1
|
Lewis A. A non-adaptationist hypothesis of play behaviour. J Physiol 2024; 602:2433-2453. [PMID: 37656171 DOI: 10.1113/jp284413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Play is a suite of apparently non-functional, pleasurable behaviours observed in human and non-human animals. Although the phenomenon has been studied extensively, no adaptationist behavioural theory of how play evolved can be supported by the available evidence. However, the advancement of the extended evolutionary synthesis and developments in systems biology offer alternative avenues for non-adaptationist physiological hypotheses. I therefore propose a hypothesis of play, based upon a complex ACh activity that is under agential control of the organism, whereby play initiates ACh-mediated feedforward and feedback processes which act to: (i) regulate metabolic processes; (ii) form new ACh receptors via ACh mRNA activity; (iii) mediate attention, memory consolidation and learning; and (iv) mediate social behaviours, reproduction and embryonic development. However, play occurs across taxa, but does not occur across all taxonomic groups or within all species of a taxonomic group. Thus, to support the validity of the proposed hypothesis, I further propose potential explanations for this anomaly, which include sampling and observer biases, altricial versus precocial juvenile development, and the influence of habitat niche and environmental conditions on behaviour. The proposed hypothesis thus offers new avenues for study in both the biological and social sciences, in addition to having potential applications in applied sciences, such as animal welfare and biomedical research. Crucially, it is hoped that this hypothesis will promote further study of a valid and behaviourally significant, yet currently enigmatic, biological phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Lewis
- Independent Researcher, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leitão L, Campos Y, Louro H, Figueira ACC, Figueiredo T, Pereira A, Conceição A, Marinho DA, Neiva HP. Detraining and Retraining Effects from a Multicomponent Training Program on the Functional Capacity and Health Profile of Physically Active Prehypertensive Older Women. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:271. [PMID: 38275551 PMCID: PMC10815818 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resuming a physical exercise program after a period of cessation is common in older women. Monitoring the responses during this detraining (DT) and retraining (RT) may allow us to analyze how the body reacts to an increase and a reduction in physical inactivity. Therefore, we conducted a follow-up training, DT, and RT in prehypertensive older women to analyze the response to these periods. METHODS Twenty-three prehypertensive older women (EG; 68.3 ± 2.8 years; 1.61 ± 0.44 m) performed 36 weeks of the multicomponent training program (MTP) followed by twelve weeks of DT plus eight weeks of RT. Fifteen prehypertensive older women (CG; 66.3 ± 3.2 years; 1.59 ± 0.37 m) maintained their normal routine. Functional capacity (FC), lipid, and hemodynamic profile were assessed before, during 24 and 36 weeks of the MTP, after 4 and 12 weeks of DT, and after 8 weeks of RT. RESULTS After 24 weeks of the MTP, only SBP did not improve. Four weeks of DT did not affect lower body strength (30-CS), TC, or GL. Eight weeks of RT improved BP (SBP: -2.52%; ES: 0.36; p < 0.00; DBP: -1.45%; ES: 0.44; p < 0.02), handgrip strength (3.77%; ES: 0.51; p < 0.00), and 30-CS (3.17%; ES: 0.38; p < 0.04) compared with 36 weeks of the MTP. CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks of RT allowed patients to recover the benefits lost with detraining, which after only four weeks affected them negatively, and the systematic practice of exercise contributed to greater regulation of BP since 24 weeks of the MTP proved not to be enough to promote positive effects of SBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Leitão
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal; (A.C.C.F.); (T.F.); (A.P.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (D.A.M.); (H.P.N.)
| | - Yuri Campos
- Post Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil;
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo Louro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Santarém, Portugal; (H.L.); (A.C.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Corrêa Figueira
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal; (A.C.C.F.); (T.F.); (A.P.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Teresa Figueiredo
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal; (A.C.C.F.); (T.F.); (A.P.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Ana Pereira
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal; (A.C.C.F.); (T.F.); (A.P.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Ana Conceição
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Santarém, Portugal; (H.L.); (A.C.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (D.A.M.); (H.P.N.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique P. Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (D.A.M.); (H.P.N.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laborde S, Wanders J, Mosley E, Javelle F. Influence of physical post-exercise recovery techniques on vagally-mediated heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2024; 44:14-35. [PMID: 37754676 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In sports, physical recovery following exercise-induced fatigue is mediated via the reactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). A noninvasive way to quantify the reactivation of the PNS is to assess vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), which can then be used as an index of physical recovery. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of physical recovery techniques following exercise-induced fatigue on vmHRV, specifically via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Randomized controlled trials from the databases PubMed, WebOfScience, and SportDiscus were included. Twenty-four studies were part of the systematic review and 17 were included in the meta-analysis. Using physical post-exercise recovery techniques displayed a small to moderate positive effect on RMSSD (k = 22, Hedges' g = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20-0.61, p = 0.04) with moderate heterogeneity. In the subgroup analyses, cold water immersion displayed a moderate to large positive effect (g = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.42-1.07) compared with none for other techniques. For exercise type, physical recovery techniques performed after resistance exercise (g = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48-0.89) demonstrated a larger positive effect than after cardiovascular intermittent (g = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.06-0.97), while physical recovery techniques performed after cardiovascular continuous exercise had no effect. No significant subgroup differences for training status and exercise intensity were observed. Overall, physical post-exercise recovery techniques can accelerate PNS reactivation as indexed by vmHRV, but the effectiveness varies with the technique and exercise type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- UFR STAPS, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Jannik Wanders
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emma Mosley
- Solent University Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Florian Javelle
- NeuroPsychoImmunology Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wee J, Tan XR, Gunther SH, Ihsan M, Leow MKS, Tan DSY, Eriksson JG, Lee JKW. Effects of Medications on Heat Loss Capacity in Chronic Disease Patients: Health Implications Amidst Global Warming. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1140-1166. [PMID: 37328294 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological agents used to treat or manage diseases can modify the level of heat strain experienced by chronically ill and elderly patients via different mechanistic pathways. Human thermoregulation is a crucial homeostatic process that maintains body temperature within a narrow range during heat stress through dry (i.e., increasing skin blood flow) and evaporative (i.e., sweating) heat loss, as well as active inhibition of thermogenesis, which is crucial to avoid overheating. Medications can independently and synergistically interact with aging and chronic disease to alter homeostatic responses to rising body temperature during heat stress. This review focuses on the physiologic changes, with specific emphasis on thermolytic processes, associated with medication use during heat stress. The review begins by providing readers with a background of the global chronic disease burden. Human thermoregulation and aging effects are then summarized to give an understanding of the unique physiologic changes faced by older adults. The effects of common chronic diseases on temperature regulation are outlined in the main sections. Physiologic impacts of common medications used to treat these diseases are reviewed in detail, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which these medications alter thermolysis during heat stress. The review concludes by providing perspectives on the need to understand the effects of medication use in hot environments, as well as a summary table of all clinical considerations and research needs of the medications included in this review. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Long-term medications modulate thermoregulatory function, resulting in excess physiological strain and predisposing patients to adverse health outcomes during prolonged exposures to extreme heat during rest and physical work (e.g., exercise). Understanding the medication-specific mechanisms of altered thermoregulation has importance in both clinical and research settings, paving the way for work toward refining current medication prescription recommendations and formulating mitigation strategies for adverse drug effects in the heat in chronically ill patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jericho Wee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.W., X.R.T., S.H.G., M.I., M.K.S.L., J.G.E., J.K.W.L.), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, (D.S.-Y.T), Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore (X.R.T.); Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore (S.H.G., J.K.W.L.); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (M.K.S.L., J.G.E.); Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (J.G.E.)
| | - Xiang Ren Tan
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.W., X.R.T., S.H.G., M.I., M.K.S.L., J.G.E., J.K.W.L.), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, (D.S.-Y.T), Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore (X.R.T.); Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore (S.H.G., J.K.W.L.); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (M.K.S.L., J.G.E.); Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (J.G.E.)
| | - Samuel H Gunther
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.W., X.R.T., S.H.G., M.I., M.K.S.L., J.G.E., J.K.W.L.), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, (D.S.-Y.T), Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore (X.R.T.); Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore (S.H.G., J.K.W.L.); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (M.K.S.L., J.G.E.); Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (J.G.E.)
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.W., X.R.T., S.H.G., M.I., M.K.S.L., J.G.E., J.K.W.L.), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, (D.S.-Y.T), Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore (X.R.T.); Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore (S.H.G., J.K.W.L.); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (M.K.S.L., J.G.E.); Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (J.G.E.)
| | - Melvin Khee Shing Leow
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.W., X.R.T., S.H.G., M.I., M.K.S.L., J.G.E., J.K.W.L.), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, (D.S.-Y.T), Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore (X.R.T.); Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore (S.H.G., J.K.W.L.); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (M.K.S.L., J.G.E.); Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (J.G.E.)
| | - Doreen Su-Yin Tan
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.W., X.R.T., S.H.G., M.I., M.K.S.L., J.G.E., J.K.W.L.), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, (D.S.-Y.T), Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore (X.R.T.); Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore (S.H.G., J.K.W.L.); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (M.K.S.L., J.G.E.); Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (J.G.E.)
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.W., X.R.T., S.H.G., M.I., M.K.S.L., J.G.E., J.K.W.L.), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, (D.S.-Y.T), Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore (X.R.T.); Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore (S.H.G., J.K.W.L.); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (M.K.S.L., J.G.E.); Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (J.G.E.)
| | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.W., X.R.T., S.H.G., M.I., M.K.S.L., J.G.E., J.K.W.L.), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, (D.S.-Y.T), Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (J.K.W.L.), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore (X.R.T.); Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore (S.H.G., J.K.W.L.); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (M.K.S.L.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (M.K.S.L., J.G.E.); Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.G.E.); and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (J.G.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fumimoto K, Okada S, Manno M, Sakaue Y, Tsuji R, Makikawa M. Noncontact Evaluation Method for Autonomic Nervous System Activity during Exercise Using RGB Camera. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083032 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
For efficient exercise, motor functions, heart rate, oxygen uptake (which are controlled by autonomic nervous system activity), heat acclimation-related functions, such as sweating, and thermoregulation must work properly during exercise. In this research, a noncontact method of measuring capillary contraction and dilation, one of the autonomic nervous system activities, using only a commercial web camera was developed. The absorption rate by haemoglobin in blood differs for each wavelength of light. When the capillaries in the face contract or dilate, the colour component of the light reflected from the face changes. The focus of this study was on the changes in the green and blue values of the face image. Green light reaches the dermis, where capillaries are located, while blue light reaches only the epidermis. The G/B ratio, the green value divided by the blue value, shows the changes in capillary contraction and dilation. An experiment was conducted to validate the G/B ratio method. Ten subjects (23 ± 1.6 years of age) participated in the experiment, and face movement and heart rate were measured during an aerobic bike exercise test. The results showed that, when the heart rate increased, the G/B ratio decreased immediately after the start of exercise. After the exercise stopped, the heart rate decreased immediately, and the G/B ratio increased. The G/B ratio revealed that the sympathetic nervous system became dominant during exercise, causing facial capillaries to dilate, and that the parasympathetic nervous system became dominant after exercise, causing facial capillaries to constrict.
Collapse
|
6
|
Michou V, Nikodimopoulou M, Liakopoulos V, Anifanti M, Papagianni A, Zembekakis P, Deligiannis A, Kouidi E. Home-Based Exercise Training and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1394. [PMID: 37374177 DOI: 10.3390/life13061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This randomized clinical trial aimed to examine the effects of a 6-month home-based, combined exercise training program on Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with diabetes. Twenty-five KTRs (19 men (76.0%), with a mean age of 54.4 ± 11.3 years old, CAN and type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM-II)), were randomly assigned into two groups: A (n1 = 13 KTRs), who underwent a home-based exercise training program for 6 months, and B (n2 = 12 KTRs), who were assessed at the end of the study. A cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), sit-to-stand test in 30 s (30-s STS), isokinetic muscle strength dynamometry, and 24-h electrocardiographic monitoring were applied to all participants, both at the baseline and at the end of the clinical trial. At first, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. After 6 months, group A showed higher values in exercise time by 8.7% (p = 0.02), VO2peak by 7.3% (p < 0.05), 30-s STS by 12.0% (p < 0.05), upper limb strength by 46.1% (p < 0.05), and lower limb strength by 24.6% (p = 0.02), respectively, compared to the B group. Furthermore, inter-group changes at the end of the 6-month study indicated that group A statistically increased the standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDNN) by 30.3% (p = 0.01), root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (rMSSD) by 32.0% (p = 0.03), number of pairs of successive NN (R-R) intervals that differ by more than 50 ms (pNN50) by 29.0% (p = 0.04), high frequency (HF (ms2)) by 21.6% (p < 0.05), HF (n.u.) by 48.5% (p = 0.01), and turbulence slope (TS) by 22.5% (p = 0.02), and decreased the low frequency (LF (ms2)) by 13.2% (p = 0.01), LF (n.u.) by 24.9% (p = 0.04), and LF/HF ratio by 24% (p = 0.01), compared to group B. Linear regression analysis after the 6-month study showed that there was a strong positive correlation between VO2peak and SDNN (r = 0.701, p < 0.05) in group A. Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that KTRs' participation in the exercise program showed favorable modifications to sympathovagal balance and aerobic capacity, as measured with SDNN and VO2peak, respectively. To summarize, diabetic KTRs' cardiac autonomic function and functional capacity can be improved after a home-based long-term exercise training program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Michou
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Nikodimopoulou
- Transplant Surgery Clinic of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Anifanti
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Zembekakis
- Division of Internal Medicine, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Asterios Deligiannis
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Freire APCF, Amin S, Lira FS, Morano AEVA, Pereira T, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Caseiro A, Christofaro DGD, Dos Santos VR, Júnior OM, Pinho RA, Silva BSDA. Autonomic Function Recovery and Physical Activity Levels in Post-COVID-19 Young Adults after Immunization: An Observational Follow-Up Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2251. [PMID: 36767620 PMCID: PMC9915325 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has detrimental multi-system consequences. Symptoms may appear during the acute phase of infection, but the literature on long-term recovery of young adults after mild to moderate infection is lacking. Heart rate variability (HRV) allows for the observation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since physical activity (PA) can help improve ANS modulation, investigating factors that can influence HRV outcomes after COVID-19 is essential to advancements in care and intervention strategies. Clinicians may use this research to aid in the development of non-medication interventions. At baseline, 18 control (CT) and 20 post-COVID-19 (PCOV) participants were observed where general anamnesis was performed, followed by HRV and PA assessment. Thus, 10 CT and 7 PCOV subjects returned for follow-up (FU) evaluation 6 weeks after complete immunization (two doses) and assessments were repeated. Over the follow-up period, a decrease in sympathetic (SNS) activity (mean heart rate: p = 0.0024, CI = -24.67--3.26; SNS index: p = 0.0068, CI = -2.50--0.32) and increase in parasympathetic (PNS) activity (mean RR: p = 0.0097, CI = 33.72-225.51; PNS index: p = 0.0091, CI = -0.20-1.47) were observed. At follow-up, HRV was not different between groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, no differences were observed in PA between moments and groups. This study provides evidence of ANS recovery after SARS-CoV-2 insult in young adults over a follow-up period, independent of changes in PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Coelho Figueira Freire
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-920, Brazil
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Shaan Amin
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Elisa von Ah Morano
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Telmo Pereira
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic of Coimbra, ESTESC, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Applied Health Research (LabinSaúde), 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel-João Coelho-E-Silva
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armando Caseiro
- Polytechnic of Coimbra, ESTESC, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Applied Health Research (LabinSaúde), 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R & D Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Osmar Marchioto Júnior
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aurino Pinho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Parana, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Spolador de Alencar Silva
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen H, Dong G, Li K. Overview on brain function enhancement of Internet addicts through exercise intervention: Based on reward-execution-decision cycle. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1094583. [PMID: 36816421 PMCID: PMC9933907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1094583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction (IA) has become an impulse control disorder included in the category of psychiatric disorders. The IA trend significantly increased after the outbreak of the new crown epidemic. IA damages some brain functions in humans. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise exerts beneficial effects on the brain function and cognitive level damaged by IA. This work reviews the neurobiological mechanisms of IA and describes the brain function impairment by IA from three systems: reward, execution, and decision-making. Furthermore, we sort out the research related to exercise intervention on IA and its effect on improving brain function. The internal and external factors that produce IA must be considered when summarizing movement interventions from a behavioral perspective. We can design exercise prescriptions based on exercise interests and achieve the goal of quitting IA. This work explores the possible mechanisms of exercise to improve IA through systematic analysis. Furthermore, this work provides research directions for the future targeted design of exercise prescriptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Sports, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China.,Department of Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Guijun Dong
- Department of Sports, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China.,Department of Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim DH, Cho YH, Seo TB. Correlation between physical efficiency index using Harvard step test and heart rate variation in college students. J Exerc Rehabil 2022; 18:389-394. [PMID: 36684528 PMCID: PMC9816613 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2244400.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical efficiency index (PEI) calculated by the Harvard step test and heart rate variation (HRV), and to identify parameters of HRV that can predict PEI in college students. Sixteen college students were participated in this study and they were randomly divided into two groups; higher PEI group (HPEI, n=6) and lower PEI group (LPEI, n=10). To investigate the relationship between PEI and HRV, we were measured HRV and Harvard step test. HRV test was the resting, immediately, 15 min and 30 min after the Harvard step test using electrocardiography device polyG-I. Relationship between PEI and HRV were determined Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis was performed for examining HRV parameters to predict PEI. As shown in the result, not only PEI was negatively correlated with root mean squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (RMSSD), but had a positive correlation with low-frequency/high-frequency, but also normalized low frequency (normLF), the ratio of LF, and RMSSD, the change in RR interval showed a significant difference at each time point of measurement according to PEI levels. But, there were no significant differences among the HRV variables except normLF and RMS-SD. Our findings suggest a critical information that PEI calculated by the Harvard step test can be used as an index to predict the autonomic nerve function, and high PEI may have a positive effect on changes in autonomic nerve activity during recovery after exercise intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju,
Korea
| | - Yeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju,
Korea
| | - Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju,
Korea,Corresponding author: Tae-Beom Seo, Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 63243, Korea,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bestwick-Stevenson T, Toone R, Neupert E, Edwards K, Kluzek S. Assessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Sport: Narrative Review. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1151-1162. [PMID: 35468639 DOI: 10.1055/a-1834-7177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is a phenomenon associated with decreases in both physical and cognitive performances and increases in injury occurrence. Competitive athletes are required to complete demanding training programs with high workloads to elicit the physiological and musculoskeletal adaptations plus skill acquisition necessary for performance. High workloads, especially sudden rapid increases in training loads, are associated with the occurrence of fatigue. At present, there is limited evidence elucidating the underlying mechanisms associating the fatigue generated by higher workloads and with an increase in injury risk. The multidimensional nature and manifestation of fatigue have led to differing definitions and dichotomies of the term. Consequently, a plethora of physiological, biochemical, psychological and performance markers have been proposed to measure fatigue and recovery. Those include self-reported scales, countermovement jump performance, heart rate variability, and saliva and serum biomarker analyses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of fatigue and recovery plus methods of assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bestwick-Stevenson
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rebecca Toone
- Mountain Biking, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emma Neupert
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kimberley Edwards
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stefan Kluzek
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de la Cruz F, Geisler M, Schumann A, Herbsleb M, Kikinis Z, Weiss T, Bär KJ. Central autonomic network alterations in male endurance athletes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16743. [PMID: 36202877 PMCID: PMC9537279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise causes marked adjustments in brain function and the cardiovascular system. Brain regions of the so-called central autonomic network (CAN) are likely to show exercise-related alterations due to their involvement in cardiac control, yet exercise-induced CAN changes remain unclear. Here we investigate the effects of intensive exercise on brain regions involved in cardiac autonomic regulation using resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). We explored rsFC of six core regions within CAN, namely ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral anterior cingulate cortex, left/right amygdala, and left/right anterior insula, in 20 endurance athletes and 21 non-athletes. We showed that athletes had enhanced rsFC within CAN and sensorimotor areas compared to non-athletes. Likewise, we identified two networks with increased rsFC encompassing autonomic and motor-related areas using network-based statistics analysis. In addition, rsFC displayed an inverse relationship with heart rate, where the stronger rsFC in athletes correlates with their slower heart rate. Despite this significant relationship, mediation analysis revealed that heart rate is a weak mediator of the effect of intensive physical training on rsFC. Our findings prove that physical exercise enhances brain connectivity in central autonomic and sensorimotor networks and highlight the close link between brain and heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feliberto de la Cruz
- Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Geisler
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andy Schumann
- Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Herbsleb
- Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zora Kikinis
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Jürgen Bär
- Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Flatt AA, Hornikel B, Nakamura FY, Esco MR. Effect of Competitive Status and Experience on Heart Rate Variability Profiles in Collegiate Sprint-Swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2898-2904. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Lee CK, Lee JH, Ha MS. Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic versus Resistance Exercise on the Autonomic Nervous System in Middle-Aged Women: A Randomized Controlled Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159156. [PMID: 35954510 PMCID: PMC9368650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the autonomic nervous system in middle-aged women induced by aerobic and resistance exercise. A randomized controlled design was adopted; 22 premenopausal middle-aged women were divided into the resistance training and aerobic exercise groups (n = 11 each). Each group followed a specific 60 min exercise program three times a week for 12 weeks. The participants’ heart rate variability (HRV) was measured to analyze the low(LF)- and high-frequency (HF) activity, and the LF/HF ratio was calculated to examine the autonomic nervous system’s activities. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise. LF activity significantly increased in both the resistance training (p < 0.001) and aerobic exercise (p < 0.5) groups, indicating a significant variation according to time effect. HF activity was significantly increased only in resistance training (p < 0.001) with a significant variation in time (p < 0.001) and an interaction effect (p < 0.01). The LF/HF ratio did not vary significantly in either group. The findings in this study suggest that both aerobic exercise and resistance training were effective for sympathetic nerve activities in middle-aged women and that the effects on the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities were greater for resistance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Kwan Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Catholic University of Pusan, 57 Oryundae-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46252, Korea;
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Sports Science, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea;
| | - Min-Seong Ha
- Department of Sports Culture, College of the Arts, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2290-1926
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Birnbaumer P, Weiner L, Handl T, Tschakert G, Hofmann P. Effects of Different Durations at Fixed Intensity Exercise on Internal Load and Recovery-A Feasibility Pilot Study on Duration as an Independent Variable for Exercise Prescription. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7030054. [PMID: 35893328 PMCID: PMC9326728 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duration is a rarely investigated marker of exercise prescription. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of the methodological approach, assessing effects of different duration constant-load exercise (CLE) on physiological responses (internal load) and recovery kinetics. Seven subjects performed an incremental exercise (IE) test, one maximal duration CLE at 77.6 ± 4.8% V˙O2max, and CLE's at 20%, 40%, and 70% of maximum duration. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (La), and glucose (Glu) concentrations were measured. Before, 4, 24, and 48 h after CLE's, submaximal IE tests were performed. HR variability (HRV) was assessed in orthostatic tests (OT). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was obtained during all tests. CLE's were performed at 182 ± 27 W. HRpeak, Lapeak, V˙Epeak, and RPEpeak were significantly higher in CLE's with longer duration. No significant differences were found between CLE's for recovery kinetics for HR, La, and Glu in the submaximal IE and for HRV or OT. Despite no significant differences, recovery kinetics were found as expected, indicating the feasibility of the applied methods. Maximum tests and recovery tests closer to CLE's termination are suggested to better display recovery kinetics. These findings are a first step to prescription of exercise by both intensity and duration on an individual basis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Carere J, Burma JS, Newel KT, Kennedy CM, Smirl JD. Sex differences in autonomic recovery following repeated sinusoidal resistance exercise. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15269. [PMID: 35466556 PMCID: PMC9035755 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple bodyweight squat is sufficient to cause substantial stress on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) via ~30-50 mmHg blood pressure (BP) oscillations. However, it is unknown to the extent of the ANS is impacted during and immediately following bodyweight and resistance squat-stand maneuvers (SSM) while considering chromosomal sex. Thirteen females and twelve males performed four, 5-minute bouts of squat-stand maneuvers (SSM); two at 0.05 Hz (10-second squat/10-second stand) and two at 0.10 Hz (5-s squat/5-s stand). The SSM were performed using bodyweight resistance and additional external resistance (~20% of bodyweight). Five-minutes of quiet-sitting and quiet-standing were completed immediately following both bodyweight and resistance squats. Heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreceptor sensitivity metrics were extracted from beat-to-beat electrocardiography and systemic BP recordings. Repeated measure Analysis of Variance with generalized eta-squared effect sizes assessed differences between SSM task type and chromosomal sex on ANS metrics. Despite added resistance eliciting greater elevations in blood pressure, no differences in ANS function were noted during competition and recovery between SSM tasks (all p > 0.050; negligible/small effect sizes). During recovery, females had an elevated heart rate (p = 0.017; small effect size), greater time-domain HRV measures (p < 0.047; small effect size), greater high-frequency domain HRV measures (p = 0.002; moderate effect size), and reduced low-frequency domain HRV measures (p = 0.002; moderate effect size). A healthy ANS can modulate repetitive cardiovascular stressors via squat-stand maneuvers in a harmonious manner irrespective of added low-level resistance. Females were more parasympathetically driven following low-level resistance exercise/stress, which may be a cardioprotective trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Carere
- Cerebrovascular Concussion LabFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research CentreFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Integrated Concussion Research ProgramUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Human Performance LaboratoryFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Joel S. Burma
- Cerebrovascular Concussion LabFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research CentreFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Integrated Concussion Research ProgramUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Human Performance LaboratoryFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Kailey T. Newel
- Cerebrovascular Concussion LabFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research CentreFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Integrated Concussion Research ProgramUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Faculty of Health and Exercise ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Courtney M. Kennedy
- Cerebrovascular Concussion LabFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research CentreFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Integrated Concussion Research ProgramUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Human Performance LaboratoryFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Jonathan D. Smirl
- Cerebrovascular Concussion LabFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research CentreFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Integrated Concussion Research ProgramUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Human Performance LaboratoryFaculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effects of Long-Haul Travel and the Olympic Games on Heart-Rate Variability in Rugby Sevens Medalists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:951-960. [PMID: 35259726 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the impact of long-haul travel and the Olympic tournament on heart-rate variability and subjective well-being in a rugby sevens team. METHODS Players (N = 12 men) recorded daily root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) and brief subjective well-being assessments before and throughout the Olympic tournament. Following a 7-day baseline involving a tournament simulation, 2 flights were taken to Brazil (20-h travel and 4-h time gain) on day 1. Matches occurred on days 13 to 15. Undefeated, the team advanced to the gold-medal final. Team staff used a combination of proactive and reactive strategies to support training adaptations, mitigate negative effects of travel, and facilitate recovery from competition. RESULTS Peak LnRMSSD values from the preceding preparatory period were observed at baseline. Perceived recovery was impaired on day 1 following tournament simulation (P < .05). Lower and less stable LnRMSSD trends were observed in players within the first week following long-haul travel (P < .05), evident primarily in nonstarters (effect size = unclear to very large) versus starters (effect size = unclear). Status markers were subsequently maintained at baseline or improved prior to the tournament and were minimally affected by competition (P > .05). Changes in LnRMSSD were associated (P < .05) with changes in perceived recovery (day 14, ρ = .64) and sleep quality (day 15, ρ = .69) during the tournament. CONCLUSIONS Attentiveness to player health and well-being throughout preparation, travel, and the Olympic tournament potentially mitigated decrements in status markers, thereby reducing potential for fatigue or stress-related performance impairment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jacques M, Landen S, Romero JA, Yan X, Hiam D, Jones P, Gurd B, Eynon N, Voisin S. Implementation of multiple statistical methods to estimate variability and individual response to training. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:588-598. [PMID: 35234572 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2048894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS What are the findings? We implemented five statistical methods in a single study to estimate the magnitude of within-subject variability and quantify responses to exercise training at the individual level.The various proposed methods used to estimate individual responses to training provide different types of information and rely on different assumptions that are difficult to test.Within-subject variability is often large in magnitude, and as such, should be systematically evaluated and carefully considered in future studies to successfully estimate individual responses to training. How might it impact on clinical practice in the future? Within-subject variability in response to exercise training is a key factor that must be considered in order to obtain a reproducible measurement of individual response to exercise training. This is akin to ensuring data is reproducible for each subject.Our findings provide guidelines for future exercise training studies to ensure results are reproducible within participants and to minimize wasting precious research resources.By implementing five suggested methods to estimate individual response to training, we highlight their feasibility, strengths, weaknesses, and costs, for researchers to make the best decision on how to accurately measure individual responses to exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
| | - Patrice Jones
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brendon Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and health studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mishica C, Kyröläinen H, Hynynen E, Nummela A, Holmberg HC, Linnamo V. Evaluation of nocturnal vs. morning measures of heart rate indices in young athletes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262333. [PMID: 34986202 PMCID: PMC8730395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability in young endurance athletes during nocturnal sleep and in the morning; and to assess whether changes in these values are associated with changes in submaximal running (SRT) and counter-movement jump (CMJ) performance. Methods During a three-week period of similar training, eleven athletes (16 ± 1 years) determined daily HR and heart rate variability (RMSSD) during sleep utilizing a ballistocardiographic device (Emfit QS), as well as in the morning with a HR monitor (Polar V800). Aerobic fitness and power production were assessed employing SRT and CMJ test. Results Comparison of the average values for week 1 and week 3 revealed no significant differences with respect to nocturnal RMSSD (6.8%, P = 0.344), morning RMSSD (13.4%, P = 0.151), morning HR (-3.9 bpm, P = 0.063), SRT HR (-0.7 bpm, P = 0.447), SRT blood lactate (4.9%, P = 0.781), CMJ (-4.2%, P = 0.122) or training volume (16%, P = 0.499). There was a strong correlation between morning and nocturnal HRs during week 1 (r = 0.800, P = 0.003) and week 3 (r = 0.815, P = 0.002), as well as between morning and nocturnal RMSSD values (for week 1, r = 0.895, P<0.001 and week 3, r = 0.878, P = 0.001). Conclusion This study concluded that HR and RMSSD obtained during nocturnal sleep and in the morning did not differ significantly. In addition, weekly changes in training and performance were small indicating that fitness was similar throughout the 3-week period of observation. Consequently, daily measurement of HR indices during nocturnal sleep provide a potential tool for long-term monitoring of young endurance athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mishica
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Esa Hynynen
- KIHU–Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- KIHU–Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Role of Body Mass and Physical Activity in Autonomic Function Modulation on Post-COVID-19 Condition: An Observational Subanalysis of Fit-COVID Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042457. [PMID: 35206647 PMCID: PMC8875183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The harmful effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can reach the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and endothelial function. Therefore, the detrimental multiorgan effects of COVID-19 could be induced by deregulations in ANS that may persist after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, investigating the differences in ANS response in overweight/obese, and physically inactive participants who had COVID-19 compared to those who did not have the disease is necessary. The aim of the study was to analyze the autonomic function of young adults after mild-to-moderate infection with SARS-CoV-2 and to assess whether body mass index (BMI) and levels of physical activity modulates autonomic function in participants with and without COVID-19. Patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and healthy controls were recruited for this cross-sectional observational study. A general anamnesis was taken, and BMI and physical activity levels were assessed. The ANS was evaluated through heart rate variability. A total of 57 subjects were evaluated. Sympathetic nervous system activity in the post-COVID-19 group was increased (stress index; p = 0.0273). They also presented lower values of parasympathetic activity (p < 0.05). Overweight/obese subjects in the post-COVID-19 group presented significantly lower parasympathetic activity and reduced global variability compared to non-obese in control group (p < 0.05). Physically inactive subjects in the post-COVID-19 group presented significantly higher sympathetic activity than active subjects in the control group. Parasympathetic activity was significantly increased in physically active subjects in the control group compared to the physically inactive post-COVID-19 group (p < 0.05). COVID-19 promotes changes in the ANS of young adults, and these changes are modulated by overweight/obesity and physical activity levels.
Collapse
|
20
|
Effects of Exercise Training on the Autonomic Nervous System with a Focus on Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidants Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020350. [PMID: 35204231 PMCID: PMC8868289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies show that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has an important impact on health in general. In response to environmental demands, homeostatic processes are often compromised, therefore determining an increase in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)’s functions and a decrease in the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)’s functions. In modern societies, chronic stress associated with an unhealthy lifestyle contributes to ANS dysfunction. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the ANS network, its connections to the HPA axis and its stress responses and give an overview of the critical implications of ANS in health and disease—focused specifically on the immune system, cardiovascular, oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), the SNS and more recently the PNS have been identified as regulating the immune system. The HPA axis and PNS have anti-inflammatory effects and the SNS has been shown to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The positive impact of physical exercise (PE) is well known and has been studied by many researchers, but its negative impact has been less studied. Depending on the type, duration and individual characteristics of the person doing the exercise (age, gender, disease status, etc.), PE can be considered a physiological stressor. The negative impact of PE seems to be connected with the oxidative stress induced by effort.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nira Mat Isar NE, Zikri Abdul Halim MH, Ong MLY. Acute massage stimulates parasympathetic activation after a single exhaustive muscle contraction exercise. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 30:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Grässler B, Thielmann B, Böckelmann I, Hökelmann A. Effects of different exercise interventions on heart rate variability and cardiovascular health factors in older adults: a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 34789148 PMCID: PMC8597177 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging impairs physiological processes in the autonomic nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems which are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Heart rate variability (HRV), the beat-to-beat variations of successive heartbeats, is an indicator of cardiac autonomic control and cardiovascular health. Physical activity has beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. However, no review has been conducted to summarize the effects of different exercise modalities on HRV in older adults. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of endurance, resistance, coordinative, and multimodal exercise interventions on resting HRV and secondary health factors in healthy older adults aged 60 years in average and over. Methods Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Ovid, and Cochrane Library) were searched for eligible studies published between 2005 and September 8th, 2020. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for potential inclusion. Outcome measures were changes in resting HRV indices, baroreflex sensitivity, blood pressure, body fat, body mass, body mass index, cardiac output, distance in the six-minute walking test, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and VO2 max or VO2 peak from pre to post intervention. The methodological quality of the final data set was assessed using two scales (TESTEX and STARDHRV). This review was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020206606. Results The literature search retrieved 3991 articles, of which 13 were included in the review. Five studies used multimodal, three studies endurance, two studies resistance, two studies coordinative, and one study used an endurance and a resistance training intervention. The majority of the studies revealed significant positive effects on cardiac autonomic control, except for the resistance training interventions. All exercise modalities improved secondary health factors. The methodological quality assessment revealed a few criteria to improve the quality of and comparability between studies. Conclusion This systematic review revealed beneficial effects on cardiac autonomic control in healthy older adults through endurance, coordinative, and multimodal training but not through resistance training. Secondary health factors improved after all types of physical interventions. Future investigations should more thoroughly adhere to methodological standards of exercise interventions and ECG recording for the assessment of autonomic regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11556-021-00278-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Grässler
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Thielmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irina Böckelmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Van Oosterwijck J, Marusic U, De Wandele I, Meeus M, Paul L, Lambrecht L, Moorkens G, Danneels L, Nijs J. Reduced Parasympathetic Reactivation during Recovery from Exercise in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4527. [PMID: 34640544 PMCID: PMC8509376 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) has been proposed, conflicting evidence makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding ANS activity at rest in ME/CFS patients. Although severe exercise intolerance is one of the core features of ME/CFS, little attempts have been made to study ANS responses to physical exercise. Therefore, impairments in ANS activation at rest and following exercise were examined using a case-control study in 20 ME/CFS patients and 20 healthy people. Different autonomous variables, including cardiac, respiratory, and electrodermal responses were assessed at rest and following an acute exercise bout. At rest, parameters in the time-domain represented normal autonomic function in ME/CFS, while frequency-domain parameters indicated the possible presence of diminished (para)sympathetic activation. Reduced parasympathetic reactivation during recovery from exercise was observed in ME/CFS. This is the first study showing reduced parasympathetic reactivation during recovery from physical exercise in ME/CFS. Delayed HR recovery and/or a reduced HRV as seen in ME/CFS have been associated with poor disease prognosis, high risk for adverse cardiac events, and morbidity in other pathologies, implying that future studies should examine whether this is also the case in ME/CFS and how to safely improve HR recovery in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Van Oosterwijck
- Departments of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Campus UZ Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.W.); (M.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, 6000 Koper, Slovenia;
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea—ECM, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Inge De Wandele
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Campus UZ Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.W.); (M.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Mira Meeus
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Campus UZ Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.W.); (M.M.); (L.D.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lorna Paul
- Nursing and Health Care, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LL, UK;
| | - Luc Lambrecht
- Medical Private Practice for Internal Medicine, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Greta Moorkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), 2650 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Lieven Danneels
- Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Campus UZ Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.W.); (M.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Jo Nijs
- Departments of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Manresa-Rocamora A, Sarabia JM, Javaloyes A, Flatt AA, Moya-Ramón M. Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Enhancing Cardiac-Vagal Modulation, Aerobic Fitness, and Endurance Performance: A Methodological Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10299. [PMID: 34639599 PMCID: PMC8507742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to establish whether heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training enhances cardiac-vagal modulation, aerobic fitness, or endurance performance to a greater extent than predefined training while accounting for methodological factors. METHODS We searched Web of Science Core Collection, Pubmed, and Embase databases up to October 2020. A random-effects model of standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated for each outcome measure. Chi-square and the I2 index were used to evaluate the degree of homogeneity. RESULTS Accounting for methodological factors, HRV-guided training was superior for enhancing vagal-related HRV indices (SMD+ = 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.09, 0.91)), but not resting HR (SMD+ = 0.04 (95% CI = -0.34, 0.43)). Consistently small but non-significant (p > 0.05) SMDs in favor of HRV-guided training were observed for enhancing maximal aerobic capacity (SMD+ = 0.20 (95% CI = -0.07, 0.47)), aerobic capacity at second ventilatory threshold (SMD+ = 0.26 (95% CI = -0.05, 0.57)), and endurance performance (SMD+ = 0.20 (95% CI = -0.09, 0.48)), versus predefined training. No heterogeneity was found for any of the analyzed aerobic fitness and endurance performance outcomes. CONCLUSION Best methodological practices pertaining to HRV index selection, recording position, and approaches for establishing baseline reference values and daily changes (i.e., fixed or rolling HRV averages) require further study. HRV-guided training may be more effective than predefined training for maintaining and improving vagal-mediated HRV, with less likelihood of negative responses. However, if HRV-guided training is superior to predefined training for producing group-level improvements in fitness and performance, current data suggest it is only by a small margin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huo C, Xu G, Li W, Xie H, Zhang T, Liu Y, Li Z. A review on functional near-infrared spectroscopy and application in stroke rehabilitation. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
26
|
McCrary JM, Altenmüller E. Mechanisms of Music Impact: Autonomic Tone and the Physical Activity Roadmap to Advancing Understanding and Evidence-Based Policy. Front Psychol 2021; 12:727231. [PMID: 34512483 PMCID: PMC8429896 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Research demonstrates that both music-making and music listening have an ability to modulate autonomic nervous system activity. The majority of studies have highlighted acute autonomic changes occurring during or immediately following a single session of music engagement. Several studies also suggest that repeated music-making and listening may have longer-term effects on autonomic tone-the prevailing balance of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic activity. Autonomic imbalance is associated with a range of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, mental health conditions and non-communicable diseases. Established behavioral interventions capable of restoring healthy autonomic tone (e.g., physical activity; smoking cessation) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in broadly promoting health and preventing disease and up to 7.2 million annual deaths. Accordingly, this article proposes that music's suggested ability to modulate autonomic tone may be a key central mechanism underpinning the broad health benefits of music-making and listening reported in several recent reviews. Further, this article highlights how physical activity research provides a relevant roadmap to efficiently advancing understanding of music's effects on both autonomic tone and health more broadly, as well as translating this understanding into evidence-based policy and prescriptions. In particular, adapting FITT-Frequency, Intensity, Timing, Type-criteria to evaluate and prescribe music-making and listening in observational and intervention studies has excellent prospective utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Matt McCrary
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ansuategui Echeita J, Dekker R, Schiphorst Preuper HR, Reneman MF. Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with chronic low back pain: feasibility, tolerance and relation with central sensitization. An observational study. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:6287-6294. [PMID: 34428385 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1962991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the feasibility of and pain-related tolerance to a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), and the relationship between the aerobic capacity and central sensitization (CS) in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). METHODS An observational study, combining a cross-sectional and a prospective 24-hour follow-up was performed. Participants underwent a maximal CPET on a cycle ergometer and were assessed with three measures of CS (CS Inventory, quantitative sensory testing and heart rate variability). Before the CPET, immediately afterwards and 24 h after, the Pain Response Questionnaire (PRQ) was filled out. The CPET was considered feasible when >80% performed maximally, and tolerable when <20% reported relevant pain increase, body reactions and additional pain medication use in the PRQ. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess the relationship between the aerobic capacity (VO2max) and CS measures, corrected for confounders. RESULTS 74 patients with CLBP participated of which 30 were male, mean age was 40.4 years (SD: 12.4) and median VO2max was 23.9 ml/kg/min (IQR: 18.2-29.4). CPET was completed by 92%. No serious adverse events occurred. A relevant pain increase was reported in the upper legs by 40% immediately after CPET and by 28% 24 h afterwards, 27% reported body reactions after 24 h, and 22% increased pain medication use 24 h after CPET. Very weak and not significant relations (rpartial=-0.21 to 0.05; p > 0.10) were observed between aerobic capacity and CS measures. CONCLUSIONS A maximal CPET is feasible in patients with CLBP. Most, but not all, tolerated it well. CS was not related to aerobic capacity.Implications for rehabilitationMaximal CPET is feasible in patients with CLBP and well tolerated by most patients.Maximal CPET can be safely applied to assess the aerobic capacity of patients with CLBP.Aerobic capacity is unrelated to central sensitization.Outcomes of a maximal CPET and the pain response to straining activity can be used to provide valid information for the decision-making of exercise therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jone Ansuategui Echeita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Dekker
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel Felix Reneman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Patrick RP, Johnson TL. Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspan. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111509. [PMID: 34363927 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," is characterized by short-term passive exposure to high temperatures, typically ranging from 45 °C to 100 °C (113 °F to 212 °F), depending on modality. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia, inducing a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work in a synergistic fashion in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to the biological phenomenon known as hormesis. In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a probable means to extend healthspan, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from large, prospective, population-based cohort studies of health outcomes among sauna users that identified strong dose-dependent links between sauna use and reduced morbidity and mortality. This review presents an overview of sauna practices; elucidates the body's physiological response to heat stress and the molecular mechanisms that drive the response; enumerates the myriad health benefits associated with sauna use; and describes sauna use concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa L Johnson
- TLJ Communications, LLC, 36 Creek Harbour Blvd., Freeport, FL 32439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sims ST, Ware L, Capodilupo ER. Patterns of endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormone modulation on recovery metrics across the menstrual cycle. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001047. [PMID: 34367655 PMCID: PMC8291316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the number of female athletes competing rises globally, training methodologies should reflect sex differences across critical metrics of adaptation to training. Surrogate markers of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) used for monitoring training load are heart rate variability (HRV) and resting heart rate (RHR). The aim was to investigate ovarian hormone effects on standard recovery metrics (HRV, RHR, respiratory rate (RR) and sleep duration) across a large population of female athletes. Methods A retrospective study analysed 362 852 days of data representing 13 535 menstrual cycles (MC) from 4594 respondents (natural MC n=3870, BC n=455, progestin-only n=269) for relationships and/or differences between endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormones on ANS. Results HRV and return to baseline (recovery) decreased as resting HR and RR increased (p<0.001) from the early follicular to the late luteal phase of the MC. Patterning was paradoxical across phases for users of combined hormonal contraception (BC) as compared with the patterning of the MC. HRV and recovery start elevated and drop off quickly during the withdrawal bleed, rising through the active pill weeks (p<0.001). Progestin-only users had similar patterning as the MC. The relationship between normalised recovery and previous day strain is modulated by birth control type. BC exhibited steeper declines in recovery with additional strain-normalised recovery decreases by an additional 0.0055±0.00135 (p<0.001) per unit of strain; with no significant difference between MC and progestin-only (p=0.19). Conclusion The patterning of ANS modulation from ovarian hormones is significantly different between naturally cycling women and those on BC, with the patterning dependent on the type of contraception used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy T Sims
- SPRINZ, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Mount Maunganui, Waikato, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
LA Torre A, Vitale JA, Codella R, Filipa S L. Road to Tokyo 2020: has this atypical 5-year Olympic cycle represented an opportunity? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1039-1041. [PMID: 34156182 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio LA Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy - .,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy -
| | | | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Filipa S
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Osailan A. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus; investigation of its association with classical cardiovascular risk factors using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests: a cross-sectional study. Egypt Heart J 2021; 73:44. [PMID: 33983514 PMCID: PMC8119534 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-021-00168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is an underdiagnosed risk factor for CVD, which is prevalent among people with 2DM and can lead to CVD and CVD-related mortality. Little is known about the risk factors associated with CAN in type 2DM. Thus, the study was aimed to assess CAN using five cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (represented by Ewing’s score) and explore the factors associated with CAN in people with type 2DM. The studied factors include traditional and serological CVD risk factors obtained from a fasting blood sample and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) obtained via attainment of the highest peak of volumes of O2 (VO2Peak). Results Univariate analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and Ewing’s score (r=0.47, p=.02) and an inverse correlation between VO2Peak and Ewing’s score (r=−0.64, p=.001). Multivariate linear regression revealed that a significant model that included resting SBP and VO2Peak explained 93.8% of Ewing’s score variance. Conclusion CAN was associated with two CVD parameters, including resting SBP and CRF, which may indicate the importance of controlling these two factors to prevent or reduce CAN in people with type 2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Osailan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim SW, Jung WS, Kim JW, Nam SS, Park HY. Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083944. [PMID: 33918616 PMCID: PMC8068973 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic training is often performed by competitive swimmers to enhance their performance in normoxia. However, the beneficial effects of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and endurance exercise performance remain controversial. Here we investigated whether six weeks of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia can improve hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, ANS function, and endurance exercise performance versus normoxia in amateur male swimmers. Twenty amateur male swimmers were equally assigned to the hypoxic training group or normoxic training group and evaluated before and after six weeks of training. Aerobic continuous and interval training in the hypoxia showed a more significantly improved hemodynamic function (heart rate, −653.4 vs. −353.7 beats/30 min; oxygen uptake, −62.45 vs. −16.22 mL/kg/30 min; stroke volume index, 197.66 vs. 52.32 mL/30 min) during submaximal exercise, ANS function (root mean square of successive differences, 10.15 vs. 3.32 ms; total power, 0.72 vs. 0.20 ms2; low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, −0.173 vs. 0.054), and endurance exercise performance (maximal oxygen uptake, 5.57 vs. 2.26 mL/kg/min; 400-m time trial record, −20.41 vs. −7.91 s) than in the normoxia. These indicate that hypoxic training composed of aerobic continuous and interval exercise improves the endurance exercise performance of amateur male swimmers with better hemodynamic function and ANS function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (W.-S.J.)
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (W.-S.J.)
| | - Jeong-Weon Kim
- Graduate School of Professional Therapy, Gachon University, 1332 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13306, Korea;
| | - Sang-Seok Nam
- Taekwondo Research Institute of Kukkiwon, 32 Teheran7gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06130, Korea;
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (W.-S.J.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6035
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Effects of core strengthening exercise on colon transit time in young adult women. J Exerc Sci Fit 2021; 19:158-165. [PMID: 33737952 PMCID: PMC7932880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective This study investigated the effects of core strengthening exercise (CSE) on colon transit time (CTT) in young adult women. Methods Eighty women (mean age 23 years) were enrolled and randomly assigned to participate in a 12-week, instructor-led group CSE program (CSE group [CSEG]; n = 40) or to maintain usual daily activities (control group [CG]; n = 40). 27 participants in the CSEG and 21 participants in the CG completed the study. The CSE program consisted of 60-min sessions, two days a week, for 12 weeks. CTT was measured using a multiple marker technique with a radio-opaque marker. Data were analyzed with a 2-way, repeated measures ANCOVA. Results After the 12-week intervention, The CSEG showed significant improvements in trunk flexor power (P = 0.031), peak torque (P = 0.032), and endurance (P = 0.011). The CSEG also showed improvements in the sit-up (P < 0.001) and side-step (P = 0.043) tests compared to the CG. While there was not a significant group difference between the CSEG and CG, left CTT (P = 0.021) and total CTT (P = 0.006) decreased significantly within the CSEG group only. Conclusion The 12-week CSE program increased abdominal strength but did not improve CTT compared to the control group. This study also provides preliminary data that CSE may reduce left CTT and total CTT, but additional clinical trials are needed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Trevisan IB, Vanderlei LCM, Proença M, Barreira TV, Santos CP, Gouveia TS, Ramos EMC, Ramos D. Sleep Quality Associated with Habitual Physical Activity Level and Autonomic Nervous System of Smokers. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 116:26-35. [PMID: 33331460 PMCID: PMC8159490 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20190522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the relationship of one's habitual physical activity level and autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation on sleep quality in smokers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify changes in the sleep quality of smokers and its relation with their habitual physical activity level and ANS modulation. METHODS Forty-two smokers were divided into two groups according to the 50th percentile of the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Sleep quality was assessed using the Mini-sleep Questionnaire, and ANS modulation was assessed by indices of heart rate variability (HRV). To examine the possible mean differences, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used, adjusted for age, sex, body composition, pack-years, beta-blockers, anxiety, and depression in log base 10, not including qualitative data, such as sex and beta-blockers. Correlations were made by using the Spearman rank correlation. The statistical significance was set at 5. RESULTS The smokers who were less active showed poor sleep quality (p=0.048) and insomnia (p=0.045). Furthermore, the less active group presented decreased parasympathetic modulation [HF (un; p=0.049); RMSSD (ms; p=0.047) and SD1 (ms; p=0.047)] and an increased LF (un) index (p=0.033) and LF/HF ratio (p=0.040). A positive correlation between the total Mini-sleep score with LF (un) index (r=0.317, p=0.041) and LF/HF ratio (r=0.318, p=0.040) and negative correlation with HF (un) index (r= -0.322, p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS Smokers with lower levels of habitual physical activity showed poor sleep quality and alterations in autonomic nervous system modulation; (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iara Buriola Trevisan
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Mahara Proença
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, PR - Brasil
| | | | - Caroline Pereira Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | - Tamara Santos Gouveia
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | - Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | - Dionei Ramos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tarumi T, Tomoto T, Repshas J, Wang C, Hynan LS, Cullum CM, Zhu DC, Zhang R. Midlife aerobic exercise and brain structural integrity: Associations with age and cardiorespiratory fitness. Neuroimage 2021; 225:117512. [PMID: 33130274 PMCID: PMC8743271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower midlife physical activity is associated with higher risk of neurodegenerative disease in late life. However, it remains unknown whether physical exercise and fitness are associated with brain structural integrity during midlife. The purpose of this study was to compare brain structures between middle-aged aerobically trained adults (MA), middle-aged sedentary (MS), and young sedentary (YS) adults. Thirty MA (54±4 years), 30 MS (54±4 years), and 30 YS (32±6 years) participants (50% women) underwent measurements of brain volume, cortical thickness, and white matter (WM) fiber integrity using MRI. MA participants had aerobic training for 24.8±9.6 years and the highest cardiorespiratory fitness level (i.e., peak oxygen uptake: VO2peak) among all groups. Global WM integrity, as assessed with fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor imaging, was lower in the MS compared with the YS group. However, global FA in the MA group was significantly higher than that in the MS group (P<0.05) and at a similar level to the YS group. Furthermore, tract-based spatial statistical analysis demonstrated that FA in the anterior, superior, and limbic WM tracts (e.g., the genu of the corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus) was higher in the MA compared with MS groups, and positively associated with VO2peak, independently from age and sex. From cortical thickness analysis, MS and MA participants showed thinner prefrontal and parieto-temporal areas than the YS group. On the other hand, the MA group exhibited thicker precentral, postcentral, pericalcarine, and lateral occipital cortices than the MS and YS groups. But, the insula and right superior frontal gyrus showed thinner cortical thickness in the MA compared with the MS groups. Collectively, these findings suggest that midlife aerobic exercise is associated with higher WM integrity and greater primary motor and somatosensory cortical thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tarumi
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, 7232 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Tsubasa Tomoto
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, 7232 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Justin Repshas
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, 7232 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Ciwen Wang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, 7232 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Linda S Hynan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - C Munro Cullum
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David C Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Cognitive Imaging Research Center, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, 7232 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Laskowski M, Schiöler L, Gustafsson H, Wennberg AM, Åberg M, Torén K. Cardiorespiratory fitness in late adolescence and long-term risk of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis among Swedish men. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243348. [PMID: 33428629 PMCID: PMC7799831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease and psoriatic arthritis is a common coexisting condition. Cardiorespiratory fitness is the overall capacity to perform exertion exercise. Low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with negative health outcomes. Individuals with psoriasis have lower cardiorespiratory fitness compared with individuals without psoriasis. There are no previous studies exploring the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and new-onset psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS With the objective to investigate whether low cardiorespiratory fitness in late adolescence increases the risk for onset of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, a cohort of Swedish men in compulsory military service between 1968 and 2005 was created using data from the Swedish Military Service Conscription Register. Cardiorespiratory fitness, estimated by maximum capacity cycle ergometer testing at conscription, was divided into three groups: high, medium, and low. Diagnoses were obtained using the Swedish National Patient Register and cohort members were followed from conscription until an event, new-onset psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis, occurred, or at the latest until 31 December 2016. Cox regression models adjusted for confounders at conscription were used to obtain hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for incident psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. RESULTS During the follow-up period (median follow-up time 31 years, range 0-48 years), 20,679 cases of incident psoriasis and 6,133 cases of incident psoriatic arthritis were found among 1,228,562 men (mean age at baseline 18.3 years). There was a significant association between low cardiorespiratory fitness and incident psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (hazard ratio 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.26-1.44) and 1.44 (95% confidence interval 1.28-1.63), respectively). CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest that low cardiorespiratory fitness at an early age is associated with increased risk of incident psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis among men, and highlight the importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness early in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Laskowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Linus Schiöler
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Gustafsson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Marie Wennberg
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Åberg
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Regionhälsan, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kjell Torén
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The Interplay between Oxidative Stress, Exercise, and Pain in Health and Disease: Potential Role of Autonomic Regulation and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111166. [PMID: 33238564 PMCID: PMC7700330 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress can be induced by various stimuli and altered in certain conditions, including exercise and pain. Although many studies have investigated oxidative stress in relation to either exercise or pain, the literature presents conflicting results. Therefore, this review critically discusses existing literature about this topic, aiming to provide a clear overview of known interactions between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain in healthy people as well as in people with chronic pain, and to highlight possible confounding factors to keep in mind when reflecting on these interactions. In addition, autonomic regulation and epigenetic mechanisms are proposed as potential mechanisms of action underlying the interplay between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain. This review highlights that the relation between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain is poorly understood and not straightforward, as it is dependent on the characteristics of exercise, but also on which population is investigated. To be able to compare studies on this topic, strict guidelines should be developed to limit the effect of several confounding factors. This way, the true interplay between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain, and the underlying mechanisms of action can be revealed and validated via independent studies.
Collapse
|
38
|
Edmonds R, Egan-Shuttler J, Ives SJ. Heart Rate Variability Responses to a Training Cycle in Female Youth Rowers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228391. [PMID: 33202732 PMCID: PMC7697086 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a reputable estimate of cardiac autonomic function used across multiple athletic populations to document the cardiac autonomic responses to sport demands. However, there is a knowledge gap of HRV responses in female youth rowers. Thus, the purpose of this study was to measure HRV weekly, over a 15-week training period, covering pre-season and up to competition in youth female rowers, in order to understand the physiological response to long-term training and discern how fluctuations in HRV may relate to performance in this population. Measures of heart rate and heart rate variability were recorded before training each Friday over the monitoring period in seven athletes. Analysis of heart rate variability focused on time domain indices, the standard deviation of all normal to normal R-R wave intervals, and the root mean square of successive differences as markers of cardiac parasympathetic modulation. Training load was quantified by multiplying the rating of perceived exertion of the weeks training and training duration. A decrease was identified in cardiac parasympathetic modulation as the season progressed (Effect Size (Cohen's d) = -0.34 to -0.8, weeks 6 and 11-15), despite no significant relationship between training load and heart rate variability. Factors outside of training may further compound the reduction in heart rate variability, with further monitoring of external stressors (e.g., school) in adolescent athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Edmonds
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA;
| | - Julian Egan-Shuttler
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA;
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J. Ives
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-580-8366
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gronwald T, Rogers B, Hoos O. Fractal Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability: A New Biomarker for Intensity Distribution in Endurance Exercise and Training Prescription? Front Physiol 2020; 11:550572. [PMID: 33071812 PMCID: PMC7531235 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.550572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and training prescription in endurance-type sports has a strong theoretical background with various practical applications based on threshold concepts. Given the challenges and pitfalls of determining individual training zones on the basis of subsystem indicators (e.g., blood lactate concentration, respiratory parameters), the question arises whether there are alternatives for intensity distribution demarcation. Considering that training in a low intensity zone substantially contributes to the performance outcome of endurance athletes and exceeding intensity targets based on a misleading aerobic threshold can lead to negative performance and recovery effects, it would be desirable to find a parameter that could be derived via non-invasive, low cost and commonly available wearable devices. In this regard, analytics conducted from non-linear dynamics of heart rate variability (HRV) have been adapted to gain further insights into the complex cardiovascular regulation during endurance-type exercise. Considering the reciprocal antagonistic behavior and the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system from low to high exercise intensities, it may be promising to use an approach that utilizes information about the regulation quality of the organismic system to determine training-intensity distribution. Detrended fluctuation analysis of HRV and its short-term scaling exponent alpha1 (DFA-alpha1) seems suitable for applied sport-specific settings including exercise from low to high intensities. DFA-alpha1 may be taken as an indicator for exercise prescription and intensity distribution monitoring in endurance-type sports. The present perspective illustrates the potential of DFA-alpha1 for diagnostic and monitoring purposes as a “global” system parameter and proxy for organismic demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruce Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Botonis PG, Smilios I, Platanou TI, Toubekis AG. Effects of an International Tournament on Heart Rate Variability and Perceived Recovery in Elite Water Polo Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2313-2317. [PMID: 32773543 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Botonis, PG, Smilios, I, Platanou, TI, and Toubekis, AG. Effects of an international tournament on heart rate variability and perceived recovery in elite water polo players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of an international tournament participation in vagal-related heart rate variability and perceived recovery among elite water polo players. Nine elite water polo players participated in an intensified training week (pretournament) and then traveled abroad to take part in an international tournament including 3 high-competitive matches during a 4-day period. Internal workload was measured after training or competition. Morning, postwakening natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (lnRMSSD) and measures of perceived recovery were obtained pretournament and daily during the tournament. Logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences was also measured 30 minutes after the completion of each match of the tournament. Logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences was suppressed after the first match (p = 0.03, d = -0.75), compared with the first morning of the tournament, rebounded the following morning (p = 0.03, d = 0.87), and remained unaltered until the third match. In the last morning of the tournament, LnRMSSD was higher compared with the first postmatch measurement (p = 0.002, d = 1.57) and tended to be higher than pretournament (p = 0.09, d = 0.81). Perceived recovery and internal workloads were lower in the tournament days compared with pretournament (p < 0.001, d = 2.0 and p < 0.001, d = 14.0, respectively). In conclusion, heart rate variability may stabilize and progressively increase by the end of a tournament, as compared with a pretournament training period, reflecting an enhanced parasympathetic reactivation may be due to the reduced training load. By contrast, perceived recovery was suppressed indicating that other factors may also influence the overall recovery of the players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros G Botonis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Theodoros I Platanou
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and parasympathetic function in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Auton Res 2020; 31:187-203. [PMID: 32270406 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-020-00687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on parasympathetic modulation are controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to (a) determine the effect of exercise-based CR on heart-rate-derived indices associated with cardiac parasympathetic modulation in resting and post-exercise conditions in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and (b) identify the possible moderator variables of the effect of exercise-based CR on parasympathetic modulation. METHODS We searched CENTRAL and Web of Science up to November 2018 for the following terms: adult CAD patients, controlled exercise-based CR interventions and parasympathetic modulation measured in resting (vagal-related heart rate variability [HRV] indices of the root mean square of the differences in successive in RR interval [RMSSD] and high frequency [HF]) and post-exercise (heart rate recovery [HRR]) pre- and post-intervention. We estimated a random-effects model of standardised mean difference (SMD) and mean difference (MD) for vagal-related HRV indices and HRR, respectively. We assessed the influence of categorical and continuous variables. RESULTS The overall effect size showed significant differences in RMSSD (SMD+ = 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12-0.49) and HRR (MD+ = 5.35; 95% CI = 4.08-6.61 bpm) in favour of the exercise-based CR group. The overall effect size showed no differences in HF between groups (SMD+ = 0.14; 95% CI, -0.12-0.40). Heterogeneity analyses reached statistical significance, with high heterogeneity for HF (p < 0.001; I2 = 70%) and HRR (p < 0.001; I2 = 85%). Analysis of the moderator variables showed that the effect on HRR is greater in young patients (p = 0.008) and patients treated with percutaneous intervention (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Exercise-based CR improves the post-exercise parasympathetic function, with greater effects in younger CAD patients and in those who were revascularised with percutaneous intervention. The effects on resting parasympathetic function are more controversial due to methodological inconsistencies in measuring HRV, with the use of RMSSD recommended instead of HF because its results show higher consistency. Future studies involving women, focusing on methodological issues, and performing other training methods are needed to increase our knowledge about this topic.
Collapse
|
42
|
da Silva DF, Mohammad S, Hutchinson KA, Adamo KB. Determination of minimal recording period to assess resting heart rate variability during pregnancy. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:431-436. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, resting heart rate variability (rHRV) is measured for 10 min using the last 5 min for analyses (e.g., criterion period). It is unknown whether the measurement period can be shortened in pregnant women as there are currently no established standards. We aimed to compare shorter time segments (e.g., from the 1st to 10th minutes) of the parasympathetic index natural logarithm transformation of root mean square of successive R–R differences (Ln rMSSD) with the criterion period in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Twelve pregnant (age: 30.8 ± 3.4 years; gestational age: 20.1 ± 5.0 weeks) and 15 nonpregnant women (age: 29.8 ± 4.0 years) were included. rHRV was measured using a portable heart rate monitor for 10 min while sitting. Ln rMSSD difference/agreement between shorter time segments and criterion period was analyzed. The result observed between the 4th–5th minutes was the shortest time segment not different from/highly agreed with the criterion period in pregnant women (difference [95% confidence interval (CI)]: −0.10 [−0.22 to 0.02]/bias ± 1.96 × SD: −0.06 [−0.38 to 0.25]). In nonpregnant women, the 2nd–3rd-minute segment was the shortest with similar results (difference [95% CI]: −0.04 [−0.15 to 0.07]/bias ± 1.96 × SD: −0.03 [−0.39 to 0.32]). The Ln rMSSD was found to be stable from the 5th–10th minutes and the 3rd–10th minutes in pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively. A shortened rHRV assessment can increase its applicability in clinical/exercise-training settings. Novelty Ln rMSSD can be measured for 5 min in pregnant women, with the last 1-min segment analyzed. The last 1-min segment from 3 min can be used for rHRV measurement in nonpregnant women. The shortened rHRV assessment can facilitate its applicability in clinical/exercise-training settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fernandes da Silva
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1L 6N5, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1L 6N5, Canada
| | - Shuhiba Mohammad
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1L 6N5, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1L 6N5, Canada
| | - Kelly Ann Hutchinson
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1L 6N5, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1L 6N5, Canada
| | - Kristi Bree Adamo
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1L 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Boullosa D, Esteve-Lanao J, Casado A, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Gomes da Rosa R, Del Coso J. Factors Affecting Training and Physical Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8030035. [PMID: 32183425 PMCID: PMC7183043 DOI: 10.3390/sports8030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance running has become an immensely popular sporting activity, with millions of recreational runners around the world. Despite the great popularity of endurance running as a recreational activity during leisure time, there is no consensus on the best practice for recreational runners to effectively train to reach their individual objectives and improve physical performance in a healthy manner. Moreover, there are lots of anecdotal data without scientific support, while most scientific evidence on endurance running was developed from studies observing both recreational and professional athletes of different levels. Further, the transference of all this information to only recreational runners is difficult due to differences in the genetic predisposition for endurance running, the time available for training, and physical, psychological, and physiological characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present a selection of scientific evidence regarding endurance running to provide training guidelines to be used by recreational runners and their coaches. The review will focus on some key aspects of the training process, such as periodization, training methods and monitoring, performance prediction, running technique, and prevention and management of injuries associated with endurance running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-619-8250-2545
| | | | - Arturo Casado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I de Castilla International University, Burgos, 09003 Castilla y León, Spain;
| | - Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil; (L.A.P.-T.); (R.G.d.R.)
| | - Rodrigo Gomes da Rosa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil; (L.A.P.-T.); (R.G.d.R.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Botonis PG, Arsoniadis GG, Platanou TI, Toubekis AG. Heart rate recovery responses after acute training load changes in top-class water polo players. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:158-165. [PMID: 32101102 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1736181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of acute training load changes of elite water polo players on heart rate recovery (HRR) responses after a standardized swimming test. Nine water polo players were tested after a two-day light-load and two-day heavy-load training. Preliminarily, critical swimming speed was calculated. Testing comprised of an intermittent 4 × 100-m swimming separated by 10 s of rest with an intensity corresponding to 85% of their maximum speed previously attained during a 100-m swim test followed immediately by assessment of HRR. Internal training load (ITL) was measured using the rating of perceived exertion and the duration of training sessions. The swimming speed corresponded to 1.43 ± 0.06 m·s-1 and 1.45 ± 0.06 m·s-1 after light-load and heavy-load training, respectively (p = 0.06, d = 0.74). ITL was increased in high-load compared to light-load training (p < 0.001, d = 11.54). The difference in HR at end of exercise (HR-end) and after 60 s rest and the difference in mean HR during last min of exercise and HR after 60 s rest were higher in light-load training (p < 0.05, d = 0.85-1.15). The absolute change in ITL was correlated with the respective change in the percentage change of HR-end at 10 s of recovery (%HRR10s) (r = 0.72, p = 0.03). Significant correlation was observed between the percentage change of ITL with the %HRR10s (r = 0.67, p = 0.05). We conclude that HRR tracks acute changes in training load. The lower HRR following high-load training likely indicates a blunted parasympathetic re-activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros G Botonis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gavriil G Arsoniadis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros I Platanou
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Performance Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Saxton SN, Withers SB, Heagerty AM. Emerging Roles of Sympathetic Nerves and Inflammation in Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 33:245-259. [PMID: 30747398 PMCID: PMC6509065 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-019-06862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is no longer recognised as simply a structural support for the vasculature, and we now know that PVAT releases vasoactive factors which modulate vascular function. Since the discovery of this function in 1991, PVAT research is rapidly growing and the importance of PVAT function in disease is becoming increasingly clear. Obesity is associated with a plethora of vascular conditions; therefore, the study of adipocytes and their effects on the vasculature is vital. PVAT contains an adrenergic system including nerves, adrenoceptors and transporters. In obesity, the autonomic nervous system is dysfunctional; therefore, sympathetic innervation of PVAT may be the key mechanistic link between increased adiposity and vascular disease. In addition, not all obese people develop vascular disease, but a common feature amongst those that do appears to be the inflammatory cell population in PVAT. This review will discuss what is known about sympathetic innervation of PVAT, and the links between nerve activation and inflammation in obesity. In addition, we will examine the therapeutic potential of exercise in sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK.,School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Inthachai T, Demekul K, Phonsatsadee N, Puttitommagool P, Boonyachart N. Effects of physical activity and smoking on cardio-ankle vascular index, respiratory muscle strength, and exercise performance in early normal weight adulthood: a cross-sectional study. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 15:804-810. [PMID: 31938702 PMCID: PMC6944882 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938676.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have shown the impact of unhealthy habits on arterial stiffness, respiratory muscle strength and exercise performance in early normal weight adulthood. This study sought to determine the effects of physical activity and smoking on its parameters in normal weight male participants. Forty-eight participants were divided into four groups: physically inactive nonsmokers and smokers and physically active nonsmokers and smokers (n=12 in each group). All of the participants were measured for body composition, arterial stiffness, respiratory muscle strength and exercise performance. Two-way analysis of variance design was used to test the main and interaction effects of physical activity by group (smokers vs. nonsmokers). P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as a statistically significant difference. As a result, cardio-ankle vascular index and respiratory muscle strength were diminished in smokers and physically inactive participants, while body and visceral fat mass were increased in both those groups. Fat-free mass was lower in only physically inactive participants. This study also found the interaction effects on body fat and arterial stiffness. In conclusion, participants with healthy normal weight, but smoked and performed inappropriate physical activity, exhibited body composition imbalance, decreased respiratory muscle strength, exercise performance, and increased arterial stiffness. Therefore, smoking cessation and exercise in younger adults are appropriate ways of improving body composition, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic capacity and arterial stiffness instead of trying to control their weight by smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharnwimol Inthachai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Demekul
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Napaporn Phonsatsadee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pannatorn Puttitommagool
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nontarat Boonyachart
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness with heart rate variability in 6- to 9-year-old children: the PANIC study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2487-2498. [PMID: 31535217 PMCID: PMC6858383 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To study the associations of physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with heart rate variability (HRV) in children. Methods The participants were a population sample of 377 children aged 6–9 years (49% boys). ST, light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and PA energy expenditure (PAEE) were assessed using a combined heart rate and movement sensor, maximal power output per kilograms of lean body mass as a measure of CRF by maximal cycle ergometer exercise test, and HRV variables (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF) using 5 min resting electrocardiography. Data were analysed by linear regression adjusted for years from peak height velocity. Results In boys, ST was inversely associated (β = − 0.185 to − 0.146, p ≤ 0.049) and MVPA, VPA, PAEE, and CRF were directly associated (β = 0.147 to 0.320, p ≤ 0.048) with HRV variables. CRF was directly associated with all HRV variables and PAEE was directly associated with RMSSD after mutual adjustment for ST, PAEE, and CRF (β = 0.169 to 0.270, p ≤ 0.046). In girls, ST was inversely associated (β = − 0.382 to − 0.294, p < 0.001) and LPA, MPA, VPA, MVPA, and PAEE were directly associated with HRV variables (β = 0.144 to 0.348, p ≤ 0.049). After mutual adjustment for ST, PAEE, and CRF, only the inverse associations of ST with HRV variables remained statistically significant. Conclusions Higher ST and lower PA and CRF were associated with poorer cardiac autonomic nervous system function in children. Lower CRF in boys and higher ST in girls were the strongest correlates of poorer cardiac autonomic function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-019-04231-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
49
|
Gronwald T, Hoos O. Correlation properties of heart rate variability during endurance exercise: A systematic review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2019; 25:e12697. [PMID: 31498541 PMCID: PMC7358842 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non‐linear measures of heart rate variability (HRV) may provide new opportunities to monitor cardiac autonomic regulation during exercise. In healthy individuals, the HRV signal is mainly composed of quasi‐periodic oscillations, but it also possesses random fluctuations and so‐called fractal structures. One widely applied approach to investigate fractal correlation properties of heart rate (HR) time series is the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). DFA is a non‐linear method to quantify the fractal scale and the degree of correlation of a time series. Regarding the HRV analysis, it should be noted that the short‐term scaling exponent alpha1 of DFA has been used not only to assess cardiovascular risk but also to assess prognosis and predict mortality in clinical settings. It has also been proven to be useful for application in exercise settings including higher exercise intensities, non‐stationary data segments, and relatively short recording times. Method Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to analyze studies that investigated the effects of acute dynamic endurance exercise on DFA‐alpha1 as a proxy of correlation properties in the HR time series. Results The initial search identified 442 articles (351 in PubMed, 91 in Scopus), of which 11 met all inclusion criteria. Conclusions The included studies show that DFA‐alpha1 of HRV is suitable for distinguishing between different organismic demands during endurance exercise and may prove helpful to monitor responses to different exercise intensities, movement frequencies, and exercise durations. Additionally, non‐linear DFA of HRV is a suitable analytical approach, providing a differentiated and qualitative view of exercise physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schneider C, Wiewelhove T, Raeder C, Flatt AA, Hoos O, Hottenrott L, Schumbera O, Kellmann M, Meyer T, Pfeiffer M, Ferrauti A. Heart Rate Variability Monitoring During Strength and High-Intensity Interval Training Overload Microcycles. Front Physiol 2019; 10:582. [PMID: 31178746 PMCID: PMC6538885 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: In two independent study arms, we determine the effects of strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) overload on cardiac autonomic modulation by measuring heart rate (HR) and vagal heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: In the study, 37 well-trained athletes (ST: 7 female, 12 male; HIIT: 9 female, 9 male) were subjected to orthostatic tests (HR and HRV recordings) each day during a 4-day baseline period, a 6-day overload microcycle, and a 4-day recovery period. Discipline-specific performance was assessed before and 1 and 4 days after training. Results: Following ST overload, supine HR, and vagal HRV (Ln RMSSD) were clearly increased and decreased (small effects), respectively, and the standing recordings remained unchanged. In contrast, HIIT overload resulted in decreased HR and increased Ln RMSSD in the standing position (small effects), whereas supine recordings remained unaltered. During the recovery period, these responses were reversed (ST: small effects, HIIT: trivial to small effects). The correlations between changes in HR, vagal HRV measures, and performance were weak or inconsistent. At the group and individual levels, moderate to strong negative correlations were found between HR and Ln RMSSD when analyzing changes between testing days (ST: supine and standing position, HIIT: standing position) and individual time series, respectively. Use of rolling 2-4-day averages enabled more precise estimation of mean changes with smaller confidence intervals compared to single-day values of HR or Ln RMSSD. However, the use of averaged values displayed unclear effects for evaluating associations between HR, vagal HRV measures, and performance changes, and have the potential to be detrimental for classification of individual short-term responses. Conclusion: Measures of HR and Ln RMSSD during an orthostatic test could reveal different autonomic responses following ST or HIIT which may not be discovered by supine or standing measures alone. However, these autonomic changes were not consistently related to short-term changes in performance and the use of rolling averages may alter these relationships differently on group and individual level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schneider
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thimo Wiewelhove
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Raeder
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrew A Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA, United States
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Hottenrott
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kellmann
- Unit of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mark Pfeiffer
- Department Theory and Practice of Sports, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|