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Stellpflug SJ, Stolbach A, Ghorayeb J, Magraken E, Twohey E, Lapoint J, deWeber K. Cannabis in combat sports: position statement of the Association of Ringside Physicians. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38949963 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2024.2375788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
and ARP Position Statement: Based on the available body of scientific evidence and with the goals of promoting safety of combat sports athletes and striving for the advancement of clean sport, the Association of Ringside Physicians recommends the following regarding cannabis:• Use of marijuana or synthetic cannabinoids by combat sports athletes is discouraged due to unproven benefits and many known adverse effects. Acute use can impair cognition and complex motor function, which likely leads to reduced performance in combat sports. Chronic use can increase risk for heart and lung disease, several cancers, schizophrenia, and can reduce testosterone in men and impair fertility. Benefits from cannabis in most contexts, including athletic performance, have not been proven.• Use of topical purified CBD is neither encouraged nor discouraged.• Since acute cannabis intoxication can impair complex cognitive and motor function, any athlete suspected of acute intoxication at the time of competition - based on clinical judgment - should be banned from that competition.• Wide-scale regulation of cannabis based on quantitative testing has limited usefulness in combat sports, for the following reasons:∘ Cannabis is not ergogenic and is likely ergolytic.∘ Concentrations in body fluids correlate poorly with clinical effects and timing of use.∘ Access to testing resources varies widely across sporting organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Stolbach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joe Ghorayeb
- University of Medicine and Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Eric Twohey
- Mayo Clinic Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeff Lapoint
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, San Diego Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kevin deWeber
- SW Washington Sports Medicine Fellowship, Vancouver, WA, USA
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Weng Y, Kruschwitz J, Rueda-Delgado LM, Ruddy K, Boyle R, Franzen L, Serin E, Nweze T, Hanson J, Smyth A, Farnan T, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, McGrath J, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Holz N, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Vaidya N, Schumann G, Walter H, Whelan R. A robust brain network for sustained attention from adolescence to adulthood that predicts later substance use. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.03.587900. [PMID: 38617224 PMCID: PMC11014614 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Substance use, including cigarettes and cannabis, is associated with poorer sustained attention in late adolescence and early adulthood. Previous studies were predominantly cross-sectional or under-powered and could not indicate if impairment in sustained attention was a predictor of substance-use or a marker of the inclination to engage in such behaviour. This study explored the relationship between sustained attention and substance use across a longitudinal span from ages 14 to 23 in over 1,000 participants. Behaviours and brain connectivity associated with diminished sustained attention at age 14 predicted subsequent increases in cannabis and cigarette smoking, establishing sustained attention as a robust biomarker for vulnerability to substance use. Individual differences in network strength relevant to sustained attention were preserved across developmental stages and sustained attention networks generalized to participants in an external dataset. In summary, brain networks of sustained attention are robust, consistent, and able to predict aspects of later substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Weng
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johann Kruschwitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 940) "Volition and Cognitive Control", Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura M Rueda-Delgado
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathy Ruddy
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rory Boyle
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luisa Franzen
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emin Serin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jamie Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Learning Research & Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alannah Smyth
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tom Farnan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, CNRS; Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, CNRS; Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette; and AP-HP. Sorbonne University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, CNRS; Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette; and Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Jane McGrath
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hosptalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Campbell JE, Chen S, Bailey A, Blair A, Comiford AL. Investigating Cannabis-Use Among Students Attending High Schools Within the Cherokee Nation Reservation 2017 and 2019. J Community Health 2024; 49:402-414. [PMID: 38066219 PMCID: PMC10981585 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Oklahoma's medical cannabis is some of the least restrictive in the US. Previous research suggests that American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) have higher rates of cannabis use than other racial or ethnic groups. The goals of this paper are, first, to look at cannabis use among high school students living on the Cherokee Nation Reservation before (2017) and after (2019) medical cannabis because legal in Oklahoma (2018) utilizing the Cherokee Nation Youth Risk Behavior Survey (CNYRBS). Second, to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of youth using cannabis in the Cherokee Nation Reservation. Data were retrieved from the 2017 and 2019 CNYRBS. The data for this study included 1,216 high school students who completed the 2017 and 1,476 who completed the 2019 CNYRBS. After removal of incomplete records, there were 2,602 students whose data was analyzed in this study. Data were weighted to be representative of public-school students attending grades 9-12 within Cherokee Nation Reservation. Despite the legalization of medical cannabis in Oklahoma in 2018, there was no change in cannabis use among youth between 2017 and 2019. There were variations in cannabis use based on demographic factors and other substance uses. AIAN individuals had higher odds of current cannabis use compared to non-Hispanic White students, but there were no differences based on ethnicity. Additionally, the use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, alcohol, and illegal drugs were associated with increased odds of cannabis use among both current and former users compared to those who had never used it. There was no spike in use among youth at least immediately after the legalization of cannabis in the Cherokee Nation Reservation. There were socio-demographic as well as substance use disparities in the use of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis E Campbell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Sixia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anna Bailey
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Andrea Blair
- Cherokee Nation Public Health, 1325 East Boone Street, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA
| | - Ashley L Comiford
- Cherokee Nation Health Services, 19600 East Ross Road, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA
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Mulligan D, O'Callaghan AK, Guerandel A. "Don't Look Up": Eco-anxiety presenting in a Community Mental Health Service. Ir J Psychol Med 2024; 41:144-147. [PMID: 37522169 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2023.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This case report discusses a 25-year-old male who was referred to community mental health services from primary care with symptoms of anxiety and depression related to climate change, which the referring clinician believed were of delusional intensity. This case report gives the history of his interaction with the service. A literature review is performed noting the dearth of case reports in this area and a subsequent discussion charts the emerging literature on mental health issues related to climate change. Finally the paper makes some broad recommendations for mental health practitioners on how to approach these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mulligan
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Mount Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A K O'Callaghan
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Mount Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A Guerandel
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Mount Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Brooks-Russell A, Wrobel J, Brown T, Bidwell LC, Wang GS, Steinhart B, Dooley G, Kosnett MJ. Effects of acute cannabis inhalation on reaction time, decision-making, and memory using a tablet-based application. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:3. [PMID: 38308382 PMCID: PMC10837858 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-024-00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute cannabis use has been demonstrated to slow reaction time and affect decision-making and short-term memory. These effects may have utility in identifying impairment associated with recent use. However, these effects have not been widely investigated among individuals with a pattern of daily use, who may have acquired tolerance. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of tolerance to cannabis on the acute effects as measured by reaction time, decision-making (gap acceptance), and short-term memory. METHODS Participants (ages 25-45) completed a tablet-based (iPad) test battery before and approximately 60 min after smoking cannabis flower. The change in performance from before to after cannabis use was compared across three groups of cannabis users: (1) occasional use (n = 23); (2) daily use (n = 31); or (3) no current use (n = 32). Participants in the occasional and daily use group self-administered ad libitum, by smoking or vaping, self-supplied cannabis flower with a high concentration of total THC (15-30%). RESULTS The occasional use group exhibited decrements in reaction time (slowed) and short-term memory (replicated fewer shapes) from before to after cannabis use, as compared to the no-use group. In the gap acceptance task, daily use participants took more time to complete the task post-smoking cannabis as compared to those with no use or occasional use; however, the level of accuracy did not significantly change. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with acquired tolerance to certain acute psychomotor effects with daily cannabis use. The finding from the gap acceptance task which showed a decline in speed but not accuracy may indicate a prioritization of accuracy over response time. Cognitive and psychomotor assessments may have utility for identifying impairment associated with recent cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Brooks-Russell
- Injury and Violence Prevention Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17Th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Julia Wrobel
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tim Brown
- Driving Safety Research Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - George Sam Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, CU School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin Steinhart
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory Dooley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael J Kosnett
- Department of Medicine, CU School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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6
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Saavedra MS, Thota P, Peresuodei TS, Gill A, Orji C, Reghefaoui M, Khan S. Neurocognitive Impact of Exposure to Cannabis Concentrates and Cannabinoids Including Vaping in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e52362. [PMID: 38361722 PMCID: PMC10867711 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
During adolescence, significant changes unfold in the brain's maturation process. The density of white matter increases, accompanied by the pruning back of gray matter. This critical and vulnerable period becomes especially noteworthy in the context of drug use, as adolescents are extensively exposed to substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis. The concern is heightened now that cannabis has been legalized for recreational use in many places, leading to increased exposure levels. Additionally, knowledge about the impact of cannabis on neurocognitive development during this stage is limited. This knowledge gap compounds the issue, making it even more concerning. Therefore, a systematic review was carried out based on the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, using medical databases such as PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Medline, Cochrane Library, Internet Archive Scholar, and Embase-Elsevier for relevant medical literature. The identified articles were reviewed, eligibility criteria were applied, and 19 research articles were identified. The final papers explored the correlation between children's and adolescents' exposure to cannabis-containing compounds and subsequent changes in the central nervous system (CNS). Findings revealed a considerable impact, ranging from transient alterations in mood to permanent cognitive function and sensory processing changes, affecting the deterioration of the quality of life of these individuals in adulthood. Presently, most studies were conducted on animals, and the few studies on humans have considerable limitations, such as the type of study, age of the population, and small samples, among others. For this reason, it is essential for the scientific community and public health organizations, in general, to conduct more studies that demonstrate the true neurobiological impact of this drug and its accessibility to young people and, based on the results, consider its legalization or propose regulations for its use and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michell S Saavedra
- Medicine, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, ECU
- Pediatrics, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Priyanka Thota
- Medicine, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, IND
- Pediatrics, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Tariladei S Peresuodei
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Abhishek Gill
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Chijioke Orji
- Trauma and Orthopedics, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Wrexham, GBR
- Trauma and Orthopedics, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Maiss Reghefaoui
- Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HUN
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Safeera Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Roberts-West L, Baxendale S. The impact of recreational cannabis use on neuropsychological function in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2023; 24:100630. [PMID: 37954009 PMCID: PMC10637877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2023.100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is associated with neuropsychological impairments in the general population, but little is known about the impact on cognitive function in people with epilepsy who are already at increased risk of difficulties due to the essential comorbidities of the disease. We compared the performance of 42 people with epilepsy (PWE) who reported regular cannabis use with 254 age matched, non-cannabis-using PWE. Patients completed tests of intellectual reserve, memory, language and processing speed. Approximately one in 17 patients (5.9 %) reported current cannabis use. Cannabis use was not associated with epilepsy type. Males were 1.8 times more likely to report cannabis use compared to females. Cannabis use was associated with lower intellectual reserve (Reading IQ: t = 2.8, p < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.49), reduced encoding of new information (List Learning: t = 3.3, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.56) and enhanced susceptibility to distraction on a subsequent recall task (t = 3.07, p < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.51. In regression models cannabis use was significantly associated with impairments in learning and recall after controlling for elevated levels of anxiety and depression. Our data indicates that recreational cannabis use in people with epilepsy amplifies deficits in new learning and enhances susceptibility to distraction in the retention of newly learnt material. Recreational cannabis use should be considered when interpreting the significance of these cognitive impairments when they are recorded in a clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sallie Baxendale
- University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, United Kingdom
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8
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Lehman SM, Thompson EL, Pacheco-Colón I, Hawes SW, Adams AR, Granja K, Pulido WJ, Gonzalez R. Cannabis use and episodic memory performance among adolescents: Moderating effects of depression symptoms and sex. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:715-723. [PMID: 36775907 PMCID: PMC10423301 DOI: 10.1017/s135561772300005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use has been linked to poorer episodic memory. However, little is known about whether depression and sex may interact as potential moderators of this association, particularly among adolescents. The current study addresses this by examining interactions between depression symptoms and sex on the association between cannabis use and episodic memory in a large sample of adolescents. METHOD Cross-sectional data from 360 adolescents (M age = 17.38, SD = .75) were analyzed at the final assessment wave of a two-year longitudinal study. We used the Drug Use History Questionnaire to assess for lifetime cannabis use, and the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Fourth edition to assess the number of depression symptoms in the past year. Subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale, Fourth Edition and the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition were used to assess episodic memory performance. RESULTS The effect of the three-way interaction among cannabis use, depression symptoms, and sex did not have a significant impact on episodic memory performance. However, follow-up analyses revealed a significant effect of the two-way interaction of cannabis use and depression symptoms on episodic memory, such that associations between cannabis use and episodic memory were only significant at lower and average levels of depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that as depression symptoms increased, the negative association between cannabis use and episodic memory diminished. Given the use of a predominantly subsyndromic sample, future studies should attempt to replicate findings among individuals with more severe depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Lehman
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199-2156, USA
| | - Erin L Thompson
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199-2156, USA
| | - Ileana Pacheco-Colón
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199-2156, USA
| | - Samuel W Hawes
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199-2156, USA
| | - Ashley R Adams
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199-2156, USA
| | - Karen Granja
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199-2156, USA
| | - William J Pulido
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199-2156, USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199-2156, USA
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9
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Lehman SM, Thompson EL, Adams AR, Hawes SW, Pacheco-Colón I, Granja K, Paula DC, Gonzalez R. Motives for Cannabis Use and Risky Decision Making Influence Cannabis Use Trajectories in Teens. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1405. [PMID: 37891774 PMCID: PMC10605550 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study will examine the interactive effects of motives for cannabis use (i.e., health or recreational) and risky decision making (DM) on cannabis use trajectories among adolescents. Data from 171 adolescents, aged 14-17 at the initial visit (baseline), were prospectively analyzed across five time points approximately six months apart. Latent growth curve modeling and linear regression analyses were used. We found a significant interactive effect of "recreational motives" and risky DM on the rate of cannabis use over time. Specifically, among those less likely to use cannabis for recreational purposes, riskier DM was associated with a faster increase in the rate of use over time relative to those with lower risky DM. Additionally, a significant main effect showed that those with a greater proclivity to use cannabis for health purposes had higher initial levels of use at baseline and faster increases in the rate of use over time. Regardless of risky DM, using cannabis for health purposes is associated with faster increases in cannabis use escalation. Additionally, risky DM does impact the association between recreational motives for use and cannabis use trajectories. Future work should examine these associations with additional motives for cannabis use that have been previously validated within the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Lehman
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.L.T.); (A.R.A.); (S.W.H.); (K.G.); (D.C.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Erin L. Thompson
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.L.T.); (A.R.A.); (S.W.H.); (K.G.); (D.C.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Ashley R. Adams
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.L.T.); (A.R.A.); (S.W.H.); (K.G.); (D.C.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Samuel W. Hawes
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.L.T.); (A.R.A.); (S.W.H.); (K.G.); (D.C.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Ileana Pacheco-Colón
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Karen Granja
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.L.T.); (A.R.A.); (S.W.H.); (K.G.); (D.C.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Dayana C. Paula
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.L.T.); (A.R.A.); (S.W.H.); (K.G.); (D.C.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.L.T.); (A.R.A.); (S.W.H.); (K.G.); (D.C.P.); (R.G.)
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10
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Moshfeghinia R, Oji B, Hosseinzadeh M, Pourfridoni M, Ahmadi J. Early onset frontotemporal dementia following cannabis abuse: a case report. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:484. [PMID: 37391735 PMCID: PMC10311823 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04956-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal disorders (FTD) are the consequence of impairment to neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Also, no definitive treatment has been found for FTD. Cannabinoid products can be used to manage treatment-resistant behavioral variants of Frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). CASE PRESENTATION We describe the case of 34 years old male with two years of marijuana abuse. At first, he presented with symptoms of apathy and bizarre behavior, which became more severe, and led to disinhibition. The clinical symptoms and imaging findings made FTD probable for him, which was very interesting to report. CONCLUSIONS While cannabis has demonstrated potential in managing behavioral and mental symptoms of dementia, the presented case highlights the profound impact of cannabis consumption on brain structure and chemistry, including the potential for neurodegenerative disorders like FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moshfeghinia
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Substance Abuse Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahare Oji
- Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Hosseinzadeh
- Fasa Neuroscience Circle (FNC), Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Jamshid Ahmadi
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Institute for Multicultural Counseling & Education Services (IMCES), Los Angeles, CA, US.
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11
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Gasparyan A, Maldonado Sanchez D, Navarrete F, Sion A, Navarro D, García-Gutiérrez MS, Rubio Valladolid G, Jurado Barba R, Manzanares J. Cognitive Alterations in Addictive Disorders: A Translational Approach. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1796. [PMID: 37509436 PMCID: PMC10376598 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive decline in people with substance use disorders is well known and can be found during both the dependence and drug abstinence phases. At the clinical level, cognitive decline impairs the response to addiction treatment and increases dropout rates. It can be irreversible, even after the end of drug abuse consumption. Improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular alterations associated with cognitive decline could be essential to developing specific therapeutic strategies for its treatment. Developing animal models to simulate drug abuse-induced learning and memory alterations is critical to continue exploring this clinical situation. The main aim of this review is to summarize the most recent evidence on cognitive impairment and the associated biological markers in patients addicted to some of the most consumed drugs of abuse and in animal models simulating this clinical situation. The available information suggests the need to develop more studies to further explore the molecular alterations associated with cognitive impairment, with the ultimate goal of developing new potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Gasparyan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Sion
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio Valladolid
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Jurado Barba
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health, Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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12
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Marceau EM, Berry J, Grenyer BFS. Neurocognition of females with substance use disorder and comorbid personality disorder: Divergence in subjective and objective cognition. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023; 30:368-378. [PMID: 34251923 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1948413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
At least one in four patients with substance use disorder (SUD) meet criteria for personality disorder and overlapping neurocognitive deficits may reflect shared neurobiological mechanisms. We studied neurocognition in females attending residential SUD treatment by comparing SUD with (n = 20) or without (n = 30) comorbid personality disorder. Neuropsychological testing included working memory, inhibition, shifting, verbal fluency, design fluency, psychomotor speed, immediate and delayed verbal memory, processing speed, premorbid functioning, cognitive screening, and self-reported executive function. As expected, whole-sample deficits included working memory (d = -.91), self-reported executive function (d = -.87), processing speed (d = -.40), delayed verbal memory recall (d = -.39), premorbid functioning (d = -.51), and cognitive screening performance (d = -.61). Importantly, the comorbid personality disorder group showed greater self-reported executive dysfunction (d = -.67) and poorer shifting performance (d = -.65). However, they also evidenced better working memory (d = .84), immediate (d = .95) and delayed (d = .83) verbal memory, premorbid functioning (d = .90), and cognitive screening performance (d = .77). Overall executive dysfunction deficits were concordant with those observed in previous SUD studies. Surprisingly, comorbid personality disorder was associated with a pattern indicating poorer subjective (self-report) but better objective performance on a number of tasks, apart from shifting deficits that may relate to emotion dysregulation. Subjective emotional dysfunction may influence the cognitive deficits observed in the personality disorder group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely M Marceau
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jamie Berry
- Advanced Neuropsychological Treatment Services, Strathfield South, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Brin F S Grenyer
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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13
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McCutcheon RA, Keefe RSE, McGuire PK. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1902-1918. [PMID: 36690793 PMCID: PMC10575791 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, account for much of the impaired functioning associated with the disorder and are not responsive to existing treatments. In this review, we first describe the clinical presentation and natural history of these deficits. We then consider aetiological factors, highlighting how a range of similar genetic and environmental factors are associated with both cognitive function and schizophrenia. We then review the pathophysiological mechanisms thought to underlie cognitive symptoms, including the role of dopamine, cholinergic signalling and the balance between GABAergic interneurons and glutamatergic pyramidal cells. Finally, we review the clinical management of cognitive impairments and candidate novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
- Oxford health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Richard S E Keefe
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philip K McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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14
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Weyrich L, Arif Y, Schantell M, Johnson HJ, Willett MP, Okelberry HJ, Wilson TW. Altered functional connectivity and oscillatory dynamics in polysubstance and cannabis only users during visuospatial processing. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:769-783. [PMID: 36752815 PMCID: PMC10545949 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Cannabis use is often associated with the use of other psychoactive substances, which is subsequently linked to an increased risk for addiction. While there is a growing body of neuroimaging literature investigating the cognitive effect of long-term cannabis use, very little is known about the potential additive effects of cannabis polysubstance use. METHODS Fifty-six adults composed of 18 polysubstance users (i.e., cannabis plus at least one other illicit substance), 19 cannabis-only users, and 19 nonusers completed a visuospatial attention task while undergoing magnetoencephalography. A data-driven approach was used to identify oscillatory neural responses, which were imaged using a beamforming approach. The resulting cortical regions were probed for group differences and used as seeds for whole-brain connectivity analysis. RESULTS Participants exhibited robust theta, alpha, beta, and gamma responses during visuospatial processing. Statistical analyses indicated that the cannabis-only group had weaker occipital theta relative to the nonusers, and that both polysubstance and cannabis-only users had reduced spontaneous gamma in the occipital cortices during the pre-stimulus baseline period relative to nonusers. Finally, functional connectivity analyses revealed that polysubstance users had sharply reduced beta connectivity between occipital and prefrontal, as well as occipital and left temporal cortices. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use should be considered in a polysubstance context, as our correlational design suggests differences in functional connectivity among those who reported cannabis-only versus polysubstance use in occipital to prefrontal pathways critical to visuospatial processing and attention function. Future work should distinguish the effect of different polysubstance combinations and use more causal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Weyrich
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Yasra Arif
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
| | - Mikki Schantell
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile Street, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Hallie J Johnson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
| | - Madelyn P Willett
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
| | - Hannah J Okelberry
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
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15
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Gette JA, Regan T, Schumacher JA. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for cannabis: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 146:208957. [PMID: 36880902 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.208957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) has been used to change substance use behavior. Despite cannabis being the most prevalent federally illicit substance, we have limited understanding of use of SBIRT for managing cannabis use. This review aimed to summarize the literature on SBIRT for cannabis use across age groups and contexts over the last two decades. METHODS This scoping review followed the a priori guide outlined by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. We gathered articles from PsycINFO, PubMed, Sage Journals Online, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. RESULTS The final analysis includes forty-four articles. Results indicate inconsistent implementation of universal screens and suggest screens assessing cannabis-specific consequences and utilizing normative data may increase patient engagement. Broadly, SBIRT for cannabis demonstrates high acceptability. However, the impact of SBIRT on behavior change across various modifications to intervention content and modality has been inconsistent. In adults, patients with primary cannabis use are not engaging in recommended treatment at similar rates to other substances. Results also suggest a lack of research addressing referral to treatment in adolescents and emerging adults. DISCUSSION Based on this review, we offer several to improve each component of SBRIT that may increase implementation of screens, effectiveness of brief interventions, and engagement in follow-up treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gette
- Center for Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America.
| | - T Regan
- Department of Psychiatry, the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - J A Schumacher
- Department of Psychiatry, the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
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16
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Advanced methods and implementations for the meta-analyses of animal models: Current practices and future recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105016. [PMID: 36566804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analytic techniques have been widely used to synthesize data from animal models of human diseases and conditions, but these analyses often face two statistical challenges due to complex nature of animal data (e.g., multiple effect sizes and multiple species): statistical dependency and confounding heterogeneity. These challenges can lead to unreliable and less informative evidence, which hinders the translation of findings from animal to human studies. We present a literature survey of meta-analysis using animal models (animal meta-analysis), showing that these issues are not adequately addressed in current practice. To address these challenges, we propose a meta-analytic framework based on multilevel (linear mixed-effects) models. Through conceptualization, formulations, and worked examples, we illustrate how this framework can appropriately address these issues while allowing for testing new questions. Additionally, we introduce other advanced techniques such as multivariate models, robust variance estimation, and meta-analysis of emergent effect sizes, which can deliver robust inferences and novel biological insights. We also provide a tutorial with annotated R code to demonstrate the implementation of these techniques.
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17
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Requena-Ocaña N, Araos P, Serrano-Castro PJ, Flores-López M, García-Marchena N, Oliver-Martos B, Ruiz JJ, Gavito A, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Mayoral F, Suarez J, de Fonseca FR. Plasma Concentrations of Neurofilament Light Chain Protein and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor as Consistent Biomarkers of Cognitive Impairment in Alcohol Use Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021183. [PMID: 36674698 PMCID: PMC9866623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) were not considered a component in the etiology of dementia. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders introduced substance-induced neurocognitive disorders, incorporating this notion to clinical practice. However, detection and monitoring of neurodegenerative processes in SUD patients remain a major clinical challenge, especially when early diagnosis is required. In the present study, we aimed to investigate new potential biomarkers of neurodegeneration that could predict cognitive impairment in SUD patients: the circulating concentrations of Neurofilament Light chain protein (NfL) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Sixty SUD patients were compared with twenty-seven dementia patients and forty healthy controls. SUD patients were recruited and assessed using the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental (PRISM) and a battery of neuropsychological tests, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test for evaluation of cognitive impairment. When compared to healthy control subjects, SUD patients showed increases in plasma NfL concentrations and NfL/BDNF ratio, as well as reduced plasma BDNF levels. These changes were remarkable in SUD patients with moderate-severe cognitive impairment, being comparable to those observed in dementia patients. NfL concentrations correlated with executive function and memory cognition in SUD patients. The parameters "age", "NfL/BDNF ratio", "first time alcohol use", "age of onset of alcohol use disorder", and "length of alcohol use disorder diagnosis" were able to stratify our SUD sample into patients with cognitive impairment from those without cognitive dysfunction with great specificity and sensibility. In conclusion, we propose the combined use of NfL and BDNF (NfL/BDNF ratio) to monitor substance-induced neurocognitive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Requena-Ocaña
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Araos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Serrano-Castro
- Andalusian Network for Clinical and Translational Research in Neurology (NEURO-RECA), 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Neurology Service, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - María Flores-López
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Marchena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Institute D, Research in Health Sciences Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Addictions Unit-Internal Medicine Service, Campus Can Ruti, Carrer del Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Andalusian Network for Clinical and Translational Research in Neurology (NEURO-RECA), 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Neurology Service, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Ruiz
- Provincial Drug Addiction Center (CPD) of Malaga, Provincial Council of Malaga, C/Ana Solo de Zaldívar, n3, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Gavito
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in the Cardiovascular Diseases Network (CIBERCV), Carlos III Health Institute, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Fermín Mayoral
- Mental Health Clinical Management Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga-IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Department of Anatomy, Legal Medicine and History of Science, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur 32, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Neuropsychopharmacology Group, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Andalusian Network for Clinical and Translational Research in Neurology (NEURO-RECA), 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Neurology Service, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Mental Health Clinical Management Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga-IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (F.R.d.F.)
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18
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Blithikioti C, Miquel L, Paniello B, Nuño L, Gual A, Ballester BR, Fernandez A, Herreros I, Verschure P, Balcells-Olivero M. Chronic cannabis use affects cerebellum dependent visuomotor adaptation. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:8-15. [PMID: 36219905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances in the world. However, its effects on human cognition are not yet fully understood. Although the cerebellum has the highest density of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) in the human brain, literature on how cannabis use affects cerebellar-dependent learning is sparse. This study examined the effect of chronic cannabis use on sensorimotor adaptation, a cerebellar-mediated task, which has been suggested to depend on endocannabinoid signaling. METHODS Chronic cannabis users (n = 27) with no psychiatric comorbidities and healthy, cannabis-naïve controls (n = 25) were evaluated using a visuomotor rotation task. Cannabis users were re-tested after 1 month of abstinence (n = 13) to assess whether initial differences in performance would persist after cessation of use. RESULTS Cannabis users showed lower adaptation rates compared to controls at the first time point. However, this difference in performance did not persist when participants were retested after one month of abstinence (n = 13). Healthy controls showed attenuated implicit learning in the late phase of the adaptation during re-exposure, which was not present in cannabis users. This explains the lack of between group differences in the second time point and suggests a potential alteration of synaptic plasticity required for cerebellar learning in cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that chronic cannabis users show alterations in sensorimotor adaptation, likely due to a saturation of the endocannabinoid system after chronic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Miquel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Paniello
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Nuño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Rubio Ballester
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Fernandez
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paul Verschure
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Balcells-Olivero
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Luo X, Yang JJ, Buu A, Trucco EM, Li CSR. Alcohol and cannabis co-use and longitudinal gray matter volumetric changes in early and late adolescence. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13208. [PMID: 36001427 PMCID: PMC9413216 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have characterized the impact of substance use on cerebral structure and function in adolescents. Yet, the great majority of prior studies employed a small sample, presented cross-sectional findings, and omitted potential sex differences. METHODS Using data based on 724 adolescents (370 females) curated from the NCANDA study, we investigated how gray matter volumes (GMVs) decline longitudinally as a result of alcohol and cannabis use. The impacts of alcohol and cannabis co-use and how these vary across assigned sex at birth and age were examined. Brain imaging data comprised the GMVs of 34 regions of interest and the results were evaluated with a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Mixed-effects modeling showed faster volumetric declines in the caudal middle frontal cortex, fusiform, inferior frontal, superior temporal (STG), and supramarginal (SMG) gyri, at -0.046 to -0.138 cm3 /year in individuals with prior-year alcohol and cannabis co-use, but not those engaged in alcohol or cannabis use only. These findings cannot be explained by more severe alcohol use among co-users. Further, alcohol and cannabis co-use in early versus late adolescence predicted faster volumetric decline in the STG and SMG across assigned sex at birth. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the longitudinal impact of alcohol and cannabis co-use on brain development, especially among youth reporting early adolescent onset of use. The volumetric decline was noted in cortical regions in support of attention, memory, executive control, and social cognition, suggesting the pervasive effect of alcohol and cannabis co-use on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - James J. Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Elisa M. Trucco
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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20
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Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Giguère S, Dumais A. Evidence on the acute and residual neurocognitive effects of cannabis use in adolescents and adults: a systematic meta-review of meta-analyses. Addiction 2022; 117:1857-1870. [PMID: 35048456 DOI: 10.1111/add.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is among the most consumed psychoactive substances world-wide. Considering changing policy trends regarding the substance, it is crucial to understand more clearly its potential acute and residual adverse effects from a public health viewpoint. Cognitive function is one of the targeted areas with conflicting findings. This meta-review measured the magnitude of acute and residual effects of cannabis on cognition in adolescents and adults provided by meta-analyses and evaluated quality of evidence. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Meta-analyses were included if they quantitatively examined the performances of users from the general population on cognitive tasks. RESULTS The search retrieved 10 eligible meta-analyses (71 effects sizes, n = 43 761) with evidence ranging from low to moderate quality, which were categorized into domains of cognitive functions: executive functions (k = 7), learning and memory (k = 5), attention (k = 4), processing speed (k = 5), perceptual motor function (k = 2) and language (k = 2). Verbal learning and memory displayed the most robust evidence and were most impaired by acute cannabis intoxication that persisted after intoxication passed. Small-to-moderate acute and residual adverse effects were reported for executive functioning. Cannabis use led to small deficits in inhibitory processes and flexibility, whereas small-to-moderate deficits were reported for working memory and decision-making. Evidence regarding processing speed and attention has shown that cannabis administration induced small-to-moderate adverse effects and residual neurocognitive deficits were observed in heavy cannabis-using youths. Results showed no significant difference between cannabis users and non-users on language, and small-to-moderate effects for simple motor skills. CONCLUSION Meta-analytical data on the acute effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive function have shown that cannabis intoxication leads to small to moderate deficits in several cognitive domains. These acute impairments accord with documented residual effects, suggesting that the detrimental effects of cannabis persist beyond acute intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dellazizzo
- Research center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Research center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sabrina Giguère
- Research center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Research center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, Canada
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21
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Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Giguère S, Dumais A. The Potential Paradoxical Neurocognitive Effects of Cannabis Use in Patients with Psychotic Disorders: A Critical Meta-Review of Meta-Analytical Evidence. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022. [PMID: 35666226 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between cannabis and cognitive functions has been thoroughly studied in psychotic disorders, but conflictual/paradoxical results have emerged. This critical meta-review examined the magnitude of effects of cannabis on neurocognitive functions in patients with psychotic disorders provided by meta-analyses and evaluated the quality of evidence. Methods: A systematic search of meta-analyses was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: The search retrieved six meta-analyses. Quality of evidence varied from very low to moderate quality. No neurocognitive difference was observed between cannabis users and nonusers in first episode of psychosis samples. Limited evidence showed no significant difference in language, psychomotor functioning, and verbal/visual learning/memory, apart from improvements in verbal and visual memory (recognition). Findings showed better neurocognitive performances in cannabis-using patients for planning/reasoning and working memory. There were tendencies toward significance for processing speed and attention. Most effect sizes showed small to moderate degrees of outperformances in cannabis users. Individuals with lifetime use appeared to show better neurocognitive functions. Conclusion: Evidence indicated nonuniform effects of cannabis use across cognitive domains, with some areas suggesting better cognitive performances in cannabis users, entitled the paradoxical effect of the dually diagnosed. Clinical significance of these findings should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dellazizzo
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sabrina Giguère
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institut National de Psychiatrie Légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, Canada
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22
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Becker ABC, Lüken LM, Kelker L, Holtmann M, Daseking M, Legenbauer T. Cognitive Profiles of Adolescent Inpatients with Substance Use Disorder. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050756. [PMID: 35626933 PMCID: PMC9139439 DOI: 10.3390/children9050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of substance abuse is high during adolescence, and several studies have linked the use of alcohol and cannabis in adolescence to different cognitive impairments. To investigate whether specific cognitive deficits can be observed in adolescents with substance use disorder (SUD), we compared the cognitive profiles of inpatient adolescents diagnosed with SUD to a control group matched for sex, age and educational status. The inpatient adolescents received diagnoses of cannabis use disorder, alcohol use disorder or both. We compared the WISC-V profiles of 22 inpatients (45.5% female, Mage: 14.5; SD: 0.8) and the WAIS-IV profiles of 27 inpatients (44.4% female, Mage: 17.1; SD: 0.9) to 49 matched control participants with no diagnosed SUD. At the time of testing, participants were hospitalized for treatment of their SUD and were abstinent for a period of at least 6 weeks. To gain greater power, we jointly analyzed the Verbal Comprehension Index, Working Memory Index, Processing Speed Index and Full Scale IQ as assessed by WISC-V and WAIS-IV. The clinical group performed significantly worse than the control group on all the above indices. When only the group of inpatients was observed, in a model with the factors sex, educational status, presence of a comorbid diagnosis of depression and the number of comorbid diagnoses, only the factor educational status was significantly associated with the Full Scale IQ, whereas the factors sex and a comorbid diagnosis of depression in this group were associated with the Processing Speed Index. The results show that adolescents diagnosed with SUD (cannabis and/or alcohol) display broad cognitive impairments after 6 weeks of abstinence. Future research is required to further explore the role of comorbid diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Beate Christiane Becker
- Department of Educational Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces, 22043 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luisa Marie Lüken
- LWL University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Ruhr University Bochum, 59071 Hamm, Germany; (L.M.L.); (M.H.); (T.L.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lea Kelker
- Department of Educational Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces, 22043 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Martin Holtmann
- LWL University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Ruhr University Bochum, 59071 Hamm, Germany; (L.M.L.); (M.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Monika Daseking
- Department of Educational Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces, 22043 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Tanja Legenbauer
- LWL University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Ruhr University Bochum, 59071 Hamm, Germany; (L.M.L.); (M.H.); (T.L.)
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23
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Rosen AS, Hirst RB, Brown C, Arastu S, Hedbabny K. Eyewitness Recall, Lineup Identification, and Verbal and Visual Memory Among Chronic Cannabis Users After a Minimum of 24‐Hours Abstinence. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rayna B. Hirst
- Department of Psychology Palo Alto University United States
| | - Colin Brown
- Department of Psychology Palo Alto University United States
| | - Sana Arastu
- Department of Psychology Palo Alto University United States
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24
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Luciana M, Collins PF. Neuroplasticity, the Prefrontal Cortex, and Psychopathology-Related Deviations in Cognitive Control. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2022; 18:443-469. [PMID: 35534121 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A basic survival need is the ability to respond to, and persevere in the midst of, experiential challenges. Mechanisms of neuroplasticity permit this responsivity via functional adaptations (flexibility), as well as more substantial structural modifications following chronic stress or injury. This review focuses on prefrontally based flexibility, expressed throughout large-scale neuronal networks through the actions of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. With substance use disorders and stress-related internalizing disorders as exemplars, we review human behavioral and neuroimaging data, considering whether executive control, particularly cognitive flexibility, is impaired premorbidly, enduringly compromised with illness progression, or both. We conclude that deviations in control processes are consistently expressed in the context of active illness but operate through different mechanisms and with distinct longitudinal patterns in externalizing versus internalizing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; ,
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; ,
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25
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Acute effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on auditory mismatch negativity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1409-1424. [PMID: 34719731 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia subserved by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function and there is increasing evidence that prolonged cannabis use adversely affects MMN generation. Few human studies have investigated the acute effects of cannabinoids on brain-based biomarkers of NMDAR function and synaptic plasticity. OBJECTIVES The current study investigated the acute effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) alone and in combination on the mismatch negativity (MMN). METHODS In a randomised, double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled study, 18 frequent and 18 less-frequent cannabis users underwent 5 randomised drug sessions administered via vaporiser: (1) placebo; (2) THC 8 mg; (3) CBD 400 mg; (4) THC 8 mg + CBD 4 mg [THC + CBDlow]; (5) THC 12 mg + CBD 400 mg [THC + CBDhigh]. Participants completed a multifeature MMN auditory oddball paradigm with duration, frequency and intensity deviants (6% each). RESULTS Relative to placebo, both THC and CBD were observed to increase duration and intensity MMN amplitude in less-frequent users, and THC also increased frequency MMN in this group. The addition of low-dose CBD added to THC attenuated the effect of THC on duration and intensity MMN amplitude in less-frequent users. The same pattern of effects was observed following high-dose CBD added to THC on duration and frequency MMN in frequent users. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of effects following CBD combined with THC on MMN may be subserved by different underlying neurobiological interactions within the endocannabinoid system that vary as a function of prior cannabis exposure. These results highlight the complex interplay between the acute effects of exogenous cannabinoids and NMDAR function. Further research is needed to determine how this process normalises after the acute effects dissipate and following repeated acute exposure.
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26
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Lawn W, Fernandez-Vinson N, Mokrysz C, Hogg G, Lees R, Trinci K, Petrilli K, Borissova A, Ofori S, Waters S, Michór P, Wall MB, Freeman TP, Curran HV. The CannTeen study: verbal episodic memory, spatial working memory, and response inhibition in adolescent and adult cannabis users and age-matched controls. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1629-1641. [PMID: 35486121 PMCID: PMC9110435 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and human studies suggest that adolescent cannabis use may be associated with worse cognitive outcomes than adult cannabis use. We investigated the associations between chronic cannabis use and cognitive function in adolescent and adult cannabis users and controls. We hypothesised user-status would be negatively associated with cognitive function and this relationship would be stronger in adolescents than adults. METHODS As part of the 'CannTeen' project, this cross-sectional study assessed cognitive performance in adolescent cannabis users (n = 76; 16-17-year-olds), adolescent controls (n = 63), adult cannabis users (n = 71; 26-29-year-olds) and adult controls (n = 64). Users used cannabis 1-7 days/week. Adolescent and adult cannabis users were matched on cannabis use frequency (4 days/week) and time since last use (2.5 days). Verbal episodic memory (VEM) was assessed using the prose recall task, spatial working memory (SWM) was assessed using the spatial n-back task, and response inhibition was assessed with the stop-signal task. Primary outcome variables were: delayed recall, 3-back discriminability, and stop signal reaction time, respectively. RESULTS Users had worse VEM than controls (F(1,268) = 7.423, p = 0.007). There were no significant differences between user-groups on SWM or response inhibition. Null differences were supported by Bayesian analyses. No significant interactions between age-group and user-group were found for VEM, SWM, or response inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous research, there was an association between chronic cannabis use and poorer VEM, but chronic cannabis use was not associated with SWM or response inhibition. We did not find evidence for heightened adolescent vulnerability to cannabis-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - N Fernandez-Vinson
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C Mokrysz
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Hogg
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Lees
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - K Trinci
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Petrilli
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - A Borissova
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Ofori
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Waters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - P Michór
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M B Wall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Invicro London, Hammersmith Hospital, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - T P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - H V Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
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27
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Thomson H, Labuschagne I, Greenwood LM, Robinson E, Sehl H, Suo C, Lorenzetti V. Is resting-state functional connectivity altered in regular cannabis users? A systematic review of the literature. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1191-1209. [PMID: 34415377 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regular cannabis use has been associated with brain functional alterations within frontal, temporal, and striatal pathways assessed during various cognitive tasks. Whether such alterations are consistently reported in the absence of overt task performance needs to be elucidated to uncover the core neurobiological mechanisms of regular cannabis use. OBJECTIVES We aim to systematically review findings from studies that examine spontaneous fluctuations of brain function using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in cannabis users versus controls, and the association between rsFC and cannabis use chronicity, mental health symptoms, and cognitive performance. METHODS We conducted a PROSPERO registered systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and searched eight databases. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were included for review. Samples comprised 1396 participants aged 16 to 42 years, of which 737 were cannabis users and 659 were controls. Most studies found greater positive rsFC in cannabis users compared to controls between frontal-frontal, fronto-striatal, and fronto-temporal region pairings. The same region pairings were found to be preliminarily associated with varying measures of cannabis exposure. CONCLUSIONS The evidence to date shows that regular cannabis exposure is consistently associated with alteration of spontaneous changes in Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent signal without any explicit cognitive input or output. These findings have implications for interpreting results from task-based fMRI studies of cannabis users, which may additionally tax overlapping networks. Future longitudinal rsFC fMRI studies are required to determine the clinical relevance of the findings and their link to the chronicity of use, mental health, and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Thomson
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Australian Catholic University, 17 Young Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Izelle Labuschagne
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Australian Catholic University, 17 Young Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Lisa-Marie Greenwood
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence (ACRE), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Robinson
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Australian Catholic University, 17 Young Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Hannah Sehl
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Australian Catholic University, 17 Young Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Chao Suo
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Australian Catholic University, 17 Young Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
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28
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Rafei P, Rezapour T, Batouli SAH, Verdejo-García A, Lorenzetti V, Hatami J. How do cannabis users mentally travel in time? Evidence from an fMRI study of episodic future thinking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1441-1457. [PMID: 34694424 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Episodic future thinking (EFT) is a cognitive function that allows individuals to imagine novel experiences that may happen in the future. Prior studies show that EFT is impaired in different groups of substance users. However, there is no evidence regarding the neurobiological mechanisms of EFT in cannabis users. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare brain activations of regular cannabis users and non-using controls during an EFT fMRI task. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to investigate the association between EFT and cannabis use variables (e.g., duration of use, age onset, frequency of use). METHODS Twenty current cannabis users and 22 drug-naïve controls underwent an fMRI scanning session while completing a task involving envisioning future-related events and retrieval of past memories as a control condition. The EFT fMRI task was adapted from the autobiographical interview and composed of 20 auditory cue sentences (10 cues for past and 10 cues for future events). Participants were asked to recall a past or generate a future event, in response to the cues, and then rate their vividness after each response. RESULTS We found that cannabis users compared to non-user controls had lower activation within the cerebellum, medial and superior temporal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, and occipital fusiform gyrus while envisioning future events. Cannabis users rated the vividness of past events significantly lower than non-users (P < 0.005). There were marginal group differences for rating the vividness of future events (P = 0.052). Significant correlations were also found between the medial and superior temporal gyrus activities and behavioral measures of EFT and episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis users, compared to drug-naïve controls, have lower brain activation in EFT relevant regions. Thus, any attempts to improve aberrant EFT performance in cannabis users may benefit from EFT training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Rafei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tara Rezapour
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Sciences Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Medical Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioral & Health Sciences, Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Stueber A, Cuttler C. Self-Reported Effects of Cannabis on ADHD Symptoms, ADHD Medication Side Effects, and ADHD-Related Executive Dysfunction. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:942-955. [PMID: 34632827 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with ADHD are more likely to use cannabis but little is known about the effects of cannabis on ADHD symptoms, ADHD medication side effects, or ADHD-related executive dysfunction. METHOD Students (n = 1,738) completed an online survey containing measures of ADHD symptoms, cannabis use, perceived effects of cannabis on ADHD symptoms and medication side effects, as well as executive dysfunction. RESULTS Participants with ADHD who have used cannabis reported that cannabis has acute beneficial effects on many symptoms of ADHD (e.g., hyperactivity, impulsivity). Further, they perceived cannabis to improve most of their medication side effects (e.g., irritability, anxiety). Finally, cannabis use frequency was a significant moderator of the associations between symptom severity and executive dysfunction. CONCLUSION Results suggest people with ADHD may be using cannabis to self-medicate for many of their symptoms and medication side effects and that more frequent use may mitigate ADHD-related executive dysfunction.
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30
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Wade NE, McCabe CJ, Wallace AL, Gonzalez MR, Hoh E, Infante MA, Mejia MH, Haist F. Clouding up cognition?: Secondhand cannabis and tobacco exposure related to cognitive functioning in youth. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 3:233-242. [PMID: 37124351 PMCID: PMC10140452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing legalization of cannabis, in addition to longstanding rates of tobacco use, raises concerns for possible cognitive decrements from secondhand smoke or environmental exposure, although little research exists. We investigate the relation between cognition and secondhand and environmental cannabis and tobacco exposure in youth. Methods The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study year 2 follow-up (N = 5580; 48% female) cognitive performance and secondhand or environmental cannabis or tobacco exposure data were used. Principal components analysis identified a global cognition factor. Linear mixed-effects models assessed global cognition and individual cognitive task performance by cannabis and/or tobacco environmental exposure. Sociodemographics and other potential confounds were examined. p values were adjusted using the false discovery rate method. Results Global cognition was not related to any exposure group after testing corrections and considering confounds. Beyond covariates and family- and site-level factors, secondhand tobacco was related to poorer visual memory (p = .02), and environmental tobacco was associated with poorer visuospatial (p = .02) and language (p = .008) skills. Secondhand cannabis was related to cognition, but not after controlling for potential confounders (p > .05). Environmental cannabis was related to better oral reading (p = .01). Including covariates attenuated effect sizes. Conclusions Secondhand tobacco exposure was associated with poorer visual memory, while environmental tobacco exposure was related to poorer language and visuospatial skills. Secondhand cannabis was not related to cognition after controlling for sociodemographic factors, but environmental cannabis exposure was related to better reading. Because, to our knowledge, this is the first known study of its kind and thus preliminary, secondhand cannabis should continue to be investigated to confirm results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Address correspondence to Natasha E. Wade, Ph.D.
| | - Connor J. McCabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alexander L. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Marybel R. Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - M. Alejandra Infante
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Margie Hernandez Mejia
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Frank Haist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Conrad SE, Davis D, Vilcek N, Thompson JB, Guarino S, Papini S, Papini MR. Frustrative nonreward and cannabinoid receptors: Chronic (but not acute) WIN 55,212-2 treatment increased resistance to change in two reward downshift tasks. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173320. [PMID: 34990705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the role of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in behavior is relevant given the trend toward the legalization of medicinal and recreational marijuana. The present research aims at bridging a gap in our understanding of CB-receptor function in animal models of frustrative nonreward. These experiments were designed to (1) determine the effects of chronic administration of the nonselective CB1-receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) on reward downshift in rats and (2) determine whether the effects of chronic WIN were reducible to acute effects. In Experiment 1, chronic WIN (7 daily injections, 10 mg/kg, ip) accelerated the recovery of consummatory behavior after a 32-to-4% sucrose downshift relative to vehicle controls. In addition, chronic WIN eliminated the preference for an unshifted lever when the other lever was subject to a 12-to-2 pellet downshift in free-choice trials, but only in animals with previous experience with a sucrose downshift. In Experiment 2, acute WIN (1 mg/kg, ip) reduced consummatory behavior, but did not affect recovery from a 32-to-4% sucrose downshift. The antagonist SR 141716A (3 mg/kg, ip) also failed to interfere with recovery after the sucrose downshift. In Experiment 3, acute WIN administration (1 mg/kg, ip) did not affect free-choice behavior after a pellet downshift, although it reduced lever pressing and increased magazine entries relative to vehicle controls. The effects of chronic WIN on frustrative nonreward were not reducible to acute effects of the drug. Chronic WIN treatment in rats, like chronic marijuana use in humans, seems to increase resistance to the effects of frustrative nonreward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Delaney Davis
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Natalia Vilcek
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Joanna B Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Sara Guarino
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Santiago Papini
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mauricio R Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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Conti AA, Baldacchino AM. Chronic tobacco smoking, impaired reward-based decision-making, and role of insular cortex: A comparison between early-onset smokers and late-onset smokers. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:939707. [PMID: 36090372 PMCID: PMC9459116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.939707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The literature suggests that tobacco smoking may have a neurotoxic effect on the developing adolescent brain. Particularly, it may impair the decision-making process of early-onset smokers (<16 years), by rendering them more prone to impulsive and risky choices toward rewards, and therefore more prone to smoking relapses, in comparison to late-onset smokers (≥16 years). However, no study has ever investigated reward-based decision-making and structural brain differences between early-onset smokers and late-onset smokers. METHODS Computerized measures of reward-based decision-making [Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT); 5-trials adjusting delay discounting task (ADT-5)] were administered to 11 early-onset smokers (mean age at regular smoking initiation = 13.2 years), 17 late-onset smokers (mean age at regular smoking initiation = 18.0 years), and 24 non-smoker controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was utilized to investigate the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume differences in fronto-cortical and striatal brain regions between early-onset smokers, late-onset smokers, and non-smokers. RESULTS Early-onset smokers displayed a riskier decision-making behavior in comparison to non-smokers as assessed by the CGT (p < 0.01, Cohen's f = 0.48). However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) in reward-based decision-making were detected between early-onset smokers and late-onset smokers. VBM results revealed early-onset smokers to present lower GM volume in the bilateral anterior insular cortex (AI) in comparison to late-onset smokers and lower WM volume in the right AI in comparison to late-onset smokers. CONCLUSION Impairments in reward-based decision-making may not be affected by tobacco smoking initiation during early adolescence. Instead, lower GM and WM volume in the AI of early-onset smokers may underline a vulnerability to develop compulsive tobacco seeking and smoking behavior during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Alberto Conti
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Mario Baldacchino
- Division of Population and Behavioral Science, University of St Andrews School of Medicine, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Landrigan J, Bessenyei K, Leitner D, Yakovenko I, Fisk JD, Prentice JL. A systematic review of the effects of cannabis on cognition in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 57:103338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Manthey J, Freeman TP, Kilian C, López-Pelayo H, Rehm J. Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2021; 10:100227. [PMID: 34806072 PMCID: PMC8589728 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Cannabis is one of the most widely used substances worldwide. Heavy use is associated with an increased risk of cannabis use disorders, psychotic disorders, acute cognitive impairment, traffic injuries, respiratory problems, worse pregnancy outcomes, and there are indications for genotoxic and epigenotoxic adverse effects. International regulation of medical and non-medical cannabis use is changing rapidly and substantially, highlighting the importance of robust public health monitoring. This study aimed to describe the trends of key public health indicators in European Union (27 member states + UK, Norway and Turkey) for the period 2010 to 2019, their public health implications, and to identify the steps required to improve current practice in monitoring of cannabis use and harm in Europe. Methods Data on four key cannabis indicators (prevalence of use, prevalence of cannabis use disorder [CUD], treatment rates, and potency of cannabis products) in Europe were extracted from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and the Global Burden of Disease study. For prevalence of use and CUD, the first and last available estimate in each country were compared. For treatment rates and cannabis potency, linear regression models were conducted. Findings Between 2010 and 2019, past-month prevalence of cannabis use increased by 27% in European adults (from 3·1 to 3·9%), with most pronounced relative increases observed among 35-64 year-olds. In 13 out of 26 countries, over 20% of all past-month users reported high-risk use patterns. The rate of treatment entry for cannabis problems per 100,000 adults increased from 27·0 (95% CI: 17·2 to 36·8) to 35·1 (95% CI: 23·6 to 46·7) and has mostly plateaued since 2015. Modest increases in potency were found in herbal cannabis (from 6·9% to 10·6% THC) while median THC values tripled in cannabis resin (from 7·6% to 24·1% THC). Interpretation In the past decade, cannabis use, treatment rates and potency levels have increased in Europe highlighting major concerns about the public health impact of cannabis use. Continued monitoring and efforts to improve data quality and reporting, including indicators of high-risk use and cannabis-attributable harm, will be necessary to evaluate the health impact of international changes in cannabis regulation. Funding This study received no specific funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Manthey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Kilian
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hugo López-Pelayo
- Grup Recerca Addiccions Clínic (GRAC-GRE), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1.,Program on Substance Abuse & WHO CC in designation, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St., 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3M7Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UofT, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M1, Canada.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Street 8, b. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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35
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Binkowska AA, Jakubowska N, Krystecka K, Galant N, Piotrowska-Cyplik A, Brzezicka A. Theta and Alpha Oscillatory Activity During Working Memory Maintenance in Long-Term Cannabis Users: The Importance of the Polydrug Use Context. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:740277. [PMID: 34733146 PMCID: PMC8558244 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.740277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Impairments in various subdomains of memory have been associated with chronic cannabis use, but less is known about their neural underpinnings, especially in the domain of the brain's oscillatory activity. Aims: To investigate neural oscillatory activity supporting working memory (WM) in regular cannabis users and non-using controls. We focused our analyses on frontal midline theta and posterior alpha asymmetry as oscillatory fingerprints for the WM's maintenance process. Methods: 30 non-using controls (CG) and 57 regular cannabis users-27 exclusive cannabis users (CU) and 30 polydrug cannabis users (PU) completed a Sternberg modified WM task with a concurrent electroencephalography recording. Theta, alpha and beta frequency bands were examined during WM maintenance. Results: When compared to non-using controls, the PU group displayed increased frontal midline theta (FMT) power during WM maintenance, which was positively correlated with RT. The posterior alpha asymmetry during the maintenance phase, on the other hand, was negatively correlated with RT in the CU group. WM performance did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Both groups of cannabis users (CU and PU), when compared to the control group, displayed differences in oscillatory activity during WM maintenance, unique for each group (in CU posterior alpha and in PU FMT correlated with performance). We interpret those differences as a reflection of compensatory strategies, as there were no differences between groups in task performance. Understanding the psychophysiological processes in regular cannabis users may provide insight on how chronic use may affect neural networks underlying cognitive processes, however, a polydrug use context (i.e., combining cannabis with other illegal substances) seems to be an important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Jakubowska
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.,Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Aneta Brzezicka
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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36
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Selamoglu A, Langley C, Crean R, Savulich G, Cormack F, Sahakian BJ, Mason B. Neuropsychological performance in young adults with cannabis use disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:1349-1355. [PMID: 34694178 PMCID: PMC8600580 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cannabis is a commonly used recreational drug in young adults. The worldwide prevalence in 18- to 25-year-olds is approximately 35%. Significant differences in cognitive performance have been reported previously for groups of cannabis users. However, the groups are often heterogeneous in terms of cannabis use. Here, we study daily cannabis users with a confirmed diagnosis of cannabis use disorder (CUD) to examine cognitive performance on measures of memory, executive function and risky decision-making. METHODS Forty young adult daily cannabis users with diagnosed CUD and 20 healthy controls matched for sex and premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ) were included. The neuropsychological battery implemented was designed to measure multiple modes of memory (visual, episodic and working memory), risky decision-making and other domains of executive function using subtests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). RESULTS Our results showed that young adult daily cannabis users with CUD perform significantly poorer on tasks of visual and episodic memory compared with healthy controls. In addition, executive functioning was associated with the age of onset. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required to determine whether worse performance in cognition results in cannabis use or is a consequence of cannabis use. Chronic heavy cannabis use during a critical period of brain development may have a particularly negative impact on cognition. Research into the persistence of cognitive differences and how they relate to functional outcomes such as academic/career performance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Selamoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christelle Langley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Christelle Langley, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, The Herchel Smith Building for Brain and
Mind Sciences, Forvie Site Robinsons Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Crean
- The Pearson Center for Alcoholism and
Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Mason
- The Pearson Center for Alcoholism and
Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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de Melo Reis RA, Isaac AR, Freitas HR, de Almeida MM, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS, Trevenzoli IH. Quality of Life and a Surveillant Endocannabinoid System. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:747229. [PMID: 34776851 PMCID: PMC8581450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.747229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an important brain modulatory network. ECS regulates brain homeostasis throughout development, from progenitor fate decision to neuro- and gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, brain plasticity and circuit repair, up to learning, memory, fear, protection, and death. It is a major player in the hypothalamic-peripheral system-adipose tissue in the regulation of food intake, energy storage, nutritional status, and adipose tissue mass, consequently affecting obesity. Loss of ECS control might affect mood disorders (anxiety, hyperactivity, psychosis, and depression), lead to drug abuse, and impact neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, Parkinson, Huntington, Multiple, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum) disorders. Practice of regular physical and/or mind-body mindfulness and meditative activities have been shown to modulate endocannabinoid (eCB) levels, in addition to other players as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ECS is involved in pain, inflammation, metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, general immune responses (asthma, allergy, and arthritis) and tumor expansion, both/either in the brain and/or in the periphery. The reason for such a vast impact is the fact that arachidonic acid, a precursor of eCBs, is present in every membrane cell of the body and on demand eCBs synthesis is regulated by electrical activity and calcium shifts. Novel lipid (lipoxins and resolvins) or peptide (hemopressin) players of the ECS also operate as regulators of physiological allostasis. Indeed, the presence of cannabinoid receptors in intracellular organelles as mitochondria or lysosomes, or in nuclear targets as PPARγ might impact energy consumption, metabolism and cell death. To live a better life implies in a vigilant ECS, through healthy diet selection (based on a balanced omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids), weekly exercises and meditation therapy, all of which regulating eCBs levels, surrounded by a constructive social network. Cannabidiol, a diet supplement has been a major player with anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antioxidant activities. Cognitive challenges and emotional intelligence might strengthen the ECS, which is built on a variety of synapses that modify human behavior. As therapeutically concerned, the ECS is essential for maintaining homeostasis and cannabinoids are promising tools to control innumerous targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Macedo de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kearney-Ramos T, Haney M. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a potential treatment approach for cannabis use disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110290. [PMID: 33677045 PMCID: PMC9165758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The expanding legalization of cannabis across the United States is associated with increases in cannabis use, and accordingly, an increase in the number and severity of individuals with cannabis use disorder (CUD). The lack of FDA-approved pharmacotherapies and modest efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions means that many of those who seek treatment for CUD relapse within the first few months. Consequently, there is a pressing need for innovative, evidence-based treatment development for CUD. Preliminary evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be a novel, non-invasive therapeutic neuromodulation tool for the treatment of a variety of substance use disorders (SUDs), including recently receiving FDA clearance (August 2020) for use as a smoking cessation aid in tobacco cigarette smokers. However, the potential of rTMS for CUD has not yet been reviewed. This paper provides a primer on therapeutic neuromodulation techniques for SUDs, with a particular focus on reviewing the current status of rTMS research in people who use cannabis. Lastly, future directions are proposed for rTMS treatment development in CUD, with suggestions for study design parameters and clinical endpoints based on current gold-standard practices for therapeutic neuromodulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonisha Kearney-Ramos
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Margaret Haney
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA,Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration in humans (Lawn etal., 2016) and rats (Silveira, Adams, Morena, Hill, & Winstanley, 2016) has been associated with decreased effort allocation that may explain amotivation during acute cannabis intoxication. To date, however, whether residual effects of cannabis use on effort-based decision-making are present and observable in humans have not yet been determined. The goal of this study was to test whether prolonged cannabis use has residual effects on effort-based decision-making in 24-hr abstinent cannabis using adults. METHOD We evaluated performance on the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT) in 41 adult cannabis users (mean age = 24.63 years, 21 males) and 45 nonusers (mean age = 23.90 years, 19 males). A mixed 2x3x3 ANOVA with age as a covariate was performed to examine the effect of group, probability of winning, and reward amount on EEfRT performance. EEfRT performance was operationalized as % of trials for which the hard (vs. easy) condition was chosen. Pearson's correlations were conducted to test the relationship between EEfRT performance and measures of cannabis use, anhedonia and motivation. RESULTS We found that cannabis users selected hard trials significantly more than nonusers regardless of win probability or reward level. Frequency of cannabis use was positively correlated with amount of % hard trials chosen. There were no significant correlations between % hard trials chosen, self-reported anhedonia, or motivation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that unlike acute effects, residual effects of cannabis following 24 hrs of abstinence are associated with greater effort allocation during effort-based decision-making.
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Initiation of Moderately Frequent Cannabis use in Adolescence and Young Adulthood is Associated with Declines in Verbal Learning and Memory: A Longitudinal Comparison of Pre- versus Post-Initiation Cognitive Performance. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:621-636. [PMID: 34261549 PMCID: PMC8486043 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use is associated with relative cognitive weaknesses as observed by cross-sectional as well as longitudinal research. Longitudinal studies, controlling for relevant confounds, are necessary to differentiate premorbid from post-initiation contributions to these effects. METHODS We followed a sample of adolescents and young adults across ten years. Participants provided neurocognitive data and substance use information at two-year intervals. Participants who initiated cannabis and/or alcohol use were identified (n = 86) and split into alcohol-only initiators (n = 39) and infrequent (n = 29) and moderately frequent (n = 18) cannabis initiators. Participants completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (RAVLT) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Group differences before and after substance use initiation and the extent to which alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use frequencies contributed to cognitive functions over time were examined. RESULTS After controlling for parental education, RAVLT new learning was worse in moderately frequent cannabis users prior to use initiation. RAVLT total learning and delayed recall showed significant declines from pre- to post-initiation in moderately frequent cannabis users. Regression analyses confirmed that frequencies of cannabis, but not alcohol, use contributed to post-initiation variations. Nicotine use showed an independent negative association with delayed memory. Findings for the IGT were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Verbal learning and memory may be disrupted following the initiation of moderately frequent cannabis use while decreased new learning may represent a premorbid liability. Our use of a control group of alcohol-only users adds interpretive clarity to the findings and suggests that future studies should carefully control for comorbid substance use.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that males and females may be differentially affected by cannabis use. This study evaluated the interaction of cannabis use and biological sex on cognition, and the association between observed cognitive deficits and features of cannabis use. METHODS Cognitive measures were assessed in those with regular, ongoing, cannabis use (N = 40; 22 female) and non-using peers (N = 40; 23 female). Intelligence, psychomotor speed, and verbal working memory were measured with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Digit Symbol Test, and Digit Span and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, respectively. Associations between cognitive measures and cannabis use features (e.g., lifetime cannabis use, age of initiation, time since last use of cannabis, recent high-concentration tetrahydrocannabinoid exposure) were also evaluated. RESULTS No main effects of group were observed across measures. Significant interactions between group and biological sex were observed on measures of intelligence, psychomotor speed, and verbal learning, with greatest group differences observed between males with and without regular cannabis use. Psychomotor performance was negatively correlated with lifetime cannabis exposure. Female and male cannabis use groups did not differ in features of cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that biological sex influences the relationship between cannabis and cognition, with males potentially being more vulnerable to the neurocognitive deficits related to cannabis use.
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Binkowska AA, Jakubowska N, Gaca M, Galant N, Piotrowska-Cyplik A, Brzezicka A. Not Just a Pot: Visual Episodic Memory in Cannabis Users and Polydrug Cannabis Users: ROC and ERP Preliminary Investigation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:677793. [PMID: 34177497 PMCID: PMC8226271 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.677793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While research has consistently identified an association between long-term cannabis use and memory impairments, few studies have examined this relationship in a polydrug context (i.e., when combining cannabis with other substances). Aims: In this preliminary study, we used event-related potentials to examine the recognition process in a visual episodic memory task in cannabis users (CU) and cannabis polydrug users (PU). We hypothesized that CU and PU will have both-behavioral and psychophysiological-indicators of memory processes affected, compared to matched non-using controls with the PU expressing more severe changes. Methods 29 non-using controls (CG), 24 CU and 27 PU were enrolled into the study. All participants completed a visual learning recognition task while brain electrical activity was recorded. Event-related potentials were calculated for familiar (old) and new images from a signal recorded during a subsequent recognition test. We used receiver operating characteristic curves for behavioral data analysis. Results The groups did not differ in memory performance based on receiver operating characteristic method in accuracy and discriminability indicators nor mean reaction times for old/new images. The frontal old/new effect expected from prior research was observed for all participants, while a parietal old/new effect was not observed. While, the significant differences in the late parietal component (LPC) amplitude was observed between CG and PU but not between CG and CU nor CU and PU. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the mean amplitude of the LPC component as a predictor of memory performance accuracy indicator. LPC amplitude predicts recognition accuracy only in the CG. Conclusion The results showed alterations in recognition memory processing in CU and PU groups compared to CG, which were not manifested on the behavioral level, and were the most prominent in cannabis polydrug users. We interpret it as a manifestation of the cumulative effect of multiple drug usage in the PU group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Jakubowska
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.,Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Gaca
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Aneta Brzezicka
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Bechtel S, Lazar V, Albuisson E, Schwan R, Laprévote V, Bernardin F, Schwitzer T. Assessment of neuropsychological impairments in regular cannabis users. Encephale 2021; 48:132-138. [PMID: 34092379 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the world. It is responsible for cognitive dysfunction of memory, speed of information processing, attention, and executive functions. Cognitive performance depends on the level of study, tolerance, and duration of abstinence from cannabis use. This study analyses cognitive function in a large population of regular cannabis consumers taking into account level of education. METHODS A battery of neuropsychological tests using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery was performed on a population of 58 cannabis users categorized into two groups according to their level of education with a threshold of 12 years of study, and 25 non-users. RESULTS In Attention Switching Task percent correct trials, significant differences were found between the group of cannabis smokers with less than 12 years of study and the non-smoker group (P=0.022), and between the cannabis users with more than 12 years of study and the non-smoker group (P=0.008). A significantly lower performance in the Rapid Visual Information Processing (Mean latency, Probability of hit, Total hits, Total misses, Correct rejections) was found in the cannabis users with less than 12 years of study compared with the non-user group. CONCLUSION In our population, chronic cannabis users presented divided and sustained attention and working memory disorders. Rapid Visual Information Processing performance may be influenced by education level in cannabis smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bechtel
- Pôle hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes du Grand Nancy, centre psychothérapique de Nancy, 1, rue du Docteur Archambault, 54521 Laxou, France
| | - V Lazar
- Pôle hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes du Grand Nancy, centre psychothérapique de Nancy, 1, rue du Docteur Archambault, 54521 Laxou, France
| | - E Albuisson
- Unité de méthodologie, DRCI, BIOBASE, département MPI, data management et statistique UMDS, CHRU-Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, Département du Grand Est de Recherche en Soins Primaires : DEGERESP, 54000 Nancy, France; CNRS, IECL, université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - R Schwan
- Pôle hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes du Grand Nancy, centre psychothérapique de Nancy, 1, rue du Docteur Archambault, 54521 Laxou, France; Maison des addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France; IADI, U1254, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - V Laprévote
- Pôle hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes du Grand Nancy, centre psychothérapique de Nancy, 1, rue du Docteur Archambault, 54521 Laxou, France; Inserm U1114, fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg, département de psychiatrie, centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - F Bernardin
- Pôle hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes du Grand Nancy, centre psychothérapique de Nancy, 1, rue du Docteur Archambault, 54521 Laxou, France; Inserm U1114, fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg, département de psychiatrie, centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - T Schwitzer
- Pôle hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie d'adultes du Grand Nancy, centre psychothérapique de Nancy, 1, rue du Docteur Archambault, 54521 Laxou, France; IADI, U1254, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Nancy, France.
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45
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MacDonald B, Sadek J. Naturalistic exploratory study of the associations of substance use on ADHD outcomes and function. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:251. [PMID: 33980212 PMCID: PMC8117494 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk of substance use disorder (SUD), existing literature on how SUD interacts with ADHD outcomes is limited. This study investigates whether SUD among individuals with ADHD is associated with worse ADHD outcomes and prognosis, and the association between overall functioning and SUD. In addition, we seek to understand whether heavy cannabis use is a better predictor of poorer outcomes compared to SUD status alone. METHOD We conducted a retrospective analysis on 50 ADHD patient charts, which were allocated based on SUD status. Subgroup analysis was performed on the total sample population, with allocation based on heavy cannabis use. Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests were used for both the primary and subgroup analyses. RESULTS SUD status highly correlated with more ADHD-related cognitive impairments and poorer functional outcomes at the time of diagnosis. ADHD patients with comorbid ADHD-SUD scored significantly lower (p = < 0.0001) on objective cognitive testing (Integrated Auditory and Visual Continuous Performance Test (IVA/CPT)) than ADHD patients without SUD. The correlation with poorer ADHD outcomes was more pronounced when groups were allocated based on heavy cannabis use status; in addition to significantly lower IVA/CPT scores (p = 0.0011), heavy cannabis use was associated with more severe fine motor hyperactivity and self-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity scores (p = 0.0088 and 0.0172, respectively). CONCLUSION Future research is needed to determine how substance abuse can be a barrier to improved ADHD outcomes, and the effect cannabis and other substances have on cognitive function and pharmacotherapy of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Sadek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To assess how the changing landscape of marijuana use affects the developing brain and mental health of college students. RECENT FINDINGS Legalization of cannabis may facilitate use in the college population, with 38% of college students, whose brains are still maturing, regularly using marijuana products. Earlier and increased use, higher potency, pre-existing issues, and genetic predispositions increase negative outcomes by precipitating or worsening mental illness and ultimately impacting academic success. In the USA, the sharpest increase in cannabis users following legalization has been in the college age population (18-25 years of age). This population is especially vulnerable to the negative impacts and risks associated with cannabis use, including risk for the onset of major psychiatric illness. College mental health practitioners should remain informed about health effects of cannabis use, assess patient use on a regular basis, provide education and be familiar with interventions to reduce harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila De Faria
- Young Adult Clinic, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Lillian Mezey
- Student Health, Counseling and Psychological Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aaron Winkler
- College Mental Health Program, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Jordan Walter T, Pocuca N, Young JW, Geyer MA, Minassian A, Perry W. The relationship between cannabis use and cognition in people with bipolar disorder: A systematic scoping review. Psychiatry Res 2021; 297:113695. [PMID: 33545431 PMCID: PMC7914198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) and cannabis use are highly comorbid and are each associated with cognitive impairment. Given the prevalence of cannabis use in people with BD, it is important to understand whether the two interact to impact cognitive function. We performed a systematic scoping review to determine what is currently known in this field. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO for studies on the relationship between cannabis use and cognition in people with BD or relevant animal models. Six observational human studies and no animal studies met inclusion criteria. Two studies found cannabis use in BD was associated with better performance in some cognitive domains, while three studies found no association. One study found cannabis use in BD was associated with worse overall cognition. Overall, most identified studies suggest cannabis use is not associated with significant cognitive impairment in BD; however, the scope of knowledge in this field is limited, and more systematic studies are clearly required. Future studies should focus on longitudinal and experimental trials, and well-controlled observational studies with rigorous quantification of the onset, frequency, quantity, duration, and type of cannabis use, as well as BD illness features.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jordan Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Nina Pocuca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Research Services, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego CA, 92161, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Research Services, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego CA, 92161, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego CA, 92161, USA
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is an underappreciated risk of using cannabis that affects ~10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. The individual and public health burdens are less than those of other forms of drug use, but CUD accounts for a substantial proportion of persons seeking treatment for drug use disorders owing to the high global prevalence of cannabis use. Cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management can substantially reduce cannabis use and cannabis-related problems, but enduring abstinence is not a common outcome. No pharmacotherapies have been approved for cannabis use or CUD, although a number of drug classes (such as cannabinoid agonists) have shown promise and require more rigorous evaluation. Treatment of cannabis use and CUD is often complicated by comorbid mental health and other substance use disorders. The legalization of non-medical cannabis use in some high-income countries may increase the prevalence of CUD by making more potent cannabis products more readily available at a lower price. States that legalize medical and non-medical cannabis use should inform users about the risks of CUD and provide information on how to obtain assistance if they develop cannabis-related mental and/or physical health problems.
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Zhornitsky S, Pelletier J, Assaf R, Giroux S, Li CSR, Potvin S. Acute effects of partial CB 1 receptor agonists on cognition - A meta-analysis of human studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110063. [PMID: 32791166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment in cognition is frequently associated with acute cannabis consumption. However, some questions remain unanswered as to which deficits are most prominent and which demographic groups are most vulnerable. METHODS A literature search yielded 52 experimental studies of acute administration of partial CB1 receptor agonists (i.e. cannabis, THC, and nabilone) that assessed cognitive dysfunction in 1580 healthy volunteers. Effect size estimates were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis for the following six cognitive domains: attention, executive functions, impulsivity, speed of processing, verbal learning/memory, and working memory. RESULTS There were small-to-moderate impairments across all cognitive domains. Deficits in verbal learning/memory and working memory were more prominent, whereas attention and impulsivity were the least affected. Meta-regression analysis revealed that the greater the male ratio is in a sample, the greater the negative effect of cannabinoids on speed of processing and impulsivity. Analysis of route of administration showed that the deficits in speed of processing were smaller in the oral, relative to smoking, vaping, and intravenous administration studies. A publication bias was observed. DISCUSSION Verbal learning/memory and working memory are most prominently affected by acute administration of partial CB1 receptor agonists. The results are consistent with the residual cognitive effects that have been documented among chronic cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States of America
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Assaf
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Giroux
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - Stephane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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50
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Dawes C, Bickerdike A, O'Neill C, Carneiro Pereira S, Waddington JL, Moran PM, O'Tuathaigh CMP. Cannabis Use, Schizotypy and Kamin Blocking Performance. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:633476. [PMID: 34887781 PMCID: PMC8649723 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use has been associated with increased risk for a first episode of psychosis and inappropriate assignment of salience to extraneous stimuli has been proposed as a mechanism underlying this association. Psychosis-prone (especially schizotypal) personality traits are associated with deficits in associative learning tasks that measure salience allocation. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between history of cannabis use and Kamin blocking (KB), a form of selective associative learning, in a non-clinical sample. Additionally, KB was examined in relation to self-reported schizotypy and aberrant salience scale profiles. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 307 healthy participants with no previous psychiatric or neurological history. Participants were recruited and tested using the Testable Minds behavioural testing platform. KB was calculated using Oades' "mouse in the house task", performance of which is disrupted in schizophrenia patients. Schizotypy was measured using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), and the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) was used to assess self-reported unusual or inappropriate salience. The modified Cannabis Experience Questionnaire (CEQm) was used to collect detailed history of use of cannabis and other recreational drugs. Regression models and Bayesian t-tests or ANOVA (or non-parametric equivalents) examined differences in KB based on lifetime or current cannabis use (frequent use during previous year), as well as frequency of use among those who had previously used cannabis. Neither lifetime nor current cannabis use was associated with any significant change in total or trial-specific KB scores. Current cannabis use was associated with higher Disorganised SPQ dimension scores and higher total and sub-scale values for the ASI. A modest positive association was observed between total KB score and Disorganised SPQ dimension scores, but no relationships were found between KB and other SPQ measures. Higher scores on "Senses Sharpening" ASI sub-scale predicted decreased KB score only in participants who have not engaged in recent cannabis use. These results are discussed in the context of our understanding of the effects of long-term cannabis exposure on salience attribution, as well as inconsistencies in the literature with respect to both the relationship between KB and schizotypy and the measurement of KB associative learning phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dawes
- School of Psychology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Bickerdike
- Department of Sport, Leisure, and Childhood Studies, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cian O'Neill
- Department of Sport, Leisure, and Childhood Studies, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah Carneiro Pereira
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - John L Waddington
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula M Moran
- School of Psychology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Colm M P O'Tuathaigh
- Medical Education Unit, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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