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Cwerman-Thibault H, Malko-Baverel V, Le Guilloux G, Ratcliffe E, Mouri D, Torres-Cuevas I, Millán I, Saubaméa B, Mignon V, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Gressens P, Corral-Debrinski M. Neuroglobin overexpression in cerebellar neurons of Harlequin mice improves mitochondrial homeostasis and reduces ataxic behavior. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2150-2175. [PMID: 38796706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroglobin, a member of the globin superfamily, is abundant in the brain, retina, and cerebellum of mammals and localizes to mitochondria. The protein exhibits neuroprotective capacities by participating in electron transfer, oxygen supply, and protecting against oxidative stress. Our objective was to determine whether neuroglobin overexpression can be used to treat neurological disorders. We chose Harlequin mice, which harbor a retroviral insertion in the first intron of the apoptosis-inducing factor gene resulting in the depletion of the corresponding protein essential for mitochondrial biogenesis. Consequently, Harlequin mice display degeneration of the cerebellum and suffer from progressive blindness and ataxia. Cerebellar ataxia begins in Harlequin mice at the age of 4 months and is characterized by neuronal cell disappearance, bioenergetics failure, and motor and cognitive impairments, which aggravated with aging. Mice aged 2 months received adeno-associated viral vectors harboring the coding sequence of neuroglobin or apoptosis-inducing factor in both cerebellar hemispheres. Six months later, Harlequin mice exhibited substantial improvements in motor and cognitive skills; probably linked to the preservation of respiratory chain function, Purkinje cell numbers and connectivity. Thus, without sharing functional properties with apoptosis-inducing factor, neuroglobin was efficient in reducing ataxia in Harlequin mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cwerman-Thibault
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Vassilissa Malko-Baverel
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Gwendoline Le Guilloux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Edward Ratcliffe
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Djmila Mouri
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Isabel Torres-Cuevas
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France; Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ivan Millán
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France; Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Université Paris Cité, Platform of Cellular and Molecular Imaging (PICMO), US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, UMR-S 1144 Inserm, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- Université Paris Cité, Platform of Cellular and Molecular Imaging (PICMO), US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France; Service de Neurologie et Maladies métaboliques, CHU Paris - Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Marisol Corral-Debrinski
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France.
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Mignan T, Pumarola M, Platt S, James M, Pereira M, Morey‐Matamalas A, Recio A. Granuloprival cerebellar cortical degeneration in a Yorkshire Terrier and Lagotto Romagnolo dog. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2368-2372. [PMID: 38662636 PMCID: PMC11256161 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Granuloprival degeneration is an uncommon form of cerebellar cortical degeneration (CCD). A 3-month-old Yorkshire Terrier and a 7-month-old Lagotto Romagnolo dog were presented with a history of progressive cerebellar dysfunction including wide-based stance, cerebellar ataxia, intention tremors, and loss of menace response despite normal vision. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain identified marked diffuse decrease of the cerebellum size. Euthanasia was performed in both cases because of progression of clinical signs. Histopathological examination identified marked diffuse thinning of the granular cell layer with almost complete loss of the granular cell neurons, providing a definitive diagnosis of granuloprival CCD. Granuloprival CCD should be considered as a differential diagnosis in Yorkshire Terrier and Lagotto Romagnolo dogs with post-natal progressive clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mignan
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, 5 Delven Lane, Castle DoningtonDerby DE74 2LJUnited Kingdom
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary FacultyUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)Barcelona 08193Spain
| | - Simon Platt
- CVS Teleneurology, 1 Owen RoadDiss IP22 4ERUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew James
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, 5 Delven Lane, Castle DoningtonDerby DE74 2LJUnited Kingdom
| | - Marta Pereira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RDUnited Kingdom
| | - Antonia Morey‐Matamalas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RDUnited Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Recio
- Clínica Veterinaria Levante, Avenida de La Unión 61San Javier, Murcia 30730Spain
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Fessler JL, Stiles MA, Agbaga MP, Ahmad M, Sherry DM. The Spinocerebellar Ataxia 34-Causing W246G ELOVL4 Mutation Does Not Alter Cerebellar Neuron Populations in a Rat Model. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01708-8. [PMID: 38850484 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 34 (SCA34) is an autosomal dominant disease that arises from point mutations in the fatty acid elongase, Elongation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids 4 (ELOVL4), which is essential for the synthesis of Very Long Chain-Saturated Fatty Acids (VLC-SFA) and Very Long Chain-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (VLC-PUFA) (28-34 carbons long). SCA34 is considered a neurodegenerative disease. However, a novel rat model of SCA34 (SCA34-KI rat) with knock-in of the W246G ELOVL4 mutation that causes human SCA34 shows early motor impairment and aberrant synaptic transmission and plasticity without overt neurodegeneration. ELOVL4 is expressed in neurogenic regions of the developing brain, is implicated in cell cycle regulation, and ELOVL4 mutations that cause neuroichthyosis lead to developmental brain malformation, suggesting that aberrant neuron generation due to ELOVL4 mutations might contribute to SCA34. To test whether W246G ELOVL4 altered neuronal generation or survival in the cerebellum, we compared the numbers of Purkinje cells, unipolar brush cells, molecular layer interneurons, granule and displaced granule cells in the cerebellum of wildtype, heterozygous, and homozygous SCA34-KI rats at four months of age, when motor impairment is already present. An unbiased, semi-automated method based on Cellpose 2.0 and ImageJ was used to quantify neuronal populations in cerebellar sections immunolabeled for known neuron-specific markers. Neuronal populations and cortical structure were unaffected by the W246G ELOVL4 mutation by four months of age, a time when synaptic and motor dysfunction are already present, suggesting that SCA34 pathology originates from synaptic dysfunction due to VLC-SFA deficiency, rather than aberrant neuronal production or neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Fessler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 S.L. Young Blvd, BMSB-100, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America.
| | - Megan A Stiles
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 S.L. Young Blvd, BMSB-100, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 S.L. Young Blvd, BMSB-100, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - David M Sherry
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 S.L. Young Blvd, BMSB-100, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America.
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Rudaks LI, Yeow D, Ng K, Deveson IW, Kennerson ML, Kumar KR. An Update on the Adult-Onset Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias: Novel Genetic Causes and New Diagnostic Approaches. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01703-z. [PMID: 38760634 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The hereditary cerebellar ataxias (HCAs) are rare, progressive neurologic disorders caused by variants in many different genes. Inheritance may follow autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked or mitochondrial patterns. The list of genes associated with adult-onset cerebellar ataxia is continuously growing, with several new genes discovered in the last few years. This includes short-tandem repeat (STR) expansions in RFC1, causing cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS), FGF14-GAA causing spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B (SCA27B), and THAP11. In addition, the genetic basis for SCA4, has recently been identified as a STR expansion in ZFHX3. Given the large and growing number of genes, and different gene variant types, the approach to diagnostic testing for adult-onset HCA can be complex. Testing methods include targeted evaluation of STR expansions (e.g. SCAs, Friedreich ataxia, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy), next generation sequencing for conventional variants, which may include targeted gene panels, whole exome, or whole genome sequencing, followed by various potential additional tests. This review proposes a diagnostic approach for clinical testing, highlights the challenges with current testing technologies, and discusses future advances which may overcome these limitations. Implementing long-read sequencing has the potential to transform the diagnostic approach in HCA, with the overall aim to improve the diagnostic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ivete Rudaks
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Dennis Yeow
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Neurodegenerative Service, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karl Ng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Neurology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kishore Raj Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Campus, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Jaarsma D, Birkisdóttir MB, van Vossen R, Oomen DWGD, Akhiyat O, Vermeij WP, Koekkoek SKE, De Zeeuw CI, Bosman LWJ. Different Purkinje cell pathologies cause specific patterns of progressive gait ataxia in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106422. [PMID: 38286390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Gait ataxia is one of the most common and impactful consequences of cerebellar dysfunction. Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are often involved in the underlying pathology, but their specific functions during locomotor control in health and disease remain obfuscated. We aimed to describe the effect of gradual adult-onset Purkinje cell degeneration on gaiting patterns in mice, and to determine whether two different mechanisms that both lead to Purkinje cell degeneration cause different patterns in the development of gait ataxia. Using the ErasmusLadder together with a newly developed limb detection algorithm and machine learning-based classification, we subjected mice to a challenging locomotor task with detailed analysis of single limb parameters, intralimb coordination and whole-body movement. We tested two Purkinje cell-specific mouse models, one involving stochastic cell death due to impaired DNA repair mechanisms (Pcp2-Ercc1-/-), the other carrying the mutation that causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (Pcp2-ATXN1[82Q]). Both mouse models showed progressive gaiting deficits, but the sequence with which gaiting parameters deteriorated was different between mouse lines. Our longitudinal approach revealed that gradual loss of Purkinje cell function can lead to a complex pattern of loss of function over time, and that this pattern depends on the specifics of the pathological mechanisms involved. We hypothesize that this variability will also be present in disease progression in patients, and that our findings will facilitate the study of therapeutic interventions in mice, as subtle changes in locomotor abilities can be quantified by our methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria B Birkisdóttir
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Randy van Vossen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Demi W G D Oomen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oussama Akhiyat
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert P Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts & Science, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens W J Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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6
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Inskeep KA, Crase B, Stottmann RW. SMPD4 mediated sphingolipid metabolism regulates brain and primary cilia development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.15.571873. [PMID: 38168190 PMCID: PMC10760124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.15.571873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variants in multiple sphingolipid biosynthesis genes cause human brain disorders. A recent study collected patients from twelve unrelated families with variants in the gene SMPD4 , a neutral sphingomyelinase which metabolizes sphingomyelin into ceramide at an early stage of the biosynthesis pathway. These patients have severe developmental brain malformations including microcephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia. However, the mechanism of SMPD4 was not known and we pursued a new mouse model. We hypothesized that the role of SMPD4 in producing ceramide is important for making primary cilia, a crucial organelle mediating cellular signaling. We found that the mouse model has cerebellar hypoplasia due to failure of Purkinje cell development. Human induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit neural progenitor cell death and have shortened primary cilia which is rescued by adding exogenous ceramide. SMPD4 production of ceramide is crucial for human brain development.
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Rafehi H, Bennett MF, Bahlo M. Detection and discovery of repeat expansions in ataxia enabled by next-generation sequencing: present and future. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:349-359. [PMID: 37733280 PMCID: PMC10754322 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary cerebellar ataxias are a heterogenous group of progressive neurological disorders that are disproportionately caused by repeat expansions (REs) of short tandem repeats (STRs). Genetic diagnosis for RE disorders such as ataxias are difficult as the current gold standard for diagnosis is repeat-primed PCR assays or Southern blots, neither of which are scalable nor readily available for all STR loci. In the last five years, significant advances have been made in our ability to detect STRs and REs in short-read sequencing data, especially whole-genome sequencing. Given the increasing reliance of genomics in diagnosis of rare diseases, the use of established RE detection pipelines for RE disorders is now a highly feasible and practical first-step alternative to molecular testing methods. In addition, many new pathogenic REs have been discovered in recent years by utilising WGS data. Collectively, genomes are an important resource/platform for further advancements in both the discovery and diagnosis of REs that cause ataxia and will lead to much needed improvement in diagnostic rates for patients with hereditary ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haloom Rafehi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark F Bennett
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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8
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Bernardi S, Gemignani F, Marchese M. The involvement of Purkinje cells in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: Focus on neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106258. [PMID: 37573956 PMCID: PMC10480493 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive myoclonic epilepsies (PMEs) are a group of rare neurodegenerative diseases characterized by myoclonus, epileptic seizures, and progressive neurological deterioration with cerebellar involvement. They include storage diseases like Gaucher disease, Lafora disease, and forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). To date, 13 NCLs have been reported (CLN1-CLN8, CLN10-CLN14), associated with mutations in different genes. These forms, which affect both children and adults, are characterized by seizures, cognitive and motor impairments, and in most cases visual loss. In NCLs, as in other PMEs, central nervous system (CNS) neurodegeneration is widespread and involves different subpopulations of neurons. One of the most affected regions is the cerebellar cortex, where motor and non-motor information is processed and transmitted to deep cerebellar nuclei through the axons of Purkinje cells (PCs). PCs, being GABAergic, have an inhibitory effect on their target neurons, and provide the only inhibitory output of the cerebellum. Degeneration of PCs has been linked to motor impairments and epileptic seizures. Seizures occur when some insult upsets the normal balance in the CNS between excitatory and inhibitory impulses, causing hyperexcitability. Here we review the role of PCs in epilepsy onset and progression following their PME-related loss. In particular, we focus on the involvement of PCs in seizure phenotype in NCLs, highlighting findings from case reports and studies of animal models in which epilepsy can be linked to PC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bernardi
- Department Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Marchese
- Department Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Li C, Zhang H, Tong K, Cai M, Gao F, Yang J, Xu Y, Wang H, Chen H, Hu Y, He W, Zhang J. Genetic Deletion of Thorase Causes Purkinje Cell Loss and Impaired Motor Coordination Behavior. Cells 2023; 12:2032. [PMID: 37626842 PMCID: PMC10453921 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorase belongs to the AAA+ ATPase family, which plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Our previous work reported that Thorase was highly expressed in brain tissue, especially in the cerebellum. However, the roles of Thorase in the cerebellum have still not been characterized. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice (cKO) with Thorase deletion in Purkinje cells. Thorase cKO mice exhibited cerebellar degenerative diseases-like behavior and significant impairment in motor coordination. Thorase deletion resulted in more Purkinje neuron apoptosis, leading to Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum of Thorase cKO mice. We also found enhanced expression of the inflammatory protein ASC, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the Thorase cKO cerebellum, which contributed to the pathogenesis of cerebellar degenerative disease. Our findings provide a better understanding of the role of Thorase in the cerebellum, which is a theoretical basis for Thorase as a therapeutic drug target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kexin Tong
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.); (K.T.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (J.Y.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (H.C.); (Y.H.)
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300010, China
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10
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Martuscello RT, Chen ML, Reiken S, Sittenfeld LR, Ruff DS, Ni CL, Lin CC, Pan MK, Louis ED, Marks AR, Kuo SH, Faust PL. Defective cerebellar ryanodine receptor type 1 and endoplasmic reticulum calcium 'leak' in tremor pathophysiology. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:301-318. [PMID: 37335342 PMCID: PMC10350926 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Essential Tremor (ET) is a prevalent neurological disease characterized by an 8-10 Hz action tremor. Molecular mechanisms of ET remain poorly understood. Clinical data suggest the importance of the cerebellum in disease pathophysiology, and pathological studies indicate Purkinje Cells (PCs) incur damage. Our recent cerebellar cortex and PC-specific transcriptome studies identified alterations in calcium (Ca2+) signaling pathways that included ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) in ET. RyR1 is an intracellular Ca2+ release channel located on the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), and in cerebellum is predominantly expressed in PCs. Under stress conditions, RyR1 undergoes several post-translational modifications (protein kinase A [PKA] phosphorylation, oxidation, nitrosylation), coupled with depletion of the channel-stabilizing binding partner calstabin1, which collectively characterize a "leaky channel" biochemical signature. In this study, we found markedly increased PKA phosphorylation at the RyR1-S2844 site, increased RyR1 oxidation and nitrosylation, and calstabin1 depletion from the RyR1 complex in postmortem ET cerebellum. Decreased calstabin1-RyR1-binding affinity correlated with loss of PCs and climbing fiber-PC synapses in ET. This 'leaky' RyR1 signature was not seen in control or Parkinson's disease cerebellum. Microsomes from postmortem cerebellum demonstrated excessive ER Ca2+ leak in ET vs. controls, attenuated by channel stabilization. We further studied the role of RyR1 in tremor using a mouse model harboring a RyR1 point mutation that mimics constitutive site-specific PKA phosphorylation (RyR1-S2844D). RyR1-S2844D homozygous mice develop a 10 Hz action tremor and robust abnormal oscillatory activity in cerebellar physiological recordings. Intra-cerebellar microinfusion of RyR1 agonist or antagonist, respectively, increased or decreased tremor amplitude in RyR1-S2844D mice, supporting a direct role of cerebellar RyR1 leakiness for tremor generation. Treating RyR1-S2844D mice with a novel RyR1 channel-stabilizing compound, Rycal, effectively dampened cerebellar oscillatory activity, suppressed tremor, and normalized cerebellar RyR1-calstabin1 binding. These data collectively support that stress-associated ER Ca2+ leak via RyR1 may contribute to tremor pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina T Martuscello
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, PH Stem 15-124, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meng-Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 W 168th Street, BB305, New York, NY, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Reiken
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leah R Sittenfeld
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S Ruff
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 W 168th Street, BB305, New York, NY, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chun-Lun Ni
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 W 168th Street, BB305, New York, NY, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chih-Chun Lin
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 W 168th Street, BB305, New York, NY, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew R Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 W 168th Street, BB305, New York, NY, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, PH Stem 15-124, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Ferrero E, Di Gregorio E, Ferrero M, Ortolan E, Moon YA, Di Campli A, Pavinato L, Mancini C, Tripathy D, Manes M, Hoxha E, Costanzi C, Pozzi E, Rossi Sebastiano M, Mitro N, Tempia F, Caruso D, Borroni B, Basso M, Sallese M, Brusco A. Spinocerebellar ataxia 38: structure-function analysis shows ELOVL5 G230V is proteotoxic, conformationally altered and a mutational hotspot. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1055-1076. [PMID: 37199746 PMCID: PMC10449689 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid elongase ELOVL5 is part of a protein family of multipass transmembrane proteins that reside in the endoplasmic reticulum where they regulate long-chain fatty acid elongation. A missense variant (c.689G>T p.Gly230Val) in ELOVL5 causes Spinocerebellar Ataxia subtype 38 (SCA38), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, cerebellar Purkinje cell demise and adult-onset ataxia. Having previously showed aberrant accumulation of p.G230V in the Golgi complex, here we further investigated the pathogenic mechanisms triggered by p.G230V, integrating functional studies with bioinformatic analyses of protein sequence and structure. Biochemical analysis showed that p.G230V enzymatic activity was normal. In contrast, SCA38-derived fibroblasts showed reduced expression of ELOVL5, Golgi complex enlargement and increased proteasomal degradation with respect to controls. By heterologous overexpression, p.G230V was significantly more active than wild-type ELOVL5 in triggering the unfolded protein response and in decreasing viability in mouse cortical neurons. By homology modelling, we generated native and p.G230V protein structures whose superposition revealed a shift in Loop 6 in p.G230V that altered a highly conserved intramolecular disulphide bond. The conformation of this bond, connecting Loop 2 and Loop 6, appears to be elongase-specific. Alteration of this intramolecular interaction was also observed when comparing wild-type ELOVL4 and the p.W246G variant which causes SCA34. We demonstrate by sequence and structure analyses that ELOVL5 p.G230V and ELOVL4 p.W246G are position-equivalent missense variants. We conclude that SCA38 is a conformational disease and propose combined loss of function by mislocalization and gain of toxic function by ER/Golgi stress as early events in SCA38 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Ferrero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Gregorio
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Città della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrero
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Turin, Italy
| | - Erika Ortolan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Young-Ah Moon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Antonella Di Campli
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Italian National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Debasmita Tripathy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Marta Manes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano and Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Pozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Rossi Sebastiano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano and Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Basso
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Città della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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12
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Ellezam B, Kaseka ML, Nguyen DK, Michaud J. SCA34 caused by ELOVL4 L168F mutation is a lysosomal lipid storage disease sharing pathology features with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and peroxisomal disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:337-352. [PMID: 37184663 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 34 (SCA34) is a late-onset progressive ataxia caused by a mutation in ELOVL4, a gene involved in the biosynthesis of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). We performed post-mortem neuropathological examinations on four SCA34 patients with the ELOVL4 L168F mutation and compared the findings to age-matched controls. Specific gross findings of SCA34 were limited to pontocerebellar atrophy. On light microscopy, pontine base showed neuronal loss and storage of an autofluorescent lipopigment positive on oil red O, PAS and Hale's colloidal iron and negative on Alcian blue and Luxol fast blue (LFB). Among the swollen neurons were abundant CD68+ /CD163+ /IBA1- macrophages laden with a material with similar histochemical profile as in neurons except for the lack of autofluorescence and oil red O positivity and the presence of needle-like birefringent inclusions. Normal resting IBA1 + microglia were generally absent from pontine base nuclei but present in normal numbers elsewhere in the pons. In dentate nucleus neurons, atrophy was milder than in the pontine base and the coarser storage material was LFB-positive, closely resembling lipofuscin. On electron microscopy, dentate nucleus neurons showed neuronal storage of tridimensionally organized trilaminar spicules within otherwise normal lipofuscin, while in the more affected pontine base neurons, lipofuscin was almost completely replaced by the storage material. Storage macrophages were tightly packed with stacks of unorganized trilaminar spicules, reminiscent of the storage material seen in peroxisomal disorders and thought to represent VLCFAs incorporated in complex polar lipids. In summary, we provide histochemical and ultrastructural evidence that SCA34 is a lipid storage disease, the first among the currently known SCAs, and that the storage lipid is accumulating within neuronal lipofuscin. Our findings suggest that the storage lipid is similar to the one accumulating in non-neuronal cells in peroxisomal disorders and provide the first ultrastructural description of this type of material within neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ellezam
- Division of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Matsanga L Kaseka
- Division of Neurology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Hu Z, Tao X, Huang Z, Xie K, Zhu S, Weng X, Lin D, Zhang Y, Wang L. Efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a family with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: A case report. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16190. [PMID: 37215811 PMCID: PMC10199220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a common autosomal dominant hereditary ataxia, which is caused by a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat expansion on the causative gene ATXN3, usually with lower extremity ataxia as the first symptom, and effective treatment is scarce. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive technique that regulates the cerebellum and the neural network connected to it. Methods Herein, we report familial cases of SCA3 in two nephews and their aunt, each of whom was treated with high-frequency (5 Hz) rTMS. The rTMS treatment lasted 2 weeks, once daily for 5 consecutive days a week, about 20 minutes each session. The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) examination were evaluated before and after rTMS treatment. Results We found that the ICARS scores improved significantly (p = 0.04), and the NAA/Cr values were elevated in vermis and both cerebellar hemispheres after rTMS treatment. Conclusion Our study suggested that high-frequency rTMS therapy can contribute to the improvement of cerebellar NAA/Cr value of SCA3 patients, and improve posture and gait as well as limb kinetic function in SCA3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Tao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunrong Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siya Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xulin Weng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dezheng Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Yin K, Wang D, Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li B, Xing M. Polystyrene microplastics up-regulates liver glutamine and glutamate synthesis and promotes autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and apoptosis in the cerebellum through the liver-brain axis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119449. [PMID: 35550135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are emerging environmental pollutants, remain uncertainties in their toxic mechanism. MPs have been linked to severe liver metabolic disorders and neurotoxicity, but it is still unknown whether the abnormal metabolites induced by MPs can affect brain tissue through the liver-brain axis. Exposed to MPs of chickens results in liver metabolic disorders and increased glutamine and glutamate synthesis. The relative expression of glutamine in the C group was -0.862, the L-PS group was 0.271, and the H-PS group was 0.592. The expression of tight junction proteins in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was reduced by PS-MPs. Occludin protein expression decreased by 35.8%-41.2%. Claudin 3 decreased by 19.6%-42.3%, and ZO-1 decreased by 28.3%-44.6%. Excessive glutamine and glutamate cooperated with PS-MPs to inhibit the Nrf2-Keap1-HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway and triggered autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and apoptosis. GPX protein expression decreased by 30.9%-38%. LC3II/LC3I increased by 54%, and Caspase 3 increased by 45%. Eventually, the number of Purkinje cells was reduced, causing neurological dysfunction. In conclusion, this study provides new insights for revealing the mechanism of nervous system damaged caused by PS-MPs exposed in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yin
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yachen Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Baoying Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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15
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Botta S, Chemiakine A, Gennarino VA. Dual antibody strategy for high-resolution imaging of murine Purkinje cells and their dendrites across multiple layers. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101427. [PMID: 35707684 PMCID: PMC9189630 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being among the largest neurons in the mammalian brain, Purkinje cells are difficult to visualize and trace via immunofluorescence because their dendritic arbors extend through several cerebellar layers. This protocol describes a two-antibody strategy we developed to study Purkinje cell morphology in mice. With it, one can reconstruct three-dimensional images of Purkinje cells at single-neuron resolution across multiple layers. The substantially improved image quality reveals subtle defects, enabling more meaningful morphological analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Gennarino et al. (2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Botta
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alexei Chemiakine
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vincenzo A. Gennarino
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Corresponding author
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16
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Ghorbani F, Alimohamed MZ, Vilacha JF, Van Dijk KK, De Boer-Bergsma J, Fokkens MR, Lemmink H, Sijmons RH, Sikkema-Raddatz B, Groves MR, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Verbeek DS, Van Diemen CC, Westers H. Feasibility of Follow-Up Studies and Reclassification in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Gene Variants of Unknown Significance. Front Genet 2022; 13:782685. [PMID: 35401678 PMCID: PMC8990126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.782685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance. Genetic testing for SCA leads to diagnosis, prognosis and risk assessment for patients and their family members. While advances in sequencing and computing technologies have provided researchers with a rapid expansion in the genetic test content that can be used to unravel the genetic causes that underlie diseases, the large number of variants with unknown significance (VUSes) detected represent challenges. To minimize the proportion of VUSes, follow-up studies are needed to aid in their reclassification as either (likely) pathogenic or (likely) benign variants. In this study, we addressed the challenge of prioritizing VUSes for follow-up using (a combination of) variant segregation studies, 3D protein modeling, in vitro splicing assays and functional assays. Of the 39 VUSes prioritized for further analysis, 13 were eligible for follow up. We were able to reclassify 4 of these VUSes to LP, increasing the molecular diagnostic yield by 1.1%. Reclassification of VUSes remains difficult due to limited possibilities for performing variant segregation studies in the classification process and the limited availability of routine functional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Z. Alimohamed
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Shree Hindu Mandal Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Juliana F. Vilacha
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Krista K. Van Dijk
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelkje De Boer-Bergsma
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel R. Fokkens
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henny Lemmink
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rolf H. Sijmons
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Sikkema-Raddatz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. Groves
- Structural Biology in Drug Design, Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Dineke S. Verbeek,
| | - Cleo C. Van Diemen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Helga Westers
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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17
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Loureiro JR, Castro AF, Figueiredo AS, Silveira I. Molecular Mechanisms in Pentanucleotide Repeat Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020205. [PMID: 35053321 PMCID: PMC8773600 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of neurodegenerative diseases resulting from repeat expansion has increased extraordinarily in recent years. In several of these pathologies, the repeat can be transcribed in RNA from both DNA strands producing, at least, one toxic RNA repeat that causes neurodegeneration by a complex mechanism. Recently, seven diseases have been found caused by a novel intronic pentanucleotide repeat in distinct genes encoding proteins highly expressed in the cerebellum. These disorders are clinically heterogeneous being characterized by impaired motor function, resulting from ataxia or epilepsy. The role that apparently normal proteins from these mutant genes play in these pathologies is not known. However, recent advances in previously known spinocerebellar ataxias originated by abnormal non-coding pentanucleotide repeats point to a gain of a toxic function by the pathogenic repeat-containing RNA that abnormally forms nuclear foci with RNA-binding proteins. In cells, RNA foci have been shown to be formed by phase separation. Moreover, the field of repeat expansions has lately achieved an extraordinary progress with the discovery that RNA repeats, polyglutamine, and polyalanine proteins are crucial for the formation of nuclear membraneless organelles by phase separation, which is perturbed when they are expanded. This review will cover the amazing advances on repeat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R. Loureiro
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.L.); (A.F.C.); (A.S.F.)
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F. Castro
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.L.); (A.F.C.); (A.S.F.)
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Figueiredo
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.L.); (A.F.C.); (A.S.F.)
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Silveira
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.L.); (A.F.C.); (A.S.F.)
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-2240-8800
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18
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Stevens SR, van der Heijden ME, Ogawa Y, Lin T, Sillitoe RV, Rasband MN. Ankyrin-R Links Kv3.3 to the Spectrin Cytoskeleton and Is Required for Purkinje Neuron Survival. J Neurosci 2022; 42:2-15. [PMID: 34785580 PMCID: PMC8741159 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1132-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrin scaffolding proteins are critical for membrane domain organization and protein stabilization in many different cell types including neurons. In the cerebellum, Ankyrin-R (AnkR) is highly enriched in Purkinje neurons, granule cells, and in the cerebellar nuclei (CN). Using male and female mice with a floxed allele for Ank1 in combination with Nestin-Cre and Pcp2-Cre mice, we found that ablation of AnkR from Purkinje neurons caused ataxia, regional and progressive neurodegeneration, and altered cerebellar output. We show that AnkR interacts with the cytoskeletal protein β3 spectrin and the potassium channel Kv3.3. Loss of AnkR reduced somatic membrane levels of β3 spectrin and Kv3.3 in Purkinje neurons. Thus, AnkR links Kv3.3 channels to the β3 spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Our results may help explain why mutations in β3 spectrin and Kv3.3 both cause spinocerebellar ataxia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ankyrin scaffolding proteins localize and stabilize ion channels in the membrane by linking them to the spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Here, we show that Ankyrin-R (AnkR) links Kv3.3 K+ channels to the β3 spectrin-based cytoskeleton in Purkinje neurons. Loss of AnkR causes Purkinje neuron degeneration, altered cerebellar physiology, and ataxia, which is consistent with mutations in Kv3.3 and β3 spectrin causing spinocerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Stevens
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tao Lin
- Department Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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19
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Corral-Juan M, Casquero P, Giraldo-Restrepo N, Laurie S, Martinez-Piñeiro A, Mateo-Montero RC, Ispierto L, Vilas D, Tolosa E, Volpini V, Alvarez-Ramo R, Sánchez I, Matilla-Dueñas A. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac030. [PMID: 35310830 PMCID: PMC8928420 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias consist of a highly heterogeneous group of inherited movement disorders clinically characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia variably associated with additional distinctive clinical signs. The genetic heterogeneity is evidenced by the myriad of associated genes and underlying genetic defects identified. In this study, we describe a new spinocerebellar ataxia subtype in nine members of a Spanish five-generation family from Menorca with affected individuals variably presenting with ataxia, nystagmus, dysarthria, polyneuropathy, pyramidal signs, cerebellar atrophy and distinctive cerebral demyelination. Affected individuals presented with horizontal and vertical gaze-evoked nystagmus and hyperreflexia as initial clinical signs, and a variable age of onset ranging from 12 to 60 years. Neurophysiological studies showed moderate axonal sensory polyneuropathy with altered sympathetic skin response predominantly in the lower limbs. We identified the c.1877C > T (p.Ser626Leu) pathogenic variant within the SAMD9L gene as the disease causative genetic defect with a significant log-odds score (Zmax = 3.43; θ = 0.00; P < 3.53 × 10−5). We demonstrate the mitochondrial location of human SAMD9L protein, and its decreased levels in patients’ fibroblasts in addition to mitochondrial perturbations. Furthermore, mutant SAMD9L in zebrafish impaired mobility and vestibular/sensory functions. This study describes a novel spinocerebellar ataxia subtype caused by SAMD9L mutation, SCA49, which triggers mitochondrial alterations pointing to a role of SAMD9L in neurological motor and sensory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Corral-Juan
- Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Casquero
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Section, Hospital Mateu Orfila, Mahón, Menorca, Spain
| | | | - Steve Laurie
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Martinez-Piñeiro
- Neuromuscular and Functional Studies Unit, Neurology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lourdes Ispierto
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Vilas
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ramiro Alvarez-Ramo
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivelisse Sánchez
- Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Matilla-Dueñas
- Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence to: Dr Antoni Matilla-Dueñas Head of the Neurogenetics Unit Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) Ctra. de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
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20
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The GM2 gangliosidoses: Unlocking the mysteries of pathogenesis and treatment. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136195. [PMID: 34450229 PMCID: PMC8572160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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van Prooije T, Ibrahim NM, Azmin S, van de Warrenburg B. Spinocerebellar ataxias in Asia: Prevalence, phenotypes and management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 92:112-118. [PMID: 34711523 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews and summarizes three main aspects of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) in the Asian population. First, epidemiological studies were comprehensively reviewed. Overall, the most common subtypes include SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA6, but there are large differences in the relative prevalence of these and other SCA subtypes between Asian countries. Some subtypes such as SCA12 and SCA31 are rather specific to certain Asian populations. Second, we summarized distinctive phenotypic manifestations of SCA patients of Asian origin, for example a frequent co-occurrence of parkinsonism in some SCA subtypes. Lastly, we have conducted an exploratory survey study to map SCA-specific expertise, resources, and management in various Asian countries. This showed large differences in accessibility, genetic testing facilities, and treatment options between lower and higher income Asian countries. Currently, many Asian SCA patients remain without a final genetic diagnosis. Lack of prevalence data on SCA, lack of patient registries, and insufficient access to genetic testing facilities hamper a wider understanding of these diseases in several (particularly lower income) Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teije van Prooije
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Azmin
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bart van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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22
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McIntosh CS, Li D, Wilton SD, Aung-Htut MT. Polyglutamine Ataxias: Our Current Molecular Understanding and What the Future Holds for Antisense Therapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1499. [PMID: 34829728 PMCID: PMC8615177 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) ataxias are a heterogenous group of neurological disorders all caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat located in the coding region of each unique causative gene. To date, polyQ ataxias encompass six disorders: spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17 and account for a larger group of disorders simply known as polyglutamine disorders, which also includes Huntington's disease. These diseases are typically characterised by progressive ataxia, speech and swallowing difficulties, lack of coordination and gait, and are unfortunately fatal in nature, with the exception of SCA6. All the polyQ spinocerebellar ataxias have a hallmark feature of neuronal aggregations and share many common pathogenic mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteasomal function, and autophagy impairment. Currently, therapeutic options are limited, with no available treatments that slow or halt disease progression. Here, we discuss the common molecular and clinical presentations of polyQ spinocerebellar ataxias. We will also discuss the promising antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics being developed as treatments for these devastating diseases. With recent advancements and therapeutic approvals of various antisense therapies, it is envisioned that some of the studies reviewed may progress into clinical trials and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. McIntosh
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute Murdoch University, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (C.S.M.); (D.L.); (S.D.W.)
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dunhui Li
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute Murdoch University, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (C.S.M.); (D.L.); (S.D.W.)
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Steve D. Wilton
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute Murdoch University, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (C.S.M.); (D.L.); (S.D.W.)
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - May T. Aung-Htut
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute Murdoch University, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (C.S.M.); (D.L.); (S.D.W.)
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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23
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Lowden C, Boulet A, Boehler NA, Seecharran S, Rios Garcia J, Lowe NJ, Liu J, Ong JLK, Wang W, Ma L, Cheng AH, Senatore A, Monks DA, Liu BH, Leary SC, Cheng HYM. Homeostatic control of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene expression by the histone variant H2A.Z is essential for neuronal survival. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109704. [PMID: 34525369 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone variants are crucial regulators of chromatin structure and gene transcription, yet their functions within the brain remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that the H2A histone variant H2A.Z is essential for neuronal survival. Mice lacking H2A.Z in GABAergic neurons or Purkinje cells (PCs) present with a progressive cerebellar ataxia accompanied by widespread degeneration of PCs. Ablation of H2A.Z in other neuronal subtypes also triggers cell death. H2A.Z binds to the promoters of key nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes to regulate their expression and promote organelle function. Bolstering mitochondrial activity genetically or by organelle transplant enhances the survival of H2A.Z-ablated neurons. Changes in bioenergetic status alter H2A.Z occupancy at the promoters of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, an adaptive response essential for cell survival. Our results highlight that H2A.Z fulfills a key, conserved role in neuronal survival by acting as a transcriptional rheostat to regulate the expression of genes critical to mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lowden
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Aren Boulet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nicholas A Boehler
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Shavanie Seecharran
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Julian Rios Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Lowe
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Jiashu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Jonathan L K Ong
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Wanzhang Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Lingfeng Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Arthur H Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - D Ashley Monks
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Scot C Leary
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
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24
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Louis ED, Faust PL. Essential Tremor Within the Broader Context of Other Forms of Cerebellar Degeneration. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:879-896. [PMID: 32666285 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) has recently been reconceptualized by many as a degenerative disease of the cerebellum. Until now, though, there has been no attempt to frame it within the context of these diseases. Here, we compare the clinical and postmortem features of ET with other cerebellar degenerations, thereby placing it within the broader context of these diseases. Action tremor is the hallmark feature of ET. Although often underreported in the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), action tremors occur, and it is noteworthy that in SCA12 and 15, they are highly prevalent, often severe, and can be the earliest disease manifestation, resulting in an initial diagnosis of ET in many cases. Intention tremor, sometimes referred to as "cerebellar tremor," is a common feature of ET and many SCAs. Other features of cerebellar dysfunction, gait ataxia and eye motion abnormalities, are seen to a mild degree in ET and more markedly in SCAs. Several SCAs (e.g., SCA5, 6, 14, and 15), like ET, follow a milder and more protracted disease course. In ET, numerous postmortem changes have been localized to the cerebellum and are largely confined to the cerebellar cortex, preserving the cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cell loss is modest. Similarly, in SCA3, 12, and 15, Purkinje cell loss is limited, and in SCA12 and 15, there is preservation of cerebellar nuclei and relative sparing of other central nervous system regions. Both clinically and pathologically, there are numerous similarities and intersection points between ET and other disorders of cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology and Therapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Sanderson LE, Lanko K, Alsagob M, Almass R, Al-Ahmadi N, Najafi M, Al-Muhaizea MA, Alzaidan H, AlDhalaan H, Perenthaler E, van der Linde HC, Nikoncuk A, Kühn NA, Antony D, Owaidah TM, Raskin S, Vieira LGDR, Mombach R, Ahangari N, Silveira TRD, Ameziane N, Rolfs A, Alharbi A, Sabbagh RM, AlAhmadi K, Alawam B, Ghebeh H, AlHargan A, Albader AA, Binhumaid FS, Goljan E, Monies D, Mustafa OM, Aldosary M, AlBakheet A, Alyounes B, Almutairi F, Al-Odaib A, Aksoy DB, Basak AN, Palvadeau R, Trabzuni D, Rosenfeld JA, Karimiani EG, Meyer BF, Karakas B, Al-Mohanna F, Arold ST, Colak D, Maroofian R, Houlden H, Bertoli-Avella AM, Schmidts M, Barakat TS, van Ham TJ, Kaya N. Bi-allelic variants in HOPS complex subunit VPS41 cause cerebellar ataxia and abnormal membrane trafficking. Brain 2021; 144:769-780. [PMID: 33764426 PMCID: PMC8041041 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a complex, essential process in eukaryotic cells responsible for protein transport and processing. Deficiencies in vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) proteins, key regulators of trafficking, cause abnormal intracellular segregation of macromolecules and organelles and are linked to human disease. VPS proteins function as part of complexes such as the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) tethering complex, composed of VPS11, VPS16, VPS18, VPS33A, VPS39 and VPS41. The HOPS-specific subunit VPS41 has been reported to promote viability of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease but to date has not been linked to human disease. Here, we describe five unrelated families with nine affected individuals, all carrying homozygous variants in VPS41 that we show impact protein function. All affected individuals presented with a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder consisting of cognitive impairment, cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia, motor dysfunction with ataxia and dystonia, and nystagmus. Zebrafish disease modelling supports the involvement of VPS41 dysfunction in the disorder, indicating lysosomal dysregulation throughout the brain and providing support for cerebellar and microglial abnormalities when vps41 was mutated. This provides the first example of human disease linked to the HOPS-specific subunit VPS41 and suggests the importance of HOPS complex activity for cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Sanderson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Lanko
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maysoon Alsagob
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,KACST-BWH/Harvard Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Almass
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Al-Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Najafi
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | | | - Hamad Alzaidan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham AlDhalaan
- Department of Neurosciences, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena Perenthaler
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herma C van der Linde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Nikoncuk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolas A Kühn
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dinu Antony
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Tarek Mustafa Owaidah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salmo Raskin
- Positivo University Medical School, Curitiba, Parana, 81280-330, Brazil
| | | | - Romulo Mombach
- Núcleo de Assistência Integral ao Paciente Especial, Prefeitura de Joinvile, Joinvile, Santa Catarina, 89202-450, Brazil
| | - Najmeh Ahangari
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177899191, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Arndt Rolfs
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18055 Rostock.,Medical University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock
| | - Aljohara Alharbi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghda M Sabbagh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid AlAhmadi
- Department of Neurosciences, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer Alawam
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem Ghebeh
- Stem Cell and Tissue Re-engineering Program, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljouhra AlHargan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anoud A Albader
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal S Binhumaid
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ewa Goljan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dorota Monies
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M Mustafa
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazhor Aldosary
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Albandary AlBakheet
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Banan Alyounes
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten Almutairi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Odaib
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Durdane Bekar Aksoy
- Gaziosmanpasa University, School of Medicine, Neurology Dept. Tokat, 8FJH+CW Tokat, Merkez/Tokat, Turkey
| | - A Nazli Basak
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, NDAL- KUTTAM, Davutpasa cad. No.4, 34010, Zeytinburnu, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Robin Palvadeau
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, NDAL- KUTTAM, Davutpasa cad. No.4, 34010, Zeytinburnu, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.,Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, 9G58 + 69 Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
| | - Brian F Meyer
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, 11211, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bedri Karakas
- Department of Molecular Oncology, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, KFSHRC, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Miriam Schmidts
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Namik Kaya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, 11211, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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26
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Nagaraja RY, Sherry DM, Fessler JL, Stiles MA, Li F, Multani K, Orock A, Ahmad M, Brush RS, Anderson RE, Agbaga MP, Deák F. W246G Mutant ELOVL4 Impairs Synaptic Plasticity in Parallel and Climbing Fibers and Causes Motor Defects in a Rat Model of SCA34. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4921-4943. [PMID: 34227061 PMCID: PMC8497303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. A number of different mutations gives rise to different types of SCA with characteristic ages of onset, symptomatology, and rates of progression. SCA type 34 (SCA34) is caused by mutations in ELOVL4 (ELOngation of Very Long-chain fatty acids 4), a fatty acid elongase essential for biosynthesis of Very Long Chain Saturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA, resp., ≥28 carbons), which have important functions in the brain, skin, retina, Meibomian glands, testes, and sperm. We generated a rat model of SCA34 by knock-in of the SCA34-causing 736T>G (p.W246G) ELOVL4 mutation. Rats carrying the mutation developed impaired motor deficits by 2 months of age. To understand the mechanism of these motor deficits, we performed electrophysiological studies using cerebellar slices from rats homozygous for W246G mutant ELOVL4 and found marked reduction of long-term potentiation at parallel fiber synapses and long-term depression at climbing fiber synapses onto Purkinje cells. Neuroanatomical analysis of the cerebellum showed normal cytoarchitectural organization with no evidence of degeneration out to 6 months of age. These results point to ELOVL4 as essential for motor function and cerebellar synaptic plasticity. The results further suggest that ataxia in SCA34 patients may arise from a primary impairment of synaptic plasticity and cerebellar network desynchronization before onset of neurodegeneration and progression of the disease at a later age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Y Nagaraja
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - David M Sherry
- Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fessler
- Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Megan A Stiles
- Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Karanpreet Multani
- Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Albert Orock
- Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Reynolds Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Richard S Brush
- Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Robert E Anderson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Ferenc Deák
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Reynolds Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, DMEI 428PP, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Dept. of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Str, CA4010, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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27
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Paß T, Wiesner RJ, Pla-Martín D. Selective Neuron Vulnerability in Common and Rare Diseases-Mitochondria in the Focus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:676187. [PMID: 34295920 PMCID: PMC8290884 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.676187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central feature of neurodegeneration within the central and peripheral nervous system, highlighting a strong dependence on proper mitochondrial function of neurons with especially high energy consumptions. The fitness of mitochondria critically depends on preservation of distinct processes, including the maintenance of their own genome, mitochondrial dynamics, quality control, and Ca2+ handling. These processes appear to be differently affected in common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as in rare neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and peripheral neuropathies. Strikingly, particular neuron populations of different morphology and function perish in these diseases, suggesting that cell-type specific factors contribute to the vulnerability to distinct mitochondrial defects. Here we review the disruption of mitochondrial processes in common as well as in rare neurological disorders and its impact on selective neurodegeneration. Understanding discrepancies and commonalities regarding mitochondrial dysfunction as well as individual neuronal demands will help to design new targets and to make use of already established treatments in order to improve treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paß
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Pla-Martín
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Hain HS, Pandey R, Bakay M, Strenkowski BP, Harrington D, Romer M, Motley WW, Li J, Lancaster E, Roth L, Grinspan JB, Scherer SS, Hakonarson H. Inducible knockout of Clec16a in mice results in sensory neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9319. [PMID: 33927318 PMCID: PMC8084945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A has been shown to play a role in autophagy/mitophagy processes. Additionally, genetic variants in CLEC16A have been implicated in multiple autoimmune diseases. We generated an inducible whole-body knockout, Clec16aΔUBC mice, to investigate the loss of function of CLEC16A. The mice exhibited a neuronal phenotype including tremors and impaired gait that rapidly progressed to dystonic postures. Nerve conduction studies and pathological analysis revealed loss of sensory axons that are associated with this phenotype. Activated microglia and astrocytes were found in regions of the CNS. Several mitochondrial-related proteins were up- or down-regulated. Upregulation of interferon stimulated gene 15 (IGS15) were observed in neuronal tissues. CLEC16A expression inversely related to IGS15 expression. ISG15 may be the link between CLEC16A and downstream autoimmune, inflammatory processes. Our results demonstrate that a whole-body, inducible knockout of Clec16a in mice results in an inflammatory neurodegenerative phenotype resembling spinocerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Hain
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Rahul Pandey
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marina Bakay
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bryan P Strenkowski
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle Harrington
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Micah Romer
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - William W Motley
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eunjoo Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lindsay Roth
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Judith B Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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29
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Chang L, Soomro SH, Zhang H, Fu H. Ankfy1 Is Involved in the Maintenance of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:648801. [PMID: 33796010 PMCID: PMC8008124 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.648801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells are critical for the function of cerebellum. The degeneration of Purkinje cells leads to defects in motion control. We have found that Purkinje cells specifically express Ankfy1 protein during development and in adult. This protein seems to play minor functions during development as Ankfy1 knockout mice appear normal till adult. However, at 9-month-old, knockout mice showed abnormal cerebellum with reduced vermis size and developed defective motor function. Further investigation demonstrated that the cerebellum of the mutant mouse has lost most of its Purkinje cells, while other cerebellar cells remained largely normal. Our data suggested that the Ankfy1 might be important for the maintenance of cerebellar Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shahid Hussain Soomro
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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30
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Braz SO, Dinca DM, Gourdon G, Gomes-Pereira M. Real Time Videomicroscopy and Semiautomated Analysis of Brain Cell Culture Models of Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2056:217-240. [PMID: 31586351 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9784-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proper brain function requires the coordinated and intricate interaction between neuronal and glial cells. Like many other neurological conditions, trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders are likely initiated by the synergistic combination of abnormalities hitting different brain cell types, which ultimately disrupt brain function and lead to the onset of neurological symptoms. Understanding how trinucleotide repeat expansions affect the phenotypes and physiology of neurons and glia is fundamental to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms in the brain and shape the design of future therapeutic interventions.Here we describe a protocol for semiautomated videomicroscopy analysis of cultured brain cells, maintained under suitable and controlled conditions. Through real-time monitoring of basic cell phenotypes (such as proliferation, cell morphology, differentiation, and migration) this method provides an accurate primary assessment of the impact of the repeat expansion on the physiology of neurons and glia. The versatility of the system, the automated image acquisition and the semiautomated processing of the data collected allow rapid phenotypic analysis of individual cell types, as well as the investigation of cell-cell interactions. The stability of the acquisition system provides reproducible and robust results. The raw data can be easily exported to other software to perform more sophisticated imaging analysis and statistical tests. In summary, the methods described offer versatile, reproducible, and time-effective means to dissect the impact of the repeat expansion on different brain cell types and on intercellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra O Braz
- Laboratory CTGDM, Inserm UMR1163, Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Diana M Dinca
- Laboratory CTGDM, Inserm UMR1163, Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Gourdon
- Laboratory CTGDM, Inserm UMR1163, Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche en Myologie (CRM), Inserm UMRS974, Association Institut de Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mário Gomes-Pereira
- Laboratory CTGDM, Inserm UMR1163, Paris, France. .,Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Centre de Recherche en Myologie (CRM), Inserm UMRS974, Association Institut de Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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31
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23): a review. J Neurol 2020; 268:4630-4645. [PMID: 33175256 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), formerly known as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs), are a group of hereditary heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases. Gait, progressive ataxia, dysarthria, and eye movement disorder are common symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxias. Other symptoms include peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment, psychosis, and seizures. Patients may lose their lives due to out of coordinated respiration and/or swallowing. Neurological signs cover pyramidal or extrapyramidal signs, spasm, ophthalmoplegia, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and so on. Different subtypes of SCAs present various clinical features. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23), one subtype of the SCA family, is characterized by mutant prodynorphin (PDYN) gene. Based on literatures, this review details a series of SCA23, to improve a whole understanding of clinicians and point out the potential research direction of this dysfunction, including a history, pathophysiological mechanism, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, epigenetics, penetrance and prevalence, genetic counseling, treatment and prognosis.
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32
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Mohamed Ibrahim N, Lau YH, Ariffin N, Md Desa SH, Azizan E, Chin LK, Md Rani SA, Yakob Y, Datuk Puvanarajah S, van de Warrenburg B. Frequency of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 1, 2, 3,6 and 7 and clinical profile of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 3 in Malaysia. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 32922823 PMCID: PMC7398320 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-020-00120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are highly heterogenous group of neurodegenerative diseases causing progressive cerebellar dysfunction. We report the first description of relative frequencies of the common SCA mutations and of phenotypic characteristics of SCA3 patients among Malaysians. Pooled data from adult Malaysian patients who had undergone genetic testing for SCA 1,2,3,6 and 7 at UKM Medical Centre and Institute for Medical Research from 2017 to 2020 were analysed. Fifteen patients with SCA 3 had detailed clinical phenotype evaluation using Inventory for Non -Ataxia Signs (INAS) and Ataxia Severity evaluation using the Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA). Out of 152 adults patients who were tested for common SCA mutations, 64(42.1%) patients were tested positive for either SCA 1,2,3,6 or 7. Of the 64 positive cases, 44 (68.9%) patients were diagnosed with SCA 3 followed by SCA 2 in 13(20.3%) patients and SCA 1 in 5 (7.8%) patients. Our findings suggest that Malay race had the highest frequency of SCA (n = 34, 50%), followed by the Chinese (n = 16, 23.5%) and approximately 60 (93.8%) SCA patients had first degree family history. In conclusion, SCA 3 is the commonest SCA in Malaysia, followed by SCA 2 and SCA 1. It is important to develop a proper registry of SCA patients to further understand the true prevalence and local impact of the disease in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yue Hui Lau
- Neurology Department, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Hajar Md Desa
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elena Azizan
- Molecular Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Long Kha Chin
- Molecular Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Azmin Md Rani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yusnita Yakob
- Molecular Genetics Department, Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Bart van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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33
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Shiloh Y. The cerebellar degeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: A case for genome instability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102950. [PMID: 32871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the molecular pathology of genome instability disorders has advanced our understanding of the complex mechanisms that safeguard genome stability and cellular homeostasis at large. Once the culprit genes and their protein products are identified, an ongoing dialogue develops between the research lab and the clinic in an effort to link specific disease symptoms to the functions of the proteins that are missing in the patients. Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (A-T) is a prominent example of this process. A-T's hallmarks are progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease, cancer predisposition, endocrine abnormalities, segmental premature aging, chromosomal instability and radiation sensitivity. The disease is caused by absence of the powerful protein kinase, ATM, best known as the mobilizer of the broad signaling network induced by double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. In parallel, ATM also functions in the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, mitochondrial function and turnover and many other metabolic circuits. An ongoing discussion in the A-T field revolves around the question of which ATM function is the one whose absence is responsible for the most debilitating aspect of A-T - the cerebellar degeneration. This review suggests that it is the absence of a comprehensive role of ATM in responding to ongoing DNA damage induced mainly by endogenous agents. It is the ensuing deterioration and eventual loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are very vulnerable to ATM absence due to a unique combination of physiological features, which kindles the cerebellar decay in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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34
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Louis ED, Faust PL. Essential tremor: the most common form of cerebellar degeneration? CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2020; 7:12. [PMID: 32922824 PMCID: PMC7427947 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-020-00121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The degenerative cerebellar ataxias comprise a large and heterogeneous group of neurological diseases whose hallmark clinical feature is ataxia, and which are accompanied, to variable degrees, by other features that are attributable to cerebellar dysfunction. Essential tremor (ET) is an exceptionally common neurological disease whose primary motor feature is action tremor, although patients often manifest intention tremor, mild gait ataxia and several other features of cerebellar dysfunction. Main Body In this paper, we review the abundant evidence derived from clinical, neuroimaging and postmortem studies, linking ET to cerebellar dysfunction. Furthermore, we review the combination of clinical, natural history and postmortem features suggesting that ET is neurodegenerative. We then compare the prevalence of ET (400 – 900 cases per 100,000) to that of the other cerebellar degenerations (ranging from <0.5 – 9 cases per 100,000, and in composite likely to be on the order of 20 cases per 100,000) and conclude that ET is 20 to 45 times more prevalent than all other forms of cerebellar degeneration combined. Conclusion Given the data we present, it is logical to conclude that ET is, by far, the most common form of cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology and Therapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY USA
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35
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The Elovl4 Spinocerebellar Ataxia-34 Mutation 736T>G (p.W246G) Impairs Retinal Function in the Absence of Photoreceptor Degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4735-4753. [PMID: 32780351 PMCID: PMC7515967 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Elongation of very long chain fatty acids-4 (ELOVL4) is essential for synthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA and VLC-SFA, respectively) of chain length greater than 26 carbons. Mutations in the ELOVL4 gene cause several distinct neurodegenerative diseases including Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3), spinocerebellar ataxia 34 (SCA34), and a neuro-ichthyotic syndrome with severe seizures and spasticity, as well as erythrokeratitis variabilis (EKV), a skin disorder. However, the relationship between ELOVL4 mutations, its VLC-PUFA and VLC-SFA products, and specific neurological symptoms remains unclear. We generated a knock-in rat line (SCA34-KI) that expresses the 736T>G (p.W246G) form of ELOVL4 that causes human SCA34. Lipids were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Retinal function was assessed using electroretinography. Retinal integrity was assessed by histology, optical coherence tomography, and immunolabeling. Analysis of retina and skin lipids showed that the W246G mutation selectively impaired synthesis of VLC-SFA, but not VLC-PUFA. Homozygous SCA34-KI rats showed reduced ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes by 90 days of age, particularly for scotopic responses. Anatomical analyses revealed no indication of neurodegeneration in heterozygote or homozygote SCA34-KI rats out to 6-7 months of age. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized role for VLC-SFA in regulating retinal function, particularly transmission from photoreceptors to the inner retina, in the absence of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the tissue specificity and symptoms associated with disease-causing ELOVL4 mutations likely arise from selective differences in the ability of the mutant ELOVL4 enzymes to support synthesis of VLC-PUFA and/or VLC-SFA.
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Robinson KJ, Watchon M, Laird AS. Aberrant Cerebellar Circuitry in the Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:707. [PMID: 32765211 PMCID: PMC7378801 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases that share convergent disease features. A common symptom of these diseases is development of ataxia, involving impaired balance and motor coordination, usually stemming from cerebellar dysfunction and neurodegeneration. For most spinocerebellar ataxias, pathology can be attributed to an underlying gene mutation and the impaired function of the encoded protein through loss or gain-of-function effects. Strikingly, despite vast heterogeneity in the structure and function of disease-causing genes across the SCAs and the cellular processes affected, the downstream effects have considerable overlap, including alterations in cerebellar circuitry. Interestingly, aberrant function and degeneration of Purkinje cells, the major output neuronal population present within the cerebellum, precedes abnormalities in other neuronal populations within many SCAs, suggesting that Purkinje cells have increased vulnerability to cellular perturbations. Factors that are known to contribute to perturbed Purkinje cell function in spinocerebellar ataxias include altered gene expression resulting in altered expression or functionality of proteins and channels that modulate membrane potential, downstream impairments in intracellular calcium homeostasis and changes in glutamatergic input received from synapsing climbing or parallel fibers. This review will explore this enhanced vulnerability and the aberrant cerebellar circuitry linked with it in many forms of SCA. It is critical to understand why Purkinje cells are vulnerable to such insults and what overlapping pathogenic mechanisms are occurring across multiple SCAs, despite different underlying genetic mutations. Enhanced understanding of disease mechanisms will facilitate the development of treatments to prevent or slow progression of the underlying neurodegenerative processes, cerebellar atrophy and ataxic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela S. Laird
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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37
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Kim J, Kim K, Mo JS, Lee Y. Atm deficiency in the DNA polymerase β null cerebellum results in cerebellar ataxia and Itpr1 reduction associated with alteration of cytosine methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3678-3691. [PMID: 32123907 PMCID: PMC7144915 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability resulting from defective DNA damage responses or repair causes several abnormalities, including progressive cerebellar ataxia, for which the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report a new murine model of cerebellar ataxia resulting from concomitant inactivation of POLB and ATM. POLB is one of key enzymes for the repair of damaged or chemically modified bases, including methylated cytosine, but selective inactivation of Polb during neurogenesis affects only a subpopulation of cortical interneurons despite the accumulation of DNA damage throughout the brain. However, dual inactivation of Polb and Atm resulted in ataxia without significant neuropathological defects in the cerebellum. ATM is a protein kinase that responds to DNA strand breaks, and mutations in ATM are responsible for Ataxia Telangiectasia, which is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. In the cerebella of mice deficient for both Polb and Atm, the most downregulated gene was Itpr1, likely because of misregulated DNA methylation cycle. ITPR1 is known to mediate calcium homeostasis, and ITPR1 mutations result in genetic diseases with cerebellar ataxia. Our data suggest that dysregulation of ITPR1 in the cerebellum could be one of contributing factors to progressive ataxia observed in human genomic instability syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusik Kim
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Keeeun Kim
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jung-Soon Mo
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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Sui X, Yang J, Zhang G, Yuan X, Li W, Long J, Luo Y, Li Y, Wang Y. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition attenuates subacute neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide in vitro and in vivo. Toxicology 2020; 432:152392. [PMID: 32014472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) constitutes an important industrial chemical agent and well-known neurotoxin. However, the mechanism underlying AA-mediated neurotoxicity is extremely complicated and controversial. In this study, we found that activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and its subsequent downstream inflammatory responses plays an important role in AA-induced neurotoxicity mechanisms. In vitro experiments revealed that AA (2.5 mM) induced BV2 microglial cytotoxicity and triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation along with downstream proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 expression. Treatment with inhibitor or NLRP3 siRNA efficiently protected BV2 microglial cells against AA-induced cytotoxicity and reversed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its mediated inflammatory reaction. Similarly, AA exposure (50 mg/kg) for 10 consecutive days caused significant activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 mice, whereas inhibiting these effects through specific NLRP3 inflammasome blocker MCC950 (5 mg/kg) intervention or NLRP3 knock-out significantly ameliorated AA-induced ataxia, cerebellar Purkinje cells degeneration, and apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that antagonism of NLRP3 could also up-regulate the Nrf2 signalling pathway and related antioxidant genes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is involved in AA-induced neurotoxicity, whereas MCC950 treatment or NLRP3 knock-out could effectively protect against AA-induced neurotoxic injury through the inhibition of neuroinflammation and activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Therefore, the NLRP3 inflammasome might serve as a promising therapeutic target, with drugs designed to specifically inhibit this pathway potentially providing new avenues for preventing or ameliorating AA poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guangzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - XiaoFeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - WanHua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - JianHai Long
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Bando K, Honda T, Ishikawa K, Takahashi Y, Mizusawa H, Hanakawa T. Impaired Adaptive Motor Learning Is Correlated With Cerebellar Hemispheric Gray Matter Atrophy in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Patients: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1183. [PMID: 31803128 PMCID: PMC6871609 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the degree to which recently proposed parameters measured via a prism adaptation task are correlated with changes in cerebellar structure, specifically gray matter volume (GMV), in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD). Methods: We performed whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis on 3-dimensional T1-weighted images obtained from 23 patients with SCD [Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), 31 (SCA31), 3/Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD), and sporadic cortical cerebellar atrophy (CCA)] and 21 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC group). We quantified a composite index representing adaptive motor learning abilities in a hand-reaching task with prism adaptation. After controlling for age, sex, and total intracranial volume, we analyzed group-wise differences in GMV and regional GMV correlations with the adaptive learning index. Results: Compared with the HC group, the SCD group showed reduced adaptive learning abilities and smaller GMV widely in the lobules IV-VIII in the bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. In the SCD group, the adaptive learning index was correlated with cerebellar hemispheric atrophy in the right lobule VI, the left Crus I. Additionally, GMV of the left supramarginal gyrus showed a correlation with the adaptive learning index in the SCD group, while the supramarginal region did not accompany reduction of GMV. Conclusions: This study indicated that a composite index derived from a prism adaptation task was correlated with GMV of the lateral cerebellum and the supramarginal gyrus in patients with SCD. This study should contribute to the development of objective biomarkers for disease severity and progression in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyota Bando
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Takeru Honda
- Motor Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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40
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The proteasome regulator PI31 is required for protein homeostasis, synapse maintenance, and neuronal survival in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24639-24650. [PMID: 31754024 PMCID: PMC6900516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911921116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved proteasome-binding protein PI31 serves as an adapter to couple proteasomes with cellular motors to mediate their transport to distal tips of neurons where protein breakdown occurs. We generated global and conditional PI31 knockout mouse strains and show that this protein is required for protein homeostasis, and that its conditional inactivation in neurons disrupts synaptic structures and long-term survival. This work establishes a critical role for PI31 and local protein degradation in the maintenance of neuronal architecture, circuitry, and function. Because mutations in the PI31 pathway cause neurodegenerative diseases in humans, reduced PI31 activity may contribute to the etiology of these diseases. Proteasome-mediated degradation of intracellular proteins is essential for cell function and survival. The proteasome-binding protein PI31 (Proteasomal Inhibitor of 31kD) promotes 26S assembly and functions as an adapter for proteasome transport in axons. As localized protein synthesis and degradation is especially critical in neurons, we generated a conditional loss of PI31 in spinal motor neurons (MNs) and cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). A cKO of PI31 in these neurons caused axon degeneration, neuronal loss, and progressive spinal and cerebellar neurological dysfunction. For both MNs and PCs, markers of proteotoxic stress preceded axonal degeneration and motor dysfunction, indicating a critical role for PI31 in neuronal homeostasis. The time course of the loss of MN and PC function in developing mouse central nervous system suggests a key role for PI31 in human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Taylor AMR, Rothblum-Oviatt C, Ellis NA, Hickson ID, Meyer S, Crawford TO, Smogorzewska A, Pietrucha B, Weemaes C, Stewart GS. Chromosome instability syndromes. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:64. [PMID: 31537806 PMCID: PMC10617425 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA), ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) and Bloom syndrome (BS) are clinically distinct, chromosome instability (or breakage) disorders. Each disorder has its own pattern of chromosomal damage, with cells from these patients being hypersensitive to particular genotoxic drugs, indicating that the underlying defect in each case is likely to be different. In addition, each syndrome shows a predisposition to cancer. Study of the molecular and genetic basis of these disorders has revealed mechanisms of recognition and repair of DNA double-strand breaks, DNA interstrand crosslinks and DNA damage during DNA replication. Specialist clinics for each disorder have provided the concentration of expertise needed to tackle their characteristic clinical problems and improve outcomes. Although some treatments of the consequences of a disorder may be possible, for example, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in FA and NBS, future early intervention to prevent complications of disease will depend on a greater understanding of the roles of the affected DNA repair pathways in development. An important realization has been the predisposition to cancer in carriers of some of these gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malcolm R Taylor
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | | | - Nathan A Ellis
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Meyer
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, and Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital and The Christie NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas O Crawford
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Agata Smogorzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Pietrucha
- Department of Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Corry Weemaes
- Department of Pediatrics (Pediatric Immunology), Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Yuan X, Ou R, Hou Y, Chen X, Cao B, Hu X, Shang H. Extra-Cerebellar Signs and Non-motor Features in Chinese Patients With Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Front Neurol 2019; 10:110. [PMID: 30833927 PMCID: PMC6388540 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Our study attempted to systematically explore the prevalence of extra-cerebellar signs and non-motor symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and sleep disturbances in a cohort of Chinese patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), and further investigated the correlations between non-motor symptoms and clinical characteristics in SCA3 patients. Methods: This study included 68 molecular-proven SCA3 patients. Extra-cerebellar signs were evaluated with the Inventory of Non-Ataxia Symptoms (INAS). The INAS count indicated the number of non-ataxia signs in each patient. The severity of ataxia, fatigue, EDS, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) (24 items), respectively. Results: Extra-cerebellar signs were detected in 91.2% of all SCA3 patients and the mean total INAS count was 2.72 ± 1.88. Rigidity was the most frequent extra-cerebellar sign (47.1%, N = 32). Sensory symptoms (2.9%, N = 2) and chorea (5.9%, N = 4) were rare, and myoclonus (0%) was not found in this cohort. High frequencies of sleep disturbances (64.7%), fatigue (52.9%), depression (48.5%), and anxiety (42.6%) were detected in SCA3 patients. The Spearman correlation indicated that the HAMD score was associated with the CAG repeat length and HAMA score, while the PSQI score was correlated with the SARA and FSS score. In addition, multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the CAG repeat length, age of onset, sleep disturbances and depression were significant predictors of fatigue in SCA3 patients. Conclusions: Our study indicates that the vast majority of SCA3 patients display extra-cerebellar signs. Except for EDS, anxiety, depression, fatigue and impaired sleep quality are present in SCA3 patients. The CAG repeat length, age of onset, sleep disturbances and depression are predictors of fatigue in SCA3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanbing Hou
- Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Cao
- Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Hu
- Huaxi Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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François-Moutal L, Jahanbakhsh S, Nelson ADL, Ray D, Scott DD, Hennefarth MR, Moutal A, Perez-Miller S, Ambrose AJ, Al-Shamari A, Coursodon P, Meechoovet B, Reiman R, Lyons E, Beilstein M, Chapman E, Morris QD, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Hughes TR, Khanna R, Koehler C, Jen J, Gokhale V, Khanna M. A Chemical Biology Approach to Model Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 1B (PCH1B). ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3000-3010. [PMID: 30141626 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of EXOSC3 have been linked to the rare neurological disorder known as Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia type 1B (PCH1B). EXOSC3 is one of three putative RNA-binding structural cap proteins that guide RNA into the RNA exosome, the cellular machinery that degrades RNA. Using RNAcompete, we identified a G-rich RNA motif binding to EXOSC3. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) indicated an affinity in the low micromolar range of EXOSC3 for long and short G-rich RNA sequences. Although several PCH1B-causing mutations in EXOSC3 did not engage a specific RNA motif as shown by RNAcompete, they exhibited lower binding affinity to G-rich RNA as demonstrated by MST. To test the hypothesis that modification of the RNA-protein interface in EXOSC3 mutants may be phenocopied by small molecules, we performed an in-silico screen of 50 000 small molecules and used enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs) and MST to assess the ability of the molecules to inhibit RNA-binding by EXOSC3. We identified a small molecule, EXOSC3-RNA disrupting (ERD) compound 3 (ERD03), which ( i) bound specifically to EXOSC3 in saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (STD-NMR), ( ii) disrupted the EXOSC3-RNA interaction in a concentration-dependent manner, and ( iii) produced a PCH1B-like phenotype with a 50% reduction in the cerebellum and an abnormally curved spine in zebrafish embryos. This compound also induced modification of zebrafish RNA expression levels similar to that observed with a morpholino against EXOSC3. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a small molecule obtained by rational design that models the abnormal developmental effects of a neurodegenerative disease in a whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberty François-Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Shahriyar Jahanbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andrew D. L. Nelson
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Debashish Ray
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - David D. Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hennefarth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Samantha Perez-Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Andrew J. Ambrose
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Ahmed Al-Shamari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Philippe Coursodon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | | | - Rebecca Reiman
- Neurogenomics Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Eric Lyons
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mark Beilstein
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Quaid D. Morris
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3E1
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 2E4
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S3G4
| | | | - Timothy R. Hughes
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3E1
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Carla Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Joanna Jen
- Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Vijay Gokhale
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - May Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Loureiro JR, Oliveira CL, Sequeiros J, Silveira I. A repeat-primed PCR assay for pentanucleotide repeat alleles in spinocerebellar ataxia type 37. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:981-987. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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