1
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Maniv I, Sarji M, Bdarneh A, Feldman A, Ankawa R, Koren E, Magid-Gold I, Reis N, Soteriou D, Salomon-Zimri S, Lavy T, Kesselman E, Koifman N, Kurz T, Kleifeld O, Michaelson D, van Leeuwen FW, Verheijen BM, Fuchs Y, Glickman MH. Altered ubiquitin signaling induces Alzheimer's disease-like hallmarks in a three-dimensional human neural cell culture model. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5922. [PMID: 37739965 PMCID: PMC10516951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by toxic protein accumulation in the brain. Ubiquitination is essential for protein clearance in cells, making altered ubiquitin signaling crucial in AD development. A defective variant, ubiquitin B + 1 (UBB+1), created by a non-hereditary RNA frameshift mutation, is found in all AD patient brains post-mortem. We now detect UBB+1 in human brains during early AD stages. Our study employs a 3D neural culture platform derived from human neural progenitors, demonstrating that UBB+1 alone induces extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and insoluble hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates. UBB+1 competes with ubiquitin for binding to the deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL1, leading to elevated levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), secreted Aβ peptides, and Aβ build-up. Crucially, silencing UBB+1 expression impedes the emergence of AD hallmarks in this model system. Our findings highlight the significance of ubiquitin signalling as a variable contributing to AD pathology and present a nonclinical platform for testing potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Maniv
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Mahasen Sarji
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Anwar Bdarneh
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Alona Feldman
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Roi Ankawa
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Elle Koren
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Inbar Magid-Gold
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Noa Reis
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Despina Soteriou
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shiran Salomon-Zimri
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tali Lavy
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ellina Kesselman
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, The Technion Center for Electron Microscopy of Soft Matter, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Naama Koifman
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, The Technion Center for Electron Microscopy of Soft Matter, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Thimo Kurz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Daniel Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Fred W van Leeuwen
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bert M Verheijen
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
- Augmanity, Rehovot, 7670308, Israel.
| | - Michael H Glickman
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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2
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Charvet CJ, Ofori K, Falcone C, Rigby Dames BA. Transcription, structure, and organoids translate time across the lifespan of humans and great apes. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad230. [PMID: 37554928 PMCID: PMC10406161 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
How the neural structures supporting human cognition developed and arose in evolution is an enduring question of interest. Yet, we still lack appropriate procedures to align ages across primates, and this lacuna has hindered progress in understanding the evolution of biological programs. We generated a dataset of unprecedented size consisting of 573 time points from abrupt and gradual changes in behavior, anatomy, and transcription across human and 8 nonhuman primate species. We included time points from diverse human populations to capture within-species variation in the generation of cross-species age alignments. We also extracted corresponding ages from organoids. The identification of corresponding ages across the lifespan of 8 primate species, including apes (e.g., orangutans, gorillas) and monkeys (i.e., marmosets, macaques), reveals that some biological pathways are extended in humans compared with some nonhuman primates. Notably, the human lifespan is unusually extended relative to studied nonhuman primates demonstrating that very old age is a phase of life in humans that does not map to other studied primate species. More generally, our work prompts a reevaluation in the choice of a model system to understand aging given very old age in humans is a period of life without a clear counterpart in great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Charvet
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, 36832, AL, USA
| | - Kwadwo Ofori
- Department of Biology, Delaware State University, 1200 N. Dupont Highway, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
| | - Carmen Falcone
- Department of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea, 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Brier A Rigby Dames
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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3
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de Sousa AA, Rigby Dames BA, Graff EC, Mohamedelhassan R, Vassilopoulos T, Charvet CJ. Going beyond established model systems of Alzheimer's disease: companion animals provide novel insights into the neurobiology of aging. Commun Biol 2023; 6:655. [PMID: 37344566 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by brain plaques, tangles, and cognitive impairment. AD is one of the most common age-related dementias in humans. Progress in characterizing AD and other age-related disorders is hindered by a perceived dearth of animal models that naturally reproduce diseases observed in humans. Mice and nonhuman primates are model systems used to understand human diseases. Still, these model systems lack many of the biological characteristics of Alzheimer-like diseases (e.g., plaques, tangles) as they grow older. In contrast, companion animal models (cats and dogs) age in ways that resemble humans. Both companion animal models and humans show evidence of brain atrophy, plaques, and tangles, as well as cognitive decline with age. We embrace a One Health perspective, which recognizes that the health of humans is connected to those of animals, and we illustrate how such a perspective can work synergistically to enhance human and animal health. A comparative biology perspective is ideally suited to integrate insights across veterinary and human medical disciplines and solve long-standing problems in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A de Sousa
- Centre for Health and Cognition, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Brier A Rigby Dames
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rania Mohamedelhassan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tatianna Vassilopoulos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Christine J Charvet
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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4
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Brash DE, Goncalves LCP. Chemiexcitation: Mammalian Photochemistry in the Dark †. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:251-276. [PMID: 36681894 PMCID: PMC10065968 DOI: 10.1111/php.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Light is one way to excite an electron in biology. Another is chemiexcitation, birthing a reaction product in an electronically excited state rather than exciting from the ground state. Chemiexcited molecules, as in bioluminescence, can release more energy than ATP. Excited states also allow bond rearrangements forbidden in ground states. Molecules with low-lying unoccupied orbitals, abundant in biology, are particularly susceptible. In mammals, chemiexcitation was discovered to transfer energy from excited melanin, neurotransmitters, or hormones to DNA, creating the lethal and carcinogenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer. That process was initiated by nitric oxide and superoxide, radicals triggered by ultraviolet light or inflammation. Several poorly understood chronic diseases share two properties: inflammation generates those radicals across the tissue, and cells that die are those containing melanin or neuromelanin. Chemiexcitation may therefore be a pathogenic event in noise- and drug-induced deafness, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's; it may prevent macular degeneration early in life but turn pathogenic later. Beneficial evolutionary selection for excitable biomolecules may thus have conferred an Achilles heel. This review of recent findings on chemiexcitation in mammalian cells also describes the underlying physics, biochemistry, and potential pathogenesis, with the goal of making this interdisciplinary phenomenon accessible to researchers within each field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA
| | - Leticia C. P. Goncalves
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
- Institut de Chimie de Nice CNRS UMR7272, Université Côte d’Azur, 28 Avenue Valrose 06108 Nice, France
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5
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Rigby Dames BA, Kilili H, Charvet CJ, Díaz-Barba K, Proulx MJ, de Sousa AA, Urrutia AO. Evolutionary and genomic perspectives of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 275:165-215. [PMID: 36841568 PMCID: PMC11191546 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter utilizes genomic concepts and evolutionary perspectives to further understand the possible links between typical brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the two most prevalent of these: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Aging is the major risk factor for these neurodegenerative diseases. Researching the evolutionary and molecular underpinnings of aging helps to reveal elements of the typical aging process that leave individuals more vulnerable to neurodegenerative pathologies. Very little is known about the prevalence and susceptibility of neurodegenerative diseases in nonhuman species, as only a few individuals have been observed with these neuropathologies. However, several studies have investigated the evolution of lifespan, which is closely connected with brain size in mammals, and insights can be drawn from these to enrich our understanding of neurodegeneration. This chapter explores the relationship between the typical aging process and the events in neurodegeneration. First, we examined how age-related processes can increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Second, we assessed to what extent neurodegeneration is an accelerated form of aging. We found that while at the phenotypic level both neurodegenerative diseases and the typical aging process share some characteristics, at the molecular level they show some distinctions in their profiles, such as variation in genes and gene expression. Furthermore, neurodegeneration of the brain is associated with an earlier onset of cellular, molecular, and structural age-related changes. In conclusion, a more integrative view of the aging process, both from a molecular and an evolutionary perspective, may increase our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brier A Rigby Dames
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Huseyin Kilili
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Christine J Charvet
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Karina Díaz-Barba
- Licenciatura en Ciencias Genómicas, UNAM, CP62210, Cuernavaca, México; Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, CP04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Michael J Proulx
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Araxi O Urrutia
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Licenciatura en Ciencias Genómicas, UNAM, CP62210, Cuernavaca, México; Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, CP04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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6
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Gupta A, Vardalakis N, Wagner FB. Neuroprosthetics: from sensorimotor to cognitive disorders. Commun Biol 2023; 6:14. [PMID: 36609559 PMCID: PMC9823108 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprosthetics is a multidisciplinary field at the interface between neurosciences and biomedical engineering, which aims at replacing or modulating parts of the nervous system that get disrupted in neurological disorders or after injury. Although neuroprostheses have steadily evolved over the past 60 years in the field of sensory and motor disorders, their application to higher-order cognitive functions is still at a relatively preliminary stage. Nevertheless, a recent series of proof-of-concept studies suggest that electrical neuromodulation strategies might also be useful in alleviating some cognitive and memory deficits, in particular in the context of dementia. Here, we review the evolution of neuroprosthetics from sensorimotor to cognitive disorders, highlighting important common principles such as the need for neuroprosthetic systems that enable multisite bidirectional interactions with the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta
- grid.462010.1Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Fabien B. Wagner
- grid.462010.1Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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7
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Chiou KL, DeCasien AR, Rees KP, Testard C, Spurrell CH, Gogate AA, Pliner HA, Tremblay S, Mercer A, Whalen CJ, Negrón-Del Valle JE, Janiak MC, Bauman Surratt SE, González O, Compo NR, Stock MK, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Martínez MI, Wilson MA, Melin AD, Antón SC, Walker CS, Sallet J, Newbern JM, Starita LM, Shendure J, Higham JP, Brent LJN, Montague MJ, Platt ML, Snyder-Mackler N. Multiregion transcriptomic profiling of the primate brain reveals signatures of aging and the social environment. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1714-1723. [PMID: 36424430 PMCID: PMC10055353 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a host of social and biological changes that correlate with behavior, cognitive health and susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease. To understand trajectories of brain aging in a primate, we generated a multiregion bulk (N = 527 samples) and single-nucleus (N = 24 samples) brain transcriptional dataset encompassing 15 brain regions and both sexes in a unique population of free-ranging, behaviorally phenotyped rhesus macaques. We demonstrate that age-related changes in the level and variance of gene expression occur in genes associated with neural functions and neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Further, we show that higher social status in females is associated with younger relative transcriptional ages, providing a link between the social environment and aging in the brain. Our findings lend insight into biological mechanisms underlying brain aging in a nonhuman primate model of human behavior, cognition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Chiou
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Alex R DeCasien
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Katherina P Rees
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Camille Testard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Aishwarya A Gogate
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah A Pliner
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sébastien Tremblay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arianne Mercer
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Connor J Whalen
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mareike C Janiak
- School of Science, Engineering, & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | | | - Olga González
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicole R Compo
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Michala K Stock
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Melween I Martínez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Melissa A Wilson
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan C Antón
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher S Walker
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jason M Newbern
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lea M Starita
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren J N Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Studies in Demography & Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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8
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Patoori S, Barnada SM, Large C, Murray JI, Trizzino M. Young transposable elements rewired gene regulatory networks in human and chimpanzee hippocampal intermediate progenitors. Development 2022; 149:dev200413. [PMID: 36052683 PMCID: PMC9641669 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is associated with essential brain functions, such as learning and memory. Human hippocampal volume is significantly greater than expected compared with that of non-human apes, suggesting a recent expansion. Intermediate progenitors, which are able to undergo multiple rounds of proliferative division before a final neurogenic division, may have played a role in evolutionary hippocampal expansion. To investigate the evolution of gene regulatory networks underpinning hippocampal neurogenesis in apes, we leveraged the differentiation of human and chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cells into TBR2 (or EOMES)-positive hippocampal intermediate progenitor cells (hpIPCs). We found that the gene networks active in hpIPCs are significantly different between humans and chimpanzees, with ∼2500 genes being differentially expressed. We demonstrate that species-specific transposon-derived enhancers contribute to these transcriptomic differences. Young transposons, predominantly endogenous retroviruses and SINE-Vntr-Alus (SVAs), were co-opted as enhancers in a species-specific manner. Human-specific SVAs provided substrates for thousands of novel TBR2-binding sites, and CRISPR-mediated repression of these SVAs attenuated the expression of ∼25% of the genes that are upregulated in human intermediate progenitors relative to the same cell population in the chimpanzee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Patoori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Samantha M. Barnada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher Large
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John I. Murray
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marco Trizzino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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9
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Franjic D, Skarica M, Ma S, Arellano JI, Tebbenkamp ATN, Choi J, Xu C, Li Q, Morozov YM, Andrijevic D, Vrselja Z, Spajic A, Santpere G, Li M, Zhang S, Liu Y, Spurrier J, Zhang L, Gudelj I, Rapan L, Takahashi H, Huttner A, Fan R, Strittmatter SM, Sousa AMM, Rakic P, Sestan N. Transcriptomic taxonomy and neurogenic trajectories of adult human, macaque, and pig hippocampal and entorhinal cells. Neuron 2022; 110:452-469.e14. [PMID: 34798047 PMCID: PMC8813897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal-entorhinal system supports cognitive functions, has lifelong neurogenic capabilities in many species, and is selectively vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease. To investigate neurogenic potential and cellular diversity, we profiled single-nucleus transcriptomes in five hippocampal-entorhinal subregions in humans, macaques, and pigs. Integrated cross-species analysis revealed robust transcriptomic and histologic signatures of neurogenesis in the adult mouse, pig, and macaque but not humans. Doublecortin (DCX), a widely accepted marker of newly generated granule cells, was detected in diverse human neurons, but it did not define immature neuron populations. To explore species differences in cellular diversity and implications for disease, we characterized subregion-specific, transcriptomically defined cell types and transitional changes from the three-layered archicortex to the six-layered neocortex. Notably, METTL7B defined subregion-specific excitatory neurons and astrocytes in primates, associated with endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplet proteins, including Alzheimer's disease-related proteins. This resource reveals cell-type- and species-specific properties shaping hippocampal-entorhinal neurogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Franjic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mario Skarica
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jon I Arellano
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Jinmyung Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David Andrijevic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zvonimir Vrselja
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ana Spajic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gabriel Santpere
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Neurogenomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shupei Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, and Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joshua Spurrier
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lucija Rapan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Anita Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Brady Memorial Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, and Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Andre M M Sousa
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Waisman Center and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Comparative Medicine, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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10
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Banerjee R, Rai A, Iyer SM, Narwal S, Tare M. Animal models in the study of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: A historical perspective. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:27-37. [PMID: 35229999 PMCID: PMC8879627 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are two of the most prevalent and disabling neurodegenerative diseases globally. Both are proteinopathic conditions and while occasionally inherited, are largely sporadic in nature. Although the advances in our understanding of the two have been significant, they are far from complete and neither diagnosis nor the current practices in treatment and rehabilitation is adequately helpful. Animal models have historically found application as testing beds for novel therapeutics and continue to be valuable aids in pharmacological research. This review chronicles the development of those models in the context of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and highlights the shifting paradigms in studying two human-specific conditions in non-human organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Banerjee
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Arushi Rai
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Shreyas M. Iyer
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Sonia Narwal
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Meghana Tare
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
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11
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Chan AWS, Cho IK, Li CX, Zhang X, Patel S, Rusnak R, Raper J, Bachevalier J, Moran SP, Chi T, Cannon KH, Hunter CE, Martin RC, Xiao H, Yang SH, Gumber S, Herndon JG, Rosen RF, Hu WT, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Smith Y, Walker LC. Cerebral Aβ deposition in an Aβ-precursor protein-transgenic rhesus monkey. AGING BRAIN 2022; 2:100044. [PMID: 36589695 PMCID: PMC9802652 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ultimate goal of developing a more representative animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), two female amyloid-β-(Aβ) precursor protein-transgenic (APPtg) rhesus monkeys were generated by lentiviral transduction of the APP gene into rhesus oocytes, followed by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The APP-transgene included the AD-associated Swedish K670N/M671L and Indiana V717F mutations (APPSWE/IND) regulated by the human polyubiquitin-C promoter. Overexpression of APP was confirmed in lymphocytes and brain tissue. Upon sacrifice at 10 years of age, one of the monkeys had developed Aβ plaques and cerebral Aβ-amyloid angiopathy in the occipital, parietal, and caudal temporal neocortices. The induction of Aβ deposition more than a decade prior to its usual emergence in the rhesus monkey supports the feasibility of creating a transgenic nonhuman primate model for mechanistic analyses and preclinical testing of treatments for Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W S Chan
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - In Ki Cho
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Chun-Xia Li
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sudeep Patel
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca Rusnak
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica Raper
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jocelyne Bachevalier
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Psychology, Emory College, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sean P Moran
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Tim Chi
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Katherine H Cannon
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Carissa E Hunter
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ryan C Martin
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James G Herndon
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca F Rosen
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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12
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Pandey N, Omkar Chandra, Mishra S, Kumar V. Improving Chromatin-Interaction Prediction Using Single-Cell Open-Chromatin Profiles and Making Insight Into the Cis-Regulatory Landscape of the Human Brain. Front Genet 2021; 12:738194. [PMID: 34691152 PMCID: PMC8533004 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.738194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell open-chromatin profiles have the potential to reveal the pattern of chromatin-interaction in a cell type. However, currently available cis-regulatory network prediction methods using single-cell open-chromatin profiles focus more on local chromatin interactions despite the fact that long-range interactions among genomic sites play a significant role in gene regulation. Here, we propose a method that predicts both short and long-range interactions among genomic sites using single-cell open chromatin profiles. Our method, termed as single-cell epigenome based chromatin-interaction analysis (scEChIA) exploits signal imputation and refined L1 regularization. For a few single-cell open-chromatin profiles, scEChIA outperformed other tools even in terms of accuracy of prediction. Using scEChIA, we predicted almost 0.7 million interactions among genomic sites across seven cell types in the human brain. Further analysis revealed cell type for connection between genes and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) in the human brain and making insight about target genes of human-accelerated-elements and disease-associated mutations. Our analysis enabled by scEChIA also hints about the possible action of a few transcription factors (TFs), especially through long-range interaction in brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetesh Pandey
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Omkar Chandra
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreya Mishra
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vibhor Kumar
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
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13
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Vignon A, Salvador-Prince L, Lehmann S, Perrier V, Torrent J. Deconstructing Alzheimer's Disease: How to Bridge the Gap between Experimental Models and the Human Pathology? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8769. [PMID: 34445475 PMCID: PMC8395727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than a century ago, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not only still present in our societies but has also become the most common dementia, with 50 million people worldwide affected by the disease. This number is expected to double in the next generation, and no cure is currently available to slow down or stop the disease progression. Recently, some advances were made due to the approval of the aducanumab treatment by the American Food and Drug Administration. The etiology of this human-specific disease remains poorly understood, and the mechanisms of its development have not been completely clarified. Several hypotheses concerning the molecular mechanisms of AD have been proposed, but the existing studies focus primarily on the two main markers of the disease: the amyloid β peptides, whose aggregation in the brain generates amyloid plaques, and the abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins, which are responsible for neurofibrillary tangles. These protein aggregates induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, which, in turn, lead to cognitive and behavioral deficits. The challenge is, therefore, to create models that best reproduce this pathology. This review aims at gathering the different existing AD models developed in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo. Many models have already been set up, but it is necessary to identify the most relevant ones for our investigations. The purpose of the review is to help researchers to identify the most pertinent disease models, from the most often used to the most recently generated and from simple to complex, explaining their specificities and giving concrete examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Vignon
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
| | - Lucie Salvador-Prince
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Perrier
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Joan Torrent
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
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14
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Darricau M, Canron MH, Bosc M, Arotçarena ML, Quang ML, Dehay B, Bezard E, Planche V. Lack of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) neuropathological changes in aged macaques with memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 107:53-56. [PMID: 34384992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological changes of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) are frequent in the aged population and are now recognized as a cause of memory impairment. However, it remains unknown if this proteinopathy is also present in other primate species. We thus investigated the presence and distribution of TDP-43 pathology in the hippocampus and amygdala of 7 aged memory-impaired rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, 18-32 years old) from 2 different cohorts. While present in an FTLD-TDP case used as a positive control for immunostaining, we found no TDP-43 or phosphorylated TDP-43 immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion in the amygdala or the hippocampus of these aged animals (as well as in young and mature macaques used as negative controls). We concluded that LATE is probably a human-specific condition, such as many other proteinopathies, and does not participate in age-related memory impairment in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mégane Le Quang
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Planche
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Bordeaux, France.
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15
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Guevara EE, Hopkins WD, Hof PR, Ely JJ, Bradley BJ, Sherwood CC. Comparative analysis reveals distinctive epigenetic features of the human cerebellum. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009506. [PMID: 33956822 PMCID: PMC8101944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the molecular underpinnings of the neural specializations that underlie human cognitive and behavioral traits has long been of considerable interest. Much research on human-specific changes in gene expression and epigenetic marks has focused on the prefrontal cortex, a brain structure distinguished by its role in executive functions. The cerebellum shows expansion in great apes and is gaining increasing attention for its role in motor skills and cognitive processing, including language. However, relatively few molecular studies of the cerebellum in a comparative evolutionary context have been conducted. Here, we identify human-specific methylation in the lateral cerebellum relative to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in a comparative study with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Specifically, we profiled genome-wide methylation levels in the three species for each of the two brain structures and identified human-specific differentially methylated genomic regions unique to each structure. We further identified which differentially methylated regions (DMRs) overlap likely regulatory elements and determined whether associated genes show corresponding species differences in gene expression. We found greater human-specific methylation in the cerebellum than the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with differentially methylated regions overlapping genes involved in several conditions or processes relevant to human neurobiology, including synaptic plasticity, lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and neurodevelopment, including developmental disorders. Moreover, our results show some overlap with those of previous studies focused on the neocortex, indicating that such results may be common to multiple brain structures. These findings further our understanding of the cerebellum in human brain evolution. Humans are distinguished from other species by several aspects of cognition. While much comparative evolutionary neuroscience has focused on the neocortex, increasing recognition of the cerebellum’s role in cognition and motor processing has inspired considerable new research. Comparative molecular studies, however, generally continue to focus on the neocortex. We sought to characterize potential genetic regulatory traits distinguishing the human cerebellum by undertaking genome-wide epigenetic profiling of the lateral cerebellum, and compared this to the prefrontal cortex of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaque monkeys. We found that humans showed greater differential CpG methylation–an epigenetic modification of DNA that can reflect past or present gene expression–in the cerebellum than the prefrontal cortex, highlighting the importance of this structure in human brain evolution. Humans also specifically show methylation differences at genes involved in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, and lipid metabolism. These differences are relevant for understanding processes specific to humans, such as extensive plasticity, as well as pronounced and prevalent neurodegenerative conditions associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine E. Guevara
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John J. Ely
- MAEBIOS, Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Brenda J. Bradley
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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16
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Haghani A, Thorwald M, Morgan TE, Finch CE. The APOE gene cluster responds to air pollution factors in mice with coordinated expression of genes that differs by age in humans. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:175-190. [PMID: 33215813 PMCID: PMC7914175 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Little is known of gene-environment interactions for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and neighbors on chromosome 19q13.3 have variants associated with risks of AD, but with unknown mechanism. This study describes novel links among the APOE network, air pollution, and age-related diseases. Mice exposed to air pollution nano-sized particulate matter (nPM) had coordinate responses of Apoe-Apoc1-Tomm40 in the cerebral cortex. In humans, the AD vulnerable hippocampus and amygdala had stronger age decline in APOE cluster expression than the AD-resistant cerebellum and hypothalamus. Using consensus weighted gene co-expression network, we showed that APOE has a conserved co-expressed network in rodent and primate brains. SOX1, which has AD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, was among the co-expressed genes in the human hippocampus. Humans and mice shared 87% of potential binding sites for transcription factors in APOE cluster promoter, suggesting similar inducibility and a novel link among environment, APOE cluster, and risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Haghani
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Max Thorwald
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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17
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Alzheimer-related genes show accelerated evolution. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5790-5796. [PMID: 32203153 PMCID: PMC8758480 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown cause with complex genetic and environmental traits. While AD is extremely prevalent in human elderly, it hardly occurs in non-primate mammals and even non-human-primates develop only an incomplete form of the disease. This specificity of AD to human clearly implies a phylogenetic aspect. Still, the evolutionary dimension of AD pathomechanism remains difficult to prove and has not been established so far. To analyze the evolutionary age and dynamics of AD-associated-genes, we established the AD-associated genome-wide RNA-profile comprising both protein-coding and non-protein-coding transcripts. We than applied a systematic analysis on the conservation of splice-sites as a measure of gene-structure based on multiple alignments across vertebrates of homologs of AD-associated-genes. Here, we show that nearly all AD-associated-genes are evolutionarily old and did not originate later in evolution than not-AD-associated-genes. However, the gene-structures of loci, that exhibit AD-associated changes in their expression, evolve faster than the genome at large. While protein-coding-loci exhibit an enhanced rate of small changes in gene structure, non-coding loci show even much larger changes. The accelerated evolution of AD-associated-genes indicates a more rapid functional adaptation of these genes. In particular AD-associated non-coding-genes play an important, as yet largely unexplored, role in AD. This phylogenetic trait indicates that recent adaptive evolution of human brain is causally involved in basic principles of neurodegeneration. It highlights the necessity for a paradigmatic change of our disease-concepts and to reconsider the appropriateness of current animal-models to develop disease-modifying strategies that can be translated to human.
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18
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Rogers Flattery CN, Rosen RF, Farberg AS, Dooyema JM, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Walker LC, Preuss TM. Quantification of neurons in the hippocampal formation of chimpanzees: comparison to rhesus monkeys and humans. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2521-2531. [PMID: 32909100 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is important for higher brain functions such as spatial navigation and the consolidation of memory, and it contributes to abilities thought to be uniquely human, yet little is known about how the human hippocampal formation compares to that of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. To gain insight into the comparative organization of the hippocampal formation in catarrhine primates, we quantified neurons stereologically in its major subdivisions-the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, CA4, CA2-3, CA1, and the subiculum-in archival brain tissue from six chimpanzees ranging from 29 to 43 years of age. We also sought evidence of Aβ deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and adjacent neocortex. A 42-year-old animal had moderate cerebral Aβ-amyloid angiopathy and tauopathy, but Aβ was absent and tauopathy was minimal in the others. Quantitatively, granule cells of the dentate gyrus were most numerous, followed by CA1, subiculum, CA4, and CA2-3. In the context of prior investigations of rhesus monkeys and humans, our findings indicate that, in the hippocampal formation as a whole, the proportions of neurons in CA1 and the subiculum progressively increase, and the proportion of dentate granule cells decreases, from rhesus monkeys to chimpanzees to humans. Because CA1 and the subiculum engender key hippocampal projection pathways to the neocortex, and because the neocortex varies in volume and anatomical organization among these species, these findings suggest that differences in the proportions of neurons in hippocampal subregions of catarrhine primates may be linked to neocortical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca F Rosen
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aaron S Farberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jeromy M Dooyema
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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19
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Castelijns B, Baak ML, Timpanaro IS, Wiggers CRM, Vermunt MW, Shang P, Kondova I, Geeven G, Bianchi V, de Laat W, Geijsen N, Creyghton MP. Hominin-specific regulatory elements selectively emerged in oligodendrocytes and are disrupted in autism patients. Nat Commun 2020; 11:301. [PMID: 31949148 PMCID: PMC6965079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Speciation is associated with substantial rewiring of the regulatory circuitry underlying the expression of genes. Determining which changes are relevant and underlie the emergence of the human brain or its unique susceptibility to neural disease has been challenging. Here we annotate changes to gene regulatory elements (GREs) at cell type resolution in the brains of multiple primate species spanning most of primate evolution. We identify a unique set of regulatory elements that emerged in hominins prior to the separation of humans and chimpanzees. We demonstrate that these hominin gains perferentially affect oligodendrocyte function postnatally and are preferentially affected in the brains of autism patients. This preference is also observed for human-specific GREs suggesting this system is under continued selective pressure. Our data provide a roadmap of regulatory rewiring across primate evolution providing insight into the genomic changes that underlie the emergence of the brain and its susceptibility to neural disease. The understanding of the changes regulating gene expression relevant for the emergence of the human brain and its susceptibility to disease is limited. Here, the authors identified a set of regulatory elements that evolved in hominins affecting oligodendrocyte function, and link these to autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Castelijns
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirna L Baak
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilia S Timpanaro
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline R M Wiggers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 XC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marit W Vermunt
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peng Shang
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Biomedical Primate Research Center, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Geeven
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valerio Bianchi
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Laat
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P Creyghton
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Hashimoto M, Ho G, Takamatsu Y, Shimizu Y, Sugama S, Takenouchi T, Waragai M, Masliah E. Evolvability and Neurodegenerative Disease: Antagonistic Pleiotropy Phenomena Derived from Amyloid Aggregates. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 8:405-408. [PMID: 30010144 PMCID: PMC6130413 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
At present, the precise physiological role of neurodegenerative disease-related amyloidogenic proteins (APs), including α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease and β-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease, remains unclear. Because of similar adaptability of both human brain neurons and yeast cells to diverse environmental stressors, we previously proposed that the concept of evolvability in yeast prion could also be applied to APs in human brain. However, the mechanistic relevance of evolvability to neurodegenerative disorders is elusive. Therefore, our objective is to discuss our hypothesis that evolvability and neurodegenerative disease may represent a form of antagonistic pleiotropy derived from the aggregates of APs. Importantly, such a perspective may provide an outlook of the entire course of sporadic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hashimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gilbert Ho
- PCND Neuroscience Research Institute, Poway, CA, USA
| | - Yoshiki Takamatsu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Shimizu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaaki Waragai
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Kyriazis M. Ageing Throughout History: The Evolution of Human Lifespan. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:57-65. [PMID: 31197416 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is not surprising that one of the most complex phenomena in nature is that of ageing. It does not only bear biological interest, but it is also associated with cultural, psychological, social and even philosophical issues. It is therefore to be expected that a great deal of research is being performed in order to study the evolution of ageing and, more specifically, the evolution of human ageing. Historical aspects of this evolution will be discussed. Evidence from a variety of sources shows that the human lifespan is increasing, and may well continue to increase to levels that are difficult to predict. In addition, the most important theories about ageing based on evolutionary principles will be examined. Examples are mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy and the disposable soma theory. Finally, a section about future evolution of human ageing, based upon newly emerging research, will shed some light and provide speculative-provocative ideas about the future of ageing in humans.
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22
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Hara Y, Crimins JL, Puri R, Wang ACJ, Motley SE, Yuk F, Ramos TM, Janssen WGM, Rapp PR, Morrison JH. Estrogen Alters the Synaptic Distribution of Phospho-GluN2B in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex While Promoting Working Memory in Aged Rhesus Monkeys. Neuroscience 2019; 394:303-315. [PMID: 30482274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Age- and menopause-related deficits in working memory can be partially restored with estradiol replacement in women and female nonhuman primates. Working memory is a cognitive function reliant on persistent firing of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) neurons that requires the activation of GluN2B-containing glutamate NMDA receptors. We tested the hypothesis that the distribution of phospho-Tyr1472-GluN2B (pGluN2B), a predominant form of GluN2B seen at the synapse, is sensitive to aging or estradiol treatment and coupled to working memory performance. First, ovariectomized young and aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received long-term cyclic vehicle (V) or estradiol (E) treatment and were tested on the delayed response (DR) test of working memory. Then, serial section electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was performed to quantitatively assess the subcellular distribution of pGluN2B. While the densities of pGluN2B immunogold particles in dlPFC dendritic spines were not different across age or treatment groups, the percentage of gold particles located within the synaptic compartment was significantly lower in aged-E monkeys compared to young-E and aged-V monkeys. On the other hand, the percentage of pGluN2B gold particles in the spine cytoplasm was decreased with E treatment in young, but increased with E in aged monkeys. In aged monkeys, DR average accuracy inversely correlated with the percentage of synaptic pGluN2B, while it positively correlated with the percentage of cytoplasmic pGluN2B. Together, E replacement may promote cognitive health in aged monkeys, in part, by decreasing the relative representation of synaptic pGluN2B and potentially protecting the dlPFC from calcium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hara
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Johanna L Crimins
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Rishi Puri
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Athena C J Wang
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Sarah E Motley
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Frank Yuk
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Tiffany M Ramos
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - William G M Janssen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Peter R Rapp
- National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - John H Morrison
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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23
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Crimins JL, Puri R, Calakos KC, Yuk F, Janssen WGM, Hara Y, Rapp PR, Morrison JH. Synaptic distributions of pS214-tau in rhesus monkey prefrontal cortex are associated with spine density, but not with cognitive decline. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:856-873. [PMID: 30408169 PMCID: PMC6333519 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Female rhesus monkeys and women are subject to age- and menopause-related deficits in working memory, an executive function mediated by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Long-term cyclic administration of 17β-estradiol improves working memory, and restores highly plastic axospinous synapses within layer III dlPFC of aged ovariectomized monkeys. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that synaptic distributions of tau protein phosphorylated at serine 214 (pS214-tau) are altered with age or estradiol treatment, and couple to working memory performance. First, ovariectormized young and aged monkeys received vehicle or estradiol treatment, and were tested on the delayed response (DR) test of working memory. Serial section electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was then performed to quantitatively assess the subcellular synaptic distributions of pS214-tau. Overall, the majority of synapses contained pS214-tau immunogold particles, which were predominantly localized to the cytoplasm of axon terminals. pS214-tau was also abundant within synaptic and cytoplasmic domains of dendritic spines. The density of pS214-tau immunogold within the active zone, cytoplasmic, and plasmalemmal domains of axon terminals, and subjacent to the postsynaptic density within the subsynaptic domains of dendritic spines, were each reduced with age. None of the variables examined were directly linked to cognitive status, but a high density of pS214-tau immunogold particles within presynaptic cytoplasmic and plasmalemmal domains, and within postsynaptic subsynaptic and plasmalemmal domains, accompanied high synapse density. Together, these data support a possible physiological, rather than pathological, role for pS214-tau in the modulation of synaptic morphology in monkey dlPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L. Crimins
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Rishi Puri
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Katina C. Calakos
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Frank Yuk
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - William G. M. Janssen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Yuko Hara
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Peter R. Rapp
- National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - John H. Morrison
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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24
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Burke SN, Foster TC. Animal models of cognitive aging and circuit-specific vulnerability. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 167:19-36. [PMID: 31753133 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804766-8.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortical structures are particularly vulnerable to dysfunction in advanced age and neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on cognitive aging studies in animals to illustrate the important aspects of the animal model paradigm for investigation of age-related memory and executive function loss. Particular attention is paid to the discussion of the face, construct, and predictive validity of animal models for determining the possible mechanisms of regional vulnerability in aging and for identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Aging is associated with a host of regionally specific neurobiologic alterations. Thus, targeted interventions that restore normal activity in one brain region may exacerbate aberrant activity in another, hindering the restoration of function at the behavioral level. As such, interventions that target the optimization of "cognitive networks" rather than discrete brain regions may be more effective for improving functional outcomes in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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25
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Martin LJ, Chang Q. DNA Damage Response and Repair, DNA Methylation, and Cell Death in Human Neurons and Experimental Animal Neurons Are Different. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77:636-655. [PMID: 29788379 PMCID: PMC6005106 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders affecting individuals in infancy to old age elude interventions for meaningful protection against neurodegeneration, and preclinical work has not translated to humans. We studied human neuron responses to injury and death stimuli compared to those of animal neurons in culture under similar settings of insult (excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage). Human neurons were differentiated from a cortical neuron cell line and the embryonic stem cell-derived H9 line. Mouse neurons were differentiated from forebrain neural stem cells and embryonic cerebral cortex; pig neurons were derived from forebrain neural stem cells. Mitochondrial morphology was different in human and mouse neurons. Human and mouse neurons challenged with DNA-damaging agent camptothecin showed different chromatin condensation, cell death, and DNA damage sensor activation. DNA damage accumulation and repair kinetics differed among human, mouse, and pig neurons. Promoter CpG island methylation microarrays showed significant differential DNA methylation in human and mouse neurons after injury. Therefore, DNA damage response, DNA repair, DNA methylation, and autonomous cell death mechanisms in human neurons and experimental animal neurons are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology
- Pathobiology Graduate Training Program
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology
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26
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Paspalas CD, Carlyle BC, Leslie S, Preuss TM, Crimins JL, Huttner AJ, van Dyck CH, Rosene DL, Nairn AC, Arnsten AFT. The aged rhesus macaque manifests Braak stage III/IV Alzheimer's-like pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:680-691. [PMID: 29241829 PMCID: PMC6178089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An animal model of late-onset Alzheimer's disease is needed to research what causes degeneration in the absence of dominant genetic insults and why the association cortex is particularly vulnerable to degeneration. METHODS We studied the progression of tau and amyloid cortical pathology in the aging rhesus macaque using immunoelectron microscopy and biochemical assays. RESULTS Aging macaques exhibited the same qualitative pattern and sequence of tau and amyloid cortical pathology as humans, reaching Braak stage III/IV. Pathology began in the young-adult entorhinal cortex with protein kinase A-phosphorylation of tau, progressing to fibrillation with paired helical filaments and mature tangles in oldest animals. Tau pathology in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex paralleled but lagged behind the entorhinal cortex, not afflicting the primary visual cortex. DISCUSSION The aging rhesus macaque provides the long-sought animal model for exploring the etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease and for testing preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Becky C Carlyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shannon Leslie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Johanna L Crimins
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anita J Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher H van Dyck
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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27
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Zhou FQ, Jiang J, Griffith CM, Patrylo PR, Cai H, Chu Y, Yan XX. Lack of human-like extracellular sortilin neuropathology in transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mice and macaques. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:40. [PMID: 29690919 PMCID: PMC5978992 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder bearing multiple pathological hallmarks suggestive of complex cellular/molecular interplay during pathogenesis. Transgenic mice and nonhuman primates are used as disease models for mechanistic and translational research into AD; the extent to which these animal models recapitulate AD-type neuropathology is an issue of importance. Putative C-terminal fragments from sortilin, a member of the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) family, have recently been shown to deposit in the neuritic β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the human brain. METHODS We set out to explore if extracellular sortilin neuropathology exists in AD-related transgenic mice and nonhuman primates. Brains from different transgenic strains and ages developed overt cerebral Aβ deposition, including the β-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 double-transgenic (APP/PS1) mice at ~ 14 months of age, the five familial Alzheimer's disease mutations transgenic (5×FAD) mice at ~ 8 months, the triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3×Tg-AD) mice at ~ 22 months, and aged monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) were examined. Brain samples from young transgenic mice, middle-aged/aged monkeys, and AD humans were used as negative and positive pathological controls. RESULTS The C-terminal sortilin antibody, which labeled senile plaques in the AD human cerebral sections, did not display extracellular immunolabeling in the transgenic mouse or aged monkey brain sections with Aβ deposition. In Western blot analysis, sortilin fragments ~ 15 kDa were not detectable in transgenic mouse cortical lysates, but they occurred in control AD lysates. CONCLUSIONS In reference to their human brain counterparts, neuritic plaques seen in transgenic AD model mouse brains represent an incomplete form of this AD pathological hallmark. The species difference in neuritic plaque constituents also indicates more complex secondary proteopathies in the human brain relative to rodents and nonhuman primates during aging and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Chelsea M. Griffith
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA
| | - Peter R. Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan China
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28
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Dahlhaus R. Of Men and Mice: Modeling the Fragile X Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29599705 PMCID: PMC5862809 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common forms of inherited intellectual disability in all human societies. Caused by the transcriptional silencing of a single gene, the fragile x mental retardation gene FMR1, FXS is characterized by a variety of symptoms, which range from mental disabilities to autism and epilepsy. More than 20 years ago, a first animal model was described, the Fmr1 knock-out mouse. Several other models have been developed since then, including conditional knock-out mice, knock-out rats, a zebrafish and a drosophila model. Using these model systems, various targets for potential pharmaceutical treatments have been identified and many treatments have been shown to be efficient in preclinical studies. However, all attempts to turn these findings into a therapy for patients have failed thus far. In this review, I will discuss underlying difficulties and address potential alternatives for our future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Dahlhaus
- Institute for Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Centre, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Edler MK, Sherwood CC, Meindl RS, Hopkins WD, Ely JJ, Erwin JM, Mufson EJ, Hof PR, Raghanti MA. Aged chimpanzees exhibit pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:107-120. [PMID: 28888720 PMCID: PMC6343147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a uniquely human brain disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) into extracellular plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) made from intracellular, abnormally phosphorylated tau, and selective neuronal loss. We analyzed a large group of aged chimpanzees (n = 20, age 37-62 years) for evidence of Aβ and tau lesions in brain regions affected by AD in humans. Aβ was observed in plaques and blood vessels, and tau lesions were found in the form of pretangles, NFT, and tau-immunoreactive neuritic clusters. Aβ deposition was higher in vessels than in plaques and correlated with increases in tau lesions, suggesting that amyloid build-up in the brain's microvasculature precedes plaque formation in chimpanzees. Age was correlated to greater volumes of Aβ plaques and vessels. Tangle pathology was observed in individuals that exhibited plaques and moderate or severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a condition in which amyloid accumulates in the brain's vasculature. Amyloid and tau pathology in aged chimpanzees suggests these AD lesions are not specific to the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Edler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard S Meindl
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Joseph M Erwin
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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30
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Siddiqui SS, Springer SA, Verhagen A, Sundaramurthy V, Alisson-Silva F, Jiang W, Ghosh P, Varki A. The Alzheimer's disease-protective CD33 splice variant mediates adaptive loss of function via diversion to an intracellular pool. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15312-15320. [PMID: 28747436 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory receptor Siglec-3/CD33 influences risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), an apparently human-specific post-reproductive disease. CD33 generates two splice variants: a full-length CD33M transcript produced primarily by the "LOAD-risk" allele and a shorter CD33m isoform lacking the sialic acid-binding domain produced primarily from the "LOAD-protective" allele. An SNP that modulates CD33 splicing to favor CD33m is associated with enhanced microglial activity. Individuals expressing more protective isoform accumulate less brain β-amyloid and have a lower LOAD risk. How the CD33m isoform increases β-amyloid clearance remains unknown. We report that the protection by the CD33m isoform may not be conferred by what it does but, rather, from what it cannot do. Analysis of blood neutrophils and monocytes and a microglial cell line revealed that unlike CD33M, the CD33m isoform does not localize to cell surfaces; instead, it accumulates in peroxisomes. Cell stimulation and activation did not mobilize CD33m to the surface. Thus, the CD33m isoform may neither interact directly with amyloid plaques nor engage in cell-surface signaling. Rather, production and localization of CD33m in peroxisomes is a way of diminishing the amount of CD33M and enhancing β-amyloid clearance. We confirmed intracellular localization by generating a CD33m-specific monoclonal antibody. Of note, CD33 is the only Siglec with a peroxisome-targeting sequence, and this motif emerged by convergent evolution in toothed whales, the only other mammals with a prolonged post-reproductive lifespan. The CD33 allele that protects post-reproductive individuals from LOAD may have evolved by adaptive loss-of-function, an example of the less-is-more hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoib S Siddiqui
- From the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) and Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC) and.,Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
| | - Stevan A Springer
- From the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) and Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC) and.,Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
| | - Andrea Verhagen
- From the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) and Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC) and.,Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
| | - Venkatasubramaniam Sundaramurthy
- From the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) and Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC) and
| | - Frederico Alisson-Silva
- From the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) and Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC) and.,Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
| | | | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
| | - Ajit Varki
- From the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) and Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC) and .,Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
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31
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Walker LC, Jucker M. The Exceptional Vulnerability of Humans to Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:534-545. [PMID: 28483344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like many humans, non-human primates deposit copious misfolded Aβ protein in the brain as they age. Nevertheless, the complete behavioral and pathologic phenotype of Alzheimer's disease, including Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary (tau) tangles, and dementia, has not yet been identified in a non-human species. Recent research suggests that the crucial link between Aβ aggregation and tauopathy is somehow disengaged in aged monkeys. Understanding why Alzheimer's disease fails to develop in species that are biologically proximal to humans could disclose new therapeutic targets in the chain of events leading to neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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32
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Larsen PA, Lutz MW, Hunnicutt KE, Mihovilovic M, Saunders AM, Yoder AD, Roses AD. The Alu neurodegeneration hypothesis: A primate-specific mechanism for neuronal transcription noise, mitochondrial dysfunction, and manifestation of neurodegenerative disease. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:828-838. [PMID: 28242298 PMCID: PMC6647845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that retrotransposons have played a fundamental role in primate evolution and that enhanced neurologic retrotransposon activity in humans may underlie the origin of higher cognitive function. As a potential consequence of this enhanced activity, it is likely that neurons are susceptible to deleterious retrotransposon pathways that can disrupt mitochondrial function. An example is observed in the TOMM40 gene, encoding a β-barrel protein critical for mitochondrial preprotein transport. Primate-specific Alu retrotransposons have repeatedly inserted into TOMM40 introns, and at least one variant associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease originated from an Alu insertion event. We provide evidence of enriched Alu content in mitochondrial genes and postulate that Alus can disrupt mitochondrial populations in neurons, thereby setting the stage for progressive neurologic dysfunction. This Alu neurodegeneration hypothesis is compatible with decades of research and offers a plausible mechanism for the disruption of neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis, ultimately cascading into neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Larsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Mirta Mihovilovic
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann M Saunders
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anne D Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allen D Roses
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, NC, USA
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33
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Mamelak M. Energy and the Alzheimer brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:297-313. [PMID: 28193453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The high energy demands of the poorly myelinated long axon hippocampal and cortical neurons render these neurons selectively vulnerable to degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. However, pathology engages all of the major elements of the neurovascular unit of the mature Alzheimer brain, the neurons, glia and blood vessels. Neurons present with retrograde degeneration of the axodendritic tree, capillaries with string vessels and markedly reduced densities and glia with signs of inflammatory activation. The neurons, capillaries and astrocytes of the mature Alzheimer brain harbor structurally defective mitochondria. Clinically, reduced glucose utilization, decades before cognitive deterioration, betrays ongoing energy insufficiency. β-hydroxybutyrate and γ-hydroxybutyrate can both provide energy to the brain when glucose utilization is blocked. Early work in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease demonstrate their ability to reverse the pathological changes in the Alzheimer brain and initial clinical trials reveal their ability to improve cognition and every day function. Supplying the brain with energy holds great promise for delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease and slowing its progress.
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34
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Nesse RM, Finch CE, Nunn CL. Does selection for short sleep duration explain human vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease? Evol Med Public Health 2017; 2017:39-46. [PMID: 28096295 PMCID: PMC5381352 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eow035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with other primates, humans sleep less and have a much higher prevalence of Alzheimer 's disease (AD) pathology. This article reviews evidence relevant to the hypothesis that natural selection for shorter sleep time in humans has compromised the efficacy of physiological mechanisms that protect against AD during sleep. In particular, the glymphatic system drains interstitial fluid from the brain, removing extra-cellular amyloid beta (eAβ) twice as fast during sleep. In addition, melatonin - a peptide hormone that increases markedly during sleep - is an effective antioxidant that inhibits the polymerization of soluble eAβ into insoluble amyloid fibrils that are associated with AD. Sleep deprivation increases plaque formation and AD, which itself disrupts sleep, potentially creating a positive feedback cycle. These and other physiological benefits of sleep may be compromised by short sleep durations. Our hypothesis highlights possible long-term side effects of medications that reduce sleep, and may lead to potential new strategies for preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
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35
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Finch CE, Shams S. Apolipoprotein E and Sex Bias in Cerebrovascular Aging of Men and Mice. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:625-637. [PMID: 27546867 PMCID: PMC5040339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) research has mainly focused on neurodegenerative processes associated with the classic neuropathologic markers of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Additionally, cerebrovascular contributions to dementia are increasingly recognized, particularly from cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Remarkably, in AD brains, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ɛ4 allele shows male excess for cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), a marker of SVD, which is opposite to the female excess of plaques and tangles. Mouse transgenic models add further complexities to sex-ApoE ɛ4 allele interactions, with female excess of both CMBs and brain amyloid. We conclude that brain aging and AD pathogenesis cannot be understood in humans without addressing major gaps in the extent of sex differences in cerebrovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sara Shams
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Khatoon S, Chalbot S, Bolognin S, Puoliväli J, Iqbal K. Elevated Tau Level in Aged Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid Reduced by Treatment with a Neurotrophic Compound. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:557-64. [PMID: 26401692 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the single major cause of dementia in middle- to old-age individuals, and, as of yet, no disease-modifying therapeutic drug is available for its treatment. A major obstacle in the successful development of disease-modifying therapeutic drugs has been the lack of suitable animal models of the sporadic form of AD as well as a biomarker that can be used both for therapeutic preclinical studies and for human clinical trials. Previously we showed neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity deficits and cognitive impairment and their rescue with a neurotrophic peptidergic compound, DGGLAG named P021, in aged Fisher rats. Here we show that P021 is blood-brain-barrier-permeable, and chronic oral treatment with this compound can reduce the brain level of total tau in the aged rats. Furthermore, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of both tau and Aβ/AβPP are elevated in the aged animals, and chronic treatment with P021 can reduce tau but not Aβ/AβPP to that of the levels found in young adult rats. Importantly, P021 does not induce any detectable immune reaction in rats. Collectively, these studies show the therapeutic potential of P021 as a disease-modifying compound and the suitability of the aged Fisher rats as a model of cerebral aging in which the therapeutic efficacy of a tau-reducing compound can be monitored in the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Khatoon
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Chalbot
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Bolognin
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | | | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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37
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Rosen RF, Tomidokoro Y, Farberg AS, Dooyema J, Ciliax B, Preuss TM, Neubert TA, Ghiso JA, LeVine H, Walker LC. Comparative pathobiology of β-amyloid and the unique susceptibility of humans to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 44:185-196. [PMID: 27318146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The misfolding and accumulation of the protein fragment β-amyloid (Aβ) is an early and essential event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite close biological similarities among primates, humans appear to be uniquely susceptible to the profound neurodegeneration and dementia that characterize AD, even though nonhuman primates deposit copious Aβ in senile plaques and cerebral amyloid-β angiopathy as they grow old. Because the amino acid sequence of Aβ is identical in all primates studied to date, we asked whether differences in the properties of aggregated Aβ might underlie the vulnerability of humans and the resistance of other primates to AD. In a comparison of aged squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and humans with AD, immunochemical and mass spectrometric analyses indicate that the populations of Aβ fragments are largely similar in the 2 species. In addition, Aβ-rich brain extracts from the brains of aged squirrel monkeys and AD patients similarly seed the deposition of Aβ in a transgenic mouse model. However, the epitope exposure of aggregated Aβ differs in sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable oligomeric Aβ from the 2 species. In addition, the high-affinity binding of (3)H Pittsburgh Compound B to Aβ is significantly diminished in tissue extracts from squirrel monkeys compared with AD patients. These findings support the hypothesis that differences in the pathobiology of aggregated Aβ among primates are linked to post-translational attributes of the misfolded protein, such as molecular conformation and/or the involvement of species-specific cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Rosen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Aaron S Farberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeromy Dooyema
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian Ciliax
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge A Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harry LeVine
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, Center on Aging, Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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38
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Varki NM, Varki A. On the apparent rarity of epithelial cancers in captive chimpanzees. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0225. [PMID: 26056369 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant neoplasms arising from epithelial cells are called carcinomas. Such cancers are diagnosed in about one in three humans in 'developed' countries, with the most common sites affected being lung, breast, prostate, colon, ovary and pancreas. By contrast, carcinomas are said to be rare in captive chimpanzees, which share more than 99% protein sequence homology with humans (and possibly in other related 'great apes'-bonobos, gorillas and orangutans). Simple ascertainment bias is an unlikely explanation, as these nonhuman hominids are recipients of excellent veterinary care in research facilities and zoos, and are typically subjected to necropsies when they die. In keeping with this notion, benign tumours and cancers that are less common in humans are well documented in this population. In this brief overview, we discuss other possible explanations for the reported rarity of carcinomas in our closest evolutionary cousins, including inadequacy of numbers surveyed, differences in life expectancy, diet, genetic susceptibility, immune responses or their microbiomes, and other potential environmental factors. We conclude that while relative carcinoma risk is a likely difference between humans and chimpanzees (and possibly other 'great apes'), a more systematic survey of available data is required for validation of this claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissi M Varki
- Department of Pathology, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Pathology, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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39
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Didier ES, MacLean AG, Mohan M, Didier PJ, Lackner AA, Kuroda MJ. Contributions of Nonhuman Primates to Research on Aging. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:277-90. [PMID: 26869153 PMCID: PMC5027759 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815622974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the biological process of declining physiologic function associated with increasing mortality rate during advancing age. Humans and higher nonhuman primates exhibit unusually longer average life spans as compared with mammals of similar body mass. Furthermore, the population of humans worldwide is growing older as a result of improvements in public health, social services, and health care systems. Comparative studies among a wide range of organisms that include nonhuman primates contribute greatly to our understanding about the basic mechanisms of aging. Based on their genetic and physiologic relatedness to humans, nonhuman primates are especially important for better understanding processes of aging unique to primates, as well as for testing intervention strategies to improve healthy aging and to treat diseases and disabilities in older people. Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the predominant monkeys used in studies on aging, but research with lower nonhuman primate species is increasing. One of the priority topics of research about aging in nonhuman primates involves neurologic changes associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Additional areas of research include osteoporosis, reproductive decline, caloric restriction, and their mimetics, as well as immune senescence and chronic inflammation that affect vaccine efficacy and resistance to infections and cancer. The purpose of this review is to highlight the findings from nonhuman primate research that contribute to our understanding about aging and health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - A G MacLean
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - M Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - P J Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - A A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - M J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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40
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Cacciottolo M, Christensen A, Moser A, Liu J, Pike CJ, Smith C, LaDu MJ, Sullivan PM, Morgan TE, Dolzhenko E, Charidimou A, Wahlund LO, Wiberg MK, Shams S, Chiang GCY, Finch CE. The APOE4 allele shows opposite sex bias in microbleeds and Alzheimer's disease of humans and mice. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 37:47-57. [PMID: 26686669 PMCID: PMC4687024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein APOE4 allele confers greater risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for women than men, in conjunction with greater clinical deficits per unit of AD neuropathology (plaques, tangles). Cerebral microbleeds, which contribute to cognitive dysfunctions during AD, also show APOE4 excess, but sex-APOE allele interactions are not described. We report that elderly men diagnosed for mild cognitive impairment and AD showed a higher risk of cerebral cortex microbleeds with APOE4 allele dose effect in 2 clinical cohorts (ADNI and KIDS). Sex-APOE interactions were further analyzed in EFAD mice carrying human APOE alleles and familial AD genes (5XFAD (+/-) /human APOE(+/+)). At 7 months, E4FAD mice had cerebral cortex microbleeds with female excess, in contrast to humans. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, plaques, and soluble Aβ also showed female excess. Both the cerebral microbleeds and cerebral amyloid angiopathy increased in proportion to individual Aβ load. In humans, the opposite sex bias of APOE4 allele for microbleeds versus the plaques and tangles is the first example of organ-specific, sex-linked APOE allele effects, and further shows AD as a uniquely human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Cacciottolo
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy Christensen
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Moser
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Conor Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham VA Medical Center and GRECC, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Egor Dolzhenko
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars-Olof Wahlund
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kristofferson Wiberg
- Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Shams
- Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Caleb E Finch
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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41
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Lowenstine LJ, McManamon R, Terio KA. Comparative Pathology of Aging Great Apes: Bonobos, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, and Orangutans. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:250-76. [PMID: 26721908 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815612154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) are our closest relatives. Despite the many similarities, there are significant differences in aging among apes, including the human ape. Common to all are dental attrition, periodontitis, tooth loss, osteopenia, and arthritis, although gout is uniquely human and spondyloarthropathy is more prevalent in apes than humans. Humans are more prone to frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, longevity past reproductive senescence, loss of brain volume, and Alzheimer dementia. Cerebral vascular disease occurs in both humans and apes. Cardiovascular disease mortality increases in aging humans and apes, but coronary atherosclerosis is the most significant type in humans. In captive apes, idiopathic myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyopathy predominate, with arteriosclerosis of intramural coronary arteries. Similar cardiac lesions are occasionally seen in wild apes. Vascular changes in heart and kidneys and aortic dissections in gorillas and bonobos suggest that hypertension may be involved in pathogenesis. Chronic kidney disease is common in elderly humans and some aging apes and is linked with cardiovascular disease in orangutans. Neoplasms common to aging humans and apes include uterine leiomyomas in chimpanzees, but other tumors of elderly humans, such as breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers, are uncommon in apes. Among the apes, chimpanzees have been best studied in laboratory settings, and more comparative research is needed into the pathology of geriatric zoo-housed and wild apes. Increasing longevity of humans and apes makes understanding aging processes and diseases imperative for optimizing quality of life in all the ape species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lowenstine
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project-Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R McManamon
- Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - K A Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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42
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Human-specific derived alleles of CD33 and other genes protect against postreproductive cognitive decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:74-9. [PMID: 26621708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517951112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The individuals of most vertebrate species die when they can no longer reproduce. Humans are a rare exception, having evolved a prolonged postreproductive lifespan. Elders contribute to cooperative offspring care, assist in foraging, and communicate important ecological and cultural knowledge, increasing the survival of younger individuals. Age-related deterioration of cognitive capacity in humans compromises these benefits and also burdens the group with socially costly members. We investigated the contribution of the immunoregulatory receptor CD33 to a uniquely human postreproductive disease, Alzheimer's dementia. Surprisingly, even though selection at advanced age is expected to be weak, a CD33 allele protective against Alzheimer's disease is derived and unique to humans and favors a functional molecular state of CD33 resembling that of the chimpanzee. Thus, derived alleles may be compensatory and restore interactions altered as a consequence of human-specific brain evolution. We found several other examples of derived alleles at other human loci that protect against age-related cognitive deterioration arising from neurodegenerative disease or cerebrovascular insufficiency. Selection by inclusive fitness may be strong enough to favor alleles protecting specifically against cognitive decline in postreproductive humans. Such selection would operate by maximizing the contributions of postreproductive individuals to the fitness of younger kin.
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Crespi BJ, Go MC. Diametrical diseases reflect evolutionary-genetic tradeoffs: Evidence from psychiatry, neurology, rheumatology, oncology and immunology. Evol Med Public Health 2015; 2015:216-53. [PMID: 26354001 PMCID: PMC4600345 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tradeoffs centrally mediate the expression of human adaptations. We propose that tradeoffs also influence the prevalence and forms of human maladaptation manifest in disease. By this logic, increased risk for one set of diseases commonly engenders decreased risk for another, diametric, set of diseases. We describe evidence for such diametric sets of diseases from epidemiological, genetic and molecular studies in four clinical domains: (i) psychiatry (autism vs psychotic-affective conditions), (ii) rheumatology (osteoarthritis vs osteoporosis), (iii) oncology and neurology (cancer vs neurodegenerative disorders) and (iv) immunology (autoimmunity vs infectious disease). Diametric disorders are important to recognize because genotypes or environmental factors that increase risk for one set of disorders protect from opposite disorders, thereby providing novel and direct insights into disease causes, prevention and therapy. Ascertaining the mechanisms that underlie disease-related tradeoffs should also indicate means of circumventing or alleviating them, and thus reducing the incidence and impacts of human disease in a more general way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew C Go
- Department of Biological Sciences; Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6 Present address: Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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