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Mulheren R, Westemeyer RM, Dietsch AM. The effect of taste on swallowing: A scoping and systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1256-1282. [PMID: 36036968 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Consuming foods and liquids for nutrition requires the coordination of several muscles. Swallowing is triggered and modified by sensory inputs from the aerodigestive tract. Taste has recently received attention as a potential modulator of swallowing physiology, function, and neural activation; additionally, taste impairment is a sequela of COVID-19. This review presents factors impacting taste and swallowing, systematically summarizes the existing literature, and assesses the quality of included studies. A search was conducted for original research including taste stimulation, deglutition-related measure(s), and human participants. Study design, independent and dependent variables, and participant characteristics were coded; included studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias. Forty-eight articles were included after abstract and full-text review. Synthesis was complicated by variable sensory components of stimuli (taste category and intensity, pure taste vs. flavor, chemesthesis, volume/amount, consistency, temperature), participant characteristics, confounding variables such as genetic taster status, and methods of measurement. Most studies had a high risk of at least one type of bias and were of fair or poor quality. Interpretation is limited by wide variability in methods, taste stimulation, confounding factors, and lower-quality evidence. Existing studies suggest that taste can modulate swallowing, but more rigorous and standardized research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mulheren
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ross M Westemeyer
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Angela M Dietsch
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Muelbert M, Alexander T, Pook C, Jiang Y, Harding JE, Bloomfield FH. Cortical Oxygenation Changes during Gastric Tube Feeding in Moderate- and Late-Preterm Babies: A NIRS Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020350. [PMID: 33503882 PMCID: PMC7911983 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell and taste of food can trigger physiological responses facilitating digestion and metabolism of nutrients. Controlled experimental studies in preterm babies have demonstrated that smell activates the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) but none have investigated the effect of taste stimulation. Using cotside Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), we measured changes in OFC cerebral oxygenation in response to gastric tube feeds five and 10 days after birth in 53 assessments of 35 moderate- to late-preterm babies enrolled in a randomized trial. Babies were randomly assigned to receive smell and taste of milk before gastric tube feeds (intervention group, n = 16) or no exposure (control group, n = 19). The majority of babies were born at 33 weeks of gestation (range 32–34) and 69% were boys. No differences in OFC cerebral oxygenation were observed between control and intervention groups. Gastric tube feeds induced activation of the OFC (p < 0.05), but sensory stimulation alone with smell and taste did not. Boys, but not girls, showed activation of the OFC following exposure to smell of milk (p = 0.01). The clinical impact of sensory stimulation prior to tube feeds on nutrition of preterm babies, as well as the impact of environmental inputs on cortical activation, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Muelbert
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.P.); (Y.J.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Tanith Alexander
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.P.); (Y.J.); (J.E.H.)
- Neonatal Unit, Kidz First, Middlemore Hospital, 2025 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Pook
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.P.); (Y.J.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Yannan Jiang
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.P.); (Y.J.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Jane Elizabeth Harding
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.P.); (Y.J.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Frank Harry Bloomfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.P.); (Y.J.); (J.E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9-923-6107
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Activity of frontal pole cortex reflecting hedonic tone of food and drink: fNIRS study in humans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16197. [PMID: 30385816 PMCID: PMC6212539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive and hedonic aspects of taste have been studied using different neuroimaging techniques in humans. However, the methods used are unsuitable for easy monitoring of hedonics induced by intake of foods and beverages. Here we have tried to monitor changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) levels in the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC, frontopolar cortex, Brodmann area 10) in response to intake of hedonically different edibles in healthy adults. When subjects tasted sweet and bitter solutions freely without any particular instruction, cortical activation varied greatly among subjects and between the two stimuli, and no consistent results were obtained. Subjects then ate or drank preferred (hedonically positive) and disliked (hedonically negative) edibles. Although these stimuli differed among subjects, hedonically positive stimuli decreased oxyHb, whereas hedonically negative stimuli increased oxyHb, particularly in the ventral aPFC. When subjects tasted 4 kinds of jellies with different flavors and evaluated the degree of pleasantness, oxyHb level in the ventral region correlated negatively with pleasantness score. These results revealed that pleasant and unpleasant edibles tended to elicit decreased and increased oxyHb levels, respectively, within the ventral aPFC, suggesting that monitoring of oxyHb in this region may prove useful for objective evaluation of pleasantness of food and drink.
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Peru D, Maloney VP, Najafizadeh L. Cortical activity changes as related to oral irritation-an fNIRS study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:2558-2561. [PMID: 29060421 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present the first investigation of how the cortical regions of the brain respond to the sensations related to oral irritation, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS is used to record irritant-induced activities in the prefrontal and somatosensory regions of nine healthy individuals. Two types of solutions, irritant-free and soft tissue-irritant-contained, are adopted as the stimuli for the control and task experiments, respectively. Our findings reveal that both somatosensory and prefrontal regions show activity as a result of oral irritation. Furthermore, using moving window analysis, we identify the time interval during which the largest number of channels (indicative of high involvement of cortical regions) show irritant-induced activity. Our results indicate that fNIRS can be used to study brain activities related to oral irritation.
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Mulheren RW, Kamarunas E, Ludlow CL. Sour taste increases swallowing and prolongs hemodynamic responses in the cortical swallowing network. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2033-2042. [PMID: 27489363 PMCID: PMC5102316 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00130.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sour stimuli have been shown to upregulate swallowing in patients and in healthy volunteers. However, such changes may be dependent on taste-induced increases in salivary flow. Other mechanisms include genetic taster status (Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB, Green BG, Hoffman HJ, Ko CW, Lucchina LA, Weiffenbach JM. Physiol Behav 82: 109-114, 2004) and differences between sour and other tastes. We investigated the effects of taste on swallowing frequency and cortical activation in the swallowing network and whether taster status affected responses. Three-milliliter boluses of sour, sour with slow infusion, sweet, water, and water with infusion were compared on swallowing frequency and hemodynamic responses. The sour conditions increased swallowing frequency, whereas sweet and water did not. Changes in cortical oxygenated hemoglobin (hemodynamic responses) measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy were averaged over 30 trials for each condition per participant in the right and left motor cortex, S1 and supplementary motor area for 30 s following bolus onset. Motion artifact in the hemodynamic response occurred 0-2 s after bolus onset, when the majority of swallows occurred. The peak hemodynamic response 2-7 s after bolus onset did not differ by taste, hemisphere, or cortical location. The mean hemodynamic response 17-22 s after bolus onset was highest in the motor regions of both hemispheres, and greater in the sour and infusion condition than in the water condition. Genetic taster status did not alter changes in swallowing frequency or hemodynamic response. As sour taste significantly increased swallowing and cortical activation equally with and without slow infusion, increases in the cortical swallowing were due to sour taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Mulheren
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Erin Kamarunas
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Christy L Ludlow
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
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Sakai K, Momosaki R. Real-world Effectiveness of Speech Therapy Time on Cognitive Recovery in Older Patients with Acute Stroke. Prog Rehabil Med 2016; 1:20160004. [PMID: 32789201 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this research was to investigate the real-world effectiveness of speech therapy time on cognitive recovery in older patients with acute stroke. Methods The participants of this retrospective cohort study were hospitalized patients with acute stroke registered in the Japan Rehabilitation Database between December 2005 and September 2014. The patients were divided into two groups according to the amount of time they spent undergoing speech therapy, i.e., a high-intensity speech therapy group and a control group. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between cognitive Functional Independence Measure efficiency and high-intensity speech therapy. Results Of the 3341 eligible stroke patients (mean age: 77 years) extracted from the database, 53% received high-intensity speech therapy. Patients in the high-intensity speech therapy group had significantly higher cognitive Functional Independence Measure efficiency scores than those in the control group (mean, 0.17 vs. 0.10, respectively; P < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that cognitive Functional Independence Measure efficiency was significantly and positively correlated with high-intensity speech therapy (coefficient, 0.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.004-0.056; P = 0.026). Conclusions These data suggest that a large amount of speech therapy time in older patients with acute stroke is a significant predictor of good cognitive recovery. Increased amounts of speech therapy for such patients may lead to better cognitive recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Sakai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Setagaya Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Momosaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Val-Laillet D, Aarts E, Weber B, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Stoeckel L, Alonso-Alonso M, Audette M, Malbert C, Stice E. Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:1-31. [PMID: 26110109 PMCID: PMC4473270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional, molecular and genetic neuroimaging has highlighted the existence of brain anomalies and neural vulnerability factors related to obesity and eating disorders such as binge eating or anorexia nervosa. In particular, decreased basal metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and striatum as well as dopaminergic alterations have been described in obese subjects, in parallel with increased activation of reward brain areas in response to palatable food cues. Elevated reward region responsivity may trigger food craving and predict future weight gain. This opens the way to prevention studies using functional and molecular neuroimaging to perform early diagnostics and to phenotype subjects at risk by exploring different neurobehavioral dimensions of the food choices and motivation processes. In the first part of this review, advantages and limitations of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), pharmacogenetic fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will be discussed in the context of recent work dealing with eating behavior, with a particular focus on obesity. In the second part of the review, non-invasive strategies to modulate food-related brain processes and functions will be presented. At the leading edge of non-invasive brain-based technologies is real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, which is a powerful tool to better understand the complexity of human brain-behavior relationships. rtfMRI, alone or when combined with other techniques and tools such as EEG and cognitive therapy, could be used to alter neural plasticity and learned behavior to optimize and/or restore healthy cognition and eating behavior. Other promising non-invasive neuromodulation approaches being explored are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS). Converging evidence points at the value of these non-invasive neuromodulation strategies to study basic mechanisms underlying eating behavior and to treat its disorders. Both of these approaches will be compared in light of recent work in this field, while addressing technical and practical questions. The third part of this review will be dedicated to invasive neuromodulation strategies, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). In combination with neuroimaging approaches, these techniques are promising experimental tools to unravel the intricate relationships between homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits. Their potential as additional therapeutic tools to combat pharmacorefractory morbid obesity or acute eating disorders will be discussed, in terms of technical challenges, applicability and ethics. In a general discussion, we will put the brain at the core of fundamental research, prevention and therapy in the context of obesity and eating disorders. First, we will discuss the possibility to identify new biological markers of brain functions. Second, we will highlight the potential of neuroimaging and neuromodulation in individualized medicine. Third, we will introduce the ethical questions that are concomitant to the emergence of new neuromodulation therapies.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- AN, anorexia nervosa
- ANT, anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- B N, bulimia nervosa
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BED, binge eating disorder
- BMI, body mass index
- BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent
- BS, bariatric surgery
- Brain
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- Cg25, subgenual cingulate cortex
- DA, dopamine
- DAT, dopamine transporter
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- DBT, deep brain therapy
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- ED, eating disorders
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Eating disorders
- GP, globus pallidus
- HD-tDCS, high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HHb, deoxygenated-hemoglobin
- Human
- LHA, lateral hypothalamus
- MER, microelectrode recording
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Nac, nucleus accumbens
- Neuroimaging
- Neuromodulation
- O2Hb, oxygenated-hemoglobin
- OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- Obesity
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PYY, peptide tyrosine tyrosine
- SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
- STN, subthalamic nucleus
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- TRD, treatment-resistant depression
- VBM, voxel-based morphometry
- VN, vagus nerve
- VNS, vagus nerve stimulation
- VS, ventral striatum
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- aCC, anterior cingulate cortex
- dTMS, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
- daCC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
- dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy
- lPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex
- pCC, posterior cingulate cortex
- rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rtfMRI, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
- tACS, transcranial alternate current stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation
- vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- vmH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Aarts
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B. Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V. Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L.E. Stoeckel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - M. Alonso-Alonso
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
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The effect of a lollipop on vocally disruptive behavior in a patient with frontotemporal dementia: a case-study. Int Psychogeriatr 2014; 26:2023-6. [PMID: 24831931 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610214000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A problematic and disturbing behavior which can develop in people with dementia, is vocally disruptive behavior (VDB). To date, the study of VDB is underdeveloped and with only a limited knowledge base. Medications commonly used in VDB have limited benefits and specific risks in patients with dementia. This report details the case of a patient with frontotemporal dementia with VDB, which responded very well by providing a lollipop. Subsequently, we pose theory-based hypotheses in order to try to explain the beneficial effect of this intervention. This may contribute to a better understanding of VDB and possible treatment strategies.
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Fujii W, Kanamori D, Nagata C, Sakaguchi K, Watanabe R. Does oral care contribute to brain activation?: One case of functional near-infrared spectroscopy study in patients with a persistent disturbance of consciousness. Clin Case Rep 2014; 2:143-6. [PMID: 25356272 PMCID: PMC4184650 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure cerebral blood flow during oral care in a patient with persistent disturbance of consciousness. We experienced that cerebral blood flow to frontal area increased during oral care, suggesting that oral care may have a potential role in rehabilitation for the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Fujii
- Department of Dental Surgery, Fujita Health University Nanakuri Sanatorium Tsu, Mie, Japan ; Department of Dental Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanamori
- Department of Dental Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chisato Nagata
- Department of Dental Surgery, Fujita Health University Nanakuri Sanatorium Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sakaguchi
- Department of Dental Surgery, Fujita Health University Nanakuri Sanatorium Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Risa Watanabe
- Department of Dental Surgery, Fujita Health University Hospital Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Prefrontal cortex volume deficit in schizophrenia: a new look using 3T MRI with manual parcellation. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:184-90. [PMID: 24280350 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study we use high resolution Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) and apply rigorous manual tracing criteria in order to assess volumetrically the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in schizophrenia. Previous MRI studies suggested PFC is included in neural systems necessary for emotional processing and cognition, and regional PFC abnormalities might, thus, lead to specific negative symptoms, as well as a frequent association of poorer performance in category switching. The aim of this study was to use 3T imaging and reliable manual parcellation to determine if, as hypothesized, this higher precision would reveal additional MRI abnormalities in PFC in schizophrenia, and an association between PFC abnormalities and specific negative symptoms, as well as in category switching. Using 3-T MRI, 27 schizophrenia patients and 27 healthy controls were examined. PFC was manually parcellated into frontal pole, superior frontal gyrus (SFG), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Left SFG (p=0.004), bilateral MFG (left: p=0.007; right: p=0.007), and bilateral IFG (left: p<0.001; right: p=0.002) showed volume reduction. There were symptom associations between smaller left MFG volumes and more affective flattening (R=-0.465, p=0.015), and smaller left IFG volumes and poorer performance on the alternating semantic category test (R=0.440, p=0.025). In summary, 3-T imaging revealed widespread gyral volume deficits in PFC gyri, and specific associations with selective negative symptoms, such as affective flattening, and with deficits in cognitive switching.
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Extrinsic information influences taste and flavor perception: A review from psychological and neuroimaging perspectives. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nelson EE, Guyer AE. The development of the ventral prefrontal cortex and social flexibility. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2011; 1:233-45. [PMID: 21804907 PMCID: PMC3143481 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years a number of studies in both humans and animals have suggested that the orbitofrontal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices play an important role in generating flexible behavior. We suggest that input from these brain regions contribute to three functions involved in generating flexible behavior within social contexts: valuation, inhibition, and rule use. Recent studies have also demonstrated that the prefrontal cortex undergoes a prolonged course of maturation that extends well after puberty. Here, we review evidence that the prolonged development of these prefrontal regions parallels a slowly emerging ability for flexible social behavior. We also speculate on the possibility that sensitive periods for organizing social behavior may be embedded within this developmental time-fame. Finally, we discuss the role of prefrontal cortex in adolescent mood and anxiety disorders, particularly as orbitofrontal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices are engaged in a social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Nelson
- Section of Developmental Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Process-specific prefrontal contributions to episodic encoding and retrieval of tastes: A functional NIRS study. Neuroimage 2011; 54:1578-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Bembich S, Lanzara C, Clarici A, Demarini S, Tepper BJ, Gasparini P, Grasso DL. Individual differences in prefrontal cortex activity during perception of bitter taste using fNIRS methodology. Chem Senses 2010; 35:801-12. [PMID: 20801896 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bitter taste has a crucial role in nutrition by preventing the ingestion of toxic foods, there are few studies on bitter taste neuroimaging. To identify cortical areas involved in bitter taste perception and to determine if individual differences in taste sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) are represented in the brain by different cortical activation patterns, we examined 48 healthy volunteers using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Participants rated the perceived intensity of filter paper disks impregnated with PROP and NaCl during the imaging procedure and were then classified as PROP tasters and nontasters. We monitored cortical activity in both the anterior and posterior regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). No activity was detected in the anterior DLPFC in any of the participants. However, during the administration of PROP, significant cortical activation was detected in the more posterior regions of the left DLPFC and in the left and right VLPFC but only in PROP tasters. PROP nontasters showed no cortical activity in these areas. These data suggest that the prefrontal cortex is involved in the conscious perception of the bitter taste of PROP and that the pattern of activity is consistent with individual differences in the ability to taste this compound. Thus, the PROP phenotype is associated with fundamental differences in cortical taste processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bembich
- Department of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, and Public Medicine Sciences, University of Trieste, via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
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15
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Current Opinion in Lipidology. Current world literature. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:84-8. [PMID: 20101119 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32833592e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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