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Zgorzynska E. TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease: Structure, function, therapeutic prospects, and activation challenges. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 128:103917. [PMID: 38244651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a membrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of microglial survival, activation, phagocytosis, as well as in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the inflammatory response to injury or neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TREM2 structure and functions, highlighting the role of its variants in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Additionally, the article discusses the potential of TREM2 as a therapeutic target in AD, analyzing the current state of research and future prospects. Given the significant challenges associated with the activation of TREM2, particularly due to its diverse isoforms and the delicate balance required to modulate the immune response without triggering hyperactivation, this review aims to enhance our understanding of TREM2 in AD and inspire further research into this promising yet challenging therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Zgorzynska
- Department of Cell-to-Cell Communication, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
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Cousins O, Schubert JJ, Chandra A, Veronese M, Valkimadi P, Creese B, Khan Z, Arathimos R, Hampshire A, Rosenzweig I, Ballard C, Corbett A, Aasland D, Velayudhan L, O'Neill M, Collier D, Awais R, Sander K, Årstad E, Howes O, Turkheimer F, Hodges A. Microglial activation, tau and amyloid deposition in TREM2 p.R47H carriers and mild cognitive impairment patients: a multi-modal/multi-tracer PET/MRI imaging study with influenza vaccine immune challenge. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:272. [PMID: 37990275 PMCID: PMC10664604 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are increasingly understood to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The rs75932628 (p.R47H) TREM2 variant is a well-established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. TREM2 is a microglial cell surface receptor. In this multi-modal/multi-tracer PET/MRI study we investigated the effect of TREM2 p.R47H carrier status on microglial activation, tau and amyloid deposition, brain structure and cognitive profile. METHODS We compared TREM2 p.R47H carriers (n = 8; median age = 62.3) and participants with mild cognitive impairment (n = 8; median age = 70.7). Participants underwent two [18F]DPA-714 PET/MRI scans to assess TSPO signal, indicative of microglial activation, before and after receiving the seasonal influenza vaccination, which was used as an immune stimulant. Participants also underwent [18F]florbetapir and [18F]AV1451 PET scans to assess amyloid and tau burden, respectively. Regional tau and TSPO signal were calculated for regions of interest linked to Braak stage. An additional comparison imaging healthy control group (n = 8; median age = 45.5) had a single [18F]DPA-714 PET/MRI. An expanded group of participants underwent neuropsychological testing, to determine if TREM2 status influenced clinical phenotype. RESULTS Compared to participants with mild cognitive impairment, TREM2 carriers had lower TSPO signal in Braak II (P = 0.04) and Braak III (P = 0.046) regions, despite having a similar burden of tau and amyloid. There were trends to suggest reduced microglial activation following influenza vaccine in TREM2 carriers. Tau deposition in the Braak VI region was higher in TREM2 carriers (P = 0.04). Furthermore, compared to healthy controls TREM2 carriers had smaller caudate (P = 0.02), total brain (P = 0.049) and white matter volumes (P = 0.02); and neuropsychological assessment revealed worse ADAS-Cog13 (P = 0.03) and Delayed Matching to Sample (P = 0.007) scores. CONCLUSIONS TREM2 p.R47H carriers had reduced levels of microglial activation in brain regions affected early in the Alzheimer's disease course and differences in brain structure and cognition. Changes in microglial response may underlie the increased Alzheimer's disease risk in TREM2 p.R47H carriers. Future therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's disease should aim to enhance protective microglial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cousins
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Julia J Schubert
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Avinash Chandra
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Polena Valkimadi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Byron Creese
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Zunera Khan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Ryan Arathimos
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Clive Ballard
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
| | - Anne Corbett
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
| | - Dag Aasland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Latha Velayudhan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | | | | | - Ramla Awais
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Erik Årstad
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Angela Hodges
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK.
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Swain PS, Panda S, Pati S, Dehury B. Computational saturation mutagenesis to explore the effect of pathogenic mutations on extra-cellular domains of TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's and Nasu-Hakola disease. J Mol Model 2023; 29:360. [PMID: 37924367 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The specialised family of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) plays a pivotal role in causing neurodegenerative disorders and activating microglial anti-inflammatory responses. Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, has been associated with mutations in TREM2, which is also responsible for raising the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we have made an endeavour to differentiate the confirmed pathogenic variants in TREM2 extra-cellular domain (ECD) linked with NHD and AD using mutation-induced fold stability change (∆∆G), with the computation of 12distinct structure-based methods through saturation mutagenesis. Correlation analysis between relative solvent accessibility (RSA) and ∆∆G expresses the discrete distributive behaviour of mutants associated with TREM2 in AD (R2 = 0.061) and NHD (R2 = 0.601). Our findings put an emphasis on W50 and V126 as major players in maintaining V-like domain in TREM2. Interestingly, we discern that both of them interact with a common residue Y108, which is dissolved upon mutation. This Y108 could have structural or functional role for TREM2 which can be an ideal candidate for further study. Furthermore, the residual interaction network highlights the importance of R47 and R62 in maintaining the CDR loops that are crucial for ligand binding. Future studies using biophysical characterisation of ligand interactions in TREM2-ECD would be helpful for the development of novel therapeutics for AD and NHD. METHODS ConSurf algorithm and ENDscript were used to determine the position and conservation of each residue in the wild-type ECD of TREM2. The mutation-induced fold stability change (∆∆G) of confirmed pathogenic mutants associated with NHD and AD was estimated using 12 state-of-the-art structure-based protein stability tools. Furthermore, we also computed the effect of random mutation on these sites using computational saturation mutagenesis. Linear regression analysis was performed using mutants ∆∆G and RSA through GraphPad software. In addition, a comprehensive non-bonded residual interaction network (RIN) of wild type and its mutants of TREM2-ECD was enumerated using RING3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Sthutika Swain
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sunita Panda
- Mycology Laboratory, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
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Ogonowski N, Santamaria-Garcia H, Baez S, Lopez A, Laserna A, Garcia-Cifuentes E, Ayala-Ramirez P, Zarante I, Suarez-Obando F, Reyes P, Kauffman M, Cochran N, Schulte M, Sirkis DW, Spina S, Yokoyama JS, Miller BL, Kosik KS, Matallana D, Ibáñez A. Frontotemporal dementia presentation in patients with heterozygous p.H157Y variant of TREM2. J Med Genet 2023; 60:894-904. [PMID: 36813542 PMCID: PMC10447405 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a major regulator of neuroinflammatory processes in neurodegeneration. To date, the p.H157Y variant of TREM2 has been reported only in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report three patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) from three unrelated families with heterozygous p.H157Y variant of TREM2: two patients from Colombian families (study 1) and a third Mexican origin case from the USA (study 2). METHODS To determine if the p.H157Y variant might be associated with a specific FTD presentation, we compared in each study the cases with age-matched, sex-matched and education-matched groups-a healthy control group (HC) and a group with FTD with neither TREM2 mutations nor family antecedents (Ng-FTD and Ng-FTD-MND). RESULTS The two Colombian cases presented with early behavioural changes, greater impairments in general cognition and executive function compared with both HC and Ng-FTD groups. These patients also exhibited brain atrophy in areas characteristic of FTD. Furthermore, TREM2 cases showed increased atrophy compared with Ng-FTD in frontal, temporal, parietal, precuneus, basal ganglia, parahippocampal/hippocampal and cerebellar regions. The Mexican case presented with FTD and motor neuron disease (MND), showing grey matter reduction in basal ganglia and thalamus, and extensive TDP-43 type B pathology. CONCLUSION In all TREM2 cases, multiple atrophy peaks overlapped with the maximum peaks of TREM2 gene expression in crucial brain regions including frontal, temporal, thalamic and basal ganglia areas. These results provide the first report of an FTD presentation potentially associated with the p.H157Y variant with exacerbated neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ogonowski
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Adolfo Ibanez University, Santiago, Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hernando Santamaria-Garcia
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Ph.D Program of Neuroscience, Bogotá, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Centro de Memoria y Cognición Intellectus, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Andrea Lopez
- Hospital Universitario de la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Laserna
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- University of Rochester Medical Center. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine. of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, NY, New York, USA
| | - Elkin Garcia-Cifuentes
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Ayala-Ramirez
- Human Genomics Institute, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | | | - Pablo Reyes
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Marcelo Kauffman
- Hospital General de Agudos Jose Maria Ramos Mejia Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenetica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Austral. IIMT-FCB. Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Daniel W Sirkis
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weil Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weil Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S Kosik
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Diana Matallana
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Adolfo Ibanez University, Santiago, Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres & CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Popescu AS, Butler CA, Allendorf DH, Piers TM, Mallach A, Roewe J, Reinhardt P, Cinti A, Redaelli L, Boudesco C, Pradier L, Pocock JM, Thornton P, Brown GC. Alzheimer's disease-associated R47H TREM2 increases, but wild-type TREM2 decreases, microglial phagocytosis of synaptosomes and neuronal loss. Glia 2023; 71:974-990. [PMID: 36480007 PMCID: PMC10952257 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor, upregulated on the surface of microglia associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals heterozygous for the R47H variant of TREM2 have greatly increased risk of developing AD. We examined the effects of wild-type (WT), R47H and knock-out (KO) of human TREM2 expression in three microglial cell systems. Addition of mouse BV-2 microglia expressing R47H TREM2 to primary mouse neuronal cultures caused neuronal loss, not observed with WT TREM2. Neuronal loss was prevented by using annexin V to block exposed phosphatidylserine, an eat-me signal and ligand of TREM2, suggesting loss was mediated by microglial phagocytosis of neurons exposing phosphatidylserine. Addition of human CHME-3 microglia expressing R47H TREM2 to LUHMES neuronal-like cells also caused loss compared to WT TREM2. Expression of R47H TREM2 in BV-2 and CHME-3 microglia increased their uptake of phosphatidylserine-beads and synaptosomes versus WT TREM2. Human iPSC-derived microglia with heterozygous R47H TREM2 had increased phagocytosis of synaptosomes vs common-variant TREM2. Additionally, phosphatidylserine liposomes increased activation of human iPSC-derived microglia expressing homozygous R47H TREM2 versus common-variant TREM2. Finally, overexpression of TREM2 in CHME-3 microglia caused increased expression of cystatin F, a cysteine protease inhibitor, and knock-down of cystatin F increased CHME-3 uptake of phosphatidylserine-beads. Together, these data suggest that R47H TREM2 may increase AD risk by increasing phagocytosis of synapses and neurons via greater activation by phosphatidylserine and that WT TREM2 may decrease microglial phagocytosis of synapses and neurons via cystatin F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma S. Popescu
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Claire A. Butler
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | | | - Thomas M. Piers
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Anna Mallach
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Julian Roewe
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. Pocock
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Peter Thornton
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Ayyubova G. TREM2 signalling as a multifaceted player in brain homoeostasis and a potential target for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:718-733. [PMID: 36637116 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) has crucial roles in microglial physiology, differentiation, metabolism and survival. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) show that genetic mutations of the TREM2 increase the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) by two to four times, disrupting the microglial function in reducing the progression of the disease. Accumulating data show that TREM2 function in AD is related primarily to the clearance of soluble and insoluble amyloid beta (Aβ42) aggregates from the brain. TREM2 also ameliorates the pathological effects of activated microglia on neuronal tau pathology, demonstrating its protective anti-inflammatory effects. However, since the excessive activation of TREM2 signalling can inhibit pro-inflammatory reactions and suppress the role of microglia in immune surveillance, at the late stages of the disease, it might promote immune tolerance, which is detrimental. The contradictory effects of TREM2 mutations on brain amyloidopathy and tauopathy in multiple mouse models, as well as studies revealing various effects of TREM2 overexpression, complicate the understanding of the role that TREM2 plays in AD aetiopathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest developments regarding the significance of TREM2 signalling in the stability of microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory activations and propose the mechanisms that should be targeted in the future to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Basha SKC, Ramaiah MJ, Kosagisharaf JR. Untangling the Role of TREM2 in Conjugation with Microglia in Neuronal Dysfunction: A Hypothesis on a Novel Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S319-S333. [PMID: 36683512 PMCID: PMC10473115 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder involving heterogenous pathophysiological characteristics, which has become a challenge to therapeutics. The major pathophysiology of AD comprises amyloid-β (Aβ), tau, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Recent studies indicate the significance of Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and its mutant variants in AD. TREM2 are the transmembrane receptors of microglial cells that performs a broad range of physiological cell processes. Phagocytosis of Aβ is one of the physiological roles of TREM2, which plays a pivotal role in AD progression. R47H, a mutant variant of TREM2, increases the risk of AD by impairing TREM2-Aβ binding. Inconclusive evidence regarding the TREM2 signaling cascade mechanism of Aβ phagocytosis motivates the current review to propose a new hypothesis. The review systematically assesses the cross talk between TREM2 and other AD pathological domains and the influence of TREM2 on amyloid and tau seeding. Disease associated microglia (DAM), a novel state of microglia with unique transcriptional and functional signatures reported in neurodegenerative conditions, also depend on the TREM2 pathway for its differentiation. DAM is suggested to have a neuroprotective role. We hypothesize that TREM2, along with its signaling adaptors and endogenous proteins, play a key role in ameliorating Aβ clearance. We indicate that TREM2 has the potential to ameliorate the Aβ burden, though with differential clearance ability and may act as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Chand Basha
- Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Mekala Janaki Ramaiah
- Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Jagannatha Rao Kosagisharaf
- Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
- National Science System (SENACYT), INDICASAT – AIP, Panama
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Santamaría-García H, Ogonowsky N, Baez S, Palacio N, Reyes P, Schulte M, López A, Matallana D, Ibanez A. Neurocognitive patterns across genetic levels in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a multiple single cases study. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:454. [PMID: 36474176 PMCID: PMC9724347 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) has been related to different genetic factors. Identifying multimodal phenotypic heterogeneity triggered by various genetic influences is critical for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments. However, the specific impact of different genetic levels (mutations vs. risk variants vs. sporadic presentations) on clinical and neurocognitive phenotypes is not entirely understood, specially in patites from underrepresented regions such as Colombia. METHODS Here, in a multiple single cases study, we provide systematic comparisons regarding cognitive, neuropsychiatric, brain atrophy, and gene expression-atrophy overlap in a novel cohort of FTD patients (n = 42) from Colombia with different genetic levels, including patients with known genetic influences (G-FTD) such as those with genetic mutations (GR1) in particular genes (MAPT, TARDBP, and TREM2); patients with risk variants (GR2) in genes associated with FTD (tau Haplotypes H1 and H2 and APOE variants including ε2, ε3, ε4); and sporadic FTD patients (S-FTD (GR3)). RESULTS We found that patients from GR1 and GR2 exhibited earlier disease onset, pervasive cognitive impairments (cognitive screening, executive functioning, ToM), and increased brain atrophy (prefrontal areas, cingulated cortices, basal ganglia, and inferior temporal gyrus) than S-FTD patients (GR3). No differences in disease duration were observed across groups. Additionally, significant neuropsychiatric symptoms were observed in the GR1. The GR1 also presented more clinical and neurocognitive compromise than GR2 patients; these groups, however, did not display differences in disease onset or duration. APOE and tau patients showed more neuropsychiatric symptoms and primary atrophy in parietal and temporal cortices than GR1 patients. The gene-atrophy overlap analysis revealed atrophy in regions with specific genetic overexpression in all G-FTD patients. A differential family presentation did not explain the results. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the existence of genetic levels affecting the clinical, neurocognitive, and, to a lesser extent, neuropsychiatric presentation of bvFTD in the present underrepresented sample. These results support tailored assessments characterization based on the parallels of genetic levels and neurocognitive profiles in bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando Santamaría-García
- PhD program in Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Memory and cognition Center, Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Department of Neurology, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Natalia Ogonowsky
- CONICET & Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Baez
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicole Palacio
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pablo Reyes
- PhD program in Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Michael Schulte
- CONICET & Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea López
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Agustín Ibanez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, & National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Trinity Collegue of Dublin, Dublin, Irland.
- Global Brain Health Insititute, Universidad California San Francisco-Trinity College of Dublin, San Francisco, USA.
- Global Brain Health Insititute, Universidad California San Francisco-Trinity College of Dublin, Dublin, Irland.
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Kim B, Suh E, Nguyen AT, Prokop S, Mikytuck B, Olatunji OA, Robinson JL, Grossman M, Phillips JS, Irwin DJ, Mechanic-Hamilton D, Wolk DA, Trojanowski JQ, McMillan CT, Van Deerlin VM, Lee EB. TREM2 risk variants are associated with atypical Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:1085-1102. [PMID: 36112222 PMCID: PMC9643636 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has multiple clinically and pathologically defined subtypes where the underlying causes of such heterogeneity are not well established. Rare TREM2 variants confer significantly increased risk for clinical AD in addition to other neurodegenerative disease clinical phenotypes. Whether TREM2 variants are associated with atypical clinical or pathologically defined subtypes of AD is not known. We studied here the clinical and pathological features associated with TREM2 risk variants in an autopsy-confirmed cohort. TREM2 variant cases were more frequently associated with non-amnestic clinical syndromes. Pathologically, TREM2 variant cases were associated with an atypical distribution of neurofibrillary tangle density with significantly lower hippocampal NFT burden relative to neocortical NFT accumulation. In addition, NFT density but not amyloid burden was associated with an increase of dystrophic microglia. TREM2 variant cases were not associated with an increased prevalence, extent, or severity of co-pathologies. These clinicopathological features suggest that TREM2 variants contribute to clinical and pathologic AD heterogeneity by altering the distribution of neurofibrillary degeneration and tau-dependent microglial dystrophy, resulting in hippocampal-sparing and non-amnestic AD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Kim
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bailey Mikytuck
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Olamide A Olatunji
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John L Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Phillips
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dawn Mechanic-Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, Penn Memory Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, Penn Memory Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corey T McMillan
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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10
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Cope ZA, Murai T, Sukoff Rizzo SJ. Emerging Electroencephalographic Biomarkers to Improve Preclinical to Clinical Translation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:805063. [PMID: 35250541 PMCID: PMC8891809 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.805063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Continually emerging data indicate that sub-clinical, non-convulsive epileptiform activity is not only prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but is detectable early in the course of the disease and predicts cognitive decline in both humans and animal models. Epileptiform activity and other electroencephalographic (EEG) measures may hold powerful, untapped potential to improve the translational validity of AD-related biomarkers in model animals ranging from mice, to rats, and non-human primates. In this review, we will focus on studies of epileptiform activity, EEG slowing, and theta-gamma coupling in preclinical models, with particular focus on its role in cognitive decline and relevance to AD. Here, each biomarker is described in the context of the contemporary literature and recent findings in AD relevant animal models are discussed.
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11
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Variant TREM2 Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167470. [PMID: 35120968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for as much as three-quarters of cases globally with individuals in low- and middle-income countries being worst affected. Numerous risk factors for the disease have been identified and our understanding of gene-environment interactions have shed light on several gene variants that contribute to the most common, sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an important receptor that is crucial to the functioning of microglial cells, and variants of this protein have been found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Several studies have elucidated the signaling processes involved in the normal functioning of the TREM2 receptor. However, current knowledge of the idiosyncrasies of the signaling processes triggered by stimulation of the variants of this receptor is limited. In this review, we examine the existing literature and highlight the effects that various receptor variants have on downstream signaling processes and discuss how these perturbations may affect physiologic processes in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the fact that this is a territory yet to be fully explored, the studies that currently exist report mostly quantitative effects on signaling. More mechanistic studies with the aim of providing qualitative results in terms of downstream signaling among these receptor variants are warranted. Such studies will provide better opportunities of identifying therapeutic targets that may be exploited in designing new drugs for the management of Alzheimer's disease.
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12
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Okuzono Y, Sakuma H, Miyakawa S, Ifuku M, Lee J, Das D, Banerjee A, Zhao Y, Yamamoto K, Ando T, Sato S. Reduced TREM2 activation in microglia of patients with Alzheimer's disease. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:3063-3080. [PMID: 34523252 PMCID: PMC8564098 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanism through which TREM2 contributes to the disease (TREM2 activation vs inactivation) is largely unknown. Here, we analyzed changes in a gene set downstream of TREM2 to determine whether TREM2 signaling is modified by AD progression. We generated an anti-human TREM2 agonistic antibody and defined TREM2 activation in terms of the downstream expression changes induced by this antibody in microglia developed from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following TREM2 activation were compared with the gene set extracted from microglial single nuclear RNA sequencing data of patients with AD, using gene set enrichment analysis. We isolated an anti-TREM2-specific agonistic antibody, Hyb87, from anti-human TREM2 antibodies generated using binding and agonism assays, which helped us identify 300 upregulated and 251 downregulated DEGs. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that TREM2 activation may be associated with Th2-related pathways. TREM2 activation was lower in AD microglia than in microglia from healthy subjects or patients with mild cognitive impairment. TREM2 activation also showed a significant negative correlation with disease progression. Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs controlled by TREM2 activity indicated that TREM2 activation in AD may lead to anti-apoptotic signaling, immune response, and cytoskeletal changes in the microglia. We showed that TREM2 activation decreases with AD progression, in support of a protective role of TREM2 activation in AD. In addition, the agonistic anti-TREM2 antibody can be used to identify TREM2 activation state in AD microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuumi Okuzono
- Immune Cell Engineered TherapeuticsResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakuma
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery UnitResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Shuuichi Miyakawa
- Immune Cell Engineered TherapeuticsResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Masataka Ifuku
- Immune Cell Engineered TherapeuticsResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Jonghun Lee
- Computational BiologyResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Debashree Das
- Early Target DiscoveryResearch, Takeda California, Inc.San DiegoCAUSA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- GI ImmunologyResearch, Takeda California, Inc.San DiegoCAUSA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Computational BiologyResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Computational BiologyResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Computational BiologyResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Shuji Sato
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery UnitResearch, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
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13
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Vieira SRL, Morris HR. Neurodegenerative Disease Risk in Carriers of Autosomal Recessive Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:679927. [PMID: 34149605 PMCID: PMC8211888 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.679927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics has driven significant discoveries in the field of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). An emerging theme in neurodegeneration warrants an urgent and comprehensive update: that carrier status of early-onset autosomal recessive (AR) disease, typically considered benign, is associated with an increased risk of a spectrum of late-onset NDDs. Glucosylceramidase beta (GBA1) gene mutations, responsible for the AR lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease, are a prominent example of this principle, having been identified as an important genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease. Genetic analyses have revealed further examples, notably GRN, TREM2, EIF2AK3, and several other LSD and mitochondria function genes. In this Review, we discuss the evidence supporting the strikingly distinct allele-dependent clinical phenotypes observed in carriers of such gene mutations and its impact on the wider field of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Magno L, Bunney TD, Mead E, Svensson F, Bictash MN. TREM2/PLCγ2 signalling in immune cells: function, structural insight, and potential therapeutic modulation. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:22. [PMID: 33823896 PMCID: PMC8022522 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The central role of the resident innate immune cells of the brain (microglia) in neurodegeneration has become clear over the past few years largely through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and has rapidly become an active area of research. However, a mechanistic understanding (gene to function) has lagged behind. That is now beginning to change, as exemplified by a number of recent exciting and important reports that provide insight into the function of two key gene products – TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2) and PLCγ2 (Phospholipase C gamma2) – in microglia, and their role in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review we explore and discuss these recent advances and the opportunities that they may provide for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Magno
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Tom D Bunney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emma Mead
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Magda N Bictash
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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15
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Neuner SM, Tcw J, Goate AM. Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104976. [PMID: 32565066 PMCID: PMC7409822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genetic and genomic technologies over the last thirty years have greatly enhanced our knowledge concerning the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several genes including APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE have been shown to exhibit large effects on disease susceptibility, with the remaining risk loci having much smaller effects on AD risk. Notably, common genetic variants impacting AD are not randomly distributed across the genome. Instead, these variants are enriched within regulatory elements active in human myeloid cells, and to a lesser extent liver cells, implicating these cell and tissue types as critical to disease etiology. Integrative approaches are emerging as highly effective for identifying the specific target genes through which AD risk variants act and will likely yield important insights related to potential therapeutic targets in the coming years. In the future, additional consideration of sex- and ethnicity-specific contributions to risk as well as the contribution of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions will likely be necessary to further improve our understanding of AD genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Neuner
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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16
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Price BR, Sudduth TL, Weekman EM, Johnson S, Hawthorne D, Woolums A, Wilcock DM. Therapeutic Trem2 activation ameliorates amyloid-beta deposition and improves cognition in the 5XFAD model of amyloid deposition. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:238. [PMID: 32795308 PMCID: PMC7427742 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-2 (TREM2) is a lipid and lipoprotein binding receptor expressed by cells of myeloid origin. Homozygous TREM2 mutations cause early onset progressive presenile dementia while heterozygous, point mutations triple the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although human genetic findings support the notion that loss of TREM2 function exacerbates neurodegeneration, it is not clear whether activation of TREM2 in a disease state would result in therapeutic benefits. To determine the viability of TREM2 activation as a therapeutic strategy, we sought to characterize an agonistic Trem2 antibody (AL002a) and test its efficacy and mechanism of action in an aggressive mouse model of amyloid deposition. METHODS To determine whether agonism of Trem2 results in therapeutic benefits, we designed both intracranial and systemic administration studies. 5XFAD mice in the intracranial administration study were assigned to one of two injection groups: AL002a, a Trem2-agonizing antibody, or MOPC, an isotype-matched control antibody. Mice were then subject to a single bilateral intracranial injection into the frontal cortex and hippocampus and euthanized 72 h later. The tissue from the left hemisphere was histologically examined for amyloid-beta and microglia activation, whereas the tissue from the right hemisphere was used for biochemical analyses. Similarly, mice in the systemic administration study were randomized to one of the aforementioned injection groups and the assigned antibody was administered intraperitoneally once a week for 14 weeks. Mice underwent behavioral assessment between the 12- and 14-week timepoints and were euthanized 24 h after their final injection. The tissue from the left hemisphere was used for histological analyses whereas the tissue from the right hemisphere was used for biochemical analyses. RESULTS Here, we show that chronic activation of Trem2, in the 5XFAD mouse model of amyloid deposition, leads to reversal of the amyloid-associated gene expression signature, recruitment of microglia to plaques, decreased amyloid deposition, and improvement in spatial learning and novel object recognition memory. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Trem2 activators may be effective for the treatment of AD and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tiffany L Sudduth
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Erica M Weekman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Sherika Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Danielle Hawthorne
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Abigail Woolums
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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17
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Yang J, Fu Z, Zhang X, Xiong M, Meng L, Zhang Z. TREM2 ectodomain and its soluble form in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:204. [PMID: 32635934 PMCID: PMC7341574 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a receptor mainly expressed on the surface of microglia. It mediates multiple pathophysiological processes in various diseases. Recently, TREM2 has been found to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TREM2 is a transmembrane protein that is specifically expressed on microglia in the brain. It contains a long ectodomain that directly interacts with the extracellular environment to regulate microglial function. The ectodomain of TREM2 is processed by a disintegrin and metalloprotease, resulting in the release of a soluble form of TREM2 (sTREM2). Recent studies have demonstrated that sTREM2 is a bioactive molecule capable of binding ligands, activating microglia, and regulating immune responses during the AD continuum. Clinical studies revealed that sTREM2 level is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients, and the sTREM2 level is positively correlated with the levels of classical CSF biomarkers, namely t-tau and p-tau, indicating that it is a reliable predictor of the early stages of AD. Herein, we summarize the key results on the generation, structure, and function of sTREM2 to provide new insights into TREM2-related mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and to promote the development of TREM2-based therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaolong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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18
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Singh AK, Mishra G, Maurya A, Awasthi R, Kumari K, Thakur A, Rai A, Rai GK, Sharma B, Kulkarni GT, Singh SK. Role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease and its Consequences on β- Amyloid, Tau and Neurofibrillary Tangles. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1216-1229. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190903102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is age-related neurodegenerative disorder recognized by a steadily
gradual cognitive decline that has devastating personal and socioeconomic implications. Recently, some
genetic factors for AD have been identified which attracted wide attention of researchers in different
areas of AD biology and possible new therapeutic targets. Alternative forms of triggering receptor expressed
on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) genes are examples of such risk factors, which contribute higher
risk for developing AD. Comprehending TREM2 function pledge to provide salient insight into how
neuroinflammation contributes to AD pathology. The dearth of microglial TREM2 shepherd to augmented
tau pathology is couple with frequent enhancement of activated neuronal stress kinases. The involvement
of TREM2 in the regulation of tau-associated innate immune response of the CNS has clearly
demonstrated through these findings. However, whether decrease level of TREM2 assists pathology of
tau through changed clearance and pathological escalation of tau or through direct contact between microglia
and neuron and any alternative possible mechanisms need to examine. This review briefly summarizes
distinct functional roles of TREM2 in AD pathology and highlights the TREM2 gene regulation.
We have also addressed the impact of TREM2 on β-amyloid plaques and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag K. Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anand Maurya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida - 201303, India
| | - Komal Kumari
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arati Rai
- Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow-226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopal Kumar Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi- 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida - 201303, India
| | - Giriraj T Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida - 201303, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Radiogenomics, defined as the integrated analysis of radiologic imaging and genetic data, is a well-established tool shown to augment neuroimaging in the clinical diagnosis, prognostication, and scientific study of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). Early work using candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified genetic variation in APOE, BIN1, CLU, and CR1 as key modifiers of brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). More recently, polygenic risk scores used in conjunction with MRI and positron emission tomography have shown great promise as a risk-stratification tool for clinical trials and care-management decisions. In addition, recent work using multimodal MRI and positron emission tomography as proxies of LOAD progression has identified novel risk variants that are enhancing our understanding of LOAD pathophysiology and progression. Herein, we highlight key studies and trends in the radiogenomics of LOAD over the past two decades and their implications for clinical practice and scientific research.
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20
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Jay TR, von Saucken VE, Muñoz B, Codocedo JF, Atwood BK, Lamb BT, Landreth GE. TREM2 is required for microglial instruction of astrocytic synaptic engulfment in neurodevelopment. Glia 2019; 67:1873-1892. [PMID: 31265185 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Variants in the microglial receptor TREM2 confer risk for multiple neurodegenerative diseases. However, it remains unknown how this receptor functions on microglia to modulate these diverse neuropathologies. To understand the role of TREM2 on microglia more generally, we investigated changes in microglial function in Trem2-/- mice. We found that loss of TREM2 impairs normal neurodevelopment, resulting in reduced synapse number across the cortex and hippocampus in 1-month-old mice. This reduction in synapse number was not due directly to alterations in interactions between microglia and synapses. Rather, TREM2 was required for microglia to limit synaptic engulfment by astrocytes during development. While these changes were largely normalized later in adulthood, high fat diet administration was sufficient to reinitiate TREM2-dependent modulation of synapse loss. Together, this identifies a novel role for microglia in instructing synaptic pruning by astrocytes to broadly regulate appropriate synaptic refinement, and suggests novel candidate mechanisms for how TREM2 and microglia could influence synaptic loss in brain injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Jay
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Victoria E von Saucken
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Braulio Muñoz
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brady K Atwood
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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21
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Deming Y, Filipello F, Cignarella F, Cantoni C, Hsu S, Mikesell R, Li Z, Del-Aguila JL, Dube U, Farias FG, Bradley J, Budde J, Ibanez L, Fernandez MV, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Heslegrave A, Johansson PM, Svensson J, Nellgård B, Lleo A, Alcolea D, Clarimon J, Rami L, Molinuevo JL, Suárez-Calvet M, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Kleinberger G, Ewers M, Harari O, Haass C, Brett TJ, Benitez BA, Karch CM, Piccio L, Cruchaga C. The MS4A gene cluster is a key modulator of soluble TREM2 and Alzheimer's disease risk. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau2291. [PMID: 31413141 PMCID: PMC6697053 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). TREM2 plays a critical role in microglial activation, survival, and phagocytosis; however, the pathophysiological role of sTREM2 in AD is not well understood. Understanding the role of sTREM2 in AD may reveal new pathological mechanisms and lead to the identification of therapeutic targets. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic modifiers of CSF sTREM2 obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Common variants in the membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A (MS4A) gene region were associated with CSF sTREM2 concentrations (rs1582763; P = 1.15 × 10-15); this was replicated in independent datasets. The variants associated with increased CSF sTREM2 concentrations were associated with reduced AD risk and delayed age at onset of disease. The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1582763 modified expression of the MS4A4A and MS4A6A genes in multiple tissues, suggesting that one or both of these genes are important for modulating sTREM2 production. Using human macrophages as a proxy for microglia, we found that MS4A4A and TREM2 colocalized on lipid rafts at the plasma membrane, that sTREM2 increased with MS4A4A overexpression, and that silencing of MS4A4A reduced sTREM2 production. These genetic, molecular, and cellular findings suggest that MS4A4A modulates sTREM2. These findings also provide a mechanistic explanation for the original GWAS signal in the MS4A locus for AD risk and indicate that TREM2 may be involved in AD pathogenesis not only in TREM2 risk-variant carriers but also in those with sporadic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Francesca Cignarella
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert Mikesell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zeran Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jorge L Del-Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Umber Dube
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fabiana Geraldo Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Per M Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Nellgård
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alberto Lleo
- Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Rami
- IDIBAPS, Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- IDIBAPS, Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, 2152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas J Brett
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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22
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Lancaster TM. Associations between rare microglia-linked Alzheimer's disease risk variants and subcortical brain volumes in young individuals. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2019; 11:368-373. [PMID: 31080872 PMCID: PMC6501059 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Recent exome sequencing studies have identified three novel risk variants associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms by which these variants confer risk are largely unknown. Methods In the present study, the impact of these rare coding variants (in ABI3, PLCG2, and TREM2) on all subcortical volumes is determined in a large sample of young healthy individuals (N = 756–765; aged 22–35 years). Results After multiple testing correction (PCORRECTED < .05), rare variants were associated with basal ganglia volumes (TREM2 and PLCG2 effects within the putamen and pallidum, respectively). Nominal associations between TREM2 and reduced hippocampal and thalamic volumes were also observed. Discussion Our observations suggest that rare variants in microglia-mediated immunity pathway may contribute to the subcortical alterations observed in AD cases. These observations provide further evidence that genetic risk for AD may influence the volume of subcortical volumes and increase AD risk in early life processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Lancaster
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
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23
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The role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:721-730. [PMID: 30033062 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a genetically complex disorder; rare variants in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene have been shown to as much as triple an individual's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. TREM2 is a transmembrane receptor expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage, and its association with Alzheimer's disease supports the involvement of immune and inflammatory pathways in the cause of the disease, rather than as a consequence of the disease. TREM2 variants associated with Alzheimer's disease induce partial loss of function of the TREM2 protein and alter the behaviour of microglial cells, including their response to amyloid plaques. TREM2 variants have also been shown to cause polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy and frontotemporal dementia. Although the low frequency of TREM2 variants makes it difficult to establish robust genotype-phenotype correlations, such studies are essential to enable a comprehensive understanding of the role of TREM2 in different neurological diseases, with the ultimate goal of developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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24
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Bajaj T, Ramirez A, Wagner-Thelen H. Genetik der Alzheimer-Krankheit. MED GENET-BERLIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-018-0193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Die Alzheimer-Erkrankung („Alzheimer’s disease“, AD) ist die häufigste Ursache der neurodegenerativen Demenzen. Im Gegensatz zu monogenen und meist frühmanifesten Formen der AD, welche auf hochpenetrante Mutationen in den Genen APP, PSEN1 und PSEN2 zurückzuführen sind, wird die Suszeptibilität für die sporadische, oft spätmanifeste Form der AD durch eine komplexe Wechselwirkung zwischen genetischen und epigenetischen Faktoren wie auch umwelt- und lebensstilbedingten Faktoren bestimmt. Obgleich APOE ε4 der stärkste genetische Risikofaktor für die AD ist, macht der Effekt des APOE ε4 lediglich 27,3 % der geschätzten Heritabilität von 58–79 % aus. Durch den kontinuierlichen technischen Fortschritt von GWAS (genomweite Assoziationsstudien) und automatisierten Sequenziermethoden der nächsten Generation gelingt es Wissenschaftlern in groß angelegten Kollaborationen sukzessive die fehlende Heritabilität aufzudecken. Wichtige Erkenntnisse aus GWAS und Signalweganalysen suggerieren, dass Mikroglia, die residenten Immunzellen des ZNS, eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Pathogenese der AD spielen. Eine beachtliche Anzahl der in genetischen Studien identifizierten Risikogene weisen immunsystembezogene Funktionen auf und werden in höchstem Maße von Mikroglia exprimiert. Durch die Beschreibung von Risikovarianten in CR1, CLU, SPI1, CD33, MS4A, ABCA7, EPHA1, HLA-DRB5/1, INPP5D, TYROBP, TREM2, PLCG2 und ABI3 nimmt die Mikroglia vermittelte Immunantwort bei der Pathogenese der AD eine zentrale Rolle ein. Von besonderer Bedeutung könnte sein, dass die PLCγ2-Variante p.P522R einen protektiven Effekt auf die LOAD („late-onset“ AD; spätmanifeste Form der AD) ausübt und als Enzym ein klassisches Ziel für eine therapeutische Modulation von komplexen Formen der AD darstellt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bajaj
- Aff1 0000 0000 8852 305X grid.411097.a Sektion für Neurogenetik und Molekulare Neuropsychiatrie an der Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Uniklinik Köln Kerpener Straße 62 50937 Köln Deutschland
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Aff1 0000 0000 8852 305X grid.411097.a Sektion für Neurogenetik und Molekulare Neuropsychiatrie an der Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Uniklinik Köln Kerpener Straße 62 50937 Köln Deutschland
- Aff2 0000 0000 8786 803X grid.15090.3d Klinik für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen und Gerontopsychiatrie Universitätsklinikum Bonn Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25 53127 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Holger Wagner-Thelen
- Aff1 0000 0000 8852 305X grid.411097.a Sektion für Neurogenetik und Molekulare Neuropsychiatrie an der Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Uniklinik Köln Kerpener Straße 62 50937 Köln Deutschland
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25
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Abstract
Microglia are a subset of tissue macrophages that constitute the major immune cell type of the central nervous system. These cells have long been known to change their morphology and functions in response to various neurological insults. Recently, a plethora of unbiased transcriptomics studies have revealed that across a broad spectrum of neurodegeneration-like disease models, microglia adopt a similar activation signature and perform similar functions. Despite these commonalities in response, the role of microglia has been described as both positive and negative in different murine disease models. In humans, genetic association studies have revealed strong connections between microglia genes and various neurodegenerative diseases, and mechanistic investigations of these mutations have added another layer of complexity. Here, we provide an overview of studies that have built a case for a common microglial response to neurodegeneration and discuss pathways that may be important to initiate and sustain this response; delineate the multifaceted functions of activated microglia spanning different diseases; and discuss insights from studying genes associated with disease in humans. We argue that strong evidence causally links activated microglia function to neurodegeneration and discuss what seems to be a conflict between mouse models and human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur M Song
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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26
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main form of dementia in the elderly, is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by rapidly progressive cognitive dysfunction and behavior impairment. AD exhibits a considerable heritability and great advances have been made in approaches to searching the genetic etiology of AD. In AD genetic studies, methods have developed from classic linkage-based and candidate-gene-based association studies to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next generation sequencing (NGS). The identification of new susceptibility genes has provided deeper insights to understand the mechanisms underlying AD. In addition to searching novel genes associated with AD in large samples, the NGS technologies can also be used to shed light on the 'black matter' discovery even in smaller samples. The shift in AD genetics between traditional studies and individual sequencing will allow biomaterials of each patient as the central unit of genetic studies. This review will cover genetic findings in AD and consequences of AD genetic findings. Firstly, we will discuss the discovery of mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, APOE, and ADAM10. Then we will summarize and evaluate the information obtained from GWAS of AD. Finally, we will outline the efforts to identify rare variants associated with AD using NGS.
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27
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Zhang X, Wang W, Li P, Wang X, Ni K. High TREM2 expression correlates with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Hum Pathol 2018; 72:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Luis E, Ortiz A, Eudave L, Ortega-Cubero S, Borroni B, van der Zee J, Gazzina S, Caroppo P, Rubino E, D'Agata F, Le Ber I, Santana I, Cunha G, Almeida MR, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Hannequin D, Wallon D, Rainero I, Galimberti D, Van Broeckhoven C, Pastor MA, Pastor P. Neuroimaging Correlates of Frontotemporal Dementia Associated with SQSTM1 Mutations. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:303-13. [PMID: 27163810 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a progressive dementia characterized by focal atrophy of frontal and/or temporal lobes caused by mutations in the gene coding for sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), among other genes. Rare SQSTM1 gene mutations have been associated with Paget's disease of bone, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and, more recently, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether a characteristic pattern of grey and white matter loss is associated with SQSTM1 dysfunction. METHODS We performed a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study in FTD subjects carrying SQSTM1 pathogenic variants (FTD/SQSTM1 mutation carriers; n = 10), compared with FTD subjects not carrying SQSTM1 mutations (Sporadic FTD; n = 20) and healthy controls with no SQSTM1 mutations (HC/SQSTM1 noncarriers; n = 20). The groups were matched according to current age, disease duration, and gender. RESULTS After comparing FTD/SQSTM1 carriers with Sporadic FTD, a predominantly right cortical atrophy pattern was localized in the inferior frontal, medial orbitofrontal, precentral gyri, and the anterior insula. White matter atrophy was found in both medial and inferior frontal gyri, pallidum, and putamen. FTD/SQSTM1 carriers compared with HC/SQSTM1 noncarriers showed atrophy at frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes of both hemispheres whereas the MRI pattern found in Sporadic FTD compared with controls was frontal and left temporal lobe atrophy, extending toward parietal and occipital lobes of both hemispheres. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that fronto-orbito-insular regions including corticospinal projections as described in ALS are probably more susceptible to the damaging effect of SQSTM1 mutations delineatinga specific gene-linked atrophy pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin Luis
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Ortiz
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Eudave
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Centre for Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Caroppo
- Besta Neurological Institut, Milan, Italy.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Rubino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico D'Agata
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitério de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal and Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gil Cunha
- Neurorradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria R Almeida
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Didier Hannequin
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria A Pastor
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Memory and Movement Disorders Units, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Del-Aguila JL, Fernández MV, Schindler S, Ibanez L, Deming Y, Ma S, Saef B, Black K, Budde J, Norton J, Chasse R, Harari O, Goate A, Xiong C, Morris JC, Cruchaga C. Assessment of the Genetic Architecture of Alzheimer's Disease Risk in Rate of Memory Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:745-756. [PMID: 29480181 PMCID: PMC5989565 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many genetic studies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been focused on the identification of common genetic variants associated with AD risk and not on other aspects of the disease, such as age at onset or rate of dementia progression. There are multiple approaches to untangling the genetic architecture of these phenotypes. We hypothesized that the genetic architecture of rate of progression is different than the risk for developing AD dementia. To test this hypothesis, we used longitudinal clinical data from ADNI and the Knight-ADRC at Washington University, and we calculated PRS (polygenic risk score) based on the IGAP study to compare the genetic architecture of AD risk and dementia progression. Dementia progression was measured by the change of Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR)-SB per year. Out of the 21 loci for AD risk, no association with the rate of dementia progression was found. The PRS rate was significantly associated with the rate of dementia progression (β= 0.146, p = 0.03). In the case of rare variants, TREM2 (β= 0.309, p = 0.02) was also associated with the rate of dementia progression. TREM2 variant carriers showed a 23% faster rate of dementia compared with non-variant carriers. In conclusion, our results indicate that the recently identified common and rare variants for AD susceptibility have a limited impact on the rate of dementia progression in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Del-Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Fernández
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne Schindler
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shengmei Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ben Saef
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel Chasse
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Jay TR, von Saucken VE, Landreth GE. TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:56. [PMID: 28768545 PMCID: PMC5541421 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TREM2 variants have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The expression, signaling and function of TREM2 in NDDs have been extensively investigated in an effort to understand the role of immune function in disease pathogenesis and progression. We provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of TREM2 biology, including new insights into the regulation of TREM2 expression, and TREM2 signaling and function across NDDs. While many open questions remain, the current body of literature provides clarity on several issues. While it is still often cited that TREM2 expression is decreased by pro-inflammatory stimuli, it is now clear that this is true in vitro, but inflammatory stimuli in vivo almost universally increase TREM2 expression. Likewise, while TREM2 function is classically described as promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype, more than half of published studies demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role for TREM2, suggesting that its role in inflammation is much more complex. Finally, these components of TREM2 biology are applied to a discussion of how TREM2 impacts NDD pathologies and the latest assessment of how these findings might be applied to immune-directed clinical biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Jay
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Victoria E. von Saucken
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Iyappan A, Younesi E, Redolfi A, Vrooman H, Khanna S, Frisoni GB, Hofmann-Apitius M. Neuroimaging Feature Terminology: A Controlled Terminology for the Annotation of Brain Imaging Features. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:1153-1169. [PMID: 28731430 PMCID: PMC5611802 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ontologies and terminologies are used for interoperability of knowledge and data in a standard manner among interdisciplinary research groups. Existing imaging ontologies capture general aspects of the imaging domain as a whole such as methodological concepts or calibrations of imaging instruments. However, none of the existing ontologies covers the diagnostic features measured by imaging technologies in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the Neuro-Imaging Feature Terminology (NIFT) was developed to organize the knowledge domain of measured brain features in association with neurodegenerative diseases by imaging technologies. The purpose is to identify quantitative imaging biomarkers that can be extracted from multi-modal brain imaging data. This terminology attempts to cover measured features and parameters in brain scans relevant to disease progression. In this paper, we demonstrate the systematic retrieval of measured indices from literature and how the extracted knowledge can be further used for disease modeling that integrates neuroimaging features with molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandhi Iyappan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erfan Younesi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Alberto Redolfi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Neuroimaging, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Henri Vrooman
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Shashank Khanna
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, Bonn, Germany
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Neuroimaging, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Memory Clinic and Laboratoire de Neuroimagerie du Vieillissement (LANVIE), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, Bonn, Germany
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Yeh FL, Hansen DV, Sheng M. TREM2, Microglia, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:512-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Park JS, Ji IJ, Kim DH, An HJ, Yoon SY. The Alzheimer's Disease-Associated R47H Variant of TREM2 Has an Altered Glycosylation Pattern and Protein Stability. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:618. [PMID: 28149270 PMCID: PMC5241589 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The R47H coding variant of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) similar to apolipoprotein E4. TREM2 R47H has recently been shown to have impaired binding to damage-associated lipid or apolipoprotein ligands. However, it is not known how this R47H variant affects the biochemical characteristics of TREM2 and alters the pathogenesis of AD. We previously reported that TREM2-R47H has a slightly different glycosylation pattern from wild-type. A more detailed characterization in our present study confirms that TREM2 R47H has an altered glycosylation pattern and reduced stability. TREM2 R47H shows different glycosylation profiles from analysis using monensin or kifunensine treatment which were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The solubility of TREM2 R47H and its cleaved products such as intracellular domain (ICD) is also decreased, increasing its proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. The different biochemical characteristics of TREM2 R47H, including glycosylation, solubility and processing, may offer insights into a future therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seon Park
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - In Jung Ji
- Asia Glycomics Reference SiteDaejeon, South Korea; Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hou Kim
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Asia Glycomics Reference SiteDaejeon, South Korea; Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Yoon
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
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Gispert JD, Suárez-Calvet M, Monté GC, Tucholka A, Falcon C, Rojas S, Rami L, Sánchez-Valle R, Lladó A, Kleinberger G, Haass C, Molinuevo JL. Cerebrospinal fluid sTREM2 levels are associated with gray matter volume increases and reduced diffusivity in early Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:1259-1272. [PMID: 27423963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TREM2 is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response and phagocytosis. A soluble fragment (sTREM2) is often found abnormally increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS One hundred fourteen participants (45 control, 19 preclinical, 27 mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 23 AD) underwent CSF sTREM2 determination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We studied the association between CSF sTREM2, gray matter volume, and water motion diffusivity and anisotropy across groups. RESULTS In MCI patients, a positive correlation between CSF sTREM2 and gray matter volume was found in the bilateral inferior and middle temporal cortices, precuneus, the supramarginal, and angular gyri, after controlling by age, sex, and p-tau. A negative correlation with mean diffusivity was detected in overlapping regions, among others. DISCUSSION In early AD, augmented CSF sTREM2 levels correspond with cerebral MRI features typical of brain swelling, supporting a role for TREM2 in the regulation of the neuroinflammatory response to early neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domingo Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- BioMedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma C Monté
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan Tucholka
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Falcon
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Rojas
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Unit of human Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- BioMedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- BioMedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 is higher in Alzheimer disease and associated with mutation status. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:925-33. [PMID: 26754641 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency coding variants in TREM2 are associated with increased Alzheimer disease (AD) risk, while loss of functions mutations in the gene lead to an autosomal recessive early-onset dementia, named Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD). TREM2 can be detected as a soluble protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, and its CSF levels are elevated in inflammatory CNS diseases. We measured soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) in the CSF of a large AD case-control dataset (n = 180) and 40 TREM2 risk variant carriers to determine whether CSF sTREM2 levels are associated with AD status or mutation status. We also performed genetic studies to identify genetic variants associated with CSF sTREM2 levels. CSF, but not plasma, sTREM2 was highly correlated with CSF total tau and phosphorylated-tau levels (r = 0.35, P < 1×10(-4); r = 0.40, P < 1×10(-4), respectively), but not with CSF Aβ42. AD cases presented higher CSF sTREM2 levels than controls (P = 0.01). Carriers of NHD-associated TREM2 variants presented significantly lower CSF sTREM2 levels, supporting the hypothesis that these mutations lead to reduced protein production/function (R136Q, D87N, Q33X or T66M; P = 1×10(-3)). In contrast, CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly higher in R47H carriers compared to non-carriers (P = 6×10(-3)), suggesting that this variant does not impact protein expression and increases AD risk through a different pathogenic mechanism than NHD variants. In GWAS analyses for CSF sTREM2 levels the most significant signal was located on the MS4A gene locus (P = 5.45 × 10(-07)) corresponding to one of the SNPs reported to be associated with AD risk in this locus. Furthermore, SNPs involved in pathways related to virus cellular entry and vesicular trafficking were overrepresented, suggesting that CSF sTREM2 levels could be an informative phenotype for AD.
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Saykin AJ, Shen L, Yao X, Kim S, Nho K, Risacher SL, Ramanan VK, Foroud TM, Faber KM, Sarwar N, Munsie LM, Hu X, Soares HD, Potkin SG, Thompson PM, Kauwe JSK, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Green RC, Toga AW, Weiner MW. Genetic studies of quantitative MCI and AD phenotypes in ADNI: Progress, opportunities, and plans. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:792-814. [PMID: 26194313 PMCID: PMC4510473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) have been crucial in advancing the understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Here, we provide an update on sample collection, scientific progress and opportunities, conceptual issues, and future plans. METHODS Lymphoblastoid cell lines and DNA and RNA samples from blood have been collected and banked, and data and biosamples have been widely disseminated. To date, APOE genotyping, genome-wide association study (GWAS), and whole exome and whole genome sequencing data have been obtained and disseminated. RESULTS ADNI genetic data have been downloaded thousands of times, and >300 publications have resulted, including reports of large-scale GWAS by consortia to which ADNI contributed. Many of the first applications of quantitative endophenotype association studies used ADNI data, including some of the earliest GWAS and pathway-based studies of biospecimen and imaging biomarkers, as well as memory and other clinical/cognitive variables. Other contributions include some of the first whole exome and whole genome sequencing data sets and reports in healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment, and AD. DISCUSSION Numerous genetic susceptibility and protective markers for AD and disease biomarkers have been identified and replicated using ADNI data and have heavily implicated immune, mitochondrial, cell cycle/fate, and other biological processes. Early sequencing studies suggest that rare and structural variants are likely to account for significant additional phenotypic variation. Longitudinal analyses of transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic changes will also further elucidate dynamic processes underlying preclinical and prodromal stages of disease. Integration of this unique collection of multiomics data within a systems biology framework will help to separate truly informative markers of early disease mechanisms and potential novel therapeutic targets from the vast background of less relevant biological processes. Fortunately, a broad swath of the scientific community has accepted this grand challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Purdue University - Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vijay K Ramanan
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaolan Hu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | | | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA; Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Neuroinformatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zhu C, Herrmann US, Li B, Abakumova I, Moos R, Schwarz P, Rushing EJ, Colonna M, Aguzzi A. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 is involved in prion-induced microglial activation but does not contribute to prion pathogenesis in mouse brains. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1994-2003. [PMID: 25816748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional variants of the innate immune cell surface receptor TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) were identified as major genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Here we assessed a possible involvement of TREM2 in prion disease. We report that TREM2 expression by microglia is significantly up-regulated upon prion infection. However, depletion of TREM2 did not affect disease incubation time and survival after intracerebral prion infection. Interestingly, markers of microglial activation were attenuated in prion-infected TREM2(-/-) mice, suggesting an involvement of TREM2 in prion-induced microglial activation. Further phenotype profiling of microglia revealed that TREM2 deficiency did not change microglial phenotypes. We conclude that TREM2 is involved in prion-induced microglial activation but does not noticeably modulate the pathogenesis of experimental prion infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Zhu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Uli S Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bei Li
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Abakumova
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Moos
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Park JS, Ji IJ, An HJ, Kang MJ, Kang SW, Kim DH, Yoon SY. Disease-Associated Mutations of TREM2 Alter the Processing of N-Linked Oligosaccharides in the Golgi Apparatus. Traffic 2015; 16:510-8. [PMID: 25615530 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immune-modulatory receptor involved in phagocytosis and inflammation. Mutations of Q33X, Y38C and T66M cause Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD) which is characterized by early onset of dementia and bone cysts. A recent, genome-wide association study also revealed that single nucleotide polymorphism of TREM2, such as R47H, increased the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) similar to ApoE4. However, how these mutations affect the trafficking of TREM2, which may affect the normal functions of TREM2, was not known. In this study, we show that TREM2 with NHD mutations are impaired in the glycosylation with complex oligosaccharides in the Golgi apparatus, in the trafficking to plasma membrane and further processing by γ-secretase. Although R47H mutation in AD affected the glycosylation and normal trafficking of TREM2 less, the detailed pattern of glycosylated TREM2 differs from that of the wild type, thus suggesting that precise regulation of TREM2 glycosylation is impaired when arginine at 47 is mutated to histidine. Our results suggest that the impaired glycosylation and trafficking of TREM2 from endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi to plasma membrane by mutations may inhibit its normal functions in the plasma membrane, which may contribute to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seon Park
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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