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Fell J. Mind wandering, poor sleep, and negative affect: a threefold vicious cycle? Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1441565. [PMID: 39310791 PMCID: PMC11413873 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1441565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mind wandering (MW) is intricately linked to sleep and affect, bearing clinical relevance for various psychiatric conditions, notably attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders. Most reviews concur that the relationship between disturbed sleep and negative affect is bidirectional. The directional relationships between MW propensity and disturbed sleep, as well as MW propensity and negative affect, are less clear. Therefore, this brief review aims to examine the limited studies that have directly explored temporally sequential relationships. These studies provide clear evidence for an impact of affect on MW and of MW on sleep, along with less unequivocal evidence for an influence of MW on affect and sleep on MW. Collectively, these individual reinforcement loops may constitute a threefold vicious cycle, which may contribute to the development and perpetuation of psychiatric disorders. Available data convincingly suggest an impact cycle in the direction "MW propensity → disturbed sleep → negative affect → MW propensity," while evidence for the inverse impact cycle is less pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Takım U, Gökçay H. Examination of Excessive Mind-Wandering Following Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment in Adults. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241281816. [PMID: 39227056 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241281816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Although mind-wandering (MW) is a part of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the impact of psychostimulants on excessive MW remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate how psychostimulants impact the MW of adult ADHD patients post treatment. This cross-sectional cohort study consisted of 54 randomly selected ADHD patients who applied to our psychiatry outpatient clinic and 40 healthy controls. The ADHD patients were administered methylphenidate or atomoxetine. A Semi-Structured Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS) were applied. Routine psychiatric assessments in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months of pharmacological treatment were carried out by a psychiatrist. The pre-treatment MEWS score of the ADHD patients was 26.09 ± 1.92, which significantly decreased to 12.78 ± 2.54 post-treatment (F = 715.250, p < .001). A statistically significant difference was identified between the mean pre-treatment ASRS total score (44.07 ± 10.09) and post-treatment score (27.34 ± 11.22; F = 50.364, p < .001). A lifetime history of alcohol/substance use was positively associated with the MEWS score. ADHD pharmacotherapy led to significant reductions in MW. Recognizing the interaction between MW and ADHD could help in the design of more specific and comprehensive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Takım
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Gökçay
- Department of Psychiatry, Sarkisla State Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
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Soltanzadeh S, Chitsaz S, Kazemi R. Color and brightness at work: Shedding some light on mind wandering. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e70020. [PMID: 39295080 PMCID: PMC11410860 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.70020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Occupational hazards are partly caused by the physical factors of the work environment, among which are ambient color and brightness, which can interfere with cognitive performance. Especially in modern work environments, performance relies heavily on cognitive functions such as attention, and an important factor in disrupting sustained attention is mind wandering (MW). This study aimed to investigate the effects of white and blue colors with two brightness levels on sustained attention and brain electrophysiology. METHODS A total of 20 participants were exposed to 4 different conditions (white and blue as color and 300 and 800 lx as the brightness level) in separate blocks in a virtual reality environment in which a continuous performance test (CPT) was performed. RESULTS The high brightness blue condition induced significant changes in sustained attention. MW network analysis showed a significant decrease in delta frequency band in the blue color condition with high brightness and beta decrease in the blue color condition with low brightness, whereas the activity of MW network increased when exposed to the white color condition. CONCLUSION High-brightness blue light resulted in better sustained attention and decreased activity of MW-related neural regions. It is thus recommended that these results be taken into consideration in the interior design of educational settings and cars among other environments that require a high level and maintenance of cognitive functions, especially sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soodabeh Soltanzadeh
- Department of Design and CreativityInstitute for Cognitive Science StudiesTehranIran
| | - Shaghayegh Chitsaz
- Department of Design and CreativityInstitute for Cognitive Science StudiesTehranIran
| | - Reza Kazemi
- Faculty of EntrepreneurshipUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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Bores-García D, Palacios-Ceña D, Jiménez-Antona C, Marconnot R. The Meaning of Physical Education Practice in Students with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:656-663. [PMID: 38290130 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2294097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: This study seeks to describe the perspective of students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and physical education (PE) teachers concerning physical activity practice in high school. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study based on an interpretative framework was conducted with secondary school students with ADHD, and their teachers of physical education. In-depth interviews and researchers' field notes were used to collect the data. Purposive sampling and inductive thematic analysis were applied. Results: Results show that ADHD is not experienced as limiting the practice of PA and PE by students, except in motor activities that require concentration such as tactical games. On the contrary, PA and PE helps them feel better. Teachers have not had to make extensive methodological modifications in their teaching styles with students with ADHD in relation to other situations or incidents. Conclusions: Students with ADHD do not seem to show significant difficulties in PE lessons or in the practice of extracurricular PA. PE teachers do not need to make significant adaptations with these students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bores-García
- Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
| | - Domingo Palacios-Ceña
- Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
| | - Carmen Jiménez-Antona
- Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
| | - Romain Marconnot
- Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
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Hupfeld KE, Osborne JB, Tran QT, Hyatt HW, Abagis TR, Shah P. Validation of the dispositional adult hyperfocus questionnaire (AHQ-D). Sci Rep 2024; 14:19460. [PMID: 39169147 PMCID: PMC11339405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperfocus (HF), or intense, deep concentration on a task, has gained significant research attention in recent years, particularly in regard to clinical populations such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The present work aims to provide validation of the 12-item dispositional adult hyperfocus questionnaire (AHQ-D) as a quantitative metric of HF in adults. We preregistered the study design and hypotheses. We administered the AHQ-D and several additional questionnaires to 347 adults (mean ± SD age: 33 ± 11 years; 47% female). Exploratory factor analysis revealed high factor loadings (0.57-0.81) on a single HF factor; item response theory analysis suggested that the questionnaire items had high discrimination and covered a wide range of responses; and we report strong internal consistency metrics (Cronbach's alpha 0.93, mean split-half reliability 0.93). Replicating our previous work, HF was positively correlated with Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) scores (r(345) = 0.53), suggesting that HF may be related to ADHD traits (though in this sample we did not specifically recruit individuals with ADHD). The AHQ-D demonstrated the hypothesized convergent validity; HF on the AHQ-D was positively correlated with HF measured using a different HF scale (r(344) = 0.69), as well as flow (r(345) = 0.12) and mind wandering (r(345) = 0.39) scores. AHQ-D HF scores showed a weak negative correlation with grit (r(345) = - 0.29). Though there was a weak negative correlation between HF and social desirability response tendency (r(345) = - 0.24), suggesting that those who care more about what others think may report less HF, there was no relationship between HF and extrasensory perception beliefs (r(345) = 0.01), suggesting that participants were not simply biased in their response tendencies. Taken together, we demonstrate strong scale metrics for the AHQ-D, the expected convergent validity, and a general lack of response bias, in addition to replicating our previous association of HF with ADHD traits. We suggest that the AHQ-D can be confidently used in future work as a valid way to measure HF in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hupfeld
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - J B Osborne
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Q T Tran
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - H W Hyatt
- Boston Strategic Partners, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T R Abagis
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P Shah
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Laatsch J, Stein F, Maier S, Matthies S, Sobanski E, Alm B, Tebartz van Elst L, Krug A, Philipsen A. Neural correlates of inattention in adults with ADHD. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01872-2. [PMID: 39073447 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In the last two decades, numerous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have examined differences in cortical structure between individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls. These studies primarily emphasized alterations in gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT). Still, the scientific literature is notably scarce in regard to investigating associations of cortical structure with ADHD psychopathology, specifically inattention within adults with ADHD. The present study aimed to elucidate neurobiological underpinnings of inattention beyond GMV and CT by including cortical gyrification, sulcal depth, and fractal dimension. Building upon the Comparison of Methylphenidate and Psychotherapy in Adult ADHD Study (COMPAS), cortical structure parameters were investigated using 141 T1-weighted anatomical scans of adult patients with ADHD. All brain structural analyses were performed using the threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE) approach and the Computational Anatomy Toolbox (CAT12) integrated into the Statistical Parametric Mapping Software (Matlab Version R2021a). Results revealed significant correlations of inattention in multiple brain regions. Cortical gyrification was negatively correlated, whereas cortical thickness and fractal dimension were positively associated with inattention. The clusters showed widespread distribution across the cerebral cortex, with both hemispheres affected. The cortical regions most prominently affected included the precuneus, para-, pre-, and postcentral gyri, superior parietal lobe, and posterior cingulate cortex. This study highlights the importance of cortical alterations in attentional processes in adults with ADHD. Further research in this area is warranted to elucidate intricacies of inattention in adults with ADHD to potentially enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Laatsch
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Alm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Roy A, Girija VS, Kitzlerová E. The Role of Momentary Dissociation in the Sensory Cortex: A Neurophysiological Review and its Implications for Maladaptive Daydreaming. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944209. [PMID: 38848281 PMCID: PMC11166090 DOI: 10.12659/msm.944209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Daydreaming, a form of spontaneous and self-generated mental process, may lead to the disintegration of attention from the immediate external environment. In extreme cases, patients may develop maladaptive daydreaming comorbid with dissociation. The examination of dissociative alterations frequently occurs within the framework of complex cognitive processes. While dissociation may be a neurological and psychological dysfunction of integration, transient dissociative occurrences, i.e., momentary dissociation may signify a dynamic interplay between attentional division and orientation within the sensory cortex. Furthermore, previous studies have recorded the interactivity of attention by stimuli onset with P3 event-related potentials and the active suppression of distractor positivity. In this context, during auditory and visual mismatch negativity, the sensory cortex may interact with attentional orientation. Additionally, distractor positivity during task-relevant stimuli may play a crucial role in predicting momentary dissociation since sensory cortices share cerebral correlates with attentional fluctuations during mental imagery. Thus, this theoretical review investigated the cerebral activities associated with attentional orientation and may be extended to mindfulness. By integrating these findings, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of dissociative states which may lead to a resolution for dissociative psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anney Roy
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eva Kitzlerová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Iwata T, Yanagisawa T, Ikegaya Y, Smallwood J, Fukuma R, Oshino S, Tani N, Khoo HM, Kishima H. Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples correlate with periods of naturally occurring self-generated thoughts in humans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4078. [PMID: 38778048 PMCID: PMC11111804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Core features of human cognition highlight the importance of the capacity to focus on information distinct from events in the here and now, such as mind wandering. However, the brain mechanisms that underpin these self-generated states remain unclear. An emerging hypothesis is that self-generated states depend on the process of memory replay, which is linked to sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), which are transient high-frequency oscillations originating in the hippocampus. Local field potentials were recorded from the hippocampus of 10 patients with epilepsy for up to 15 days, and experience sampling was used to describe their association with ongoing thought patterns. The SWR rates were higher during extended periods of time when participants' ongoing thoughts were more vivid, less desirable, had more imaginable properties, and exhibited fewer correlations with an external task. These data suggest a role for SWR in the patterns of ongoing thoughts that humans experience in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Iwata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takufumi Yanagisawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Center for Information and Neural Networks, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jonathan Smallwood
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ryohei Fukuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Oshino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Tani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hui Ming Khoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kishima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Fernández-Martín P, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Cánovas R, Díaz-Orueta U, Martínez de Salazar A, Flores P. Data-driven profiles of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using objective and ecological measures of attention, distractibility, and hyperactivity. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:1451-1463. [PMID: 37386204 PMCID: PMC11098896 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the traditional nosology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been criticized for having insufficient discriminant validity. In line with current trends, in the present study, we combined a data-driven approach with the advantages of virtual reality aiming to identify novel behavioral profiles of ADHD based on ecological and performance-based measures of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. One hundred and ten Spanish-speaking participants (6-16 years) with ADHD (medication-naïve, n = 57) and typically developing participants (n = 53) completed AULA, a continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality. We performed hybrid hierarchical k-means clustering methods over the whole sample on the normalized t-scores of AULA main indices. A five-cluster structure was the most optimal solution. We did not replicate ADHD subtypes. Instead, we identified two clusters sharing clinical scores on attention indices, susceptibility to distraction, and head motor activity, but with opposing scores on mean reaction time and commission errors; two clusters with good performance; and one cluster with average scores but increased response variability and slow RT. DSM-5 subtypes cut across cluster profiles. Our results suggest that latency of response and response inhibition could serve to distinguish among ADHD subpopulations and guide neuropsychological interventions. Motor activity, in contrast, seems to be a common feature among ADHD subgroups. This study highlights the poor feasibility of categorical systems to parse ADHD heterogeneity and the added value of data-driven approaches and VR-based assessments to obtain an accurate characterization of cognitive functioning in individuals with and without ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Fernández-Martín
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
| | - Rocío Rodríguez-Herrera
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
| | - Rosa Cánovas
- Neurorehabilitation and Autonomy Center Imparables, Almería, Spain
| | - Unai Díaz-Orueta
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- International University of La Rioja (UNIR), Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Flores
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
- Health Research Center (CEINSA), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain.
- Neurorehabilitation and Autonomy Center Imparables, Almería, Spain.
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10
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Schmidt LM, Chaieb L, Derner M, Reber TP, Fell J. Side effects of monaural beat stimulation during sustained mental work on mind wandering and performance measures. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1375717. [PMID: 38708020 PMCID: PMC11066263 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1375717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive mind wandering (MW) contributes to the development and maintenance of psychiatric disorders. Previous studies have suggested that auditory beat stimulation may represent a method enabling a reduction of MW. However, little is known about how different auditory stimulation conditions are subjectively perceived and whether this perception is in turn related to changes in subjective states, behavioral measures of attention and MW. In the present study, we therefore investigated MW under auditory beat stimulation and control conditions using experience sampling during a sustained attention to response task (SART). The subjective perception of the stimulation conditions, as well as changes in anxiety, stress and negative mood after versus before stimulation were assessed via visual-analog scales. Results showed that any auditory stimulation applied during the SART was perceived as more distracting, disturbing, uncomfortable and tiring than silence and was related to more pronounced increases of stress and negative mood. Importantly, the perception of the auditory conditions as disturbing was directly correlated with MW propensity. Additionally, distracting, disturbing and uncomfortable perceptions predicted negative mood. In turn, negative mood was inversely correlated with response accuracy for target stimuli, a behavioral indicator of MW. In summary, our data show that MW and attentional performance are affected by the adverse perception of auditory stimulation, and that this influence may be mediated by changes in mood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marlene Derner
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Reber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Ferguson C, Hobson C, Hedge C, Waters C, Anning K, van Goozen S. Disentangling the relationships between motor control and cognitive control in young children with symptoms of ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:289-314. [PMID: 36946244 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2190965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Children with ADHD experience difficulties with motor and cognitive control. However, the relationships between these symptoms are poorly understood. As a step toward improving treatment, this study investigated associations between specific aspects of motor control and cognitive control in children with varying levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. A heterogeneous sample of 255 children of 4 to 10 years of age (median = 6.50, MAD = 1.36) completed a battery of tests probing motor generation, visuomotor fluency, visuomotor flexibility, cognitive inhibition, verbal and visuospatial working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Their caregivers were interviewed regarding their hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. 25.9% of the main sample met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether specific aspects of motor control were associated with specific aspects of cognitive control, and whether any associations were moderated by hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Additionally, cognitive modeling (the drift diffusion model approximated with EZ-DM) was used to understand performance on a cognitive inhibition task. Visuomotor fluency was significantly associated with cognitive inhibition. Visuomotor flexibility was significantly associated with cognitive flexibility. There were no significant moderation effects. Cognitive modeling was inconclusive. In conclusion, the ability to fluently perform visually guided continuous movement is linked with the ability to inhibit the effects of distracting information. The ability to spontaneously use visual information to flexibly alter motor responses is related to the ability to cognitively shift from one frame of mind to another. These relationships appear to be quantitatively and qualitatively similar across the childhood hyperactive-impulsive continuum as rated by parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Ferguson
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Community Neurological Rehabilitation Service, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, NHS Wales, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hobson
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, NHS Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Hedge
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Aston, United Kingdom
| | - Cerith Waters
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, NHS Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Anning
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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12
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Tripp G, Wickens J. Using rodent data to elucidate dopaminergic mechanisms of ADHD: Implications for human personality. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 7:e2. [PMID: 38384667 PMCID: PMC10877278 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2023.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
An altered behavioral response to positive reinforcement has been proposed to be a core deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a congenic animal strain, displays a similarly altered response to reinforcement. The presence of this genetically determined phenotype in a rodent model allows experimental investigation of underlying neural mechanisms. Behaviorally, the SHR displays increased preference for immediate reinforcement, increased sensitivity to individual instances of reinforcement relative to integrated reinforcement history, and a steeper delay of reinforcement gradient compared to other rat strains. The SHR also shows less development of incentive to approach sensory stimuli, or cues, that predict reward after repeated cue-reward pairing. We consider the underlying neural mechanisms for these characteristics. It is well known that midbrain dopamine neurons are initially activated by unexpected reward and gradually transfer their responses to reward-predicting cues. This finding has inspired the dopamine transfer deficit (DTD) hypothesis, which predicts certain behavioral effects that would arise from a deficient transfer of dopamine responses from actual rewards to reward-predicting cues. We argue that the DTD predicts the altered responses to reinforcement seen in the SHR and individuals with ADHD. These altered responses to reinforcement in turn predict core symptoms of ADHD. We also suggest that variations in the degree of dopamine transfer may underlie variations in personality dimensions related to altered reinforcement sensitivity. In doing so, we highlight the value of rodent models to the study of human personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jeff Wickens
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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Fell J, Chaieb L, Hoppe C. Mind wandering in anxiety disorders: A status report. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105432. [PMID: 37898447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Many investigations have targeted the subject of worry in anxiety disorders. Worry can be regarded as a subtype of mind wandering (MW), which is undeliberate, perseverative, negatively-valenced, and mainly future-oriented. Nevertheless, until now only a few studies have explored the role of overall MW in the origin and course of anxiety disorders. To foster progress in this field, we briefly describe and discuss relevant studies addressing MW in subjects with anxiety disorders or symptoms or disorders associated with anxiety symptoms. Provisional synthesis suggests that: a) the overall amount of MW is positively correlated with anxiety symptoms; b) MW characteristics reflecting worry and rumination appear to be relevant in anxiety; c) comorbid depressive and ADHD symptoms may contribute to excessive MW in anxiety; d) MW-related therapeutic interventions may be useful as complementary treatments in anxiety disorders. However, more studies related to MW in anxiety disorders or symptoms are necessary to corroborate and extend these initial findings. Such investigations should ideally combine experience sampling with self-rating assessments of both MW and worry/rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Leila Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Hoppe
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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14
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Kucyi A, Kam JWY, Andrews-Hanna JR, Christoff K, Whitfield-Gabrieli S. Recent advances in the neuroscience of spontaneous and off-task thought: implications for mental health. NATURE MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 1:827-840. [PMID: 37974566 PMCID: PMC10653280 DOI: 10.1038/s44220-023-00133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
People spend a remarkable 30-50% of awake life thinking about something other than what they are currently doing. These experiences of being "off-task" can be described as spontaneous thought when mental dynamics are relatively flexible. Here we review recent neuroscience developments in this area and consider implications for mental wellbeing and illness. We provide updated overviews of the roles of the default mode network and large-scale network dynamics, and we discuss emerging candidate mechanisms involving hippocampal memory (sharp-wave ripples, replay) and neuromodulatory (noradrenergic and serotonergic) systems. We explore how distinct brain states can be associated with or give rise to adaptive and maladaptive forms of thought linked to distinguishable mental health outcomes. We conclude by outlining new directions in the neuroscience of spontaneous and off-task thought that may clarify mechanisms, lead to personalized biomarkers, and facilitate therapy developments toward the goals of better understanding and improving mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University
| | - Julia W. Y. Kam
- Department of Psychology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary
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15
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Kember J, Stepien L, Panda E, Tekok-Kilic A. Resting-state EEG dynamics help explain differences in response control in ADHD: Insight into electrophysiological mechanisms and sex differences. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277382. [PMID: 37796795 PMCID: PMC10553225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductions in response control (greater reaction time variability and commission error rate) are consistently observed in those diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous research suggests these reductions arise from a dysregulation of large-scale cortical networks. Here, we extended our understanding of this cortical-network/response-control pathway important to the neurobiology of ADHD. First, we assessed how dynamic changes in three resting-state EEG network properties thought to be relevant to ADHD (phase-synchronization, modularity, oscillatory power) related with response control during a simple perceptual decision-making task in 112 children/adolescents (aged 8-16) with and without ADHD. Second, we tested whether these associations differed in males and females who were matched in age, ADHD-status and ADHD- subtype. We found that changes in oscillatory power (as opposed to phase-synchrony and modularity) are most related with response control, and that this relationship is stronger in ADHD compared to controls. Specifically, a tendency to dwell in an electrophysiological state characterized by high alpha/beta power (8-12/13-30Hz) and low delta/theta power (1-3/4-7Hz) supported response control, particularly in those with ADHD. Time in this state might reflect an increased initiation of alpha-suppression mechanisms, recruited by those with ADHD to suppress processing unfavourable to response control. We also found marginally significant evidence that this relationship is stronger in males compared to females, suggesting a distinct etiology for response control in the female presentation of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Kember
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Stepien
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Panda
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayda Tekok-Kilic
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Parlatini V, Itahashi T, Lee Y, Liu S, Nguyen TT, Aoki YY, Forkel SJ, Catani M, Rubia K, Zhou JH, Murphy DG, Cortese S. White matter alterations in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a systematic review of 129 diffusion imaging studies with meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4098-4123. [PMID: 37479785 PMCID: PMC10827669 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant anatomical brain connections in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reported inconsistently across diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) studies. Based on a pre-registered protocol (Prospero: CRD42021259192), we searched PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Knowledge until 26/03/2022 to conduct a systematic review of DWI studies. We performed a quality assessment based on imaging acquisition, preprocessing, and analysis. Using signed differential mapping, we meta-analyzed a subset of the retrieved studies amenable to quantitative evidence synthesis, i.e., tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) studies, in individuals of any age and, separately, in children, adults, and high-quality datasets. Finally, we conducted meta-regressions to test the effect of age, sex, and medication-naïvety. We included 129 studies (6739 ADHD participants and 6476 controls), of which 25 TBSS studies provided peak coordinates for case-control differences in fractional anisotropy (FA)(32 datasets) and 18 in mean diffusivity (MD)(23 datasets). The systematic review highlighted white matter alterations (especially reduced FA) in projection, commissural and association pathways of individuals with ADHD, which were associated with symptom severity and cognitive deficits. The meta-analysis showed a consistent reduced FA in the splenium and body of the corpus callosum, extending to the cingulum. Lower FA was related to older age, and case-control differences did not survive in the pediatric meta-analysis. About 68% of studies were of low quality, mainly due to acquisitions with non-isotropic voxels or lack of motion correction; and the sensitivity analysis in high-quality datasets yielded no significant results. Findings suggest prominent alterations in posterior interhemispheric connections subserving cognitive and motor functions affected in ADHD, although these might be influenced by non-optimal acquisition parameters/preprocessing. Absence of findings in children may be related to the late development of callosal fibers, which may enhance case-control differences in adulthood. Clinicodemographic and methodological differences were major barriers to consistency and comparability among studies, and should be addressed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Parlatini
- Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Takashi Itahashi
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yeji Lee
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwei Liu
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thuan T Nguyen
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuta Y Aoki
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Aoki Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephanie J Forkel
- Donders Centre for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Catani
- Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Juan H Zhou
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Martz E, Weiner L, Bonnefond A, Weibel S. Disentangling racing thoughts from mind wandering in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1166602. [PMID: 37731878 PMCID: PMC10507474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental restlessness reported by adult with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been mainly explained by excessive mind wandering. However, the description of a mind constantly on the go is also akin to racing thoughts, predominantly described in bipolar disorder. This paper aimed at disentangling mind wandering from racing thoughts in adult with ADHD. Associations between those mental phenomena and the ADHD symptomatology were also investigated. Methods To this aim, 84 adults with ADHD completed self-reported questionnaires, including the Mind Wandering-Deliberate and Mind Wandering-Spontaneous questionnaires, the Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire and the Daydreaming Frequency Scale. Factorial analysis and multiple linear regressions were performed. Results The factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution. The first factor encompassed the three facets of racing thoughts and was predicted by emotional lability. The second comprised deliberated-MW, spontaneous-MW and daydreaming, but was neither related to the ADHD symptoms, nor functional impairment. Discussion These findings suggest that MW and racing thoughts are two distinguishable mental phenomena. Racing thoughts appear to be a relevant hypothesis to explain the mental restlessness in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Martz
- INSERM U1114, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa Weiner
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Bonnefond
- INSERM U1114, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- INSERM U1114, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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18
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Wang F. School Burnout and Mind Wandering among Adolescents: The Mediating Roles of Internet Addiction and the Moderating Role of Resilience. J Genet Psychol 2023; 184:356-371. [PMID: 37178154 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2023.2209127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
School burnout is a worldwide issue that affects adolescents at every academic level. Despite the significant impact of this issue on adolescents' mental health and academic performance, few studies have examined its influence on mind wandering and its underlying mechanisms. This research endeavors to address this knowledge gap by examining the mediating role of Internet addiction in the relationship between school burnout and mind wandering and the moderating role of resilience among 2329 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 14.9 years, SD = 1.73) through an online questionnaire assessment. Participants completed measures of school burnout, Internet addiction, resilience, and mind wandering, which were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS 23.0 and Mplus 8.0. Results demonstrated that school burnout was positively linked with mind wandering, while Internet addiction mediated this relationship. Additionally, resilience moderated the association between Internet addiction and mind wandering. These findings significantly improve our comprehension of the consequences of mind wandering and offer valuable insights into possible intervention approaches for adolescents experiencing this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Education Sciences, Wulingshan K-12 Educational Research Center, Huaihua University, Huaihua, China
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19
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liu Y, Dong Q, Yu C, Jin Y, Fang C, Hu Y, Zhou Q. Examining the effects of a modified SART when measuring mind-wandering. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3175. [PMID: 37469329 PMCID: PMC10498071 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mind-wandering (MW) is defined as a shift of attention from external tasks toward internal thoughts and is popularly measured by the sustained attention to response task (SART). SART is able to capture MW, but cannot track the dynamics of mind-wandering over time well. We thus attempted to modify the sustained attention to response task paradigm (mSART) to capture the participant's mind-wandering state over time and quantify the degree of mind-wandering using the current behavioral data. METHODS 179 participants from Wenzhou Medical University were recruited to participate in this experiment. The main changes to the experiment included (1) manipulating different no-go stimuli frequencies to control the difficulty of the task and setting 9 modes; (2) extending the experiment time to 30 min; (3) allowing participants to correct errors by pressing the b key. Error rate, Mean RTs, RT CV, and d' were used to reflect MW. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed. RESULTS ANOVA was used to explore Mean RTs, RT CV and d' for participants with different levels of mind-wandering and significant differences were found (Mean RTs:Welch's F (2, 8606.04) = 579.00, p < .001, ηp 2 = 0.03; RT CV:Welch's F (2, 198.11) = 69.93, p < .001, ηp 2 = 0.18; d':F (2, 176) = 19.88, p < .001, ηp 2 = 0.18). The 30-min experiment was divided into six time windows, and mind-wandering deepens over time. CONCLUSIONS The mSART paradigm could quantify the extent of MW based on changes in the frequency at which the no-go stimuli were presented and also revealed that the recommended length of the experiment was about 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing liu
- Department of psychologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qin Dong
- Department of psychologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - ChengHao Yu
- Department of psychologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - YuTong Jin
- Department of psychologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - ChenYuan Fang
- Department of psychologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of psychologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Psychology and Behavior Research Center, Wenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of psychologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhouZhejiangChina
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20
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Osborne JB, Zhang H, Carlson M, Shah P, Jonides J. The association between different sources of distraction and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1173989. [PMID: 37575583 PMCID: PMC10421702 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1173989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are generally distractible. Yet, the precise relationship between ADHD and distractibility remains under-specified in two respects. First, different sources of distraction, such as background noise or mind wandering, may not be equally associated with ADHD. Second, ADHD itself comprises a variety of symptoms that show considerable heterogeneity and it is unclear which ADHD symptoms are associated with which type of distraction. Methods The current study addresses these questions using one clinically evaluated sample (N = 69) and two large non-clinically evaluated samples (N = 569, N = 651). In all samples, participants completed questionnaires about their susceptibility to external distraction, unwanted intrusive thoughts, spontaneous mind-wandering and ADHD symptomatology. Results Traditional regression and novel network analyses revealed an overwhelming contribution of spontaneous mind-wandering in explaining ADHD symptoms, although external distraction and unwanted intrusive thoughts were also associated with a small number of ADHD symptoms. Discussion Findings support a growing body of literature linking spontaneous mind-wandering and ADHD, and they highlight the heterogeneity in the association between ADHD symptoms and different sources of distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahla B. Osborne
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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21
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Gionet S, Arseneau J, Plourde V. Psychopathology and mind wandering in young university students. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:350-356. [PMID: 37263170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mind wandering has often been studied in relation to psychopathology. However, debates remain as to whether sluggish cognitive tempo, recently termed cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), and ADHD symptoms could be unique predictors of mind wandering. Therefore, this study was aimed at documenting the associations between CDS, ADHD symptoms and mind wandering while controlling for age, sex, internalized symptoms, and sleep. A sample consisting of university students (N = 60; aged between 17 and 32 years; 65% female) completed measures of CDS, ADHD symptoms, internalized functioning and insomnia. Mind wandering was also assessed using the 5-item Mind Wandering Questionnaire (MWQ) and thought sampling during a reading task. Multiple regression analyses show that while younger age and inattention were significant predictors of greater levels of self-reported mind wandering on the MWQ, sex, CDS, hyperactivity/impulsivity, internalized symptoms, and sleep were not. In addition, no variables were able to significantly predict spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering as assessed by thought sampling. These findings raise important questions regarding the equivalence between measures of state-level and trait-level mind wandering. The associations between ADHD, CDS and mind wandering in young adults are still unclear, but our findings highlight critical methodological considerations for future studies that might further our understanding of the relationship between task-unrelated thought and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Gionet
- École de Psychologie, Université de Moncton, 18 Avenue Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
| | - Jolyève Arseneau
- École de Psychologie, Université de Moncton, 18 Avenue Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Vickie Plourde
- École de Psychologie, Université de Moncton, 18 Avenue Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada; Centre de Formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, 50 rue de la Francophonie, Moncton, NB, E1A 7R1, Canada; Campus Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, 8406 rue Marie-Anne Gaboury (91 St. NW), Edmonton, AB, T6C 4G9, Canada
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22
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Chidharom M, Bonnefond A. Mind-wandering does not always rhyme with proactive functioning! Changes in the temporal dynamics of the mPFC-mediated theta oscillations during moments of mind-wandering. Biol Psychol 2023; 181:108598. [PMID: 37269897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The reduced engagement of the cognitive control network has been documented widely during mind-wandering (MW). However, it remains unknown how MW affects the neural dynamics of cognitive control processes. From this perspective, we explored neural dynamics mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Their engagement can be both transient (or reactive) and anticipated (or proactive). A total of fortyseven healthy subjects (37 females) were engaged in a long-lasting sustained-attention Go/NoGo task. Subjective probes were used to detect MW episodes. Channel-based EEG time-frequency analysis was performed to measure the theta oscillations, an index of the mPFC activity. The theta oscillations were computed immediately after conflictual NoGo trials to explore the reactive engagement of the mPFC. Proactive control was measured on the Go trials preceded the NoGo. Behaviorally, periods of MW were associated with an increase in errors and in RT variability in comparison to on-task periods. The analysis of the frontal midline theta power (MFθ) revealed that MW periods were associated with lower anticipated/proactive engagement and similar transient/reactive engagement of mPFC-mediated processes. Moreover, the communication between the mPFC and the DLPFC, as revealed by the poorer theta synchronization between these two regions, was also impaired during MW periods. Our results provide new insights about performance impairment during MW. They could be an important step in improving the existing understanding of the altered performances that are reported for some disorders that are known to be associated with excessive MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Chidharom
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem 18015, PA, USA; INSERM U1114, Strasbourg 67085, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67081, France.
| | - Anne Bonnefond
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg 67085, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67081, France
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23
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Dekkers TJ, Flisar A, Karami Motaghi A, Karl A, Frick MA, Boyer BE. Does Mind-Wandering Explain ADHD-Related Impairment in Adolescents? Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01557-2. [PMID: 37382726 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Currently, diagnostic criteria for ADHD mainly reflect behavioral symptoms, neglecting internal phenomena like mind-wandering. Recent studies found that mind-wandering explains impairment beyond ADHD symptoms in adults. To better capture ADHD-related impairment in adolescents, we aimed to elucidate whether mind-wandering is associated with impairments that are prevalent in adolescents (i.e., risk-taking behavior, homework problems, emotional dysregulation, and general impairment) beyond ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, we sought to validate the Dutch translation of the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS). We assessed a community sample of 626 adolescents on ADHD symptoms, mind-wandering, and the impairment domains. The Dutch MEWS had good psychometric properties. Mind-wandering was linked to general impairment and emotional dysregulation beyond ADHD symptoms, but was not linked to risk-taking behavior and homework problems beyond ADHD symptoms. Internal psychological phenomena such as mind-wandering may add to the behavioral symptoms of ADHD in explaining part of the impairment that adolescents with ADHD characteristics experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J Dekkers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ajda Flisar
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alexandra Karl
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matilda A Frick
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bianca E Boyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Psychologenpraktijk Kuin, Haarlem, the Netherlands
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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24
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Lin Y, Su Y. The concurrent and longitudinal impact of sleep on mind wandering in early adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:431-446. [PMID: 36414409 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mind wandering refers to task-unrelated thoughts that can interfere with ongoing tasks and could be sleep-driven across childhood. The present study investigated the mechanisms of the association between early adolescents' sleep and mind wandering with emotional symptoms and executive function as potential mediators. A total of 257 early adolescents (baseline aged 9-13 years old; 131 boys) completed the questionnaires consisting of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, mind wandering, depression and anxiety symptoms, and executive function. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data revealed a sequential mediation pathway of emotional symptoms and executive function in the association between sleep and mind wandering. The mediating effect of emotional symptoms in the link between sleep quality and mind wandering was significant among boys but not girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Su
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Drescher LH, Boehler CN, Wiersema JR. A pupillometric investigation of state regulation in adults scoring high versus low on ADHD symptomatology. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 235:103877. [PMID: 36924703 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the state regulation deficit (SRD) account, ADHD is associated with difficulties regulating tonic arousal levels, which may be due to inefficient effort allocation. We aimed to test the SRD account by using a target detection task with three different event rates (ER; 700 ms, 1800 ms, 6000 ms), in order to manipulate the tonic arousal state and its effects on performance and pupil indices in adults with high (n = 40) versus low (n = 36) ADHD symptom levels. In an additional condition, a fast ER (700 ms) was accompanied by auditory white noise (WN), to further increase tonic arousal level. The ER manipulation had a clear effect on RT and variability of RT. These effects were more pronounced for the high-ADHD group, especially for variability of RT with decreasing ER, suggestive of deficient upregulation of a tonic arousal state in that group, in line with their self-reported SRDs in daily life. Adding WN to the fast condition led to more errors, however similarly for both groups. Contrary to our predictions, the ER manipulation had no effect on tonic pupil size (as a measure of tonic arousal). Phasic pupil amplitude (as a measure of cognitive effort) linearly increased with decreasing ER, suggesting more effort allocation during slower ERs. WN decreased phasic pupil amplitude, but had no impact on tonic pupil size. Importantly, however, no ADHD-related differences were present for the pupil indices. In conclusion, adults with elevated levels of ADHD symptoms reported more SRDs in daily life and showed a performance pattern that suggests difficulties in upregulating but not downregulating the tonic arousal state. Surprisingly, these findings were not accompanied by group differences in pupillometric indices. This casts some doubts on the relationship between these measures of autonomic nervous system activity and state regulation, in particular in the context of ADHD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard H Drescher
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - C Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Wong YS, Willoughby AR, Machado L. Reconceptualizing mind wandering from a switching perspective. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:357-372. [PMID: 35348846 PMCID: PMC9928802 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mind wandering is a universal phenomenon in which our attention shifts away from the task at hand toward task-unrelated thoughts. Despite it inherently involving a shift in mental set, little is known about the role of cognitive flexibility in mind wandering. In this article we consider the potential of cognitive flexibility as a mechanism for mediating and/or regulating the occurrence of mind wandering. Our review begins with a brief introduction to the prominent theories of mind wandering-the executive failure hypothesis, the decoupling hypothesis, the process-occurrence framework, and the resource-control account of sustained attention. Then, after discussing their respective merits and weaknesses, we put forward a new perspective of mind wandering focused on cognitive flexibility, which provides an account more in line with the data to date, including why older populations experience a reduction in mind wandering. After summarizing initial evidence prompting this new perspective, drawn from several mind-wandering and task-switching studies, we recommend avenues for future research aimed at further understanding the importance of cognitive flexibility in mind wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Wong
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, William James Building, 275 Leith Walk, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
- Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading Malaysia, Nusajaya, Malaysia.
| | - Adrian R Willoughby
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading Malaysia, Nusajaya, Malaysia
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, William James Building, 275 Leith Walk, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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Pavlovian-based neurofeedback enhances meta-awareness of mind-wandering. Neural Netw 2023; 158:239-248. [PMID: 36473291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Absorption in mind-wandering (MW) may worsen our mood and can cause psychological disorders. Researchers indicate the possibility that meta-awareness of MW prevents these mal-effects and enhances favorable consequences of MW, such as boosting creativity; thus, meta-awareness has attracted psychological and clinical attention. However, few studies have investigated the nature of meta-awareness of MW, because there has been no method to isolate and operate this ability. Therefore, we propose a new approach to manipulate the ability of meta-awareness. We used Pavlovian conditioning, tying to it an occurrence of MW and a neutral tone sound inducing the meta-awareness of MW. To perform paired presentations of the unconditioned stimulus (neutral tone) and the conditioned stimulus (perception accompanying MW), we detected participants' natural occurrence of MW via electroencephalogram and a machine-learning estimation method. The double-blinded randomized controlled trial with 37 participants found that a single 20-min conditioning session significantly increased the meta-awareness of MW as assessed by behavioral and neuroscientific measures. The core protocol of the proposed method is real-time feedback on participants' neural information, and in that sense, we can refer to it as neurofeedback. However, there are some differences from typical neurofeedback protocols, and we discuss them in this paper. Our novel classical conditioning is expected to contribute to future research on the modulation effect of meta-awareness on MW.
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Norman LJ, Sudre G, Price J, Shastri GG, Shaw P. Evidence from "big data" for the default-mode hypothesis of ADHD: a mega-analysis of multiple large samples. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:281-289. [PMID: 36100657 PMCID: PMC9751118 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We sought to identify resting-state characteristics related to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, both as a categorical diagnosis and as a trait feature, using large-scale samples which were processed according to a standardized pipeline. In categorical analyses, we considered 1301 subjects with diagnosed ADHD, contrasted against 1301 unaffected controls (total N = 2602; 1710 males (65.72%); mean age = 10.86 years, sd = 2.05). Cases and controls were 1:1 nearest neighbor matched on in-scanner motion and key demographic variables and drawn from multiple large cohorts. Associations between ADHD-traits and resting-state connectivity were also assessed in a large multi-cohort sample (N = 10,113). ADHD diagnosis was associated with less anticorrelation between the default mode and salience/ventral attention (B = 0.009, t = 3.45, p-FDR = 0.004, d = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.004, 0.014), somatomotor (B = 0.008, t = 3.49, p-FDR = 0.004, d = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.004, 0.013), and dorsal attention networks (B = 0.01, t = 4.28, p-FDR < 0.001, d = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.015). These results were robust to sensitivity analyses considering comorbid internalizing problems, externalizing problems and psychostimulant medication. Similar findings were observed when examining ADHD traits, with the largest effect size observed for connectivity between the default mode network and the dorsal attention network (B = 0.0006, t = 5.57, p-FDR < 0.001, partial-r = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.0004, 0.0008). We report significant ADHD-related differences in interactions between the default mode network and task-positive networks, in line with default mode interference models of ADHD. Effect sizes (Cohen's d and partial-r, estimated from the mega-analytic models) were small, indicating subtle group differences. The overlap between the affected brain networks in the clinical and general population samples supports the notion of brain phenotypes operating along an ADHD continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Norman
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Section on Neurobehavioral and Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Section on Neurobehavioral and Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jolie Price
- Section on Neurobehavioral and Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gauri G Shastri
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Philip Shaw
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section on Neurobehavioral and Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Kandeğer A, Boysan M, Karaoğlan G, Tekdemir R, Şen B, Tan Ö, Sağlıyan B, Selvi Y. Heterogeneity of associations between dissociation and attention deficit symptoms. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-14. [PMID: 36406851 PMCID: PMC9647769 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma and dissociative experiences are suggested to be predisposing transdiagnostic factors for attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as many psychiatric disorders. Trauma-related symptoms such as motor restlessness, emotional instability, and concentration problems can mimic, trigger, or exacerbate ADHD symptoms. Moreover, given the relationship between ADHD and trauma-induced distress, it has been suggested that dissociative experiences and attention problems may reveal overlapping characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between dissociative experiences and attention deficits by carrying out mixture analysis. A thousand and thirty-seven participants volunteered to the online investigation. Participants completed a test battery that included a sociodemographic form as well as the Adult ADHD Severity Rating Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ). Item responses on the DES and attention deficit symptoms as indexed by the ASRS were subjected to latent class analysis. The three-latent-class model outperformed alternative mixture models. Mixture analysis classified the sample into three homogenous subgroups as follows: (1) No/low dissociation or attention problems; (2) Moderate dissociation with attention problems; and (3) High dissociation with attention problems. High dissociators with attention problems were characterized by heightened scores on somatoform dissociation and emotional neglect. No/low dissociation or attention problems latent class reported significantly lower scores on hyperactivity/impulsivity, depression, attention deficit in childhood, and sexual abuse than both moderate and high dissociation latent classes. High dissociators and moderate dissociators significantly differed on conduct problems and physical abuse. We concluded that impulsive hyperactivity, depression, and childhood sexual abuse were common features in heightened dissociation latent classes, as well as attention deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kandeğer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Murat Boysan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ankara Social Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gizem Karaoğlan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Tekdemir
- Department of Psychiatry, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Barış Şen
- Department of Psychiatry, Biga State Hospital, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Özge Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Bilal Sağlıyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Selvi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Theodor‐Katz N, Somer E, Hesseg RM, Soffer‐Dudek N. Could immersive daydreaming underlie a deficit in attention? The prevalence and characteristics of maladaptive daydreaming in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:2309-2328. [PMID: 35355262 PMCID: PMC9790222 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) entails excessive immersion and engagement in complex fantasy worlds, causing distress and impairing functioning. Maladaptive Daydreamers often report that existing diagnostic labels are unhelpful for them. Previous studies reported high rates of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among persons with MD, raising the question of their separateness. This study explored whether MD differs essentially from ADHD by examining an ADHD sample, hypothesizing a much lower incidence of MD. METHOD Adults diagnosed with ADHD (N = 83) were assessed for ADHD symptoms, MD, depression, loneliness, and self-esteem. Participants who exceeded the study's cutoff score for suspected MD were invited to participate in a structured diagnostic interview for MD. RESULTS In accordance with the hypothesis, only 20.5% of the ADHD sample met the proposed diagnostic criteria for MD. Compared with ADHD-only participants, this subgroup presented increased depression, loneliness, and lowered self-esteem. CONCLUSION MD has unique clinical characteristics that are distinct from ADHD. We suggest that in some cases presenting with ADHD symptoms, an MD conceptualization may better explain the clinical picture. Future research should aim at a better differentiation of daydreaming, ADHD, and related constructs such as mind-wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Theodor‐Katz
- Consciousness and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of PsychologyBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael,School of Social Work, University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Eli Somer
- School of Social Work, University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Rinatya M. Hesseg
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology and The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning DisabilitiesUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Nirit Soffer‐Dudek
- Consciousness and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of PsychologyBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
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Vilgis V, Yee D, Silk TJ, Vance A. Distinct Neural Profiles of Frontoparietal Networks in Boys with ADHD and Boys with Persistent Depressive Disorder. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1183-1198. [PMID: 35349053 PMCID: PMC10149107 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-00999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Working memory deficits are common in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression-two common neurodevelopmental disorders with overlapping cognitive profiles but distinct clinical presentation. Multivariate techniques have previously been utilized to understand working memory processes in functional brain networks in healthy adults but have not yet been applied to investigate how working memory processes within the same networks differ within typical and atypical developing populations. We used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to identify whether brain networks discriminated between spatial versus verbal working memory processes in ADHD and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD). Thirty-six male clinical participants and 19 typically developing (TD) boys participated in a fMRI scan while completing a verbal and a spatial working memory task. Within a priori functional brain networks (frontoparietal, default mode, salience), the TD group demonstrated differential response patterns to verbal and spatial working memory. The PDD group showed weaker differentiation than TD, with lower classification accuracies observed in primarily the left frontoparietal network. The neural profiles of the ADHD and PDD differed specifically in the SN where the ADHD group's neural profile suggests significantly less specificity in neural representations of spatial and verbal working memory. We highlight within-group classification as an innovative tool for understanding the neural mechanisms of how cognitive processes may deviate in clinical disorders, an important intermediary step towards improving translational psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vilgis
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Debbie Yee
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Box 182, Metcalf Research Building, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Tim J Silk
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Providence, Australia
| | - Alasdair Vance
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Providence, Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Gaschler R, Ditsche-Klein BE, Kriechbaumer M, Blech C, Wenke D. Using position rather than color at the traffic light - Covariation learning-based deviation from instructions in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychol 2022; 13:967467. [PMID: 36160553 PMCID: PMC9490260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.967467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on instructions people can form task representations that shield relevant from seemingly irrelevant information. It has been documented that instructions can tie people to a particular way of performing a task despite that in principle a more efficient way could be learned and used. Since task shielding can lead to persistence of inefficient variants of task performance, it is relevant to test whether individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - characterized by less task shielding - are more likely and quicker to escape a suboptimal instructed variant of performing a task. The paradigm used in this online study builds on the observation that in many environments different covarying features could be used to determine the appropriate response. For instance, as they approach a traffic light, drivers and pedestrians monitor the color (instructed stimulus feature) and/or the position of the signal (covarying stimulus feature, more efficient in case of reduced color sight). Similarly, we instructed participants to respond to the color of a stimulus without mentioning that color covaried with the position of the stimulus. In order to assess whether with practice participants would use the non-instructed feature position to an increasing extent, we compared reaction times and error rates for standard trials to trials in which color was either ambiguous or did not match the usual covariation. Results showed that the covariation learning task can be administered online to adult participants with and without ADHD. Performance differences suggested that with practice ADHD participants (n = 43 out of a total N = 245) might increase attention to non-instructed stimulus features. Yet, they used the non-instructed covarying stimulus feature to a similar extent as other participants. Together the results suggest that participants with ADHD do not lag behind in abandoning instructed task processing in favor of a learned alternative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gaschler
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | | | | | - Christine Blech
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Dorit Wenke
- Department of Psychology, Private University of Applied Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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Blomberg R, Signoret C, Danielsson H, Perini I, Rönnberg J, Capusan AJ. Aberrant resting-state connectivity of auditory, ventral attention/salience and default-mode networks in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16. [PMID: 36148149 PMCID: PMC9485623 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.972730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous resting-state studies on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have reported aberrant functional connectivity (FC) between the default-mode network (DMN) and the ventral attention/salience network (VA/SN). This finding has commonly been interpreted as an index of poorer DMN regulation associated with symptoms of mind wandering in ADHD literature. However, a competing perspective suggests that dysfunctional organization of the DMN and VA/SN may additionally index increased sensitivity to the external environment. The goal of the current study was to test this latter perspective in relation to auditory distraction by investigating whether ADHD-adults exhibit aberrant FC between DMN, VA/SN, and auditory networks. Methods Twelve minutes of resting-state fMRI data was collected from two adult groups: ADHD (n = 17) and controls (n = 17); from which the FC between predefined regions comprising the DMN, VA/SN, and auditory networks were analyzed. Results A weaker anticorrelation between the VA/SN and DMN was observed in ADHD. DMN and VA/SN hubs also exhibited aberrant FC with the auditory network in ADHD. Additionally, participants who displayed a stronger anticorrelation between the VA/SN and auditory network at rest, also performed better on a cognitively demanding behavioral task that involved ignoring a distracting auditory stimulus. Conclusion Results are consistent with the hypothesis that auditory distraction in ADHD is linked to aberrant interactions between DMN, VA/SN, and auditory systems. Our findings support models that implicate dysfunctional organization of the DMN and VA/SN in the disorder and encourage more research into sensory interactions with these major networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Blomberg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center HEAD, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rina Blomberg,
| | - Carine Signoret
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center HEAD, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Danielsson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center HEAD, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Irene Perini
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jerker Rönnberg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center HEAD, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andrea Johansson Capusan
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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AKSOY ŞG, AKSOY UM, SEMERCİ B. Linguistic Equivalence, Validity and Reliability Study of the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2022; 59:201-209. [PMID: 36160081 PMCID: PMC9466637 DOI: 10.29399/npa.27804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main objective was to study the linguistic equivalence, validity and reliability of the transliterated Turkish version of Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS) developed by Prof. Philip Asherson in England (2016). Mind excessively wandering defines uncontrolled mental phenomena, which is proposed as the psychological counterpart of Default Mode Network in literature. METHOD Mind Excessively Wandering Scale, Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale have been used. The sample group consists of 64 patients previously diagnosed as adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder for validity, 60 students for transliteral equivalence, and 80 healthy controls for test re-test reliability. RESULTS Transliteral equivalence study demonstrates that Turkish version of MEWS is highly correlated with the English version and is statistically significant. The sixth item in the scale was removed in order to ensure the consistency model established by LISREL in the validity study according to the confirmatory factor analysis. When the sixth item was excluded, it was concluded that the structure of the scale was compatible. In the reliability study of the MEWS, the Cronbach's alpha value (α) of the scale was found to be 0.826. It is seen that the item with the highest distinctiveness feature is Item-10 (0.618) and the item with the lowest distinctiveness feature is Item-5 (0.318). In the linguistic equivalence study, no statistical difference was found between the English form and the Turkish versions of the scale. CONCLUSION As a result of the practical and statistical evaluations, our study demonstrated that the Turkish version of the MEWS is a valid and reliable measurement tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umut Mert AKSOY
- İstanbul Aydın University Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, İstanbul, Turkey
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35
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Spontaneous mind-wandering tendencies linked to cognitive flexibility in young adults. Conscious Cogn 2022; 102:103335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kam JWY, Rahnuma T, Park YE, Hart CM. Electrophysiological markers of mind wandering: A systematic review. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119372. [PMID: 35700946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to mentally wander away from the external environment is a remarkable feature of the human mind. Although recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in examining mind wandering using EEG, there is no comprehensive review that summarizes and accounts for the variable findings. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic review that synthesizes evidence from EEG studies that examined the electrophysiological measures of mind wandering. Our search yielded 42 studies that met eligibility criteria. The reviewed literature converges on a reduction in the amplitude of canonical ERP components (i.e., P1, N1 and P3) as the most reliable markers of mind wandering. Spectral findings were less robust, but point towards greater activity in lower frequency bands, (i.e., delta, theta, and alpha), as well as a decrease in beta band activity, during mind wandering compared to on-task states. The variability in these findings appears to be modulated by the task context. To integrate these findings, we propose an electrophysiological account of mind wandering that explains how the brain supports this inner experience. Conclusions drawn from this work will inform future endeavours in basic science to map out electrophysiological patterns underlying mind wandering and in translational science using EEG to predict the occurrence of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Y Kam
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary. 2500 University Dr. NW., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary. 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - T Rahnuma
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary. 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Y E Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary. 2500 University Dr. NW., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - C M Hart
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary. 2500 University Dr. NW., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Bozhilova N, Kuntsi J, Rubia K, Asherson P, Michelini G. Event-related brain dynamics during mind wandering in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An experience-sampling approach. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103068. [PMID: 35696811 PMCID: PMC9194650 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) report increased spontaneous mind wandering (MW) compared to control adults. Since MW is associated with ADHD severity and functional impairment, elucidating the brain mechanisms underlying MW may inform new interventions targeting MW and point to neural markers to monitor their efficacy. Population-based electroencephalographic (EEG) studies suggest that weaker event-related decreases in occipital alpha power characterise periods of MW, but no study has examined event-related brain oscillations during MW in individuals with ADHD. Using an experience-sampling method, we compared adults with ADHD (N = 23) and controls (N = 25) on event-related EEG measures of power modulations and phase consistency during two tasks with high and low demands on working memory and sustained attention, and during periods of MW and task focus. Compared to controls, individuals with ADHD showed weaker alpha power decreases during high working memory demands and across sustained attention demands, weaker theta power increases and phase consistency across working memory demands and during low sustained attention demands, and weaker beta power decreases during low working memory demands. These EEG patterns suggest broadly deficient attentional and motor response processes in ADHD. During MW episodes, adults with ADHD showed weaker alpha power decreases in the sustained attention task and lower theta phase consistency in the working memory task compared to controls. These findings suggest that atypical EEG patterns thought to reflect reduced inhibition of task-irrelevant processes and inconsistent stimulus processing underlie increased MW in adults with ADHD and may be useful for future real-time monitoring of treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Bozhilova
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College University London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States; Department of Biological & Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, G. E. Fogg Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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38
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Hayashi W, Tomita A, Iwanami A. Mind wandering in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Preliminary evaluation using the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale in a Japanese clinical population. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2022; 1:e19. [PMID: 38868635 PMCID: PMC11114342 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aim Mind wandering (MW) has been closely associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, the field remains understudied in Japan. The present study examined MW in adults with ADHD using the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS) in a Japanese clinical population. Methods Fifty-two adults with ADHD (mean age, 33.0 years; 33 men), diagnosed per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria, completed the MEWS, Mind Wandering Questionnaire, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS), Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and Japanese Adult Reading Test-25. Results The mean MEWS score was 18.8 (standard deviation, 7.6). MEWS scores showed significant correlations with the CAARS Inattention/Memory Problems, Problems with Self-Concept, DSM-IV ADHD Symptoms Total, ADHD Index, and AQ scores. Higher MEWS scores were associated with greater ADHD and autism spectrum disorder symptoms in patients with ADHD. Conclusion Our results not only provide supporting evidence of the presence of excessive MW in adults with ADHD, but also indicate the heterogeneous nature of MW in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakaho Hayashi
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University Karasuyama HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Akisa Tomita
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University East HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Akira Iwanami
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University Karasuyama HospitalTokyoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University East HospitalTokyoJapan
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Enguix V, Easson K, Gilbert G, Saint-Martin C, Rohlicek C, Luck D, Lodygensky GA, Brossard-Racine M. Altered resting state functional connectivity in youth with congenital heart disease operated during infancy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264781. [PMID: 35427374 PMCID: PMC9012393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) has been associated with structural brain growth and long-term developmental impairments, including deficits in learning, memory, and executive functions. Altered functional connectivity has been shown to be altered in neonates born with CHD; however, it is unclear if these early life alterations are also present during adulthood. Therefore, this study aimed to compare resting state functional connectivity networks associated with executive function deficits between youth (16 to 24 years old) with complex CHD (mean age = 20.13; SD = 2.35) who underwent open-heart surgery during infancy and age- and sex-matched controls (mean age = 20.41; SD = 2.05). Using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult Version questionnaire, we found that participants with CHD presented with poorer performance on the inhibit, initiate, emotional control, working memory, self-monitor, and organization of materials clinical scales than healthy controls. We then compared the resting state networks theoretically corresponding to these impaired functions, namely the default mode, dorsal attention, fronto-parietal, fronto-orbital, and amygdalar networks, between the two groups. Participants with CHD presented with decreased functional connectivity between the fronto-orbital cortex and the hippocampal regions and between the amygdala and the frontal pole. Increased functional connectivity was observed within the default mode network, the dorsal attention network, and the fronto-parietal network. Overall, our results suggest that youth with CHD present with disrupted resting state functional connectivity in widespread networks and regions associated with altered executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincente Enguix
- Canadian Neonatal Brain Platform, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn Easson
- Advances in Brain & Child Development (ABCD) Research Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Christine Saint-Martin
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Rohlicek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Luck
- Canadian Neonatal Brain Platform, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gregory Anton Lodygensky
- Canadian Neonatal Brain Platform, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie Brossard-Racine
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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40
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Yan M, Chen J, Liu F, Li H, Zhao J, Guo W. Abnormal Default Mode Network Homogeneity in Major Depressive Disorder With Gastrointestinal Symptoms at Rest. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:804621. [PMID: 35431887 PMCID: PMC9009333 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.804621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are prominent in many patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it remains unclear whether MDD patients with GI symptoms have brain imaging alterations in the default mode network (DMN) regions. Methods A total of 35 MDD patients with GI symptoms, 17 MDD patients without GI symptoms, and 28 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Network homogeneity (NH) and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used to analyze the imaging data. Results Gastrointestinal group showed higher 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression total scores and factor scores than the non-GI group. Compared with the non-GI group and HCs, the GI group showed decreased NH in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and increased NH in the right precuneus (PCu). The SVM results showed that a combination of NH values of the right PCu and the right MTG exhibited the highest accuracy of 88.46% (46/52) to discriminate MDD patients with GI symptoms from those without GI symptoms. Conclusion Major depressive disorder patients with GI symptoms have more severe depressive symptoms than those without GI symptoms. Distinctive NH patterns in the DMN exist in MDD patients with GI symptoms, which can be applied as a potential brain imaging marker to discriminate MDD patients with GI symptoms from those without GI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Guo,
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41
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Martz E, Weibel S, Weiner L. An overactive mind: Investigating racing thoughts in ADHD, hypomania and comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder via verbal fluency tasks. J Affect Disord 2022; 300:226-234. [PMID: 34958814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often report mental restlessness akin to racing thoughts found in hypomanic and mixed episodes of bipolar disorder (BD). Past research has suggested that racing thoughts in BD can be tackled via process-oriented verbal fluency measures. In ADHD, it is still unknown whether racing thoughts is due to comorbid BD, and its neuropsychological underpinnings remain to be investigated. To this aim, this study investigates process-oriented verbal fluency measures in adults with ADHD compared to adults with BD in a hypomanic episode, adults with ADHD + BD and healthy controls. METHODS Three verbal fluency tasks, i.e., the free, the letter and the semantic conditions, were administered to 37 adults with ADHD, 25 adults with BD in a hypomanic episode, 22 adults with comorbid ADHD + BD (euthymia) and 31 healthy subjects. Word production, clustering, and switching were analysed in verbal fluency tasks. RESULTS Adults with ADHD, ADHD + BD and hypomania showed increased switches in the free verbal fluency task, compared to healthy controls, despite equivalent number of words produced. Unlike the ADHD and ADHD + BD groups, phonological clustering measures in the semantic task were increased in the hypomanic group compared to healthy controls. LIMITATIONS BD groups were under medication. CONCLUSIONS Semantic overactivation, reflected by increased switches in the unconstrained verbal fluency task, appear to be a common mechanism involved in racing thoughts in both ADHD and BD. By contrast, unusual sounds-based associations are specific of hypomanic speech and might contribute to the distinction trait and state racing thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Martz
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France; Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa Weiner
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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42
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Chuang YC, Wang CY, Huang WL, Wang LJ, Kuo HC, Chen YC, Huang YJ. Two meta-analyses of the association between atopic diseases and core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3377. [PMID: 35232975 PMCID: PMC8888762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in the field of neuroscience and psychology have hypothesized that a causal association exists between atopic diseases and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported a higher risk of ADHD in children with atopic diseases; however, the relationship between ADHD symptoms and atopic diseases remains unclear. We systematically reviewed observational cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to investigate the relationship between atopic diseases and ADHD symptom severity (hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention). The majority of studies showed a statistically significant association between atopic diseases and both ADHD symptoms, with substantial heterogeneity in the outcome of hyperactivity/impulsivity. Remarkably decreased heterogeneity and statistical significance were observed in the second meta-analysis of ADHD-related behavior symptoms in atopic patients without ADHD. Our study indicated that atopic diseases not only associated with ADHD but also ADHD symptoms severity. This association was even observed in children with subthreshold ADHD, indicating that atopic diseases may play a role in the spectrum of ADHD symptom severity. Trial registration: This study was registered on PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42020213219).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Chuang
- Department of General Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lieh Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Madiouni C, Broc G, Cindy L, Bayard S. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Insomnia, and Sleepiness Symptoms among a Community Adult Sample: The Mediating Effect of Executive Behavioral Regulation and Metacognition Abilities. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 37:916-928. [PMID: 35175334 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a dysexecutive syndrome reflected in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral areas. Independently of a formal diagnosis of ADHD, higher ADHD symptoms are associated with higher levels of insomnia and sleepiness symptoms in adult population-based samples. Insomnia and sleepiness are sleep disorders that are both associated with deficits in several aspects of executive functions which in turn are likely to mimic a range of ADHD symptoms. Our objective was to explore the interrelationships between ADHD, insomnia, and sleepiness symptoms and executive functioning in community-dwelling adults. METHOD A total of 442 participants (18-89 years, 56% females) underwent a semistructured clinical interview and completed questionnaires for insomnia, sleepiness, and everyday behaviors in which executive functions are implicated. Mediation Models were applied. RESULTS Insomnia and sleepiness symptoms did not play a mediating role between ADHD symptoms and executive functioning. Conversely, our results highlighted a mediating effect of daytime insomnia consequences and sleepiness on ADHD symptoms via behavioral regulation executive symptoms (respectively, β = -0.32, p < .001, 95% CI [-0.46, -0.20]; β = 0.09, p < .05, 95% CI [0.02, 0.16]) and metacognitive executive symptoms (respectively, β = -0.30, p < .001, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.18]; β = 0.12, p < .01, 95% CI [0.04, 0.22]). CONCLUSIONS Daytime insomnia consequences and sleepiness symptoms could lead to ADHD-like symptoms through their associated executive symptoms expressed in daily life. When faced with symptoms suggestive of ADHD in adults, insomnia and sleepiness should be systematically screened with standardized instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Madiouni
- EPSYLON, EA 4556, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, F34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Broc
- EPSYLON, EA 4556, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, F34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Lebrun Cindy
- EPSYLON, EA 4556, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, F34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Bayard
- EPSYLON, EA 4556, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, F34000, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the last decade, the research about mind-wandering (MW) significantly improved and allowed us to depth the phenomenology of thoughts. Prototypically, excessive MW was linked with ADHD symptoms. However, many studies have demonstrated the need to relate the type of mind-wandering with specific phenomenological presentations. METHOD Participants (N = 53; 54.7% male; age range 18-36 years) selfreported the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS), and they were investigated for ADHD, impulsivity levels, and anxiety/depressive symptoms. RESULTS The exploratory analysis indicated a meaningful correlation between MEWS and anxiety traits and depressive symptoms. There was no significant relationship with ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION These findings based our discussion about MW's phenomenology considering the novel classification model based on the consideration of clinical markers such as thoughts' content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Figueiredo
- D'or Institute for Education and Research, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mattos
- D'or Institute for Education and Research, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Tripathi V, Garg R. Weak Task Synchronization of Default Mode Network in Task Based Paradigms. Neuroimage 2022; 251:118940. [PMID: 35121184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The brains Default mode network (DMN) is generally characterized by brain areas that gets deactivated upon the presentation of a wide variety of externally focused, attention demanding tasks. These areas also exhibit significant intra-DMN functional connectivity and significant negative functional connectivity with other brain areas, especially with attention networks, in both resting state and task conditions. Therefore, the DMN has been hypothesized to be involved in internally directed cognitive activities such as autobiographical recall of the past, future planning and mind wandering. Recent research has discovered the role of bottom-up attention in modulating the behaviour of DMN. We hypothesize that the de-engagement of the DMN regions upon the presentation of an externally-focused attention-demanding stimulus may not be strictly stimulus locked and may exhibit significant trial-to-trial as well as subject-to-subject variability. Due to the involvement of frontoparietal control network in modulating the anticorrelations between DMN and dorsal attention network (DAN), we expect the DMN regions to have lower inter-trial and inter-subject synchronization in their fMRI BOLD responses as compared to the bottom-up early-sensory task-positive regions. To test this hypothesis, we designed new statistical methods called Inter Trial Temporal Synchronization Analysis (IT-TSA) and Inter Subject TSA (IS-TSA) to analyse variability across trials and subjects respectively. We analysed four publicly available datasets (total 223 subjects) across seven tasks related to different cognitive modalities and found out that there is significantly low stimulus-locked synchronization across trials and subjects in the DMN regions as compared to early sensory task positive regions. Our study challenges the understanding of DMN as a strictly task-negative region and supports the recent findings that DMN acts as an active component associated with intrinsic processing which deactivates differentially and non-linearly across trials and subjects in the presence of extrinsic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tripathi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Rahul Garg
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110052, India; Amar Nath and Shashi Khosla School of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110052, India; National Resource Centre for Value Education in Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110052, India
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46
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An examination of the relationships between attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and functional connectivity over time. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:704-710. [PMID: 33558680 PMCID: PMC8782893 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00958-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous cross-sectional work has demonstrated resting-state connectivity abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relative to typically developing controls. However, it is unclear to what extent these neural abnormalities confer risk for later symptoms of the disorder, or represent the downstream effects of symptoms on functional connectivity. Here, we studied 167 children and adolescents (mean age at baseline = 10.74 years (SD = 2.54); mean age at follow-up = 13.3 years (SD = 2.48); 56 females) with varying levels of ADHD symptoms, all of whom underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and ADHD symptom assessments on two occasions during development. Resting-state functional connectivity was quantified using eigenvector centrality mapping. Using voxelwise cross-lag modeling, we found that less connectivity at baseline within right inferior frontal gyrus was associated with more follow-up symptoms of inattention (significant at an uncorrected cluster-forming threshold of p ≤ 0.001 and a cluster-level familywise error corrected threshold of p < 0.05). Findings suggest that previously reported cross-sectional abnormalities in functional connectivity within inferior frontal gyrus in patients with ADHD may represent a longitudinal risk factor for the disorder, in line with efforts to target this region with novel therapeutic methods.
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47
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Hong SB, Hwang S. Resting-State Brain Variability in Youth With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:918700. [PMID: 35903637 PMCID: PMC9322108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.918700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to determine the nature of the abnormality in resting-state default mode network (DMN) activation and explore its correlation with functional connectivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We obtained resting-state functional magnetic resonance images of youth with ADHD and typically developing counterparts from the publicly available ADHD-200 database. We used data from Peking University (232 scans) and New York University (172 scans); the scan repetition time was 2 s for both data collection sites. We applied generalized estimating equations to estimate the variability of the averaged blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) time series extracted from the DMN at rest. We performed network-based statistics to determine the association between the observed differences in BOLD signal variability and altered functional connectivity. We analyzed data from 105 youth with ADHD (age: mean 12.17, standard deviation 2.31, median 12.25; 15.2% female, 84.8% male) and 140 typically developing youth (age: mean 11.99, standard deviation 2.28, median 11.85; 47.1% female, 52.9% male), who aged 7-17 years. The imaging data were cross-sectionally collected for each participant at one time point. We observed a greater number of significant BOLD signal changes and higher-order polynomial significant associations in youth with ADHD. Moreover, there were significant between-group differences in BOLD signal change after the first 140 s, which coincided with decreased resting-state functional connectivity within the DMN in youth with ADHD. Increased variability of neural signaling was intermittently observed in the brains of youth with ADHD at rest, thereby indicating their default mode state was more unstable than that of typically developing youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Beom Hong
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungsik Hwang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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48
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Gau SF, Hwang-Gu SL, Lin Y, Hsu CF, Ni HC. The link between mind-wandering and performance in a sustained attention to response test in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_16_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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49
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Luelsberg F, Krakau S, Chaieb L, Witt JA, von Wrede R, Fell J, Helmstaedter C. Neuropsychological features of mind wandering in left-, right- and extra temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 2021; 95:50-55. [PMID: 34998088 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mind wandering, i.e. mental time-travelling and imagery unrelated to the current situation has recently been related to mesial temporal lobe (memory) function. In this regard we evaluated as to whether parameters of mind wandering are related to material specific memory in patients with a left-, right-, or extra- temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS In this prospective controlled study we analyzed mind wandering, material specific memory, and executive functions in 29 right-handed patients with right-, left-, or extra-temporal lobe epilepsies. Mind wandering was assessed with a sustained attention to response task containing embedded inquiries on mind wandering. In addition, verbal list learning and memory (VLMT), design list learning (DCS-R), and executive function (EpiTrack) were assessed. RESULTS In patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy, the propensity to mind wander was positively related to verbal memory performance, while in left temporal lobe epilepsy, the propensity and future related mind wandering were positively correlated to the performance in visual/figural memory. Generally, the propensity of MW was related to executive function as well. CONCLUSION The results suggest that mind wandering in lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy appears to be non-specifically driven by executive function and specifically by the mode and functionality of the memory system of the non-epileptic hemisphere. Repeated assessments would be required to discern as to how much such patterns depend on lesions versus epileptic dysfunction and whether they change with successful medical or surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofie Krakau
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Leila Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Randi von Wrede
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
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Chaieb L, Hoppe C, Fell J. Mind wandering and depression: A status report. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104505. [PMID: 34929225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While many clinical studies and overviews on the contribution of rumination to depression exist, relatively little information regarding the role of mind wandering (MW) in general is available. Therefore, it remains an open question whether patterns of MW are altered in depression and, if so, how these alterations are related to rumination. Here, we review and discuss studies investigating MW in cohorts, showing either a clinically significant depression or with clinically significant disorders accompanied by depressive symptoms. These studies yield first tentative insights into major issues. However, further investigations are required, specifically studies which: i) compare patients with a primary diagnosis of major depression with healthy and appropriately matched controls, ii) implement measures of both MW and rumination, iii) are based on experience sampling (in combination with other key approaches), iv) compare experience sampling during daily life, resting state and attentional tasks, v) explore possible biases in the assessment of MW, vi) acquire data not only related to the propensity and contents of MW, but also regarding meta-awareness and intentionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christian Hoppe
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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