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Paiva I, Seguin J, Grgurina I, Singh AK, Cosquer B, Plassard D, Tzeplaeff L, Le Gras S, Cotellessa L, Decraene C, Gambi J, Alcala-Vida R, Eswaramoorthy M, Buée L, Cassel JC, Giacobini P, Blum D, Merienne K, Kundu TK, Boutillier AL. Dysregulated expression of cholesterol biosynthetic genes in Alzheimer's disease alters epigenomic signatures of hippocampal neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 198:106538. [PMID: 38789057 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor of cognitive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, with epigenome alterations as a contributing factor. Here, we compared transcriptomic/epigenomic changes in the hippocampus, modified by aging and by tauopathy, an AD-related feature. We show that the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is severely impaired in hippocampal neurons of tauopathic but not of aged mice pointing to vulnerability of these neurons in the disease. At the epigenomic level, histone hyperacetylation was observed at neuronal enhancers associated with glutamatergic regulations only in the tauopathy. Lastly, a treatment of tau mice with the CSP-TTK21 epi-drug that restored expression of key cholesterol biosynthesis genes counteracted hyperacetylation at neuronal enhancers and restored object memory. As acetyl-CoA is the primary substrate of both pathways, these data suggest that the rate of the cholesterol biosynthesis in hippocampal neurons may trigger epigenetic-driven changes, that may compromise the functions of hippocampal neurons in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Paiva
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France.
| | - Jonathan Seguin
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Iris Grgurina
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Akash Kumar Singh
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
| | - Brigitte Cosquer
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Damien Plassard
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, Inserm U1258 - GenomEast Platform - IGBMC - Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Laura Tzeplaeff
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Stephanie Le Gras
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, Inserm U1258 - GenomEast Platform - IGBMC - Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Ludovica Cotellessa
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Charles Decraene
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Johanne Gambi
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Rafael Alcala-Vida
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Muthusamy Eswaramoorthy
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, 59000 Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, France
| | - Karine Merienne
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
| | - Anne-Laurence Boutillier
- University of Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France; CNRS, UMR7364 - Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg F-67000, France.
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2
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Wu LY, Chai YL, Cheah IK, Chia RSL, Hilal S, Arumugam TV, Chen CP, Lai MKP. Blood-based biomarkers of cerebral small vessel disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102247. [PMID: 38417710 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Age-associated cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a clinically heterogenous condition, arising from diverse microvascular mechanisms. These lead to chronic cerebrovascular dysfunction and carry a substantial risk of subsequent stroke and vascular cognitive impairment in aging populations. Owing to advances in neuroimaging, in vivo visualization of cerebral vasculature abnormities and detection of CSVD, including lacunes, microinfarcts, microbleeds and white matter lesions, is now possible, but remains a resource-, skills- and time-intensive approach. As a result, there has been a recent proliferation of blood-based biomarker studies for CSVD aimed at developing accessible screening tools for early detection and risk stratification. However, a good understanding of the pathophysiological processes underpinning CSVD is needed to identify and assess clinically useful biomarkers. Here, we provide an overview of processes associated with CSVD pathogenesis, including endothelial injury and dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, perivascular neuronal damage as well as cardiovascular dysfunction. Then, we review clinical studies of the key biomolecules involved in the aforementioned processes. Lastly, we outline future trends and directions for CSVD biomarker discovery and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Yun Wu
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuek Ling Chai
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel S L Chia
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Tripodi D, Vitarelli F, Spiti S, Leoni V. The Diagnostic Use of the Plasma Quantification of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol and Other Oxysterols in Neurodegenerative Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:337-351. [PMID: 38036888 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol regulates fluidity and structure of cellular membranes. The brain is involved in signal transduction, synaptogenesis, and membrane trafficking. An impairment of its metabolism was observed in different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. Because of the blood-brain barrier, cholesterol cannot be uptaken from the circulation and all the cholesterol is locally synthetized. The excess cholesterol in neurons is converted into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) by the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). The plasmatic concentration of 24OHC results in the balance between cerebral production and liver elimination. It is related to the number of metabolically active neurons in the brain. Several factors that affect the brain cholesterol turnover and the liver elimination of oxysterols, the genetic background, nutrition, and lifestyle habits were found to significantly affect plasma levels of 24OHC. Reduced levels of 24OHC were found related to the loss of metabolically active cells and the degree of brain atrophy. The dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, inflammation, and increased cholesterol turnover might overlap with this progressive reduction giving temporary increased levels of 24OHC.The study of plasma 24OHC is likely to offer an insight into brain cholesterol turnover with a limited diagnostic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tripodi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Federica Vitarelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Simona Spiti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy.
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4
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Urano Y, Noguchi N. Enzymatically Formed Oxysterols and Cell Death. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:193-211. [PMID: 38036881 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The side-chain hydroxylation of cholesterol by specific enzymes produces 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, and other products. These enzymatically formed side-chain oxysterols act as intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids and serve as signaling molecules that regulate cholesterol homeostasis. Besides these intracellular functions, an imbalance in oxysterol homeostasis is implicated in pathophysiology. Furthermore, growing evidence reveals that oxysterols affect cell proliferation and cause cell death. This chapter provides an overview of the pathophysiological role of side-chain oxysterols in developing human diseases. We also summarize our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of various forms of cell death by side-chain oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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Hjazi A, Ahsan M, Alghamdi MI, Kareem AK, Al-Saidi DN, Qasim MT, Romero-Parra RM, Zabibah RS, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Mustafa YF, Hosseini-Fard SR, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Unraveling the impact of 27-hydroxycholesterol in autoimmune diseases: Exploring promising therapeutic approaches. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154737. [PMID: 37542860 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) in autoimmune diseases has become a subject of intense research in recent years. This oxysterol, derived from cholesterol, has been identified as a significant player in modulating immune responses and inflammation. Its involvement in autoimmune pathogenesis has drawn attention to its potential as a therapeutic target for managing autoimmune disorders effectively. 27-OHC, an oxysterol derived from cholesterol, has emerged as a key player in modulating immune responses and inflammatory processes. It exerts its effects through various mechanisms, including activation of nuclear receptors, interaction with immune cells, and modulation of neuroinflammation. Additionally, 27-OHC has been implicated in the dysregulation of lipid metabolism, neurotoxicity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Understanding the intricate interplay between 27-OHC and autoimmune diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, holds promise for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that 27-OHC may interact with specific receptors and transcription factors, thus influencing gene expression and cellular processes in autoimmune disorders. Understanding the intricate mechanisms by which 27-OHC influences immune dysregulation and tissue damage in autoimmune diseases is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Further investigations into the molecular pathways and signaling networks involving 27-OHC are warranted to unravel its full potential as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, thereby offering new avenues for disease intervention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Ahsan
- King Edward Medical University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed I Alghamdi
- Department of Computer Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A K Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Dahlia N Al-Saidi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maytham T Qasim
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Research group in educational statistics, National University of Education, Azogues, Ecuador; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Messedi M, Guidara W, Grayaa S, Khrouf W, Snoussi M, Bahloul Z, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Lamari F, Ayadi F. Selected plasma oxysterols as a potential multi-marker biosignature panel for Behçet's Disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106122. [PMID: 35588947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, genetic, and medical evidence has shown the inflammatory vasculitis aspect of Behçet's Disease (BD). Whereas oxysterols are vital factors in inflammation and oxidative stress, it is still unknown whether they are involved in the pathophysiology of BD. The current study aims to explore the profile of oxysterols in plasma of BD patients. Thirty patients diagnosed with BD and forty healthy controls matched for age and gender were included. Results showed that the cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) and cholestanol levels were higher in BD than controls. In addition, plasma levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) were lower in BD patient. However, levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC) did not significantly differ. For BD patients, the plasma 7-KC level was negatively correlated with the BD activity index (BDAI) while 27-OHC was positively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with active course of the disease. According to ROC analysis, a remarkable increase in the area under the curve (AUC) with a higher sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for 7-KC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC combined markers was observed. The present study indicated that the identification of the predictive value of these three-selected biomarkers related to oxidative stress and inflammation in patients should lead to a better identification of the etiological mechanism of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Messedi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Wassim Guidara
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Grayaa
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Khrouf
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Mouna Snoussi
- Internal medicine department, Hedi Chaker Hosptital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouhir Bahloul
- Internal medicine department, Hedi Chaker Hosptital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, Paris F-75013, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, Inserm, UTCBS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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Brousseau V, Caron P, Trottier J, Di Paolo T, Milkiewicz P, Barbier O. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry methods for the selective and sensitive determination of 24S-hydroxycholesterol, its sulfate, and/or glucuronide conjugates in plasma. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4827. [PMID: 35460139 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
24S-hydroxycholesterol (i.e., cerebrosterol, 24S-OH-Chol) is the main form of cholesterol elimination from the brain. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed for the quantification of the total and unesterified/unbound fractions of 24S-OH-Chol, its monosulfate, monoglucuronide, and diconjugate derivatives (24S-OH-Chol-3sulfate [3S], 24S-OH-Chol-24glucuronide [24G] and 24S-OH-Chol-3S, 24G, respectively) in human plasma. Linearity, precision, accuracy, and extraction recovery were validated within the typical physiological and pathological ranges of concentrations for each compound. The lower limit of quantifications was 2.00, 0.33, 0.26, and 0.74 ng/ml for 24S-OH-Chol, 24S-OH-Chol-24G, 24S-OH-Chol-3S, and 24-OH-Chol-3S, 24G, respectively. Extraction recovery values in total and unbound plasma fractions were also analyzed in murine and monkey plasma and varied from 73% in mouse to 113% in cynomolgus monkey. The methods could rapidly (less than 7 min) quantify individual compounds with high sensitivity, accuracy (bias ≤15%), and reproducibility (coefficient of variation [CV] ≤ 17%). Their clinical applications were validated by measuring levels of the 4 compounds in samples from 20 noncholestatic donors, 5 cholestatic patients suffering from primary biliary cirrhosis, and 10 patients suffering from biliary stenosis. Results highlight the abundance of 24S-OH-Chol in the total fraction and the abundance of 24S-OH-Chol-3S and 24G in the unbound ones. While the latter strongly accumulate in plasma fractions of cholestatic patients, levels of 24S-OH-Chol remained similar to those of healthy donors. Our results indicate that this approach is suitable for monitoring cerebrosterol and its conjugates in large-scale clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Brousseau
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Caron
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Kacher R, Mounier C, Caboche J, Betuing S. Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:797220. [PMID: 35517051 PMCID: PMC9063567 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.797220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in the first exon of Huntingtin’s gene. The associated neurodegeneration mainly affects the striatum and the cortex at early stages and progressively spreads to other brain structures. Targeting HD at its earlier stages is under intense investigation. Numerous drugs were tested, with a rate of success of only 3.5% approved molecules used as symptomatic treatment. The restoration of cholesterol metabolism, which is central to the brain homeostasis and strongly altered in HD, could be an interesting disease-modifying strategy. Cholesterol is an essential membrane component in the central nervous system (CNS); alterations of its homeostasis have deleterious consequences on neuronal functions. The levels of several sterols, upstream of cholesterol, are markedly decreased within the striatum of HD mouse model. Transcription of cholesterol biosynthetic genes is reduced in HD cell and mouse models as well as post-mortem striatal and cortical tissues from HD patients. Since the dynamic of brain cholesterol metabolism is complex, it is essential to establish the best method to target it in HD. Cholesterol, which does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, is locally synthesized and renewed within the brain. All cell types in the CNS synthesize cholesterol during development but as they progress through adulthood, neurons down-regulate their cholesterol synthesis and turn to astrocytes for their full supply. Cellular levels of cholesterol reflect the dynamic balance between synthesis, uptake and export, all integrated into the context of the cross talk between neurons and glial cells. In this review, we describe the latest advances regarding the role of cholesterol deregulation in neuronal functions and how this could be a determinant factor in neuronal degeneration and HD progression. The pathways and major mechanisms by which cholesterol and sterols are regulated in the CNS will be described. From this overview, we discuss the main clinical strategies for manipulating cholesterol metabolism in the CNS, and how to reinstate a proper balance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sandrine Betuing,
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9
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Pikuleva IA, Cartier N. Cholesterol Hydroxylating Cytochrome P450 46A1: From Mechanisms of Action to Clinical Applications. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:696778. [PMID: 34305573 PMCID: PMC8297829 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.696778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, an essential component of the brain, and its local metabolism are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. The blood-brain barrier is impermeable to cholesterol; hence, cholesterol homeostasis in the central nervous system represents a balance between in situ biosynthesis and elimination. Cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a central nervous system-specific enzyme, converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol, which can freely cross the blood-brain barrier and be degraded in the liver. By the dual action of initiating cholesterol efflux and activating the cholesterol synthesis pathway, CYP46A1 is the key enzyme that ensures brain cholesterol turnover. In humans and mouse models, CYP46A1 activity is altered in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases, spinocerebellar ataxias, glioblastoma, and autism spectrum disorders. In mouse models, modulations of CYP46A1 activity mitigate the manifestations of Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Nieman-Pick type C, and Machao-Joseph (spinocerebellar ataxia type 3) diseases as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, glioblastoma, and prion infection. Animal studies revealed that the CYP46A1 activity effects are not limited to cholesterol maintenance but also involve critical cellular pathways, like gene transcription, endocytosis, misfolded protein clearance, vesicular transport, and synaptic transmission. How CYP46A1 can exert central control of such essential brain functions is a pressing question under investigation. The potential therapeutic role of CYP46A1, demonstrated in numerous models of brain disorders, is currently being evaluated in early clinical trials. This review summarizes the past 70 years of research that has led to the identification of CYP46A1 and brain cholesterol homeostasis as powerful therapeutic targets for severe pathologies of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- NeuroGenCell, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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10
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Gamba P, Giannelli S, Staurenghi E, Testa G, Sottero B, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. The Controversial Role of 24-S-Hydroxycholesterol in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050740. [PMID: 34067119 PMCID: PMC8151638 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is influenced by several events, among which the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain plays a major role. Maintenance of brain cholesterol homeostasis is essential for neuronal functioning and brain development. To maintain the steady-state level, excess brain cholesterol is converted into the more hydrophilic metabolite 24-S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC), also called cerebrosterol, by the neuron-specific enzyme CYP46A1. A growing bulk of evidence suggests that cholesterol oxidation products, named oxysterols, are the link connecting altered cholesterol metabolism to AD. It has been shown that the levels of some oxysterols, including 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, significantly increase in AD brains contributing to disease progression. In contrast, 24-OHC levels decrease, likely due to neuronal loss. Among the different brain oxysterols, 24-OHC is certainly the one whose role is most controversial. It is the dominant oxysterol in the brain and evidence shows that it represents a signaling molecule of great importance for brain function. However, numerous studies highlighted the potential role of 24-OHC in favoring AD development, since it promotes neuroinflammation, amyloid β (Aβ) peptide production, oxidative stress and cell death. In parallel, 24-OHC has been shown to exert several beneficial effects against AD progression, such as preventing tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ production. In this review we focus on the current knowledge of the controversial role of 24-OHC in AD pathogenesis, reporting a detailed overview of the findings about its levels in different AD biological samples and its noxious or neuroprotective effects in the brain. Given the relevant role of 24-OHC in AD pathophysiology, its targeting could be useful for disease prevention or slowing down its progression.
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11
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Sigma-2 Receptor-A Potential Target for Cancer/Alzheimer's Disease Treatment via Its Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225439. [PMID: 33233619 PMCID: PMC7699687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma receptors were classified into sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptor based on their different pharmacological profiles. In the past two decades, our understanding of the biological and pharmacological properties of the sigma-1 receptor is increasing; however, little is known about the sigma-2 receptor. Recently, the molecular identity of the sigma-2 receptor has been identified as TMEM97. Although more and more evidence has showed that sigma-2 ligands have the ability to treat cancer and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the mechanisms connecting these two diseases are unknown. Data obtained over the past few years from human and animal models indicate that cholesterol homeostasis is altered in AD and cancer, underscoring the importance of cholesterol homeostasis in AD and cancer. In this review, based on accumulated evidence, we proposed that the beneficial roles of sigma-2 ligands in cancer and AD might be mediated by their regulation of cholesterol homeostasis.
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12
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Sodero AO. 24S-hydroxycholesterol: Cellular effects and variations in brain diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 157:899-918. [PMID: 33118626 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain exhibits a characteristic cholesterol homeostasis, with low synthesis rate and active catabolism. Brain cholesterol turnover is possible thanks to the action of the enzyme cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) or 24-cholesterol hydroxylase, that transforms cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC). But before crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), this oxysterol, that is the most abundant in the brain, can act locally, affecting the functioning of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular cells. The first part of this review addresses different aspects of 24S-HC production and elimination from the brain. The second part concentrates in the effects of 24S-HC at the cellular level, describing how this oxysterol affects cell viability, amyloid β production, neurotransmission, and transcriptional activity. Finally, the role of 24S-HC in Alzheimer, Huntington and Parkinson diseases, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as the possibility of using this oxysterol as predictive and/or evolution biomarker in different brain disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro O Sodero
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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McFarlane O, Kozakiewicz M, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Gębka D, Szybalska A, Szwed M, Klich-Rączka A. Blood Lipids and Cognitive Performance of Aging Polish Adults: A Case-Control Study Based on the PolSenior Project. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:590546. [PMID: 33328967 PMCID: PMC7717968 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.590546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The demand for effective strategies for maintaining cognitive capableness and establishing early dementia diagnosis has been tremendous, especially in the context of population aging. However, studies on the elderly population and neurocognitive impairment had provided ambiguous results throughout, while potential blood biomarkers of cognitive decline are yet to be clearly understood. Objectives: The present study is aimed at assessing the relationship between blood lipids—especially in the context of their usefulness as biomarkers of an early cognitive decline—and cognitive functioning of aging adults. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 230 participants—(109 women, 121 men) aged 65+ years. Plasma 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol [24(S)-OHC], serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were assessed. The analyses were conducted in three groups of cognitive performance: cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild dementia, of which the subjects were divided with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: No significant differences in 24(S)-OHC plasma concentrations for different levels of cognitive performance were found. Significant differences were found in serum TC (p = 0.026) and LDL (p = 0.007) concentrations for different levels of cognitive performance. Concentrations of both parameters were highest in the MCI group and lowest in mild dementia and cognitive norm, respectively. No significant differences between serum HDL concentrations and cognitive performance were found. Conclusions: To fully assess the potential of research on blood lipids in regards to a cognitive decline, cross-sectional or epidemiological studies aimed at further exploring blood lipid roles in both the early and advanced MCI and dementia, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia McFarlane
- Department of Social and Medical Sciences, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.,Department of Geriatrics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Biochemistry and Biogerontology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Dominika Gębka
- Department of Geriatrics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szybalska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Aging and Longevity Strategic Project, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szwed
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Klich-Rączka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Ruthirakuhan M, Herrmann N, Andreazza AC, Verhoeff NPLG, Gallagher D, Black SE, Kiss A, Lanctôt KL. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol Is Associated with Agitation Severity in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Alzheimer's Disease: Analyses from a Clinical Trial with Nabilone. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:21-31. [PMID: 31322567 PMCID: PMC6839471 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Agitation is a prevalent and difficult-to-treat symptom of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been a target of interest for the treatment of agitation. However, ECS signaling may interact with AD-related changes in brain cholesterol metabolism. Elevated brain cholesterol, reflected by reduced serum 24-S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), is associated with reduced membrane fluidity, preventing ligand binding to cannabinoid receptor 1. Objective: To assess whether 24S-OHC was associated with agitation severity and response to nabilone. Methods: 24S-OHC was collected from AD patients enrolled in a clinical trial on nabilone at the start and end of each phase. This allowed for the cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation between 24S-OHC and agitation (Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory, CMAI). Post-hoc analyses included adjustments for baseline standardized Mini-Mental Status Exam (sMMSE), and analyses with CMAI subtotals consistent with the International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA) definition for agitation (physical aggression and nonaggression, and verbal aggression). Results: 24S-OHC was not associated with CMAI scores cross-sectionally or longitudinally, before and after adjusting for baseline sMMSE. However, 24S-OHC was associated with greater CMAI IPA scores at baseline (F(1,36) = 4.95, p = 0.03). In the placebo phase only, lower 24S-OHC at baseline was associated with increases in CMAI IPA scores (b = –35.2, 95% CI –65.6 to –5.0, p = 0.02), and decreases in 24S-OHC were associated with increases in CMAI IPA scores (b = –20.94, 95% CI –57.9 to –4.01, p = 0.03). Conclusion: 24S-OHC was associated with agitation severity cross-sectionally, and longitudinally in patients with AD. However, 24S-OHC did not predict treatment response, and does not change over time with nabilone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myuri Ruthirakuhan
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Damien Gallagher
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto and Sunnybrook HSC, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Kiss
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Agrawal RR, Montesinos J, Larrea D, Area-Gomez E, Pera M. The silence of the fats: A MAM's story about Alzheimer. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105062. [PMID: 32866617 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of contact sites was a breakthrough in cell biology. We have learned that an organelle cannot function in isolation, and that many cellular functions depend on communication between two or more organelles. One such contact site results from the close apposition of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, known as mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). These intracellular lipid rafts serve as hubs for the regulation of cellular lipid and calcium homeostasis, and a growing body of evidence indicates that MAM domains modulate cellular function in both health and disease. Indeed, MAM dysfunction has been described as a key event in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. Our most recent work shows that, by means of its affinity for cholesterol, APP-C99 accumulates in MAM domains of the ER and induces the uptake of extracellular cholesterol as well as its trafficking from the plasma membrane to the ER. As a result, MAM functionality becomes chronically upregulated while undergoing continual turnover. The goal of this review is to discuss the consequences of C99 elevation in AD, specifically the upregulation of cholesterol trafficking and MAM activity, which abrogate cellular lipid homeostasis and disrupt the lipid composition of cellular membranes. Overall, we present a novel framework for AD pathogenesis that can be linked to the many complex alterations that occur during disease progression, and that may open a door to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R Agrawal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Delfina Larrea
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Marta Pera
- Departament of Basic Sciences, Facultat de Medicina I Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195, Spain.
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16
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Pera M, Montesinos J, Larrea D, Agrawal RR, Velasco KR, Stavrovskaya IG, Yun TD, Area-Gomez E. MAM and C99, key players in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:235-278. [PMID: 32739006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inter-organelle communication is a rapidly-expanding field that has transformed our understanding of cell biology and pathology. Organelle-organelle contact sites can generate transient functional domains that act as enzymatic hubs involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and intracellular signaling. One of these hubs is located in areas of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) connected to mitochondria, called mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM). These MAM are transient lipid rafts intimately involved in cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial function and dynamics. In addition, γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein 99-aa C-terminal fragment (C99) to form amyloid β also occurs at the MAM. Our most recent data indicates that in Alzheimer's disease, increases in uncleaved C99 levels at the MAM provoke the upregulation of MAM-resident functions, resulting in the loss of lipid homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we discuss the relevance of these findings in the field, and the contribution of C99 and MAM dysfunction to Alzheimer's disease neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pera
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Delfina Larrea
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rishi R Agrawal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin R Velasco
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Irina G Stavrovskaya
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taekyung D Yun
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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17
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Kölsch H, Lütjohann D, Jessen F, Popp J, Hentschel F, Kelemen P, Schmitz S, Maier W, Heun R. CYP46A1 variants influence Alzheimer’s disease risk and brain cholesterol metabolism. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 24:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundCholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46) catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol, the primary cerebral cholesterol elimination product. Only few gene variations in CYP46 gene (CYP46A1) have been investigated for their relevance as genetic risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and results are contradictory.MethodsWe performed a gene variability screening in CYP46A1 and investigated the effect of gene variants on the risk of AD and on CSF levels of cholesterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol.ResultsTwo of the identified 16 SNPs in CYP46A1 influenced AD risk in our study (rs7157609: p = 0.016; rs4900442: p = 0.019). The interaction term of both SNPs was also associated with an increased risk of AD (p = 0.006). Haplotypes including both SNPs were calculated and haplotype G–C was identified to influence the risk of AD (p = 0.005). AD patients and non-demented controls, who were carriers of the G–C haplotype, presented with reduced CSF levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol (p = 0.001) and cholesterol (p < 0.001).ConclusionOur results suggest that CYP46A1 gene variations might act as risk factor for AD via an influence on brain cholesterol metabolism.
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18
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Dierckx T, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA. The Impact of Phytosterols on the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:6750-6765. [PMID: 29984647 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most cholesterol-rich organ in mammals. Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for proper brain functioning and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism can lead to neurological problems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are examples of neurological diseases that are characterized by a disturbed cholesterol metabolism. Phytosterols (PS) are plant-derived components that structurally and functionally resemble cholesterol. PS are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Due to their ability to reach the brain, researchers have started to investigate the physiological role of PS in the CNS. In this review, the metabolism and function of PS in the diseased and healthy CNS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Dierckx
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
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19
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McFarlane O, Kędziora-Kornatowska K. Cholesterol and Dementia: A Long and Complicated Relationship. Curr Aging Sci 2020; 13:42-51. [PMID: 31530269 PMCID: PMC7403650 DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666190917155400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a huge demand for efficient strategies for maintaining cognitive wellbeing with age, especially in the context of population aging. Dementia constitutes the main reason for disability and dependency in the elderly. Identification of potential risk and protective factors, as well as determinants of conversion from MCI to dementia, is therefore crucial. In case of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent dementia syndrome amongst the members of modern societies, neurodegenerative processes in the brain can begin many years before first clinical symptoms appear. First functional changes typically mean advanced neuron loss, therefore, the earliest possible diagnosis is critical for implementation of promising early pharmaceutical interventions. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to discuss the relationships between both circulating and brain cholesterol with cognition, and explore its potential role in early diagnosis of cognitive disorders. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS The causal role of high cholesterol levels in AD or MCI has not been confirmed. It has been postulated that plasma levels of 24(S)-OHC can potentially be used as an early biochemical marker of altered cholesterol homeostasis in the CNS. Some studies brought conflicting results, finding normal or lowered levels of 24(S)-OHC in dementia patients compared to controls. In spite of decades of research on the relationship between cholesterol and dementia, so far, no single trusted indicator of an early cognitive deterioration has been identified. CONCLUSION The current state of knowledge makes the use of cholesterol markers of cognitive decline in clinical practice impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia McFarlane
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, P.O. Box: 85-830, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Tel/Fax: ++48-52-585-5408; E-mail:
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20
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Huang X, Guo Y, Li P, Ma X, Dong S, Hu H, Li Y, Yuan L. Association of Circulating Retinol and α-TOH Levels with Cognitive Function in Aging Subject with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Nutr Health Aging 2020; 24:290-299. [PMID: 32115610 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malnutrition of vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-TOH) was observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or dementia patients. However, how these vitamins affect cognitive function of subjects with T2DM was seldom reported. The objective of this study was to determine the association of circulating retinol and α-TOH with cognition in aging subjects with T2DM. METHODS A total of 448 T2DM subjects and 448 age, gender and education matched control subjects (aged 55-75 years) were included in the study. Demographic characters of the participants were collected. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) method was used to collect dietary intake information. To assess the status of cognition, the MoCA test was used. Circulating retinol and α-TOH levels were compared between T2DM and non-T2DM subjects. Correlation of circulating retinol and α-TOH levels with cognitive function was analyzed in T2DM subjects. The effect of serum retinol and α-TOH levels on the risk of MCI in T2DM patients was explored. RESULTS We found that T2DM-MCI subjects demonstrate lower serum retinol level than T2DM-nonMCI subjects (P < 0.01). Serum retinol level was positively correlated to cognitive function in T2DM subject (P < 0.05). T2DM subjects with higher circulating retinol level demonstrate higher cognitive scores in visual and executive, attention, language, memory and delayed recall domains (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Diminished circulating retinol predicts an increased risk of MCI in T2DM patients. Our findings provide suggestions that optimal retinol nutritional status might benefit cognition and decrease the risk of MCI in aging subjects with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Linhong Yuan, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China, E-mail: , Tel: +86-010-83911652; Fax: +86-010-83911512
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Nutritional Lipidomics in Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1195:95-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32633-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Oxidized cholesterol species as signaling molecules in the brain: diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20190068. [PMID: 32269839 PMCID: PMC7104322 DOI: 10.1042/ns20190068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with adverse central nervous system effects, including a doubled risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and increased risk of cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms connecting diabetes to cognitive decline and dementia are unknown. One possible link between these diseases may be the associated alterations to cholesterol oxidation and metabolism in the brain. We will survey evidence demonstrating alterations to oxysterols in the brain in AD and diabetes and how these oxysterols could contribute to pathology, as well as identifying research questions that have not yet been addressed to allow for a fuller understanding of the role of oxysterols in AD and diabetes.
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Petrov AM, Pikuleva IA. Cholesterol 24-Hydroxylation by CYP46A1: Benefits of Modulation for Brain Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:635-648. [PMID: 31001737 PMCID: PMC6694357 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylation is the major mechanism for cholesterol removal from the brain and the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a CNS-specific enzyme. This review describes CYP46A1 in the context of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain and summarizes available experimental data on CYP46A1 association with different neurologic diseases, including the mechanisms by which changes in the CYP46A1 activity in the brain could be beneficial for these diseases. The modulation of CYP46A1 activity by genetic and pharmacologic means is also presented along with a brief synopsis of the two clinical trials that evaluate CYP46A1 as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease as well as Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Petrov AM, Lam M, Mast N, Moon J, Li Y, Maxfield E, Pikuleva IA. CYP46A1 Activation by Efavirenz Leads to Behavioral Improvement without Significant Changes in Amyloid Plaque Load in the Brain of 5XFAD Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:710-724. [PMID: 31062296 PMCID: PMC6694340 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz, the FDA-approved anti-retroviral medication, is evaluated in the clinical trial in patients with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Efavirenz is assessed for activation of cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a CNS-specific enzyme that converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylation is the major pathway for brain cholesterol removal, and a mechanism that controls brain cholesterol turnover. The present study tested efavirenz on 5XFAD mice (an Alzheimer's model) at a very low daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. Efavirenz treatment started from three months of age, after amyloid plague appearance, and continued for 6 months. This treatment led to CYP46A1 activation in the brain, enhancement of brain cholesterol turnover, behavioral improvements, reduction in microglia activation but increased astrocyte reactivity. The levels of the soluble and insoluble amyloid 40 and 42 peptides were unchanged while the number and area of the dense core amyloid plaques were slightly decreased. The measurements of the brain levels of several pre- and post-synaptic proteins (Munc13-1, PSD-95, gephyrin, synaptophysin, synapsin-1, and calbindin-D28k) suggested efavirenz effect at the synaptic level. Efavirenz treatment in the present work seems to represent a model of behavioral and other improvements independent of the levels of the amyloid peptides and provides insight into potential outcomes of the future clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Morrie Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Erin Maxfield
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Roy D, Chakrabarti SS, Banerjee A, Sharma P, Biswas A, Chakrabarti S. Serum 24-hydroxycholesterol in probable Alzheimer's dementia: Reexploring the significance of a tentative Alzheimer's disease biomarker. Aging Med (Milton) 2019; 2:74-81. [PMID: 31942515 PMCID: PMC6880732 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study measured and analyzed the serum levels of 24-hydroxycholesterol in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-/sex-matched controls. METHODS A case-control study involving 40 AD patients and 40 controls was performed at a tertiary neurological teaching hospital in eastern India. Blood and serum samples were collected for APOE genotyping and 24-hydroxycholesterol levels, respectively. RESULTS Serum 24-hydroxycholesterol was significantly lower in AD patients compared to controls (median concentration: controls, 47.14 ng/mL (interquartile range, 16.34); AD patients, 32.93 ng/mL (interquartile range, 9.45); P < 0.001) but showed no significant correlation with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in AD cases (r = -0.169, P = 0.298) or in controls (r = 0.18, P = 0.26). No statistically significant difference was observed between serum 24-hydroxycholesterol levels of the APOE4-positive and -negative subgroups in AD patients (P = 0.79). Findings were consistent and unchanged even when the ratio of serum 24-hydroxycholesterol to serum total cholesterol was considered. CONCLUSION The decreased 24-hydroxycholesterol level in peripheral circulation in AD cases observed in the present study may suggest its role in AD pathogenesis. The lack of a clear correlation between serum levels of 24-hydroxycholesterol and MMSE score-a surrogate marker of AD severity-raises the question as to whether 24-hydroxycholesterol level declines with decreasing neuronal mass or whether the steroid continues to play a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Roy
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Post‐graduate Medical Education and ResearchKolkataIndia
| | | | - Anindita Banerjee
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Post‐graduate Medical Education and ResearchKolkataIndia
| | - Pallav Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research CellM M Institute of Medical Sciences and ResearchM M (Deemed to be) UniversityMullanaIndia
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Department of NeurologyBangur Institute of NeurosciencesKolkataIndia
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research CellM M Institute of Medical Sciences and ResearchM M (Deemed to be) UniversityMullanaIndia
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Petrov AM, Mast N, Li Y, Pikuleva IA. The key genes, phosphoproteins, processes, and pathways affected by efavirenz-activated CYP46A1 in the amyloid-decreasing paradigm of efavirenz treatment. FASEB J 2019; 33:8782-8798. [PMID: 31063705 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900092r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV) is an anti-HIV drug, and cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) is the major brain cholesterol hydroxylase. Previously, we discovered that EFV activates CYP46A1 and improves behavioral performance in 5XFAD mice, an Alzheimer's disease model. Herein, the unbiased omics and other approaches were used to study 5XFAD mice in the amyloid-decreasing paradigm of CYP46A1 activation by EFV. These approaches revealed increases in the brain levels of postsynaptic density protein 95, gephyrin, synaptophysin, synapsin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and CYP46A1 and documented altered expression and phosphorylation of 66 genes and 77 proteins, respectively. The data obtained pointed to EFV effects at the synaptic level, plasmin-depended amyloid clearance, inflammation and microglia phenotype, oxidative stress and cellular hypoxia, autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome systems as well as apoptosis. These effects could be realized in part via changes in the Ca2+-, small GTPase, and catenin signaling. A model is proposed, in which CYP46A1-dependent lipid raft rearrangement and subsequent decrease of protein phosphorylation are central in EFV effects and explain behavioral improvements in EFV-treated 5XFAD mice.-Petrov, A. M., Mast, N., Li, Y., Pikuleva, I. A. The key genes, phosphoproteins, processes, and pathways affected by efavirenz-activated CYP46A1 in the amyloid-decreasing paradigm of efavirenz treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Dietary Sargassum fusiforme improves memory and reduces amyloid plaque load in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4908. [PMID: 30894635 PMCID: PMC6426980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) by synthetic agonists was found to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. However, these LXR agonists induce hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis, hampering their use in the clinic. We hypothesized that phytosterols as LXR agonists enhance cognition in AD without affecting plasma and hepatic triglycerides. Phytosterols previously reported to activate LXRs were tested in a luciferase-based LXR reporter assay. Using this assay, we found that phytosterols commonly present in a Western type diet in physiological concentrations do not activate LXRs. However, a lipid extract of the 24(S)-Saringosterol-containing seaweed Sargassum fusiforme did potently activate LXRβ. Dietary supplementation of crude Sargassum fusiforme or a Sargassum fusiforme-derived lipid extract to AD mice significantly improved short-term memory and reduced hippocampal Aβ plaque load by 81%. Notably, none of the side effects typically induced by full synthetic LXR agonists were observed. In contrast, administration of the synthetic LXRα activator, AZ876, did not improve cognition and resulted in the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver. Administration of Sargassum fusiforme-derived 24(S)-Saringosterol to cultured neurons reduced the secretion of Aβ42. Moreover, conditioned medium from 24(S)-Saringosterol-treated astrocytes added to microglia increased phagocytosis of Aβ. Our data show that Sargassum fusiforme improves cognition and alleviates AD pathology. This may be explained at least partly by 24(S)-Saringosterol-mediated LXRβ activation.
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Chornenkyy Y, Wang W, Wei A, Nelson PT. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are distinct diseases with potential overlapping metabolic dysfunction upstream of observed cognitive decline. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:3-17. [PMID: 30106209 PMCID: PMC6427919 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are highly prevalent aging-related diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Some findings in human and animal models have linked T2DM to AD-type dementia. Despite epidemiological associations between the T2DM and cognitive impairment, the interrelational mechanisms are unclear. The preponderance of evidence in longitudinal studies with autopsy confirmation have indicated that vascular mechanisms, rather than classic AD-type pathologies, underlie the cognitive decline often seen in self-reported T2DM. T2DM is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and is associated with increased risk of infarcts and small vessel disease in the brain and other organs. Neuropathological examinations of post-mortem brains demonstrated evidence of cerebrovascular disease and little to no correlation between T2DM and β-amyloid deposits or neurofibrillary tangles. Nevertheless, the mechanisms upstream of early AD-specific pathology remain obscure. In this regard, there may indeed be overlap between the pathologic mechanisms of T2DM/"metabolic syndrome," and AD. More specifically, cerebral insulin processing, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, and/or lipid metabolism could be altered in patients in early AD and directly influence symptomatology and/or neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wang‐Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKY
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging, Department of PathologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Angela Wei
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKY
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging, Department of PathologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
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29
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Donepezil effects on cholesterol and oxysterol plasma levels of Alzheimer's disease patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:501-507. [PMID: 28861608 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component in the structure and function of cell membranes and has been associated with the major pathological signatures of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To maintain brain cholesterol homeostasis, it is converted into 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) which can be driven through the blood-brain barrier. Several studies have already described a decrease in 24OHC and an increase of 27(S)-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in AD, as a reflection of disease burden, the loss of metabolically active neurons and the degree of structural atrophy. It is also well known that peripheral cholesterol is altered in AD patients. However, there are no data regarding effects of AD treatment in this cholesterol pathway. Since a study from our group indicated a significant increase in membrane phospholipid metabolism by donepezil, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short- and long-term donepezil treatment on cholesterol and metabolites 24OHC and 27OHC in plasma of AD patients and in healthy volunteers. At baseline, we found a decrease of 24OHC (p = 0.003) in AD patients. Cholesterol levels increased with donepezil treatment (p = 0.04) but no differences were observed regarding 24OHC and 27OHC. However, these results confirm and extend previous studies demonstrating disturbed cholesterol turnover in Alzheimer's disease.
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30
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Separation and Determination of Some of the Main Cholesterol-Related Compounds in Blood by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Selected Ion Monitoring Mode). SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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31
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Navarro-Mabarak C, Camacho-Carranza R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Cytochrome P450 in the central nervous system as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:95-108. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1439502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Navarro-Mabarak
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Camacho-Carranza
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jesús Javier Espinosa-Aguirre
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Noebauer B, Jais A, Todoric J, Gossens K, Sutterlüty-Fall H, Einwallner E. Hepatic Cholesterol-25-Hydroxylase Overexpression Improves Systemic Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4108768. [PMID: 28299341 PMCID: PMC5337352 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4108768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for several diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and some forms of cancer and due to its rapidly increasing prevalence it has become one of the biggest problems medicine is facing today. All the more surprising, a substantial percentage of obese patients are metabolically healthy when classified based on insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. Oxysterols are naturally occurring molecules that play important role in various metabolic and inflammatory processes and their levels are elevated in patients suffering from obesity and diabetes. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) is produced in cells from cholesterol by the enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h) and is involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory processes, and cell proliferation. Here, we investigated the role of hepatic Ch25h in the transition from metabolically healthy obesity to insulin resistance and diabetes. Using several different experimental approaches, we demonstrated the significance of Ch25h on the border of "healthy" and "diseased" states of obesity. Adenovirus-mediated Ch25h overexpression in mice improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and lowered HOMA-IR. Our data suggest that low hepatic Ch25h levels could be considered a risk marker for unhealthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Noebauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Jais
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelena Todoric
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Gossens
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hedwig Sutterlüty-Fall
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisa Einwallner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Liu Q, An Y, Yu H, Lu Y, Feng L, Wang C, Xiao R. Relationship between oxysterols and mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:177. [PMID: 27724967 PMCID: PMC5057217 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between oxysterols and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a matched case-control study. METHODS The plasma levels of four oxysterols, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7α-OHC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC), were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and compared between 70 MCI patients and 140 matched controls with normal cognition. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated using logistic analyses to assess the association between oxysterols and MCI. RESULTS Compared with controls with normal cognition, plasma level of 27-OHC was significantly higher in MCI patients. Logistic analyses suggested high plasma level of 27-OHC was significantly associated with MCI even after multivariate adjustment (OR = 2.86, 95 % CI: 1.52 ~ 5.37). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that the increased plasma level of 27-OHC was associated with MCI, suggesting high plasma levels of 27-OHC may pay an important role in the development of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanri Liu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Yu An
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Huanling Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Lingli Feng
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China.
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Abstract
Oxysterols have long been known for their important role in cholesterol homeostasis, where they are involved in both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms for controlling cholesterol levels. However, they are increasingly associated with a wide variety of other, sometimes surprising cell functions. They are activators of the Hedgehog pathway (important in embryogenesis), and they act as ligands for a growing list of receptors, including some that are of importance to the immune system. Oxysterols have also been implicated in several diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. Here, we explore the latest research into the roles oxy-sterols play in different areas, and we evaluate the current evidence for these roles. In addition, we outline critical concepts to consider when investigating the roles of oxysterols in various situations, which includes ensuring that the concentration and form of the oxysterol are relevant in that context--a caveat with which many studies have struggled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; , , ,
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; , , ,
| | - Isabelle Capell-Hattam
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; , , ,
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia;
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; , , ,
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35
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Moutinho M, Nunes MJ, Rodrigues E. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase: Brain cholesterol metabolism and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1911-1920. [PMID: 27663182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in brain cholesterol homeostasis have been extensively related to brain disorders. The major elimination pathway of brain cholesterol is its hydroxylation into 24 (S)-hydroxycholesterol by the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). Interestingly, there seems to be an association between CYP46A1 and high-order brain functions, in a sense that increased expression of this hydroxylase improves cognition, while a reduction leads to a poor cognitive performance. Moreover, increasing amount of epidemiological, biochemical and molecular evidence, suggests that CYP46A1 has a role in the pathogenesis or progression of neurodegenerative disorders, in which up-regulation of this enzyme is clearly beneficial. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood, which highlights the importance of studies that further explore the role of CYP46A1 in the central nervous system. In this review we summarize the major findings regarding CYP46A1, and highlight the several recently described pathways modulated by this enzyme from a physiological and pathological perspective, which might account for novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moutinho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Nunes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Noguchi N, Urano Y, Takabe W, Saito Y. New aspects of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol in modulating neuronal cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:366-72. [PMID: 26164631 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), which is enzymatically produced in the brain, has been known to play an important role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis in the brain and has been proposed as a possible biomarker of neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies have revealed diverse functions of 24S-OHC and gained increased attention. For example, 24S-OHC at sublethal concentrations has been found to induce an adaptive response via activation of the liver X receptor signaling pathway, thereby protecting neuronal cells against subsequent oxidative stress. It has also been found that physiological concentrations of 24S-OHC suppress amyloid-β production via downregulation of amyloid precursor protein trafficking in neuronal cells. On the other hand, high concentrations of 24S-OHC have been found to induce a type of nonapoptotic programmed cell death in neuronal cells expressing little caspase-8. Because neuronal cell death induced by 24S-OHC has been found to proceed by a unique mechanism, which is different from but in some ways similar to necroptosis-necroptosis being a type of programmed necrosis induced by tumor necrosis factor α-neuronal cell death induced by 24S-OHC has been called "necroptosis-like" cell death. 24S-OHC-induced cell death is dependent on the formation of 24S-OHC esters but not on oxidative stress. This review article discusses newly reported aspects of 24S-OHC in neuronal cell death and sheds light on the possible importance of controlling 24S-OHC levels in the brain for preventing neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Noguchi
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Wakako Takabe
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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Burlot MA, Braudeau J, Michaelsen-Preusse K, Potier B, Ayciriex S, Varin J, Gautier B, Djelti F, Audrain M, Dauphinot L, Fernandez-Gomez FJ, Caillierez R, Laprévote O, Bièche I, Auzeil N, Potier MC, Dutar P, Korte M, Buée L, Blum D, Cartier N. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase defect is implicated in memory impairments associated with Alzheimer-like Tau pathology. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5965-76. [PMID: 26358780 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by both amyloid and Tau pathologies. The amyloid component and altered cholesterol metabolism are closely linked, but the relationship between Tau pathology and cholesterol is currently unclear. Brain cholesterol is synthesized in situ and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier: to be exported from the central nervous system into the blood circuit, excess cholesterol must be converted to 24S-hydroxycholesterol by the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase encoded by the CYP46A1 gene. In AD patients, the concentration of 24S-hydroxycholesterol in the plasma and the cerebrospinal fluid are lower than in healthy controls. The THY-Tau22 mouse is a model of AD-like Tau pathology without amyloid pathology. We used this model to investigate the potential association between Tau pathology and CYP46A1 modulation. The amounts of CYP46A1 and 24S-hydroxycholesterol in the hippocampus were lower in THY-Tau22 than control mice. We used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer strategy to increase CYP46A1 expression in order to investigate the consequences on THY-Tau22 mouse phenotype. Injection of the AAV-CYP46A1 vector into the hippocampus of THY-Tau22 mice led to CYP46A1 and 24S-hydroxycholesterol content normalization. The cognitive deficits, impaired long-term depression and spine defects that characterize the THY-Tau22 model were completely rescued, whereas Tau hyperphosphorylation and associated gliosis were unaffected. These results argue for a causal link between CYP46A1 protein content and memory impairments that result from Tau pathology. Therefore, CYP46A1 may be a relevant therapeutic target for Tauopathies and especially for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Burlot
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Jérôme Braudeau
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany, AG NIND, HZI, Inhoffenstraße 7, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
| | - Brigitte Potier
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS894, Paris 75014, France
| | | | - Jennifer Varin
- EA7331, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris 75006, France
| | - Benoit Gautier
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Fathia Djelti
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Mickael Audrain
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75006, France
| | - Luce Dauphinot
- ICM, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM UMRS975, UPMC, Paris 75013, France
| | - Francisco-Jose Fernandez-Gomez
- Université de Lille, UDSL, Lille 59045, France, INSERM UMR1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille 59045, France and
| | - Raphaëlle Caillierez
- Université de Lille, UDSL, Lille 59045, France, INSERM UMR1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille 59045, France and
| | | | - Ivan Bièche
- EA7331, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris 75006, France
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463 and
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- ICM, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM UMRS975, UPMC, Paris 75013, France
| | - Patrick Dutar
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS894, Paris 75014, France
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany, AG NIND, HZI, Inhoffenstraße 7, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
| | - Luc Buée
- Université de Lille, UDSL, Lille 59045, France, INSERM UMR1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille 59045, France and CHRU-Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Lille 59037, France
| | - David Blum
- Université de Lille, UDSL, Lille 59045, France, INSERM UMR1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille 59045, France and CHRU-Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Lille 59037, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, Fontenay aux Roses 92265, France, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France,
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The impairment of cholesterol metabolism in Huntington disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1095-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Filomenko R, Fourgeux C, Bretillon L, Gambert-Nicot S. Oxysterols: Influence on plasma membrane rafts microdomains and development of ocular diseases. Steroids 2015; 99:259-65. [PMID: 25683893 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of cholesterol into oxysterols is a major way of elimination of cholesterol from the liver and extrahepatic tissues, including the brain and the retina. Oxysterols are involved in various cellular processes. Numerous links have been established between oxysterols and several disorders such as neurodegenerative pathologies, retinopathies and atherosclerosis. Different components of the lipid layer such as sphingolipids, sterols and proteins participate to membrane fluidity and forme lipid rafts microdomains. Few data are available on the links between lipids rafts and oxysterols. The purpose of this review is to suggest the potential role of lipid rafts microdomains in the development of retinopathies with special emphasis and opening perspectives of their interactions with oxysterols. Actually cholesterol oxidation mechanism may have deleterious effect on its ability to support rafts formation .This review suggest that the effect of oxysterols of lipid rafts would probably depend on the oxysterol molecule and cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Filomenko
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Equipe Œil, Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire, F-21000 Dijon, France; CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Cynthia Fourgeux
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Equipe Œil, Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire, F-21000 Dijon, France; CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Equipe Œil, Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire, F-21000 Dijon, France; CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Ségolène Gambert-Nicot
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Equipe Œil, Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire, F-21000 Dijon, France; CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; CHU Dijon, Service de Biochimie Clinique, F-21000 Dijon, France
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40
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Gamba P, Testa G, Gargiulo S, Staurenghi E, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Oxidized cholesterol as the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:119. [PMID: 26150787 PMCID: PMC4473000 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia, is typified by the pathological accumulation of amyloid Aβ peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) within the brain. Considerable evidence indicates that many events contribute to AD progression, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered cholesterol metabolism. The brain’s high lipid content makes it particularly vulnerable to oxidative species, with the consequent enhancement of lipid peroxidation and cholesterol oxidation, and the subsequent formation of end products, mainly 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols, respectively from the two processes. The chronic inflammatory events observed in the AD brain include activation of microglia and astrocytes, together with enhancement of inflammatory molecule and free radical release. Along with glial cells, neurons themselves have been found to contribute to neuroinflammation in the AD brain, by serving as sources of inflammatory mediators. Oxidative stress is intimately associated with neuroinflammation, and a vicious circle has been found to connect oxidative stress and inflammation in AD. Alongside oxidative stress and inflammation, altered cholesterol metabolism and hypercholesterolemia also significantly contribute to neuronal damage and to progression of AD. Increasing evidence is now consolidating the hypothesis that oxidized cholesterol is the driving force behind the development of AD, and that oxysterols are the link connecting the disease to altered cholesterol metabolism in the brain and hypercholesterolemia; this is because of the ability of oxysterols, unlike cholesterol, to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). The key role of oxysterols in AD pathogenesis has been strongly supported by research pointing to their involvement in modulating neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, and cell death. This review highlights the key role played by cholesterol and oxysterols in the brain in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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Sidhu R, Jiang H, Farhat NY, Carrillo-Carrasco N, Woolery M, Ottinger E, Porter FD, Schaffer JE, Ory DS, Jiang X. A validated LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1222-33. [PMID: 25866316 PMCID: PMC4442878 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d058487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
24(S)-hydroxycholesterol [24(S)-HC] is a cholesterol metabolite that is formed almost exclusively in the brain. The concentrations of 24(S)-HC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or plasma might be a sensitive marker of altered cholesterol metabolism in the CNS. A highly sensitive 2D-LC-MS/MS assay was developed for the quantification of 24(S)-HC in human plasma and CSF. In the development of an assay for 24(S)-HC in CSF, significant nonspecific binding of 24(S)-HC was observed and resolved with the addition of 2.5% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) into CSF samples. The sample preparation consists of liquid-liquid extraction with methyl-tert-butyl ether and derivatization with nicotinic acid. Good linearity was observed in a range from 1 to 200 ng/ml and from 0.025 to 5 ng/ml, for plasma and CSF, respectively. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the calibration curve ranges. Stability of 24(S)-HC was reported under a variety of storage conditions. This method has been successfully applied to support a National Institutes of Health-sponsored clinical trial of HP-β-CD in Niemann-Pick type C1 patients, in which 24(S)-HC is used as a pharmacodynamic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Sidhu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hui Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicole Y Farhat
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nuria Carrillo-Carrasco
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Myra Woolery
- Nursing Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elizabeth Ottinger
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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42
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Vanmierlo T, Bogie JF, Mailleux J, Vanmol J, Lütjohann D, Mulder M, Hendriks JJ. Plant sterols: Friend or foe in CNS disorders? Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zarrouk A, Vejux A, Mackrill J, O’Callaghan Y, Hammami M, O’Brien N, Lizard G. Involvement of oxysterols in age-related diseases and ageing processes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:148-62. [PMID: 25305550 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by increasing vulnerability to major pathologies (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and osteoporosis) which can have similar underlying pathoetiologies. All of these diseases involve oxidative stress, inflammation and/or cell death processes, which are triggered by cholesterol oxide derivatives, also named oxysterols. These oxidized lipids result either from spontaneous and/or enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol on the steroid nucleus or on the side chain. The ability of oxysterols to induce severe dysfunctions in organelles (especially mitochondria) plays key roles in RedOx homeostasis, inflammatory status, lipid metabolism, and in the control of cell death induction, which may at least in part contribute to explain the potential participation of these molecules in ageing processes and in age related diseases. As no efficient treatments are currently available for most of these diseases, which are predicted to become more prevalent due to the increasing life expectancy and average age, a better knowledge of the biological activities of the different oxysterols is of interest, and constitutes an important step toward identification of pharmacological targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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44
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Shinohara M, Sato N, Shimamura M, Kurinami H, Hamasaki T, Chatterjee A, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Possible modification of Alzheimer's disease by statins in midlife: interactions with genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:71. [PMID: 24795626 PMCID: PMC4005936 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of statins, commonly prescribed for hypercholesterolemia, in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not yet been fully established. A recent randomized clinical trial did not show any therapeutic effects of two statins on cognitive function in AD. Interestingly, however, the results of the Rotterdam study, one of the largest prospective cohort studies, showed reduced risk of AD in statin users. Based on the current understanding of statin actions and AD pathogenesis, it is still worth exploring whether statins can prevent AD when administered decades before the onset of AD or from midlife. This review discusses the possible beneficial effects of statins, drawn from previous clinical observations, pathogenic mechanisms, which include β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau metabolism, genetic and non-genetic risk factors (apolipoprotein E, cholesterol, sex, hypertension, and diabetes), and other clinical features (vascular dysfunction and oxidative and inflammatory stress) of AD. These findings suggest that administration of statins in midlife might prevent AD in late life by modifying genetic and non-genetic risk factors for AD. It should be clarified whether statins inhibit Aβ accumulation, tau pathological features, and brain atrophy in humans. To answer this question, a randomized controlled study using amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), tau-PET, and magnetic resonance imaging would be useful. This clinical evaluation could help us to overcome this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sato
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University Office for University-Industry CollaborationSuita, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kurinami
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University Office for University-Industry CollaborationSuita, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hamasaki
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Amarnath Chatterjee
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
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45
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Liu Q, Zhang J. Lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:331-45. [PMID: 24733655 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play crucial roles in cell signaling and various physiological processes, especially in the brain. Impaired lipid metabolism in the brain has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other central nervous system insults. The brain contains thousands of lipid species, but the complex lipid compositional diversity and the function of each of lipid species are currently poorly understood. This review integrates current knowledge about major lipid changes with the molecular mechanisms that underlie AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China,
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46
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Noguchi N, Saito Y, Urano Y. Diverse functions of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol in the brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:692-6. [PMID: 24530911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) which is enzymatically produced in the brain plays important physiological roles in maintaining brain cholesterol homeostasis. We found that 24S-OHC at sub-lethal concentrations down-regulated amyloid precursor protein (APP) trafficking via enhancement of the complex formation of APP with up-regulated glucose-regulated protein 78, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone. In accordance with this mechanism, 24S-OHC suppressed amyloid-β production in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, 24S-OHC at sub-lethal concentrations induced adaptive responses via transcriptional activation of the liver X receptor signaling pathway, thereby protecting neuronal cells against the forthcoming oxidative stress induced by 7-ketocholesterol. On the other hand, we found that high concentrations of 24S-OHC induced apoptosis in T-lymphoma Jurkat cells which endogenously expressed caspase-8, and induced necroptosis - a form of programmed necrosis - in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells which expressed no caspase-8. In this Article, we show the diverse functions of 24S-OHC and consider the possible importance of controlling 24S-OHC levels in the brain for preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Noguchi
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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47
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Hughes TM, Rosano C, Evans RW, Kuller LH. Brain cholesterol metabolism, oxysterols, and dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33:891-911. [PMID: 23076077 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyloid production in the brain. While brain cholesterol cannot be measured directly in vivo, the oxysterol, 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC), is the predominant metabolite of brain cholesterol and can be measured in the blood. The aim of this review is to evaluate plasma 24-OHC as a potential biomarker of AD risk and discuss factors related to its levels in the brain and blood. This systematic review examines studies published between 1950 and June 2012 that examined the relationship between plasma 24-OHC, cognition, brain structure, and dementia using the following key words ("24S-hydroxycholesterol" or "24-hydroxycholesterol") and ("Brain" or "Cognitive"). We found a total of 28 studies of plasma 24-OHC and neurodegenerative disease, including a subset of 12 that used dementia as a clinical endpoint. These studies vary in the direction of the observed associations. Results suggest plasma 24-OHC may be higher in the early stages of cognitive impairment and lower in more advanced stages of AD when compared to cognitively normal controls. Measures of 24-OHC in the blood may be an important potential marker for cholesterol metabolism in the brain and risk of AD. Further studies of plasma 24-OHC and dementia must account for the stage of disease, establish the temporal trends in oxysterol concentrations, and employ neuroimaging modalities to assess the structural and metabolic changes occurring in the brain prior to the onset of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Hughes
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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48
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Urano Y, Ochiai S, Noguchi N. Suppression of amyloid‐β production by 24S‐hydroxycholesterol
via
inhibition of intracellular amyloid precursor protein trafficking. FASEB J 2013; 27:4305-15. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-231456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life SystemsFaculty of Medical and Life SciencesDoshisha UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Sachika Ochiai
- Department of Medical Life SystemsFaculty of Medical and Life SciencesDoshisha UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life SystemsFaculty of Medical and Life SciencesDoshisha UniversityKyotoJapan
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49
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Leoni V, Caccia C. Potential diagnostic applications of side chain oxysterols analysis in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Leoni V, Long JD, Mills JA, Di Donato S, Paulsen JS. Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol correlation with markers of Huntington disease progression. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 55:37-43. [PMID: 23557875 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is involved in the conversion of excess cholesterol in the brain, and its level in plasma is related to the number of metabolically active neuronal cells. Previous research suggests that plasma 24OHC is substantially reduced in the presence of neurodegenerative disease. Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) triplet repeat expansion in the coding region of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The current study focused on the relative importance of 24OHC as a marker of HD progression. Using mass spectrometry methods, we examined plasma 24OHC levels in three groups of gene-expanded individuals (Low, Medium, High) characterized by their progression at entry into the parent PREDICT-HD study, along with a group of non-gene-expanded controls (total N=150). In addition, the correlation of 24OHC with a number of motor, cognitive, and imagining markers was examined, and effect sizes for group differences among the markers were computed for comparison with 24OHC. Results show a progression gradient as 24OHC levels decreased as the progression group increased (Low to High). The effect size of group differences for 24OHC was larger than all the other variables, except striatal volume. 24OHC was significantly correlated with many of the other key variables. The results are interpreted in terms of cholesterol synthesis and neuronal degeneration. This study provides evidence that 24OHC is a relatively important marker of HD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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