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Besch D, Seeger DR, Schofield B, Golovko SA, Parmer M, Golovko MY. A simplified method for preventing postmortem alterations of brain prostanoids for true in situ level quantification. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100583. [PMID: 38909689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dramatic postmortem prostanoid (PG) enzymatic synthesis in the brain causes a significant artifact during PG analysis. Thus, enzyme deactivation is required for an accurate in situ endogenous PG quantification. To date, the only method for preventing postmortem brain PG increase with tissue structure preservation is fixation by head-focused microwave irradiation (MW), which is considered the gold standard method, allowing for rapid in situ heat-denaturation of enzymes. However, MW requires costly equipment that suffers in reproducibility, causing tissue loss and metabolite degradation if overheated. Our recent study indicates that PGs are not synthesized in the ischemic brain unless metabolically active tissue is exposed to atmospheric O2. Based on this finding, we proposed a simple and reproducible alternative method to prevent postmortem PG increase by slow enzyme denaturation before craniotomy. To test this approach, mice were decapitated directly into boiling saline. Brain temperature reached 100°C after ∼140 s during boiling, though 3 min boiling was required to completely prevent postmortem PG synthesis, but not free arachidonic acid release. To validate this fixation method, brain basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PG were analyzed in unfixed, MW, and boiled tissues. Basal and LPS-induced PG levels were not different between MW and boiled brains. However, unfixed tissue showed a significant postmortem increase in PG at basal conditions, with lesser differences upon LPS treatment compared to fixed tissue. These data indicate for the first time that boiling effectively prevents postmortem PG alterations, allowing for a reproducible, inexpensive, and conventionally accessible tissue fixation method for PG analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Besch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Drew R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Brennon Schofield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Meredith Parmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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2
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Yang Y, Zhang Z. α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain: so many seeds so close to the central soil. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 38051888 PMCID: PMC10883481 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals. Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Aggregated and highly phosphorylated α-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. For decades, much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson's disease as a systemic disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that, at least in some patients, the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain. Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tract triggers the gut-to-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology. However, whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Pramotton FM, Spitz S, Kamm RD. Challenges and Future Perspectives in Modeling Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403892. [PMID: 38922799 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) affect more than 50 million people worldwide, posing a significant global health challenge as well as a high socioeconomic burden. With aging constituting one of the main risk factors for some NDDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), this societal toll is expected to rise considering the predicted increase in the aging population as well as the limited progress in the development of effective therapeutics. To address the high failure rates in clinical trials, legislative changes permitting the use of alternatives to traditional pre-clinical in vivo models are implemented. In this regard, microphysiological systems (MPS) such as organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms constitute a promising tool, due to their ability to mimic complex and human-specific tissue niches in vitro. This review summarizes the current progress in modeling NDDs using OoC technology and discusses five critical aspects still insufficiently addressed in OoC models to date. Taking these aspects into consideration in the future MPS will advance the modeling of NDDs in vitro and increase their translational value in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Michela Pramotton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Vilela C, Araújo B, Soares-Guedes C, Caridade-Silva R, Martins-Macedo J, Teixeira C, Gomes ED, Prudêncio C, Vieira M, Teixeira FG. From the Gut to the Brain: Is Microbiota a New Paradigm in Parkinson's Disease Treatment? Cells 2024; 13:770. [PMID: 38727306 PMCID: PMC11083070 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as the second most prevalent primary chronic neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Clinically, PD is characterized as a movement disorder, exhibiting an incidence and mortality rate that is increasing faster than any other neurological condition. In recent years, there has been a growing interest concerning the role of the gut microbiota in the etiology and pathophysiology of PD. The establishment of a brain-gut microbiota axis is now real, with evidence denoting a bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut microbiota through metabolic, immune, neuronal, and endocrine mechanisms and pathways. Among these, the vagus nerve represents the most direct form of communication between the brain and the gut. Given the potential interactions between bacteria and drugs, it has been observed that the therapies for PD can have an impact on the composition of the microbiota. Therefore, in the scope of the present review, we will discuss the current understanding of gut microbiota on PD and whether this may be a new paradigm for treating this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Vilela
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO)/Health Research Network (RISE-Health), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.S.-G.); (E.D.G.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Bruna Araújo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.A.); (J.M.-M.)
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-S.); (C.T.)
| | - Carla Soares-Guedes
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO)/Health Research Network (RISE-Health), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.S.-G.); (E.D.G.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-S.); (C.T.)
| | - Rita Caridade-Silva
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-S.); (C.T.)
| | - Joana Martins-Macedo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.A.); (J.M.-M.)
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-S.); (C.T.)
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-S.); (C.T.)
| | - Eduardo D. Gomes
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO)/Health Research Network (RISE-Health), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.S.-G.); (E.D.G.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO)/Health Research Network (RISE-Health), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.S.-G.); (E.D.G.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Mónica Vieira
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO)/Health Research Network (RISE-Health), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.S.-G.); (E.D.G.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Fábio G. Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.A.); (J.M.-M.)
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-S.); (C.T.)
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Lawrence JH, Patel A, King MW, Nadarajah CJ, Daneman R, Musiek ES. Microglia drive diurnal variation in susceptibility to inflammatory blood-brain barrier breakdown. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588924. [PMID: 38645230 PMCID: PMC11030435 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for maintaining brain homeostasis but is susceptible to inflammatory dysfunction. Permeability of the BBB to lipophilic molecules shows circadian variation due to rhythmic transporter expression, while basal permeability to polar molecules is non-rhythmic. Whether daily timing influences BBB permeability in response to inflammation is unknown. Here, we induced systemic inflammation through repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections either in the morning (ZT1) or evening (ZT13) under standard lighting conditions, then examined BBB permeability to a polar molecule, sodium fluorescein. We observed clear diurnal variation in inflammatory BBB permeability, with a striking increase in paracellular leak across the BBB specifically following evening LPS injection. Evening LPS led to persisting glia activation and inflammation in the brain that was not observed in the periphery. The exaggerated evening neuroinflammation and BBB disruption were suppressed by microglial depletion or through keeping mice in constant darkness. Our data show that diurnal rhythms in microglial inflammatory responses to LPS drive daily variability in BBB breakdown and reveals time-of-day as a key regulator of inflammatory BBB disruption.
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Duan WX, Wang F, Liu JY, Liu CF. Relationship Between Short-chain Fatty Acids and Parkinson's Disease: A Review from Pathology to Clinic. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:500-516. [PMID: 37755674 PMCID: PMC11003953 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies and neurites, and massive loss of midbrain dopamine neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota and microbial metabolites are involved in the development of PD. Among these, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the most abundant microbial metabolites, have been proven to play a key role in brain-gut communication. In this review, we analyze the role of SCFAs in the pathology of PD from multiple dimensions and summarize the alterations of SCFAs in PD patients as well as their correlation with motor and non-motor symptoms. Future research should focus on further elucidating the role of SCFAs in neuroinflammation, as well as developing novel strategies employing SCFAs and their derivatives to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiang Duan
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dushu Lake Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215125, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Ali Q, Ma S, Liu B, Niu J, Liu M, Mustafa A, Li D, Wang Z, Sun H, Cui Y, Shi Y. Supplementing Ryegrass Ameliorates Commercial Diet-Induced Gut Microbial Dysbiosis-Associated Spleen Dysfunctions by Gut-Microbiota-Spleen Axis. Nutrients 2024; 16:747. [PMID: 38474875 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The type and composition of food strongly affect the variation and enrichment of the gut microbiota. The gut-microbiota-spleen axis has been developed, incorporating the spleen's function and maturation. However, how short-chain fatty-acid-producing gut microbiota can be considered to recover spleen function, particularly in spleens damaged by changed gut microbiota, is unknown in geese. Therefore, the gut microbial composition of the caecal chyme of geese was assessed by 16S rRNA microbial genes, and a Tax4Fun analysis identified the enrichment of KEGG orthologues involved in lipopolysaccharide production. The concentrations of LPS, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant/oxidant enzymes, and immunoglobulins were measured from serum samples and spleen tissues using ELISA kits. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was employed to detect the Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Keap1-Nrf2), B cell and T cell targeting markers, and anti-inflammatory/inflammatory cytokines from the spleen tissues of geese. The SCFAs were determined from the caecal chyme of geese by using gas chromatography. In this study, ryegrass-enriched gut microbiota such as Eggerthellaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, and Lachnospiraceae attenuated commercial diet-induced gut microbial alterations and spleen dysfunctions in geese. Ryegrass significantly improved the SCFAs (acetic, butyric, propionic, isovaleric, and valeric acids), AMPK pathway-activated Nrf2 redox signaling cascades, B cells (B220, CD19, and IgD), and T cells (CD3, CD4, CD8, and IL-2, with an exception of IL-17 and TGF-β) to activate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in geese. In conclusion, ryegrass-improved reprogramming of the gut microbiota restored the spleen functions by attenuating LPS-induced oxidative stress and systemic inflammation through the gut-microbiota-spleen axis in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Ali
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Sen Ma
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Boshuai Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiakuan Niu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ahsan Mustafa
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Khor SLQ, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Blood-brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Clinical Insights to Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:315-330. [PMID: 36999187 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330093829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system by tightly regulating the influx and efflux of biological substances between the brain parenchyma and peripheral circulation. Its restrictive nature acts as an obstacle to protect the brain from potentially noxious substances such as blood-borne toxins, immune cells, and pathogens. Thus, the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity is vital in the preservation of neuronal function and cellular homeostasis in the brain microenvironment. However, the barrier's foundation can become compromised during neurological or pathological conditions, which can result in dysregulated ionic homeostasis, impaired transport of nutrients, and accumulation of neurotoxins that eventually lead to irreversible neuronal loss. Initially, the BBB is thought to remain intact during neurodegenerative diseases, but accumulating evidence as of late has suggested the possible association of BBB dysfunction with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. The neurodegeneration occurring in PD is believed to stem from a myriad of pathogenic mechanisms, including tight junction alterations, abnormal angiogenesis, and dysfunctional BBB transporter mechanism, which ultimately causes altered BBB permeability. In this review, the major elements of the neurovascular unit (NVU) comprising the BBB are discussed, along with their role in the maintenance of barrier integrity and PD pathogenesis. We also elaborated on how the neuroendocrine system can influence the regulation of BBB function and PD pathogenesis. Several novel therapeutic approaches targeting the NVU components are explored to provide a fresh outlook on treatment options for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lei Qi Khor
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Castillo-González J, Ruiz JL, Serrano-Martínez I, Forte-Lago I, Ubago-Rodriguez A, Caro M, Pérez-Gómez JM, Benítez-Troncoso A, Andrés-León E, Sánchez-Navarro M, Luque RM, González-Rey E. Cortistatin deficiency reveals a dysfunctional brain endothelium with impaired gene pathways, exacerbated immune activation, and disrupted barrier integrity. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:226. [PMID: 37794493 PMCID: PMC10548650 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain activity governing cognition and behaviour depends on the fine-tuned microenvironment provided by a tightly controlled blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain endothelium dysfunction is a hallmark of BBB breakdown in most neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory disorders. Therefore, the identification of new endogenous molecules involved in endothelial cell disruption is essential to better understand BBB dynamics. Cortistatin is a neuroimmune mediator with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties that exerts beneficial effects on the peripheral endothelium. However, its role in the healthy and injured brain endothelium remains to be evaluated. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the potential function of endogenous and therapeutic cortistatin in regulating brain endothelium dysfunction in a neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative environment. METHODS Wild-type and cortistatin-deficient murine brain endothelium and human cells were used for an in vitro barrier model, where a simulated ischemia-like environment was mimicked. Endothelial permeability, junction integrity, and immune response in the presence and absence of cortistatin were evaluated using different size tracers, immunofluorescence labelling, qPCR, and ELISA. Cortistatin molecular mechanisms underlying brain endothelium dynamics were assessed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Cortistatin role in BBB leakage was evaluated in adult mice injected with LPS. RESULTS The endogenous lack of cortistatin predisposes endothelium weakening with increased permeability, tight-junctions breakdown, and dysregulated immune activity. We demonstrated that both damaged and uninjured brain endothelial cells isolated from cortistatin-deficient mice, present a dysregulated and/or deactivated genetic programming. These pathways, related to basic physiology but also crucial for the repair after damage (e.g., extracellular matrix remodelling, angiogenesis, response to oxygen, signalling, and metabolites transport), are dysfunctional and make brain endothelial barrier lacking cortistatin non-responsive to any further injury. Treatment with cortistatin reversed in vitro hyperpermeability, tight-junctions disruption, inflammatory response, and reduced in vivo BBB leakage. CONCLUSIONS The neuropeptide cortistatin has a key role in the physiology of the cerebral microvasculature and its presence is crucial to develop a canonical balanced response to damage. The reparative effects of cortistatin in the brain endothelium were accompanied by the modulation of the immune function and the rescue of barrier integrity. Cortistatin-based therapies could emerge as a novel pleiotropic strategy to ameliorate neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders with disrupted BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Castillo-González
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - José Luis Ruiz
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Serrano-Martínez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Ubago-Rodriguez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Caro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Miguel Pérez-Gómez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Andrés-León
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Macarena Sánchez-Navarro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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Fu K, Hui C, Wang X, Ji T, Li X, Sun R, Xing C, Fan X, Gao Y, Su L. Torpor-like Hypothermia Induced by A1 Adenosine Receptor Agonist: A Novel Approach to Protect against Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11036. [PMID: 37446216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is a promising clinical therapy for acute injuries, including neural damage, but it also faces practical limitations due to the complexities of the equipment and procedures required. This study investigates the use of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) as a more accessible method to induce steady, torpor-like hypothermic states. Additionally, this study investigates the protective potential of CHA against LPS-induced sepsis and neuroinflammation. Our results reveal that CHA can successfully induce a hypothermic state by activating a neuronal circuit similar to the one that induces physiological torpor. This state is characterized by maintaining a steady core body temperature below 28 °C. We further found that this torpor-like state effectively mitigates neuroinflammation and preserves the integrity of the blood-brain barrier during sepsis, thereby limiting the infiltration of inflammatory factors into the central nervous system. Instead of being a direct effect of CHA, this protective effect is attributed to inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and reducing oxidative stress damage in endothelial cells under systemic hypothermia. These results suggest that A1AR agonists such as CHA could potentially be potent neuroprotective agents against neuroinflammation. They also shed light on possible future directions for the application of hypothermia-based therapies in the treatment of sepsis and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunlei Hui
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tingting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunlei Xing
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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11
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Soulet D, Di Paolo T. Impact of Sex on Neuroimmune contributions to Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2023:110668. [PMID: 37196734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Inflammation has been observed in both the idiopathic and familial forms of PD. Importantly, PD is reported more often in men than in women, men having at least 1.5- fold higher risk to develop PD than women. This review summarizes the impact of biological sex and sex hormones on the neuroimmune contributions to PD and its investigation in animal models of PD. Innate and peripheral immune systems participate in the brain neuroinflammation of PD patients and is reproduced in neurotoxin, genetic and alpha-synuclein based models of PD. Microglia and astrocytes are the main cells of the innate immune system in the central nervous system and are the first to react to restore homeostasis in the brain. Analysis of serum immunoprofiles in female and male control and PD patients show that a great proportion of these markers differ between male and female. The relationship between CSF inflammatory markers and PD clinical characteristics or PD biomarkers shows sex differences. Conversely, in animal models of PD, sex differences in inflammation are well documented and the beneficial effects of endogenous and exogenous estrogenic modulation in inflammation have been reported. Targeting neuroinflammation in PD is an emerging therapeutic option but gonadal drugs have not yet been investigated in this respect, thus offering new opportunities for sex specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Marc Morissette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Denis Soulet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada.
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12
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Shahbazi A, Sepehrinezhad A, Vahdani E, Jamali R, Ghasempour M, Massoudian S, Sahab Negah S, Larsen FS. Gut Dysbiosis and Blood-Brain Barrier Alteration in Hepatic Encephalopathy: From Gut to Brain. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1272. [PMID: 37238943 PMCID: PMC10215854 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A common neuropsychiatric complication of advanced liver disease, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), impacts the quality of life and length of hospital stays. There is new evidence that gut microbiota plays a significant role in brain development and cerebral homeostasis. Microbiota metabolites are providing a new avenue of therapeutic options for several neurological-related disorders. For instance, the gut microbiota composition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity are altered in HE in a variety of clinical and experimental studies. Furthermore, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation have been shown to positively affect BBB integrity in disease models that are potentially extendable to HE by targeting gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms that underlie microbiota dysbiosis and its effects on the BBB are still unclear in HE. To this end, the aim of this review was to summarize the clinical and experimental evidence of gut dysbiosis and BBB disruption in HE and a possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahbazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (A.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
| | - Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (A.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
| | - Edris Vahdani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran;
| | - Raika Jamali
- Research Development Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Monireh Ghasempour
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
| | - Shirin Massoudian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (A.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 9815733169, Iran
| | - Fin Stolze Larsen
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns Vej 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Ryman S, Vakhtin AA, Richardson SP, Lin HC. Microbiome-gut-brain dysfunction in prodromal and symptomatic Lewy body diseases. J Neurol 2023; 270:746-758. [PMID: 36355185 PMCID: PMC9886597 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, vary in their clinical phenotype but exhibit the same defining pathological feature, α-synuclein aggregation. Microbiome-gut-brain dysfunction may play a role in the initiation or progression of disease processes, though there are multiple potential mechanisms. We discuss the need to evaluate gastrointestinal mechanisms of pathogenesis across Lewy body diseases, as disease mechanisms likely span across diagnostic categories and a 'body first' clinical syndrome may better account for the heterogeneity of clinical presentations across the disorders. We discuss two primary hypotheses that suggest that either α-synuclein aggregation occurs in the gut and spreads in a prion-like fashion to the brain or systemic inflammatory processes driven by gastrointestinal dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of Lewy body diseases. Both of these hypotheses posit that dysbiosis and intestinal permeability are key mechanisms and potential treatment targets. Ultimately, this work can identify early interventions targeting initial disease pathogenic processes before the development of overt motor and cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sephira Ryman
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.
- Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Andrei A Vakhtin
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- Department of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
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14
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Solarz A, Majcher-Maślanka I, Kryst J, Chocyk A. Early-life stress affects peripheral, blood-brain barrier, and brain responses to immune challenge in juvenile and adult rats. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:1-15. [PMID: 36400335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) may affect brain maturation and neuroimmune interactions and, consequently, the inflammatory response to subsequent environmental factors later in life. Recently, the coexistence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and inflammation has been implicated in the etiology and progression of mental and/or neurodegenerative diseases. There are sex differences in the prevalence and outcomes of these disorders. The number of studies reporting the effects of ELS and sex on BBB functioning and neuroinflammatory processes in response to immune challenge is very limited, and the data are inconsistent. In the present study, we examined whether ELS, based on the maternal separation (MS) paradigm in rats, can condition male and female subjects to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune challenge in juvenility or adulthood. Twenty-four hours after acute LPS injection, serum proinflammatory cytokines were measured, and BBB permeability in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HP) was evaluated. Additionally, the mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory markers and BBB-related genes was also studied. We found that a single LPS challenge induced a proinflammatory response both in the periphery and in the mPFC and HP and increased BBB permeability in a sex-dependent fashion. Moreover, MS enhanced the neuroinflammatory response to LPS challenge in males (especially juveniles), whereas MS females showed no difference or a blunted central response to LPS compared with control females, mainly during adulthood. These results suggest that ELS may precondition individuals to subsequent environmental factors later in life in a sex-specific manner and potentially determine their susceptibility or resilience to mental and/or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solarz
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Iwona Majcher-Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Joanna Kryst
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Basics Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II Av. 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland.
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15
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Costa HN, Esteves AR, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. Parkinson's Disease: A Multisystem Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:113-124. [PMID: 35994167 PMCID: PMC9849652 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The way sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is perceived has undergone drastic changes in recent decades. For a long time, PD was considered a brain disease characterized by motor disturbances; however, the identification of several risk factors and the hypothesis that PD has a gastrointestinal onset have shed additional light. Today, after recognition of prodromal non-motor symptoms and the pathological processes driving their evolution, there is a greater understanding of the involvement of other organ systems. For this reason, PD is increasingly seen as a multiorgan and multisystemic pathology that arises from the interaction of susceptible genetic factors with a challenging environment during aging-related decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Nunes Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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16
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Jin M, Cai SQ. Mechanisms Underlying Brain Aging Under Normal and Pathological Conditions. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:303-314. [PMID: 36437436 PMCID: PMC9905409 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for many human diseases, including cognitive impairment, which affects a large population of the elderly. In the past few decades, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the changes associated with aging and age-related diseases has expanded greatly, shedding light on the potential role of these changes in cognitive impairment. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms underlying brain aging under normal and pathological conditions, compare their similarities and differences, discuss the causative and adaptive mechanisms of brain aging, and finally attempt to find some rules to guide us on how to promote healthy aging and prevent age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Jin
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China ,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shi-Qing Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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17
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Li W, Zhang Y, Xie Q, Qi X, Yao L, Ning X, Qian Z. Dual-modal in vivo assessment for electrophysical and hemodynamic characteristics of cerebral edema induced by lipopolysaccharide. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:79. [DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-01047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe pathological features of cerebral edema are complicated. The intracranial pressure (ICP) is regarded as the most important indicator for monitoring cerebral edema. Recently, multi-parameter has been used to explore the types and pathogenesis of cerebral edema and design effective treatment strategies. This research focused on investigating the characteristic of the cerebral edema induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats by using simultaneous electrophysical and hemodynamic parameters. The results showed that neurophysiologic parameters (firing rate (FR) and the power spectrum of local field potential (LFP power)) and hemodynamic parameters (relative concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (ΔCHbO2), relative concentration of deoxyhemoglobin ΔCHbR) and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF)) were linearly correlated, and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was changed by pathological progression of cerebral edema induced by LPS. Furtherly, the treatment after two agents were observed successfully through these multi-parameters. Our findings revealed the relationship between neural activity and hemodynamic response during the progression of cerebral edema and provided a multi-parameter solution for cerebral edema functional monitoring and anti-edema drug efficacy evaluation.
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18
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Huang J, Ding J, Wang X, Gu C, He Y, Li Y, Fan H, Xie Q, Qi X, Wang Z, Qiu P. Transfer of neuron-derived α-synuclein to astrocytes induces neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage after methamphetamine exposure: Involving the regulation of nuclear receptor-associated protein 1. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:247-261. [PMID: 36089218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-synuclein (α-syn) is involved in methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity. Neurons can transfer excessive α-syn to neighboring neurons and glial cells. The effects of α-syn aggregation in astrocytes after METH exposure on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains unclear. Our previous study demonstrated that nuclear receptor-related protein 1 (Nurr1), a member of the nuclear receptor family widely expressed in the brain, was involved in the process of METH-induced α-syn accumulated in astrocytes to activate neuroinflammation. The role Nurr1 plays in astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation, which results in BBB injury induced by METH, remains uncertain. This study found that METH up-regulated α-syn expression in neurons extended to astrocytes, thereby eliciting astrocyte activation, increasing and decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and GDNF levels by down-regulating Nurr1 expression, and ultimately damaging the BBB. Specifically, the permeability of BBB to Evans blue and sodium fluorescein (NaF) increased; IgG deposits in the brain parenchyma increased; the Claudin5, Occludin, and PDGFRβ levels decreased. Several ultrastructural pathological changes occurred in the BBB, such as abnormal cerebral microvascular diameter, astrocyte end-foot swelling, decreased pericyte coverage, and loss of tight junctions. However, knockout or inhibition of α-syn or astrocyte-specific overexpression of Nurr1 partially alleviated these symptoms and BBB injury. Moreover, the in vitro experiments confirmed that METH increased α-syn level in the primary cultured neurons, which could be further transferred to primary cultured astrocytes, resulting in decreased Nurr1 levels. The decreased Nurr1 levels mediated the increase of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the decrease of GDNF, thereby changing the permeability to NaF, transendothelial electrical resistance, and Claudin5 and Occludin levels of primary cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. Based on our findings, we proposed a new mechanism to elucidate METH-induced BBB injury and presented α-syn and Nurr1 as promising drug intervention targets to reduce BBB injury and resulting neurotoxicity in METH abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cihang Gu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitong He
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoliang Fan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqian Xie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Pingming Qiu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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19
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Farhoudi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mahmoudi J, Farjami A, Farjami A, Mahmoudian M, Salatin S. The therapeutic benefits of intravenously administrated nanoparticles in stroke and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1985-2000. [PMID: 35676838 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220608093639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mean global lifetime risk of neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) has shown a large effect on economy and society.Researchersare stillstruggling to find effective drugs to treatneurological disordersand drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major challenge to be overcome. The BBB is a specialized multicellular barrier between the peripheral blood circulation and the neural tissue. Unique and selective features of the BBB allow it to tightly control brain homeostasis as well as the movement of ions and molecules. Failure in maintaining any of these substances causes BBB breakdown and subsequently enhances neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.BBB disruption is evident in many neurologicalconditions.Nevertheless, the majority of currently available therapies have tremendous problems for drug delivery into the impaired brain. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered as a profound substitute to solve this problem. NPs are colloidal systems with a size range of 1-1000 nm whichcan encapsulate therapeutic payloads, improve drug passage across the BBB, and target specific brain areas in neurodegenerative/ischemic diseases. A wide variety of NPs has been displayed for the efficient brain delivery of therapeutics via intravenous administration, especially when their surfaces are coated with targeting moieties. Here, we discuss recent advances in the development of NP-based therapeutics for the treatment of stroke, PD, and AD as well as the factors affecting their efficacy after systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Shannon KM. Gut-Derived Sterile Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:831090. [PMID: 35422756 PMCID: PMC9001909 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.831090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, but evidence is increasing that there is a prominent inflammatory component to the illness. Epidemiological, genetic, and preclinical evidence support a role for gut-derived sterile inflammation. Pro-inflammatory bacteria are over-represented in the PD gut microbiota. There is evidence for decreased gut barrier function and leak of bacterial antigen across the gut epithelium with sub-mucosal inflammation and systemic exposure to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. Preclinical evidence supports these clinical findings and suggests that systemic inflammation can affect the CNS through vagal pathways or the systemic circulation. We will review recent preclinical and clinical evidence to support this mechanism and suggest possible treatments directed at the gut-brain axis.
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21
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Shen P, Ji S, Li X, Yang Q, Xu B, Wong CKC, Wang L, Li L. LPS-Induced Systemic Inflammation Caused mPOA-FSH/LH Disturbance and Impaired Testicular Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:886085. [PMID: 35813649 PMCID: PMC9259990 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.886085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive function is key to the continuation of species and is under sophisticated regulation, challenged by various stressors including inflammation. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneal injection-induced acute systemic inflammation, male fecundity was compromised with decreased testosterone level, damaged spermatogenesis, and downregulations of testicular gene expression levels involved in steroidogenesis regulation and blood-testis barrier. It is also noteworthy that the testis is more sensitive to acute stress caused by LPS-induced systemic inflammation. LPS treatment resulted in lower testicular gene expression levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, and cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 1 after LPS treatment, while no such decrease was found in the adrenal gland. In parallel to the significant decreases in testicular intercellular adhesion molecule 1, tight junction protein 1, and gap junction alpha-1 protein gene expression with LPS treatment, no decrease was found in the epididymis. In the brain, LPS treatment caused higher medial preoptic area (mPOA) activation in the hypothalamus, which is accompanied by elevated blood follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, suggesting a disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis function. Besides mPOA, brain c-fos mapping and quantitative analysis demonstrated a broad activation of brain nuclei by LPS, including the anterior cingulate cortex, lateral septum, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala, ventral tegmental area, lateral habenular nucleus, locus coeruleus, Barrington's nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, accompanied by abnormal animal behavior. Our data showed that LPS-induced inflammation caused not only local testicular damage but also a systemic disturbance at the brain-testis axis level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilei Shen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Ji
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xulin Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingning Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingxian Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Chris Kong Chu Wong, ; Liping Wang, ; Lei Li,
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science–Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chris Kong Chu Wong, ; Liping Wang, ; Lei Li,
| | - Lei Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science–Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chris Kong Chu Wong, ; Liping Wang, ; Lei Li,
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22
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Singh A, Maharana SK, Shukla R, Kesharwani P. Nanotherapeutics approaches for targeting alpha synuclien protein in the management of Parkinson disease. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Lan G, Wang P, Chan RB, Liu Z, Yu Z, Liu X, Yang Y, Zhang J. Astrocytic VEGFA: An essential mediator in blood-brain-barrier disruption in Parkinson's disease. Glia 2021; 70:337-353. [PMID: 34713920 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is essential for normal brain functions, synaptic remodeling, and angiogenesis. BBB disruption is a common pathology during Parkinson's disease (PD), and has been hypothesized to contribute to the progression of PD. However, the molecular mechanism of BBB disruption in PD needs further investigation. Here, A53T PD mouse and a 3-cell type in vitro BBB model were used to study the roles of α-synuclein (α-syn) in BBB disruption with the key results confirmed in the brains of PD patients obtained at autopsy. The A53T PD mouse studies showed that the expression of tight junction-related proteins decreased, along with increased vascular permeability and accumulation of oligomeric α-syn in activated astrocytes in the brain. The in vitro BBB model studies demonstrated that treatment with oligomeric α-syn, but not monomeric or fibrillar α-syn, resulted in significant disruption of BBB integrity. This process involved the expression and release of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and nitric oxide (NO) from oligomeric α-syn treated astrocytes. Increased levels of VEGFA and iNOS were also observed in the brain of PD patients. Blocking the VEGFA signaling pathway in the in vitro BBB model effectively protected the barrier against the harmful effects of oligomeric α-syn. Finally, the protective effects on BBB integrity associated with inhibition of VEGFA signaling pathway was also confirmed in PD mice. Taken together, our study concluded that oligomeric α-syn is critically involved in PD-associated BBB disruption, in a process that is mediated by astrocyte-derived VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Lan
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Zongran Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Yu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Pediaditakis I, Kodella KR, Manatakis DV, Le CY, Hinojosa CD, Tien-Street W, Manolakos ES, Vekrellis K, Hamilton GA, Ewart L, Rubin LL, Karalis K. Modeling alpha-synuclein pathology in a human brain-chip to assess blood-brain barrier disruption. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5907. [PMID: 34625559 PMCID: PMC8501050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and gliosis of the substantia nigra. Although clinical evidence and in vitro studies indicate disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Parkinson's disease, the mechanisms mediating the endothelial dysfunction is not well understood. Here we leveraged the Organs-on-Chips technology to develop a human Brain-Chip representative of the substantia nigra area of the brain containing dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and microvascular brain endothelial cells, cultured under fluid flow. Our αSyn fibril-induced model was capable of reproducing several key aspects of Parkinson's disease, including accumulation of phosphorylated αSyn (pSer129-αSyn), mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and compromised barrier function. This model may enable research into the dynamics of cell-cell interactions in human synucleinopathies and serve as a testing platform for target identification and validation of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Pediaditakis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Serqet Therapeutics, Inc. 55 Cambridge Parkway, Suite 800E, Boston, MA, 02142, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lorna Ewart
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
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25
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Fujimoto T, Morofuji Y, Kovac A, Erickson MA, Deli MA, Niwa M, Banks WA. Pitavastatin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070837. [PMID: 34356901 PMCID: PMC8301395 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have neuroprotective effects on neurological diseases, including a pleiotropic effect possibly related to blood–brain barrier (BBB) function. In this study, we investigated the effects of pitavastatin (PTV) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BBB dysfunction in an in vitro BBB model comprising cocultured primary mouse brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes. LPS (1 ng/mL, 24 h) increased the permeability and lowered the transendothelial electrical resistance of the BBB, and the co-administration of PTV prevented these effects. LPS increased the release of interleukin-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted from the BBB model. PTV inhibited the LPS-induced release of these cytokines. These results suggest that PTV can ameliorate LPS-induced BBB dysfunction, and these effects might be mediated through the inhibition of LPS-induced cytokine production. Clinically, therapeutic approaches using statins combined with novel strategies need to be designed. Our present finding sheds light on the pharmacological significance of statins in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (M.A.E.); (W.A.B.)
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Yoichi Morofuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
- National Nagasaki Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki 856-8562, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7375
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (M.A.E.); (W.A.B.)
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Mária A. Deli
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Masami Niwa
- BBB Laboratory, PharmaCo-Cell Company, Ltd., Dai-ichi-senshu Bldg. 2nd Floor, 6-19 Chitose-machi, Nagasaki 850-8135, Japan;
| | - William A. Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (M.A.E.); (W.A.B.)
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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26
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Chen ZJ, Liang CY, Yang LQ, Ren SM, Xia YM, Cui L, Li XF, Gao BL. Association of Parkinson's Disease With Microbes and Microbiological Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:619354. [PMID: 33763383 PMCID: PMC7982661 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.619354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder in the world, affecting 1-2 per 1,000 of the population. The main pathological changes of PD are damage of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of the central nervous system and formation of Lewy bodies. These pathological changes also occur in the intestinal tract and are strongly associated with changes in intestinal flora. By reviewing the research progress in PD and its association with intestinal flora in recent years, this review expounded the mechanism of action between intestinal flora and PD as well as the transmission mode of α - synuclein in neurons. In clinical studies, β diversity of intestinal flora in PD patients was found to change significantly, with Lactobacillusaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae being significantly increased and Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae being significantly decreased. In addition, a longer PD course was associated with fewer bacteria and probiotics producing short chain fatty acids, but more pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the motor symptoms of PD patients may be related to Enterobacteriaceae and bacteria. Most importantly, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors and anticholinergic drugs could change the intestinal flora of PD patients and increase the harmful flora, whereas other anti-PD drugs such as levodopa, dopamine agonist, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and amantadine did not have these effects. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics treatment had some potential values in improving the constipation of PD patients, promoting the growth of probiotics, and improving the level of intestinal inflammation. At present, there were only a few case studies and small sample studies which have found certain clinical efficacy of fecal microbiome transplants. Further studies are necessary to elaborate the relationship of PD with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ji Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Liang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Li-Qing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Si-Min Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yan-Min Xia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Bu-Lang Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
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27
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Zhang T, Zhang X, Lin C, Wu S, Wang F, Wang H, Wang Y, Peng Y, Hutchinson MR, Li H, Wang X. Artemisinin inhibits TLR4 signaling by targeting co-receptor MD2 in microglial BV-2 cells and prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier leakage in mice. J Neurochem 2021; 157:611-623. [PMID: 33453127 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives have been the frontline drugs for treating malaria. In addition to the antiparasitic effect, accumulating evidence shows that artemisinins can alleviate neuroinflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the precise mechanisms underlying their anti-neuroinflammatory effects are unclear. Herein we attempted to delineate the molecule target of artemisinin in microglia. In vitro protein intrinsic fluorescence titrations and saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR showed the direct binding of artemisinin to Toll-like receptor TLR4 co-receptor MD2. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) showed that artemisinin binding increased MD2 stability, which implies that artemisinin directly binds to MD2 in the cellular context. Artemisinin bound MD2 showed much less collapse during the molecular dynamic simulations, which supports the increased stability of MD2 upon artemisinin binding. Flow cytometry analysis showed artemisinin inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization and endocytosis in microglial BV-2 cells. Therefore, artemisinin was found to inhibit the TLR4-JNK signaling axis and block LPS-induced pro-inflammatory factors nitric oxide, IL-1β and TNF-α in BV-2 cells. Furthermore, artemisinin restored LPS-induced decrease of junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-5 in primary brain microvessel endothelial cells, and attenuated LPS-induced blood-brain barrier disruption in mice as assessed by Evans blue. In all, this study unambiguously adds MD2 as a direct binding target of artemisinin in its anti-neuroinflammatory function. The results also suggest that artemisinin could be repurposed as a potential therapeutic intervention for inflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaozheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Siru Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fanfan Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.,State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi, Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yinghua Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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28
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Salari V, Mengoni F, Del Gallo F, Bertini G, Fabene PF. The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Epilepsy: Possible Treatments and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249683. [PMID: 33353235 PMCID: PMC7765947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult cells with self-renewing capacities. MSCs display specific properties, such as the ability to repair damaged tissues, resulting in optimal candidates for cell therapy against degenerative diseases. In addition to the reparative functions of MSCs, growing evidence shows that these cells have potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, MSCs are potential tools for treating inflammation-related neurological diseases, including epilepsy. In this regard, over the last decades, epilepsy has no longer been considered a purely neuronal pathology, since inflammatory events underlying the genesis of epilepsy have been demonstrated. This review assessed current knowledge on the use of MSCs in the treatment of epilepsy. Mostly, attention will be focused on the anti-inflammatory and immunological skills of MSCs. Understanding the mechanisms by which MSCs might modulate the severity of the disease will contribute to the development of new potential alternatives for both prophylaxis and treatment against epilepsy.
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29
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Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A. Gut-Brain axis in Parkinson's disease etiology: The role of lipopolysaccharide. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 235:105029. [PMID: 33338469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the initiation of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the gastrointestinal tract, decades before the manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS). This gut-brain axis of neurodegenerative diseases defines the critical role played by the unique microbial composition of the "second brain" formed by the enteric nervous system (ENS). Compromise in the enteric wall can result in the translocation of gut-microbiota along with their metabolites into the system that can affect the homeostatic machinery. The released metabolites can associate with protein substrates affecting several biological pathways. Among these, the bacterial endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been implicated to play a definite role in progressive neurodegeneration. The molecular interaction of the lipid metabolites can have a direct neuro-modulatory effect on homeostatic protein components that can be transported to the CNS via the vagus nerve. α-synuclein (α-syn) is one such partner protein, the molecular interactions with which modulate its overall fibrillation propensity in the system. LPS interaction has been shown to affect the protein's aggregation kinetics in an alternative inflammatory pathway of PD pathogenesis. Several other lipid contents from the bacterial membranes could also be responsible for the initiation of α-syn amyloidogenesis. The present review will focus on the intermolecular interactions of α-syn with bacterial lipid components, particularly LPS, with a definite clinical manifestation in PD pathogenesis. However, deconvolution of the sequence of interaction events from the ENS to its propagation in the CNS is not easy or obvious. Nevertheless, the characterization of these lipid-mediated structures is a step towards realizing the novel targets in the pre-emptive diagnoses of PD. This comprehensive description should prompt the correlation of potential risk of amyloidogenesis upon detection of specific paradigm shifts in the microbial composition of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata, 700054, India.
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30
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Falquetto B, Thieme K, Malta MB, e Rocha KC, Tuppy M, Potje SR, Antoniali C, Rodrigues AC, Munhoz CD, Moreira TS, Takakura AC. Oxidative stress in the medullary respiratory neurons contributes to respiratory dysfunction in the 6‐OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. J Physiol 2020; 598:5271-5293. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Falquetto
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Karina Thieme
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Marília B. Malta
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Karina C. e Rocha
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Marina Tuppy
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Simone R. Potje
- Department of Basic Sciences School of Dentistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araçatuba SP 16015‐050 Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences School of Dentistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araçatuba SP 16015‐050 Brazil
| | - Alice C. Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Carolina D. Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Thiago S. Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
| | - Ana C. Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology Institute de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo São Paulo SP 05508‐000 Brazil
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31
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Adhikari Y, Jin X. Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide prevents seizure-induced respiratory arrest in a DBA/1 mouse model of SUDEP. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:386-396. [PMID: 32913947 PMCID: PMC7469803 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the cause of premature death of 50% patients with chronic refractory epilepsy. Respiratory failure during seizures is regarded as an important mechanism of SUDEP. Previous studies have shown that abnormal serotonergic neurotransmission is involved in the pathogenesis of seizure-induced respiratory failure, while enhancing serotonergic neurotransmission in the brainstem suppresses it. Because peripheral inflammation is known to enhance serotonergic neuron activation and 5-HT synthesis and release, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation on the S-IRA susceptibility during audiogenic seizures in DBA/1 mice. METHODS After DBA/1 mice were primed by exposing to sound stimulation for three consecutive days, they were tested for seizure severity and seizure-induced respiratory arrest (S-IRA) induced by sound stimulation under different conditions. We determined the dose and time course of the effects of intraperitoneal administration of LPS on audiogenic seizures and S-IRA. The effects of blocking TLR4 or RAGE receptors and blocking 5-HT receptors on the LPS-induced effect on S-IRA were investigated. Statistical significance was evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of LPS significantly had dose-dependent effects in reducing the incidence of S-IRA as well as seizure severity in DBA/1 mice. The protective effect of LPS on S-IRA peaked at 8-12 hours after LPS injection and was related to both reducing seizure severity and enhancing autoresuscitation. Blocking TLR4 or RAGE receptor with TAK-242 or FPS-ZM1, respectively, prior to LPS injection attenuated its effects on S-IRA and seizure severity. Injection of a nonselective 5-HT receptor antagonist, cyproheptadine, or a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, was effective in blocking LPS-induced effect on S-IRA. Immunostaining results showed a significant increase in c-Fos-positive serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study that demonstrates the effect of intraperitoneal LPS injection-induced inflammation on reducing S-IRA susceptibility and provides additional evidence supporting the serotonin hypothesis on SUDEP. Our study suggests that inflammation may enhance brainstem 5-HT neurotransmission to promote autoresuscitation during seizure and prevent SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadav Adhikari
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research GroupStark Neurosciences Research Institute. Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and PhysiologyStark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Neurological SurgeryStark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research GroupStark Neurosciences Research Institute. Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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32
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Khalin I, Heimburger D, Melnychuk N, Collot M, Groschup B, Hellal F, Reisch A, Plesnila N, Klymchenko AS. Ultrabright Fluorescent Polymeric Nanoparticles with a Stealth Pluronic Shell for Live Tracking in the Mouse Brain. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9755-9770. [PMID: 32680421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing single organic nanoparticles (NPs) in vivo remains a challenge, which could greatly improve our understanding of the bottlenecks in the field of nanomedicine. To achieve high single-particle fluorescence brightness, we loaded polymer poly(methyl methacrylate)-sulfonate (PMMA-SO3H) NPs with octadecyl rhodamine B together with a bulky hydrophobic counterion (perfluorinated tetraphenylborate) as a fluorophore insulator to prevent aggregation-caused quenching. To create NPs with stealth properties, we used the amphiphilic block copolymers pluronic F-127 and F-68. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) revealed that pluronics remained at the NP surface after dialysis (at one amphiphile per 5.5 nm2) and prevented NPs from nonspecific interactions with serum proteins and surfactants. In primary cultured neurons, pluronics stabilized the NPs, preventing their prompt aggregation and binding to neurons. By increasing dye loading to 20 wt % and optimizing particle size, we obtained 74 nm NPs showing 150-fold higher single-particle brightness with two-photon excitation than commercial Nile Red-loaded FluoSpheres of 39 nm hydrodynamic diameter. The obtained ultrabright pluronic-coated NPs enabled direct single-particle tracking in vessels of mice brains by two-photon intravital microscopy for at least 1 h, whereas noncoated NPs were rapidly eliminated from the circulation. Following brain injury or neuroinflammation, which can open the blood-brain barrier, extravasation of NPs was successfully monitored. Moreover, we demonstrated tracking of individual NPs from meningeal vessels until their uptake by meningeal macrophages. Thus, single NPs can be tracked in animals in real time in vivo in different brain compartments and their dynamics visualized with subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Doriane Heimburger
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Nina Melnychuk
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Bernhard Groschup
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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In vivo characterization of functional states of cortical microglia during peripheral inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:243-255. [PMID: 31837418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation is known to trigger a mirror inflammatory response in the brain, involving brain's innate immune cells - microglia. However, the functional phenotypes, which these cells adopt in the course of peripheral inflammation, remain obscure. In vivo two-photon imaging of microglial Ca2+ signaling as well as process motility reveals two distinct functional states of cortical microglia during a lipopolysaccharide-induced peripheral inflammation: an early "sensor state" characterized by dramatically increased intracellular Ca2+ signaling but ramified morphology and a later "effector state" characterized by slow normalization of intracellular Ca2+ signaling but hypertrophic morphology, substantial IL-1β production in a subset of cells as well as increased velocity of directed process extension and loss of coordination between individual processes. Thus, lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial Ca2+ signaling might represent the central element connecting receptive and executive functions of microglia.
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Yu X, Ji C, Shao A. Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:334. [PMID: 32410936 PMCID: PMC7201055 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU), composed of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons, is the minimal functional unit of the brain. The NVU maintains integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and regulates supply of the cerebral blood flow (CBF), both of which are keys to maintaining normal brain function. BBB dysfunction and a decreased CBF are early pathophysiological changes in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we primarily focus on the NVU in AD as much research has been performed on the connection between NVU dysfunction and AD. We also discuss the role of NVU dysfunction in the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD and ALS. As most neurodegenerative diseases are difficult to treat, we discuss several potential drug targets that focus on the NVU that may inform novel vascular-targeted therapies for AD, PD, and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Ji
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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35
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The Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 432:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Keshavarzian A, Engen P, Bonvegna S, Cilia R. The gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease: A culprit or a bystander? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:357-450. [PMID: 32247371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, large-scale metagenomics projects such as the Human Microbiome Project placed the gut microbiota under the spotlight of research on its role in health and in the pathogenesis several diseases, as it can be a target for novel therapeutical approaches. The emerging concept of a microbiota modulation of the gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders has been explored in several studies in animal models, as well as in human subjects. Particularly, research on changes in the composition of gut microbiota as a potential trigger for alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) has gained increasing interest. In the present review, we first provide the basis to the understanding of the role of gut microbiota in healthy subjects and the molecular basis of the gut-brain interaction, focusing on metabolic and neuroinflammatory factors that could trigger the alpha-synuclein conformational changes and aggregation. Then, we critically explored preclinical and clinical studies reporting on the changes in gut microbiota in PD, as compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between the gut microbiota and PD clinical features, discussing data consistently reported across studies, as well as the potential sources of inconsistencies. As a further step toward understanding the effects of gut microbiota on PD, we discussed the relationship between dysbiosis and response to dopamine replacement therapy, focusing on Levodopa metabolism. We conclude that further studies are needed to determine whether the gut microbiota changes observed so far in PD patients is the cause or, instead, it is merely a consequence of lifestyle changes associated with the disease. Regardless, studies so far strongly suggest that changes in microbiota appears to be impactful in pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Thus, dysbiotic microbiota in PD could influence the disease course and response to medication, especially Levodopa. Future research will assess the impact of microbiota-directed therapeutic intervention in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Phillip Engen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Roberto Cilia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Movement Disorders Unit, Milan, Italy.
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Kim GH, Yi SS. Verification with the utility of an established rapid assessment of brain safety for newly developed vaccines. Lab Anim Res 2019; 35:25. [PMID: 32219059 PMCID: PMC7081575 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the twenty-first century, high contagious infectious diseases such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), FMD (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) and AI (Avian Influenza) have become very prevalent, causing treat harm to humans and animals in aspect of public health, and economical issues. The critical problem is that newly-reported infectious diseases that humans firstly experience are expected to continue to emerge, and these diseases will be spreading out rapidly. Therefore, rapid and safe supplies of effective vaccines are most pivotal to prevent the rapid prevalent of new infection, but international standards or assessing protocol the safety of urgent vaccines are not established well. In our previous study, since we established a module to assess the brain safety of urgent vaccines, therefore, it is necessary to verify that this established module for assessing brain safety could work effectively in commercially available two vaccines (one killed- and on live-vaccines). We compared the results of Evans blue (EB) assay and qPCR analysis by injection of two kinds of vaccines, PBS and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) under the condition of the module previously reported. We confirmed that the brain safety test module for urgent vaccine we established is very reproducible. Therefore, it is believed that this vaccine safety testing method can be used to validate brain safety when prompt supply of a newly developed vaccines is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538 Republic of Korea
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Xie J, Shen Z, Anraku Y, Kataoka K, Chen X. Nanomaterial-based blood-brain-barrier (BBB) crossing strategies. Biomaterials 2019; 224:119491. [PMID: 31546096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to the diseases of central nervous system (CNS). The penetration efficiency of most CNS drugs into the brain parenchyma is rather limited due to the existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, BBB crossing for drug delivery to CNS remains a significant challenge in the development of neurological therapeutics. Because of the advantageous properties (e.g., relatively high drug loading content, controllable drug release, excellent passive and active targeting, good stability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity), nanomaterials with BBB-crossability have been widely developed for the treatment of CNS diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the physiological structure of BBB, and provides various nanomaterial-based BBB-crossing strategies for brain delivery of theranostic agents, including intranasal delivery, temporary disruption of BBB, local delivery, cell penetrating peptide (CPP) mediated BBB-crossing, receptor mediated BBB-crossing, shuttle peptide mediated BBB-crossing, and cells mediated BBB-crossing. Clinicians, biologists, material scientists and chemists are expected to be interested in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbing Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Zheyu Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan; Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Xu Y, He Q, Wang M, Wang X, Gong F, Bai L, Zhang J, Wang W. Quantifying blood-brain-barrier leakage using a combination of evans blue and high molecular weight FITC-Dextran. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 325:108349. [PMID: 31283939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evans blue (EB) is the most widely used tracer to assess BBB leakage. However, a well-established method to obtain visualized and quantitative results of EB extravasation is presently unavailable. NEW METHOD We reported a novel method to quantify BBB leakage by combining EB and high molecular weight FITC-Dextran (2000 kDa). EB was used for a long circulation duration (60 min) to detect BBB leakage. FITC-Dextran was used for a short circulation duration (10 min) to outline vascular contours. Confocal microscope imaging was used to obtain visualized images of BBB leakage. The result of dividing integrated optical density of EB by vascular areas outlined by FITC-Dextran was treated as the quantification of BBB leakage. RESULTS This method proved workable in quantifying BBB leakage of specific regions in lipopolysaccharide-induced BBB disruption mice and apoE-/- mice. Sections processed with this method enabled further immunofluorescence staining. Through combining the results of EB extravasation and immunofluorescence staining, the colocalization of specific proteins and BBB disruption was achieved. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods provide us with quantitative results of EB extravasation but fail to locate the specific regions. Fluorescence microscopy imaging can locate specific regions of EB extravasation but a well-established quantitative method is presently unavailable. Our method combines advantages of above two classic methods, providing us with visualized and quantitative information of BBB leakage based on EB extravasation in specific cerebral regions. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method proved powerful in quantifying BBB leakage of specific regions, which may benefit studies regarding BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Neonatology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Feilong Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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40
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Li Y, Xie L, Huang T, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Qi B, Wang X, Chen Z, Li P. Aging Neurovascular Unit and Potential Role of DNA Damage and Repair in Combating Vascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:778. [PMID: 31440124 PMCID: PMC6694749 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurological deterioration poses enormous burden on the aging population with ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease patients, such as Alzheimers’ disease and Parkinson’s disease. The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in the research of neurovascular unit dysfunction, which is emerging as an important pathological feature that underlies these neurological disorders. Dysfunction of the unit allows penetration of blood-derived toxic proteins or leukocytes into the brain and contributes to white matter injury, disturbed neurovascular coupling and neuroinflammation, which all eventually lead to cognitive dysfunction. Recent evidences suggest that aging-related oxidative stress, accumulated DNA damage and impaired DNA repair capacities compromises the genome integrity not only in neurons, but also in other cell types of the neurovascular unit, such as endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. Combating DNA damage or enhancing DNA repair capacities in the neurovascular unit represents a promising therapeutic strategy for vascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on aging related mechanisms that underlie DNA damage and repair in the neurovascular unit and introduce several novel strategies that target the genome integrity in the neurovascular unit to combat the vascular and neurodegenerative disorders in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Martínez-Rodríguez TY, Rey-Buitrago M. Physiological, molecular and genetic aspects of alpha-synuclein and its correlation with high alcohol consumption. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v67n3.69962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Significant changes in the expression of α-synuclein (SNCA) can be seen in subjects with high alcohol consumption, altering neuroprotection and causing changes in the reward system.Objective: To present state-of-the-art studies on the physiological, molecular and genetic aspects of SNCA related to high alcohol consumption.Materials and methods: A search of records published from 2007 to 2017 was carried out in PUBMED, ScienceDirect and Cochrane with the terms alpha-synuclein, alcoholism, genetic polymorphism, gene expression, DNA methylation and molecular biology.Results: The search yielded 1 331 references, of which 51 full-texts were selected. The results describe the current evidence of the physiological and pathological aspects of α-synuclein (SNCA) and the genetic and epigenetic changes related to its expression in people with high alcohol consumption.Conclusions: The evidence suggests that a differential expression of α-synuclein (SNCA) is found in subjects with high alcohol consumption, as a result of modifications in the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, leading to physipathological neuroadaptations. SNCA is a promising marker in the field of alcoholism research; therefore, more studies are required in this regard, taking into account the genetic heterogeneity of each population.
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42
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Song GJ, Rahman MH, Jha MK, Gupta DP, Park SH, Kim JH, Lee SH, Lee IK, Sim T, Bae YC, Lee WH, Suk K. A Bcr-Abl Inhibitor GNF-2 Attenuates Inflammatory Activation of Glia and Chronic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:543. [PMID: 31164822 PMCID: PMC6535676 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GNF-2 is an allosteric inhibitor of Bcr-Abl. It was developed as a new class of anti-cancer drug to treat resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. Recent studies suggest that c-Abl inhibition would provide a neuroprotective effect in animal models of Parkinson’s disease as well as in clinical trials. However, the role of c-Abl and effects of GNF-2 in glia-mediated neuroinflammation or pain hypersensitivity has not been investigated. Thus, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that c-Abl inhibition by GNF-2 may attenuate the inflammatory activation of glia and the ensuing pain behaviors in animal models. Our results show that GNF-2 reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in cultured glial cells in a c-Abl-dependent manner. The small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of c-Abl attenuated LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) activation and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in glial cell cultures. Moreover, GNF-2 administration significantly attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities in experimental models of diabetic and inflammatory pain. Together, our findings suggest the involvement of c-Abl in neuroinflammation and pain pathogenesis and that GNF-2 can be used for the management of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, South Korea.,Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deepak Prasad Gupta
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Park
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, and VORONOI Inc., Incheon, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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43
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Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation as a Bridge to Understand Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092293. [PMID: 31075861 PMCID: PMC6539529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of experimental evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key pathological event triggering and perpetuating the neurodegenerative process associated with many neurological diseases. Therefore, different stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are used to model neuroinflammation associated with neurodegeneration. By acting at its receptors, LPS activates various intracellular molecules, which alter the expression of a plethora of inflammatory mediators. These factors, in turn, initiate or contribute to the development of neurodegenerative processes. Therefore, LPS is an important tool for the study of neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, the serotype, route of administration, and number of injections of this toxin induce varied pathological responses. Thus, here, we review the use of LPS in various models of neurodegeneration as well as discuss the neuroinflammatory mechanisms induced by this toxin that could underpin the pathological events linked to the neurodegenerative process.
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Sharif Y, Jumah F, Coplan L, Krosser A, Sharif K, Tubbs RS. Blood brain barrier: A review of its anatomy and physiology in health and disease. Clin Anat 2018; 31:812-823. [PMID: 29637627 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the principal regulator of transport of molecules and cells into and out of the central nervous system (CNS). It comprises endothelial cells, pericytes, immune cells, astrocytes, and basement membrane, collectively known as the neurovascular unit. The development of the barrier involves many complex pathways from all the progenitors of the neurovascular unit, but the timing of its formation is not entirely known. The coordinated activities of all the components of the neurovascular unit and other tissues ensure that materials required for growth and maintenance are allowed into the CNS while extraneous ones are excluded. This review summarizes current knowledge of the anatomy, development, and physiology of the BBB, and alterations that occur in disease conditions. Clin. Anat. 31:812-823, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra Sharif
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Fareed Jumah
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Louis Coplan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alec Krosser
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kassem Sharif
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada.,Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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Pretorius E, Bester J, Page MJ, Kell DB. The Potential of LPS-Binding Protein to Reverse Amyloid Formation in Plasma Fibrin of Individuals With Alzheimer-Type Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:257. [PMID: 30186156 PMCID: PMC6113936 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies indicate that there is a (mainly dormant) microbial component in the progressive development of Alzheimer-type dementias (ADs); and that in the case of Gram-negative organisms, a chief culprit might be the shedding of the highly inflammagenic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from their cell walls. We have recently shown that a highly sensitive assay for the presence of free LPS [added to platelet poor plasma (PPP)] lies in its ability (in healthy individuals) to induce blood to clot into an amyloid form. This may be observed in a SEM or in a confocal microscope when suitable amyloid stains (such as thioflavin T) are added. This process could be inhibited by human lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). In the current paper, we show using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy with amyloid markers, that PPP taken from individuals with AD exhibits considerable amyloid structure when clotting is initiated with thrombin but without added LPS. Furthermore, we could show that this amyloid structure may be reversed by the addition of very small amounts of LBP. This provides further evidence for a role of microbes and their inflammagenic cell wall products and that these products may be involved in pathological clotting in individuals with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Sharma R, Al-Saleem FH, Panzer J, Lee J, Puligedda RD, Felicori LF, Kattala CD, Rattelle AJ, Ippolito G, Cox RH, Lynch DR, Dessain SK. Monoclonal antibodies from a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:935-951. [PMID: 30128318 PMCID: PMC6093837 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis (ANRE) is a potentially lethal encephalitis attributed to autoantibodies against the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR). We sought to clone and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from an ANRE patient. Methods We used a hybridoma method to clone two IgG mAbs from a female patient with ANRE without teratoma, and characterized their binding activities on NMDAR‐transfected cell lines, cultured primary rat neurons, and mouse hippocampus. We also assessed their effects on voluntary locomotor activity in mice and binding to NMDAR in vivo. Results The mAbs are structurally distinct and arose from distinct B‐cell lineages. They recognize different epitopes on the GluN1 amino terminal domain (ATD), yet both require amino acids important for post‐translational modification. Both mAbs bind subsets of GluN1 on cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The 5F5 mAb binds mouse brain hippocampal tissues, and the GluN1 recognized on cultured rat neurons was substantially extra‐synaptic. Antibody binding to primary hippocampal neurons induced receptor internalization. The NMDAR inhibitor MK‐801 inhibited internalization without preventing mAb binding; AP5 inhibited both mAb binding and internalization. Exposure of mice to the mAbs following permeabilization of the blood brain barrier increased voluntary wheel running activity, similar to low doses of the NMDAR inhibitor, MK‐801. Interpretation These mAbs recapitulate features demonstrated in previous studies of ANRE patient CSF, and exert effects on NMDAR in vitro and in vivo consistent with modulation of NMDAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sharma
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
| | | | - Jessica Panzer
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | | | - Liza F Felicori
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil.,Department of Molecular Biosciences College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | | | - Amy J Rattelle
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Gregory Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | - Robert H Cox
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Scott K Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
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47
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Baek H, Kim KH, Park MY, Kim K, Ko B, Seo HS, Kim BS, Hahn TW, Yi SS. Establishment of minimal positive-control conditions to ensure brain safety during rapid development of emergency vaccines. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:371-379. [PMID: 28859273 PMCID: PMC5583425 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in international human and material exchanges, contagious and infectious epidemics are occurring. One of the effective methods of epidemic inhibition is the rapid development and supply of vaccines. Considering the safety of the brain during vaccine development is very important. However, manuals for brain safety assays for new vaccines are not uniform or effective globally. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish a positive-control protocol for an effective brain safety test to enhance rapid vaccine development. The blood-brain barrier's tight junctions provide selective defense of the brain; however, it is possible to destroy these important microstructures by administering lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), thereby artificially increasing the permeability of brain parenchyma. In this study, test conditions are established so that the degree of brain penetration or brain destruction of newly developed vaccines can be quantitatively identified. The most effective conditions were suggested by measuring time-dependent expressions of tight junction biomarkers (zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1] and occludin) in two types of mice (C57BL/6 and ICR) following exposure to two types of LPS (Salmonella and Escherichia). In the future, we hope that use of the developed positive-control protocol will help speed up the determination of brain safety of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyekyung Baek
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Kyeongryun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Bokyeong Ko
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Seo
- Department of Health Science, Konyang University, Nonsan 32992, Korea
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Korea Institute of Radiology and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
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Zhang QS, Heng Y, Chen Y, Luo P, Wen L, Zhang Z, Yuan YH, Chen NH. A Novel Bibenzyl Compound (20C) Protects Mice from 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine/Probenecid Toxicity by Regulating the α-Synuclein-Related Inflammatory Response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:284-292. [PMID: 28912345 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel bibenzyl compound 2-[4-hydroxy-3-(4- hydroxyphenyl) benzyl]-4-(4- hydroxyphenyl) phenol (20C) plays a neuroprotective role in vitro, but its effects in vivo have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we estimated the efficacy of 20C in vivo using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid (MPTP/p) mouse model from behavior, dopamine, and neuron and then the possible mechanisms for these effects were further investigated. The experimental results showed that 20C improved behavioral deficits, attenuated dopamine depletion, reduced dopaminergic neuron loss, protected the blood-brain barrier (BBB) structure, ameliorated α-synuclein dysfunction, suppressed glial activation, and regulated both nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and the NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP) 3 inflammasome pathway. Our results indicated that 20C may prevent neurodegeneration in the MPTP/p mouse model by targeting α-synuclein and regulating α-synuclein-related inflammatory responses, including BBB damage, glial activation, NF-κB signaling, and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Q.-S.Z., Y.H., Y.C., L.W., Z.Z., Y.-H.Y., N.-H.C.); and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (P.L., N.-H.C.)
| | - Yang Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Q.-S.Z., Y.H., Y.C., L.W., Z.Z., Y.-H.Y., N.-H.C.); and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (P.L., N.-H.C.)
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Q.-S.Z., Y.H., Y.C., L.W., Z.Z., Y.-H.Y., N.-H.C.); and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (P.L., N.-H.C.)
| | - Piao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Q.-S.Z., Y.H., Y.C., L.W., Z.Z., Y.-H.Y., N.-H.C.); and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (P.L., N.-H.C.)
| | - Lu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Q.-S.Z., Y.H., Y.C., L.W., Z.Z., Y.-H.Y., N.-H.C.); and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (P.L., N.-H.C.)
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Q.-S.Z., Y.H., Y.C., L.W., Z.Z., Y.-H.Y., N.-H.C.); and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (P.L., N.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Q.-S.Z., Y.H., Y.C., L.W., Z.Z., Y.-H.Y., N.-H.C.); and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (P.L., N.-H.C.)
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Q.-S.Z., Y.H., Y.C., L.W., Z.Z., Y.-H.Y., N.-H.C.); and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (P.L., N.-H.C.)
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Underwood CF, Hildreth CM, Wyse BF, Boyd R, Goodchild AK, Phillips JK. Uraemia: an unrecognized driver of central neurohumoral dysfunction in chronic kidney disease? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:305-323. [PMID: 27247097 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) carries a large cardiovascular burden in part due to hypertension and neurohumoral dysfunction - manifesting as sympathetic overactivity, baroreflex dysfunction and chronically elevated circulating vasopressin. Alterations within the central nervous system (CNS) are necessary for the expression of neurohumoral dysfunction in CKD; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. Uraemic toxins are a diverse group of compounds that accumulate as a direct result of renal disease and drive dysfunction in multiple organs, including the brain. Intensive haemodialysis improves both sympathetic overactivity and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in renal failure patients, indicating that uraemic toxins participate in the maintenance of autonomic dysfunction in CKD. In rodents exposed to uraemia, immediate early gene expression analysis suggests upregulated activity of not only pre-sympathetic but also vasopressin-secretory nuclei. We outline several potential mechanisms by which uraemia might drive neurohumoral dysfunction in CKD. These include superoxide-dependent effects on neural activity, depletion of nitric oxide and induction of low-grade systemic inflammation. Recent evidence has highlighted superoxide production as an intermediate for the depolarizing effect of some uraemic toxins on neuronal cells. We provide preliminary data indicating augmented superoxide production within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the Lewis polycystic kidney rat, which might be important for mediating the neurohumoral dysfunction exhibited in this CKD model. We speculate that the uraemic state might serve to sensitize the central actions of other sympathoexcitatory factors, including renal afferent nerve inputs to the CNS and angiotensin II, by way of recruiting convergent superoxide-dependent and pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. F. Underwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - C. M. Hildreth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - B. F. Wyse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - R. Boyd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. K. Goodchild
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - J. K. Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
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50
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Saraiva C, Praça C, Ferreira R, Santos T, Ferreira L, Bernardino L. Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery: Overcoming blood–brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases. J Control Release 2016; 235:34-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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