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