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Altered time-varying local spontaneous brain activity pattern in patients with high myopia: a dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations study. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:157-166. [PMID: 35953566 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-022-03033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the abnormal time-varying local spontaneous brain activity in patients with high myopia (HM) on the basis of the dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (dALFF) approach. METHODS Age and gender matching were performed based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 86 HM patients and 87 healthy controls (HCs). Local spontaneous brain activities were evaluated using the time-varying dALFF method. Support vector machine combined with the radial basis function kernel was used for pattern classification analysis. RESULTS Inter-group comparison between HCs and HM patients has demonstrated that dALFF variability in the left inferior frontal gyrus (orbital part), left lingual gyrus, right anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, and right calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex was decreased in HM patients, while increased in the left thalamus, left paracentral lobule, and left inferior parietal (except supramarginal and angular gyri). Pattern classification between HM patients and HCs displayed a classification accuracy of 85.5%. CONCLUSION In this study, the findings mentioned above have suggested the association between local brain activities of HM patients and abnormal variability in brain regions performing visual sensorimotor and attentional control functions. Several useful information has been provided to elucidate the mechanism-related alterations of the myopic nervous system. In addition, the significant role of abnormal dALFF variability has been highlighted to achieve an in-depth comprehension of the pathological alterations and neuroimaging mechanisms in the field of HM.
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2
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Gerritsen CJ, Goldberg JO, Kiang M, Remington G, Foussias G, Eastwood JD. Distinct profiles of psychological and neuropsychological functions underlying goal-directed pursuit in schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022; 56:1628-1641. [PMID: 35191327 DOI: 10.1177/00048674221077031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several components are known to underlie goal-directed pursuit, including executive, motivational and volitional functions. These were explored in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in order to identify subgroups with distinct profiles. METHODS Multiple executive, motivational and volitional tests were administered to a sample of outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses (n = 59) and controls (n = 63). Research questions included whether distinct profiles exist and whether some functions are impacted disproportionately. These questions were addressed via cluster analysis and profile analysis, respectively. RESULTS Some such functions were significantly altered in schizophrenia while others were unaffected. Two distinct profiles emerged, one characterized by energizing deficits, reduced reward sensitivity and few subjective complaints; while another was characterized by markedly increased punishment sensitivity, intact reward sensitivity and substantial subjective reporting of avolitional symptoms and boredom susceptibility. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of considering distinct patterns of strengths and deficits in functions governing goal-directed pursuit in schizophrenia that demarcate identifiable subtypes. These distinctions have implications for treatment, assessment and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Gerritsen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Forensic Early Intervention Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel O Goldberg
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Kiang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - George Foussias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John D Eastwood
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Chew QH, Prakash KNB, Koh LY, Chilla G, Yeow LY, Sim K. Neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia and relationship with illness duration and deficit status. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:107-113. [PMID: 36030757 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterogeneity of schizophrenia (SCZ) regarding psychopathology, illness trajectory and their inter-relationships with underlying neural substrates remain incompletely understood. In a bid to reduce illness heterogeneity using neural substrates, our study aimed to replicate the findings of an earlier study by Chand et al. (2020). We employed brain structural measures for subtyping SCZ patients, and evaluate each subtype's relationship with clinical features such as illness duration, psychotic psychopathology, and additionally deficit status. METHODS Overall, 240 subjects (160 SCZ patients, 80 healthy controls) were recruited for this study. The participants underwent brain structural magnetic resonance imaging scans and clinical rating using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Neuroanatomical subtypes of SCZ were identified using "Heterogeneity through discriminative analysis" (HYDRA), a clustering technique which accounted for relevant covariates and the inter-group normalized percentage changes in brain volume were also calculated. RESULTS As replicated, two neuroanatomical subtypes (SG-1 and SG-2) were found amongst our patients with SCZ. The subtype SG-1 was associated with enlargements in the third and lateral ventricles, volume increase in the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate, pallidum), longer illness duration, and deficit status. The subtype SG-2 was associated with reductions of cortical and subcortical structures (hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia). CONCLUSIONS These replicated findings have clinical implications in the early intervention, response monitoring, and prognostication of SCZ. Future studies may adopt a multi-modal neuroimaging approach to enhance insights into the neurobiological composition of relevant subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hui Chew
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - K N Bhanu Prakash
- Biophotonics & Bioimaging, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Clinical Data Analytics & Radiomics, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Li Yang Koh
- Biophotonics & Bioimaging, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Geetha Chilla
- Biophotonics & Bioimaging, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Clinical Data Analytics & Radiomics, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ling Yun Yeow
- Biophotonics & Bioimaging, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Clinical Data Analytics & Radiomics, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
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Larsen EM, Donaldson KR, Jonas KG, Lian W, Bromet EJ, Kotov R, Mohanty A. Pleasant and unpleasant odor identification ability is associated with distinct dimensions of negative symptoms transdiagnostically in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:183-193. [PMID: 36084492 PMCID: PMC10774004 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms are among the greatest sources of functional impairment for individuals with schizophrenia, yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood. Olfactory impairment is associated with negative symptoms. The processing of pleasant olfactory stimuli is subserved by reward-related neural circuitry while unpleasant olfactory processing is subserved by emotion-related neural circuitry, suggesting that these two odor dimensions may offer a window into differential mechanisms of negative symptoms. We examined whether pleasant and unpleasant odor identification bears differential relationships with avolition and inexpressivity dimensions of negative symptoms, whether these relationships are transdiagnostic, and whether pleasant and unpleasant odor processing also relate differently to other domains of functioning in a sample of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 54), other psychotic disorders (N = 65), and never-psychotic adults (N = 160). Hierarchical regressions showed that pleasant odor identification was uniquely associated with avolition, while unpleasant odor identification was uniquely associated with inexpressivity. These relationships were largely transdiagnostic across groups. Additionally, pleasant and unpleasant odor identification displayed signs of specificity with other functional and cognitive measures. These results align with past work suggesting dissociable pathomechanisms of negative symptoms and provide a potential avenue for future work using valence-specific olfactory dysfunction as a semi-objective and low-cost marker for understanding and predicting the severity of specific negative symptom profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett M. Larsen
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | | | - Katherine G. Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Wenxuan Lian
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Evelyn J. Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Aprajita Mohanty
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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5
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Kulason S, Ratnanather JT, Miller MI, Kamath V, Hua J, Yang K, Ma M, Ishizuka K, Sawa A. A comparative neuroimaging perspective of olfaction and higher-order olfactory processing: on health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:22-30. [PMID: 34462249 PMCID: PMC9900497 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is often the earliest indicator of disease in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. One tempting working hypothesis is that pathological changes in the peripheral olfactory system where the body is exposed to many adverse environmental stressors may have a causal role for the brain alteration. Whether and how the peripheral pathology spreads to more central brain regions may be effectively studied in rodent models, and there is successful precedence in experimental models for Parkinson's disease. It is of interest to study whether a similar mechanism may underlie the pathology of psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia. However, direct comparison between rodent models and humans includes challenges under light of comparative neuroanatomy and experimental methodologies used in these two distinct species. We believe that neuroimaging modality that has been the main methodology of human brain studies may be a useful viewpoint to address and fill the knowledge gap between rodents and humans in this scientific question. Accordingly, in the present review article, we focus on brain imaging studies associated with olfaction in healthy humans and patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, and if available those in rodents. We organize this review article at three levels: 1) olfactory bulb (OB) and peripheral structures of the olfactory system, 2) primary olfactory cortical and subcortical regions, and 3) associated higher-order cortical regions. This research area is still underdeveloped, and we acknowledge that further validation with independent cohorts may be needed for many studies presented here, in particular those with human subjects. Nevertheless, whether and how peripheral olfactory disturbance impacts brain function is becoming even a hotter topic in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, given the risk of long-term changes of mental status associated with olfactory infection of SARS-CoV-2. Together, in this review article, we introduce this underdeveloped but important research area focusing on its implications in neurological and psychiatric disorders, with several pioneered publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kulason
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Tilak Ratnanather
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael I Miller
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Chen Y, Zhan Y, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Zou L. Odor Identification Ability as a Mediator of Schizotypal Traits and Odor Hedonic Capacity in Non-Clinical Children and Adolescents. Brain Sci 2022; 12:534. [PMID: 35624921 PMCID: PMC9138986 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have investigated the relationship between schizotypal traits and odor identification ability as well as the relationship between schizotypal traits and odor hedonic capacity in adults. However, very little is known about the relationship among these three factors, especially in children and adolescents. The current study aimed to explore the relationship among these three factors in children and adolescents as well as the potential role of odor identification ability. Method: A total of 355 non-clinical children and adolescents (aged 9−16 years) were recruited in the study. They were asked to complete the Universal Sniff Test (U-Sniff), the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale for Children (CPS-C), and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire—Child (SPQ-C). Results: The SPQ-C scores were negatively correlated with both the odor identification scores and the odor hedonic scores (p = 0.022 and p < 0.001, respectively). Only the interpersonal−affective factor of the SPQ-C was negatively correlated with the odor identification scores (p = 0.031). The odor identification scores were significantly positively associated with the odor hedonic scores (p < 0.001). Moreover, the relationship between odor hedonic capacity and schizotypal traits, especially the interpersonal−affective factor, was mediated by odor identification ability. Conclusions: Schizotypal traits were negatively correlated with both odor identification ability and odor hedonic capacity in children and adolescents, while odor identification ability was found to mediate the relationship between odor hedonic capacity and schizotypal traits, especially the interpersonal−affective factor. Our study indicated that improving odor identification ability through olfactory training may have a positive influence on odor hedonic capacity in individuals with schizotypal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yuyang Zhan
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yiqi Qiu
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiubo Zhao
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Laiquan Zou
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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7
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Huang Y, Li Z, Zou L. Association between schizotypal traits and food neophobia: Mediating effect of chemosensory hedonic capacity. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐yang Huang
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology School of Public Health, Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Zi‐lin Li
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology School of Public Health, Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Lai‐quan Zou
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology School of Public Health, Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Psychiatry Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
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8
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Sinding C, Hummel T, Béno N, Prescott J, Bensafi M, Coureaud G, Thomas-Danguin T. Configural memory of a blending aromatic mixture reflected in activation of the left orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113088. [PMID: 33358920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Blending aromatic mixtures components naturally fuse to form a unique odor - a configuration- qualitatively different from each component's odor. Repeated exposure to the components either in the mixture or separately, favors respectively, configural and elemental processings. The neural bases of such processes are still unknown. We examined the brain correlates of the experienced-induced configural processing of a well-known model of binary blending odor mixture, the aromatic pineapple blending (AB, ethyl maltol + ethyl isobutyrate). Before fMRI recording, half of the participants were repeatedly exposed to the mixture (AB, group Gmix), with the other half exposed to its separate components (A and B; Gcomp). During the fMRI recording, all participants were stimulated with the mixture (AB) and the components (A and B). Finally, participants rated the number of odors perceived for each stimulus. Gmix perceived the AB mixture as less complex than did Gcomp. While Gcomp perceived the mixture as more complex than its components, Gmix did not. These results show the presence of experience-induced configural or elemental processing of the AB mixture in each group. Contrasting the brain activity of Gcomp and Gmix, when stimulated with AB, revealed higher activation in the left orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus. This result sheds light on this area's function, commonly found activated in olfactory studies, and closely connected with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. We discuss the role of this area as a mediator of configural percepts between temporal and orbitofrontal areas involved in configural memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sinding
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - T Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of ORL, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - N Béno
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - J Prescott
- University of Newcastle, School of Psychology, Australia; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
| | - M Bensafi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France
| | - G Coureaud
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France
| | - T Thomas-Danguin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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9
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Li ZL, Huang GJ, Li ZT, Li SB, Wang YL, Zhao JB, Wen JF, Hummel T, Zou LQ. Chemosensory Anhedonia in Patients With Schizophrenia and Individuals With Schizotypy: A Questionnaire Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:481. [PMID: 32581867 PMCID: PMC7287037 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia, the loss or decline of the ability to enjoy pleasure, is an important clinical characteristic of schizophrenia. Schizotypal traits refer to the appearance of subclinical symptoms of schizophrenia across normal people. Still, few studies have investigated chemosensory anhedonia in schizophrenia patients and schizotypy individuals. Seventy-one schizophrenia patients (SCZ), 162 schizotypy individuals (SCT) as selected by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), and 182 healthy controls (HC) participated in our study. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to measure the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia patients. All participants completed the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale (CPS), which was used to assess participants' smell and taste hedonic capacities. We found that the three groups differed in chemosensory anhedonia. The SCZ group presented more severe chemosensory anhedonia than the SCT group, and the SCT group presented more severe chemosensory anhedonia than the HC group. We also found that chemosensory hedonic capacity was negatively correlated with negative schizotypal traits in the SCT group. Our results suggested that chemosensory anhedonia is an important characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-lin Li
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Gao-jie Huang
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-tian Li
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-bin Li
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-le Wang
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiu-bo Zhao
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-feng Wen
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lai-quan Zou
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Han P, Winkler N, Hummel C, Hähner A, Gerber J, Hummel T. Alterations of Brain Gray Matter Density and Olfactory Bulb Volume in Patients with Olfactory Loss after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2632-2640. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Winkler
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Hähner
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Walsh-Messinger J, Wong PS, Antonius D, McMahon K, Opler LA, Ramirez PM, Malaspina D. Sex differences in hedonic judgement of odors in schizophrenia cases and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:345-353. [PMID: 30173040 PMCID: PMC6207462 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The neurocircuitries subserving affective and olfactory processes overlap, are sexually dimorphic, and show disruptions in schizophrenia, suggesting their intersection may be a window on the core process producing psychosis. This study investigated diagnostic and sex differences in hedonic judgments of odors and smell identification in 26 schizophrenia cases and 27 healthy controls. Associations between olfaction measures and psychiatric symptoms were also examined. Cases and controls had similar identification accuracy of unpleasant odors, but cases were significantly less accurate in naming pleasant odors. In cases, greater negative symptom severity was related to abnormal hedonic judgments; specifically, higher pleasantness ratings for unpleasant odors and higher unpleasantness ratings for pleasant odors. Greater positive symptom severity was associated with lower pleasantness ratings for neutral odors. Regarding sex differences, male cases and female controls rated pleasant odors as significantly more unpleasant than male controls. Correlations between depression severity and pleasantness ratings of neutral odors were in opposite directions in male and female cases. These results suggest that a normal sexual dimorphism in the circuitry for hedonic odor judgments may interact with schizophrenia pathology, supporting the utility of olfactory hedonics as a sex-specific biomarker of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Walsh-Messinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.
| | - Philip S. Wong
- Department of Psychology, Long Island University, Brooklyn,
NY
| | - Daniel Antonius
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York,
NY,University at Buffalo, State University of NY, Buffalo,
NY,Erie County Forensic Mental Health Services, Buffalo,
NY
| | - Kevin McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York,
NY
| | - Lewis A. Opler
- Department of Psychology, Long Island University, Brooklyn,
NY
| | | | - Dolores Malaspina
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Genetics,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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12
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Urban-Kowalczyk M, Śmigielski J, Kotlicka-Antczak M. Overrated hedonic judgment of odors in patients with schizophrenia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1156-1162. [PMID: 29638031 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The odor identification ability and its hedonic judgment in patients with schizophrenia were evaluated in the study. The association between olfactory performance and negative symptoms and β-endorphin concentration was also analyzed. METHODS Study groups consisted of 23 patients with negative symptoms (PN) and 25 without predominant negative symptoms (PP) and 21 healthy individuals. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, odor hedonic evaluation, and plasma concentrations of β-endorphin assay in all participants were performed. RESULTS PN perceived the poorer olfactory identification; nevertheless, they evaluated unpleasant odors as more pleasant than PP and controls. Beta-endorphin concentration was significantly higher among PN than in other study groups. No association was observed between β-endorphin and odors identification and odor hedonic judgment among all study groups. CONCLUSIONS There is potential relationship between increased β-endorphin concentration and severity of negative symptoms. Patients with predominant negative symptoms tend to evaluate odors as significantly more pleasant. Individuals with this subtype of schizophrenia might present specific, altered pattern of smell identification and hedonic judgment. Presumably, β-endorphin has no direct influence on olfactory identification performance and hedonic judgment in schizophrenia.
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Walton E, Hibar DP, van Erp TGM, Potkin SG, Roiz-Santiañez R, Crespo-Facorro B, Suarez-Pinilla P, Van Haren NEM, de Zwarte SMC, Kahn RS, Cahn W, Doan NT, Jørgensen KN, Gurholt TP, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Westlye LT, Melle I, Berg AO, Morch-Johnsen L, Færden A, Flyckt L, Fatouros-Bergman H, Jönsson EG, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Fukunaga M, Jahanshad N, De Rossi P, Piras F, Banaj N, Spalletta G, Gur RE, Gur RC, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Beard LM, Sommer IE, Koops S, Gruber O, Richter A, Krämer B, Kelly S, Donohoe G, McDonald C, Cannon DM, Corvin A, Gill M, Di Giorgio A, Bertolino A, Lawrie S, Nickson T, Whalley HC, Neilson E, Calhoun VD, Thompson PM, Turner JA, Ehrlich S. Prefrontal cortical thinning links to negative symptoms in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium. Psychol Med 2018; 48:82-94. [PMID: 28545597 PMCID: PMC5826665 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the complex relationship between schizophrenia symptomatology and etiological factors can be improved by studying brain-based correlates of schizophrenia. Research showed that impairments in value processing and executive functioning, which have been associated with prefrontal brain areas [particularly the medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC)], are linked to negative symptoms. Here we tested the hypothesis that MOFC thickness is associated with negative symptom severity. METHODS This study included 1985 individuals with schizophrenia from 17 research groups around the world contributing to the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. Cortical thickness values were obtained from T1-weighted structural brain scans using FreeSurfer. A meta-analysis across sites was conducted over effect sizes from a model predicting cortical thickness by negative symptom score (harmonized Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms or Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores). RESULTS Meta-analytical results showed that left, but not right, MOFC thickness was significantly associated with negative symptom severity (β std = -0.075; p = 0.019) after accounting for age, gender, and site. This effect remained significant (p = 0.036) in a model including overall illness severity. Covarying for duration of illness, age of onset, antipsychotic medication or handedness weakened the association of negative symptoms with left MOFC thickness. As part of a secondary analysis including 10 other prefrontal regions further associations in the left lateral orbitofrontal gyrus and pars opercularis emerged. CONCLUSIONS Using an unusually large cohort and a meta-analytical approach, our findings point towards a link between prefrontal thinning and negative symptom severity in schizophrenia. This finding provides further insight into the relationship between structural brain abnormalities and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Walton
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Theo GM van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
- Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
- Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Paula Suarez-Pinilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
- Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Neeltje EM Van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja MC de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil N Jørgensen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiril P Gurholt
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Akiah O Berg
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lynn Morch-Johnsen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P.O. Box 85 Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Færden
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena Flyckt
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Fatouros-Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Pietro De Rossi
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Functions), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
- Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | | | - Lauren M Beard
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA 19104
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
- Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Centre, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Colm McDonald
- Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Centre, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Centre, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Annabella Di Giorgio
- Section of Psychiatry and Psychology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S.G. Rotondo (FG), 71013 Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, 70124 Italy
| | - Stephen Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Thomas Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Emma Neilson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Cohen Y, Wilson DA. Task-Correlated Cortical Asymmetry and Intra- and Inter-Hemispheric Separation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14602. [PMID: 29097760 PMCID: PMC5668373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral lateralization is expressed at both the structural and functional levels, and can exist as either a stable characteristic or as a dynamic feature during behavior and development. The anatomically relatively simple olfactory system demonstrates lateralization in both human and non-human animals. Here, we explored functional lateralization in both primary olfactory cortex - a region critical for odor memory and perception- and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) - a region involved in reversal learning- in rats performing an odor learning and reversal task. We find significant asymmetry in both olfactory and orbitofrontal cortical odor-evoked activity, which is expressed in a performance- and task-dependent manner. The emergence of learning-dependent asymmetry during reversal learning was associated with decreased functional connectivity both between the bilateral OFC and between the OFC-olfactory cortex. The results suggest an inter-hemispheric asymmetry and olfactory cortical functional separation that may allow multiple, specialized processing circuits to emerge during a reversal task requiring behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA.
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA.
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15
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Misiak MM, Hipolito MS, Ressom HW, Obisesan TO, Manaye KF, Nwulia EA. Apo E4 Alleles and Impaired Olfaction as Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 3:169. [PMID: 29423459 PMCID: PMC5800509 DOI: 10.4172/2471-2701.1000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that affects more than 5 million Americans. It is the only disease among the 10 causes of death that cannot be slowed or cured, thus raising the need for identification of early preclinical markers that could be the focus of preventative efforts. Although evidence is escalating that abnormalities in olfactory structure and function precede AD development and early cognitive impairments by one or more decades, the importance of olfaction is largely overlooked in AD, and such testing is not routinely performed in neurology clinics. Nevertheless, research using the olfactory model, has begun to advance our understanding of the preclinical pathophysiology of AD. Notably, an interesting series of studies is beginning to illuminate the relationship between Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 polymorphism and olfactory dysfunction and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we reviewed present research on the significance of ApoE and olfaction to AD, summarized current studies on the associations and mechanisms of ApoE and olfactory dysfunction, and highlighted important gaps for future work to further advance the translational application of the olfactory paradigm to early, preclinical diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Physiology, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - MariaMananita S Hipolito
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Habtom W Ressom
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Evaristus A Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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16
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Kiparizoska S, Ikuta T. Disrupted Olfactory Integration in Schizophrenia: Functional Connectivity Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:740-746. [PMID: 28582529 PMCID: PMC5581488 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia has been firmly established. However, in the typical understanding of schizophrenia, olfaction is not recognized to contribute to or interact with the illness. Despite the solid presence of olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia, its relation to the rest of the illness remains largely unclear. Here, we aimed to examine functional connectivity of the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, and piriform cortices and isolate the network that would account for the altered olfaction in schizophrenia. METHODS We examined the functional connectivity of these specific olfactory regions in order to isolate other brain regions associated with olfactory processing in schizophrenia. Using the resting state functional MRI data from the Center for Biomedical Research Excellence in Brain Function and Mental Illness, we compared 84 patients of schizophrenia and 90 individuals without schizophrenia. RESULTS The schizophrenia group showed disconnectivity between the anterior piriform cortex and the nucleus accumbens, between the posterior piriform cortex and the middle frontal gyrus, and between the olfactory tract and the visual cortices. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest functional disconnectivity of olfactory regions in schizophrenia, which may account for olfactory dysfunction and disrupted integration with other sensory modalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kiparizoska
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (Ms Kiparizoska); Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (Dr Ikuta)
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (Ms Kiparizoska); Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (Dr Ikuta).,Correspondence: Toshikazu Ikuta, PhD, 311 George Hall, 352 Rebel Drive, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38672 ()
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17
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The smell of terroir! Olfactory discrimination between wines of different grape variety and different terroir. Food Qual Prefer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Kotlicka-Antczak M, Pawełczyk A, Karbownik MS, Pawełczyk T, Strzelecki D, Żurner N, Urban-Kowalczyk M. Deficits in the identification of pleasant odors predict the transition of an at-risk mental state to psychosis. Schizophr Res 2017; 181:49-54. [PMID: 27765522 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existing knowledge of the relationship between olfactory identification (OI) ability and clinical risk of psychosis is inconsistent. To address this inconsistency, the aim of the present study was to identify the relationship between OI ability, with regard to the hedonic attributes of odors, and the risk of transition to psychosis in individuals with an ARMS. METHODS A group of 81 individuals meeting the ARMS criteria according to the Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental State were at baseline administered with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. The hedonic attributes of odorants were normatively established. Participants were followed up for transition to psychosis for a mean period of 36.1months (SD:27.5months). RESULTS The presence of deficits in the identification of pleasant odors was found to be a risk factor for conversion from an ARMS to schizophrenia. The hazard ratio for each point in deficit scores in the Cox regression model was 1.455 (95% CI: 1.211-1.747), p<0.0001. Significant deficits in the identification of pleasant odors were associated with a risk for conversion at both early and late time points from baseline. CONCLUSIONS The findings imply that the impaired identification of pleasant odorants may be a risk factor for the transition of an ARMS into a psychotic disorder, and highlights the need for further research of OI in "at-risk" cohorts, taking into account the hedonic attributes of odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotlicka-Antczak
- Medical University of Łódź, Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Medical University of Łódź, Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Michał S Karbownik
- Medical University of Łódź, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ul. Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Pawełczyk
- Medical University of Łódź, Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Medical University of Łódź, Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Natalia Żurner
- Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Urban-Kowalczyk
- Medical University of Łódź, Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
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Lee JS, Jung S, Park IH, Kim JJ. Neural Basis of Anhedonia and Amotivation in Patients with Schizophrenia: The Role of Reward System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:750-9. [PMID: 26630955 PMCID: PMC4759314 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150612230333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia, the inability to feel pleasure, and amotivation, the lack of motivation, are two
prominent negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which contribute to the poor social and occupational
behaviors in the patients. Recently growing evidence shows that anhedonia and amotivation are tied
together, but have distinct neural correlates. It is important to note that both of these symptoms may derive from deficient
functioning of the reward network. A further analysis into the neuroimaging findings of schizophrenia shows that the
neural correlates overlap in the reward network including the ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal
cortex. Other neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the involvement of the default mode network in anhedonia. The
identification of a specific deficit in hedonic and motivational capacity may help to elucidate the mechanisms behind
social functioning deficits in schizophrenia, and may also lead to more targeted treatment of negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea 135- 720.
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20
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Culbreth AJ, Westbrook A, Daw ND, Botvinick M, Barch DM. Reduced model-based decision-making in schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 125:777-787. [PMID: 27175984 PMCID: PMC4980177 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia have a diminished ability to use reward history to adaptively guide behavior. However, tasks traditionally used to assess such deficits often rely on multiple cognitive and neural processes, leaving etiology unresolved. In the current study, we adopted recent computational formalisms of reinforcement learning to distinguish between model-based and model-free decision-making in hopes of specifying mechanisms associated with reinforcement-learning dysfunction in schizophrenia. Under this framework, decision-making is model-free to the extent that it relies solely on prior reward history, and model-based if it relies on prospective information such as motivational state, future consequences, and the likelihood of obtaining various outcomes. Model-based and model-free decision-making was assessed in 33 schizophrenia patients and 30 controls using a 2-stage 2-alternative forced choice task previously demonstrated to discern individual differences in reliance on the 2 forms of reinforcement-learning. We show that, compared with controls, schizophrenia patients demonstrate decreased reliance on model-based decision-making. Further, parameter estimates of model-based behavior correlate positively with IQ and working memory measures, suggesting that model-based deficits seen in schizophrenia may be partially explained by higher-order cognitive deficits. These findings demonstrate specific reinforcement-learning and decision-making deficits and thereby provide valuable insights for understanding disordered behavior in schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Culbreth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis
| | - Andrew Westbrook
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis
| | - Nathaniel D. Daw
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University
| | - Matthew Botvinick
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis
- Department of Psychiatry & Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis
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Wicker B, Monfardini E, Royet JP. Olfactory processing in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2016; 7:4. [PMID: 26788281 PMCID: PMC4717566 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As evidenced in the DSM-V, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often characterized by atypical sensory behavior (hyper- or hypo-reactivity), but very few studies have evaluated olfactory abilities in individuals with ASD. Methods Fifteen adults with ASD and 15 typically developing participants underwent olfactory tests focused on superficial (suprathreshold detection task), perceptual (intensity and pleasantness judgment tasks), and semantic (identification task) odor processing. Results In terms of suprathreshold detection performance, decreased discrimination scores and increased bias scores were observed in the ASD group. Furthermore, the participants with ASD exhibited increased intensity judgment scores and impaired scores for pleasantness judgments of unpleasant odorants. Decreased identification performance was also observed in the participants with ASD compared with the typically developing participants. This decrease was partly attributed to a higher number of near misses (a category close to veridical labels) among the participants with ASD than was observed among the typically developing participants. Conclusions The changes in discrimination and bias scores were the result of a high number of false alarms among the participants with ASD, which suggests the adoption of a liberal attitude in their responses. Atypical intensity and pleasantness ratings were associated with hyperresponsiveness and flattened emotional reactions, respectively, which are typical of participants with ASD. The high number of near misses as non-veridical labels suggested that categorical processing is functional in individuals with ASD and could be explained by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. These findings are discussed in terms of dysfunction of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Wicker
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone. CNRS & Université Aix-Marseille, Campus Santé Timone 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Elisabetta Monfardini
- Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action and Cognition Team, Lyon, F-69000 France ; University Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69000 France ; Institut de Médecine Environnementale, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Royet
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Olfaction : From Coding to Memory Team, Lyon, F-69000 France ; University Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69000 France
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22
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Duan M, Chen X, He H, Jiang Y, Jiang S, Xie Q, Lai Y, Luo C, Yao D. Altered Basal Ganglia Network Integration in Schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:561. [PMID: 26528167 PMCID: PMC4600918 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia involve in a range of functions that are disturbed in schizophrenia patients. This study decomposed the resting-state data of 28 schizophrenia patients and 31 healthy controls with spatial independent component analysis and identified increased functional integration in the bilateral caudate nucleus in schizophrenia patients. Further, the caudate nucleus in patients showed altered functional connection with the prefrontal area and cerebellum. These results identified the importance of basal ganglia in schizophrenia patients. Clinical Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Registration number ChiCTR-RCS-14004878.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Duan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China ; The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu , Chengdu , China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Hui He
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Yuchao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Sisi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Qiankun Xie
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Yongxiu Lai
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China
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Good KP, Sullivan RL. Olfactory function in psychotic disorders: Insights from neuroimaging studies. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:210-221. [PMID: 26110122 PMCID: PMC4473492 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits on measures of identification, familiarity, and memory are consistently noted in patients with psychotic disorders relative to age-matched controls. Olfactory intensity ratings, however, appear to remain intact while the data on hedonics and detection threshold are inconsistent. Despite the behavioral abnormalities noted, no specific regional brain hypoactivity has been identified in psychosis patients, for any of the olfactory domains. However, an intriguing finding emerged from this review in that the amygdala and pirifom cortices were not noted to be abnormal in hedonic processing (nor was the amygdala identified abnormal in any study) in psychotic disorders. This finding is in contrast to the literature in healthy individuals, in that this brain region is strongly implicated in olfactory processing (particularly for unpleasant odorants). Secondary olfactory cortex (orbitofrontal cortices, thalamus, and insula) was abnormally activated in the studies examined, particularly for hedonic processing. Further research, using consistent methodology, is required for better understanding the neurobiology of olfactory deficits. The authors suggest taking age and sex differences into consideration and further contrasting olfactory subgroups (impaired vs intact) to better our understanding of the heterogeneity of psychotic disorders.
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Robabeh S, Mohammad JM, Reza A, Mahan B. The Evaluation of Olfactory Function in Patients With Schizophrenia. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 7:319-30. [PMID: 26153192 PMCID: PMC4803875 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n6p319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare olfactory threshold, smell identification, intensity and pleasantness ratings between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and (2) to evaluate correlations between ratings of olfactory probes and illness characteristics. Thirty one patients with schizophrenia and 31 control subjects were assessed with the olfactory n-butanol threshold test, the Iran smell identification test (Ir-SIT), and the suprathreshold amyl acetate odor intensity and odor pleasantness rating test. All olfactory tasks were performed unirhinally. Patients with schizophrenia showed disrupted olfaction in all four measures. Longer duration of schizophrenia was associated with a larger impairment of olfactory threshold or microsmic range on the Ir-SIT (P = 0.04, P = 0.05, respectively). In patients with schizophrenia, female subjects’ ratings of pleasantness followed the same trend as control subjects, whereas male patients’ ratings showed an opposite trend. Patients exhibiting high positive score on the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) performed better on the olfactory threshold test (r = 0.37, P = 0.04). The higher odor pleasantness ratings of patients were associated with presence of positive symptoms. The results suggest that both male and female patients with schizophrenia had difficulties on the olfactory threshold and smell identification tests, but appraisal of odor pleasantness was more disrupted in male patients.
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Motivational Deficits in Schizophrenia and the Representation of Expected Value. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 27:375-410. [PMID: 26370946 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Motivational deficits (avolition and anhedonia) have historically been considered important negative symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ). Numerous studies have attempted to identify the neural substrates of avolition and anhedonia in schizophrenia , but these studies have not produced much agreement. Deficits in various aspects of reinforcement processing have been observed in individuals with schizophrenia, but it is not exactly clear which of these deficits actually engender motivational impairments in SZ. The purpose of this chapter is to examine how various reinforcement-related behavioral and neural signals could contribute to motivational impairments in both schizophrenia and psychiatric illness, in general. In particular, we describe different aspects of the concept of expected value (EV), such as the distinction between the EV of stimuli and the expected value of actions, the acquisition of value versus the estimation of value, and the discounting of value as a consequence of time or effort required. We conclude that avolition and anhedonia in SZ are most commonly tied to aberrant signals for expected value, in the context of learning. We discuss implications for further research on the neural substrates of motivational impairments in psychiatric illness.
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Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Deficits in Psychopathology: Similarities and Differences in Depression and Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 27:411-49. [PMID: 26026289 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Motivational and hedonic impairments are core aspects of a variety of types of psychopathology. These impairments cut across diagnostic categories and may be critical to understanding major aspects of the functional impairments accompanying psychopathology. Given the centrality of motivational and hedonic systems to psychopathology, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative includes a "positive valence" systems domain that outlines a number of constructs that may be key to understanding the nature and mechanisms of motivational and hedonic impairments in psychopathology. These component constructs include initial responsiveness to reward, reward anticipation or expectancy, incentive or reinforcement learning, effort valuation, and action selection. Here, we review behavioral and neuroimaging studies providing evidence for impairments in these constructs in individuals with psychosis versus in individuals with depressive pathology. There are important differences in the nature of reward-related and hedonic deficits associated with psychosis versus depression that have major implications for our understanding of etiology and treatment development. In particular, the literature strongly suggests the presence of impairments in in-the-moment hedonics or "liking" in individuals with depressive pathology, particularly among those who experience anhedonia. Such deficits may propagate forward and contribute to impairments in other constructs that are dependent on hedonic responses, such as anticipation, learning, effort, and action selection. Such hedonic impairments could reflect alterations in dopamine and/or opioid signaling in the striatum related to depression or specifically to anhedonia in depressed populations. In contrast, the literature points to relatively intact in-the-moment hedonic processing in psychosis, but provides much evidence for impairments in other components involved in translating reward to action selection. Particularly, individuals with schizophrenia exhibit altered reward prediction and associated striatal and prefrontal activation, impaired reward learning, and impaired reward-modulated action selection.
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27
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Micarelli A, Pagani M, Chiaravalloti A, Bruno E, Pavone I, Candidi M, Danieli R, Schillaci O, Alessandrini M. Cortical metabolic arrangement during olfactory processing: proposal for a 18F FDG PET/CT methodological approach. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e103. [PMID: 25340494 PMCID: PMC4616321 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate the cortical metabolic arrangements in olfactory processing by using F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography.Twenty-six normosmic individuals (14 women and 12 men; mean age 46.7 ± 10 years) were exposed to a neutral olfactory condition (NC) and, after 1 month, to a pure olfactory condition (OC) in a relatively ecological environment, that is, outside the scanner. All the subjects were injected with 185-210 megabecquerel of F FDG during both stimulations. Statistical parametric mapping version 2 was used in order to assess differences between NC and OC.As a result, we found a significant higher glucose consumption during OC in the cuneus, lingual, and parahippocampal gyri, mainly in the left hemisphere. During NC, our results show a relative higher glucose metabolism in the left superior, inferior, middle, medial frontal, and orbital gyri as well as in the anterior cingulate cortex.The present investigation, performed with a widely available functional imaging clinical tool, may help to better understand the neural responses associated to olfactory processing in healthy individuals and in patients with olfactory disorders by acquiring data in an ecologic, noise-free, and resting condition in which possible cerebral activations related to unwanted attentional processes might be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Micarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine (AM, EB, IP, MA), Tor Vergata University; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies-CNR (MP), Rome, Italy; Department of Nuclear Medicine (MP), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention (AC, RD, OS), Tor Vergata University; Department of Psychology (MC), "Sapienza" University, Rome; and IRCCS Neuromed (OS), Pozzilli, Italy
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The motivation and pleasure dimension of negative symptoms: neural substrates and behavioral outputs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:725-36. [PMID: 24461724 PMCID: PMC4020953 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A range of emotional and motivation impairments have long been clinically documented in people with schizophrenia, and there has been a resurgence of interest in understanding the psychological and neural mechanisms of the so-called "negative symptoms" in schizophrenia, given their lack of treatment responsiveness and their role in constraining function and life satisfaction in this illness. Negative symptoms comprise two domains, with the first covering diminished motivation and pleasure across a range of life domains and the second covering diminished verbal and non-verbal expression and communicative output. In this review, we focus on four aspects of the motivation/pleasure domain, providing a brief review of the behavioral and neural underpinnings of this domain. First, we cover liking or in-the-moment pleasure: immediate responses to pleasurable stimuli. Second, we cover anticipatory pleasure or wanting, which involves prediction of a forthcoming enjoyable outcome (reward) and feeling pleasure in anticipation of that outcome. Third, we address motivation, which comprises effort computation, which involves figuring out how much effort is needed to achieve a desired outcome, planning, and behavioral response. Finally, we cover the maintenance emotional states and behavioral responses. Throughout, we consider the behavioral manifestations and brain representations of these four aspects of motivation/pleasure deficits in schizophrenia. We conclude with directions for future research as well as implications for treatment.
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29
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Mesholam-Gately RI, Gibson LE, Seidman LJ, Green AI. Schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorder: reward, olfaction and clozapine. Schizophr Res 2014; 155:45-51. [PMID: 24685823 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Co-occurring substance use disorders (SUD), including alcohol, are common in schizophrenia (SZ) and are associated with poor outcome. Emerging data suggest that individuals with SZ have a dysfunctional brain reward circuit that may underlie their frequent use of alcohol and other substances, and further, that the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine (CLOZ), limits alcohol/substance use in these individuals, potentially by ameliorating this brain reward circuit dysfunction. To explore this hypothesis, reward functioning in a SZ sample with a history of co-occurring SUD, treated with either CLOZ (n=13) or typical antipsychotic agents (TYP), haloperidol or fluphenazine (n=14), as well as healthy controls (n=16), was evaluated through ratings of pleasurable and aversive odors, stimuli that are processed by several neural structures thought to play a key role in processing rewarding stimuli. Results suggest that CLOZ treatment is associated with broadening and strengthening the hedonic experience of these rewarding olfactory stimuli, both of a pleasant and unpleasant nature. This hedonic appraisal of odors appeared to be independent of odor perception (intensity ratings) and clinical symptoms. These preliminary findings provide important new data in support of the hypothesis that CLOZ ameliorates some aspects of abnormal brain reward functioning in individuals with co-occurring SZ and SUD. Further research may have valuable treatment implications for this population including interventions for other reward-associated deficits in learning, social interactions and other aspects of behavior and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquelle I Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lauren E Gibson
- Psychology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan I Green
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Hanover, NH, USA
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30
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Moberg PJ, Kamath V, Marchetto DM, Calkins ME, Doty RL, Hahn CG, Borgmann-Winter KE, Kohler CG, Gur RE, Turetsky BI. Meta-analysis of olfactory function in schizophrenia, first-degree family members, and youths at-risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:50-9. [PMID: 23641047 PMCID: PMC3885295 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has provided compelling support for olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia patients, their first-degree relatives, and youth at-risk for psychosis. A previous meta-analysis revealed large effect sizes across olfactory tasks but was limited to 2 olfactory tasks and did not examine moderator variables. Thus, the current meta-analysis was undertaken to incorporate additional studies, risk cohorts, olfactory test domains, and moderator variable analyses. METHOD A meta-analysis was conducted on 67 publications examining olfactory function in schizophrenia patients and 15 publications examining olfactory functioning in youth at-risk for psychosis, first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, and individuals with schizotypy. RESULTS Results revealed medium-to-large olfactory deficits in schizophrenia patients though significant heterogeneity was evident. Several variables moderated overall study effects. At-risk youths similarly demonstrated medium-to-large effect sizes, whereas first-degree relatives and individuals with schizotypy showed small effects. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest robust olfactory deficits in schizophrenia and at-risk youths. In schizophrenia, several variables had significant impact on these deficits and warrant consideration in prospective studies. Our findings also indicate that olfactory measures may be a useful marker of schizophrenia risk status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Moberg
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry;,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; 10 Gates, HUP, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US; tel: (215) 615-3608, fax: (215) 662-7903, e-mail:
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry;,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Richard L. Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry;,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Kästner A, Malzahn D, Begemann M, Hilmes C, Bickeböller H, Ehrenreich H. Odor naming and interpretation performance in 881 schizophrenia subjects: association with clinical parameters. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:218. [PMID: 24229413 PMCID: PMC3765908 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory function tests are sensitive tools for assessing sensory-cognitive processing in schizophrenia. However, associations of central olfactory measures with clinical outcome parameters have not been simultaneously studied in large samples of schizophrenia patients. METHODS In the framework of the comprehensive phenotyping of the GRAS (Göttingen Research Association for Schizophrenia) cohort, we modified and extended existing odor naming (active memory retrieval) and interpretation (attribute assignment) tasks to evaluate them in 881 schizophrenia patients and 102 healthy controls matched for age, gender and smoking behavior. Associations with emotional processing, neuropsychological test performance and disease outcome were studied. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients underperformed controls in both olfactory tasks. Odor naming deficits were primarily associated with compromised cognition, interpretation deficits with positive symptom severity and general alertness. Contrasting schizophrenia extreme performers of odor interpretation (best versus worst percentile; N=88 each) and healthy individuals (N=102) underscores the obvious relationship between impaired odor interpretation and psychopathology, cognitive dysfunctioning, and emotional processing (all p<0.004). CONCLUSIONS The strong association of performance in higher olfactory measures, odor naming and interpretation, with lead symptoms of schizophrenia and determinants of disease severity highlights their clinical and scientific significance. Based on the results obtained here in an exploratory fashion in a large patient sample, the development of an easy-to-use clinical test with improved psychometric properties may be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kästner
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str,3, 37075 Göttingen, GERMANY.
| | - Dörthe Malzahn
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology of the University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075 Göttingen, GERMANY
| | - Constanze Hilmes
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075 Göttingen, GERMANY
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology of the University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075 Göttingen, GERMANY,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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Clepce M, Reich K, Gossler A, Kornhuber J, Thuerauf N. Olfactory perception in schizophrenia: the rating range for hedonic judgements is increased during acute episodes. Psychiatry Res 2013; 208:81-3. [PMID: 23089162 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in olfactory performance have been reported in schizophrenia but results on subjective odour ratings remain unclear. Compared to controls (N=34), schizophrenia inpatients (N=34) expressed deficits concerning odour threshold, discrimination and identification but intact intensity ratings. Most interestingly, patients showed an increased rating range concerning olfactory hedonic judgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Clepce
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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Lee MR, Wehring HJ, McMahon RP, Linthicum J, Cascella N, Liu F, Bellack A, Buchanan RW, Strauss GP, Contoreggi C, Kelly DL. Effects of adjunctive intranasal oxytocin on olfactory identification and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: results from a randomized double blind placebo controlled pilot study. Schizophr Res 2013; 145:110-5. [PMID: 23415472 PMCID: PMC4125132 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in olfactory identification have been widely reported in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and are associated with negative symptomatology. Adjunctive oxytocin delivered intranasally has been shown to improve some aspects of social cognition as well as positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Given the intranasal delivery route of oxytocin to olfactory pathways and that olfactory abnormalities are a potential endophenotype in SZ, we investigated the effect of intranasal oxytocin on olfactory identification as well as positive and negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia. METHODS Individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n=28; 16 outpatients, 12 inpatients) were randomized to receive adjunctive intranasal oxytocin 20 IU BID or placebo for 3 weeks. RESULTS All 28 participants completed the clinical trial. Odor identification performance significantly improved on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) total score and subscore for pleasant smells. UPSIT score (F=5.20, df=1,23, p=0.032) and subscore for pleasant smells (F=4.56, df=1,23, p=0.044), in patients treated with oxytocin were compared to placebo from baseline to endpoint. Global symptomatology as well as positive and negative symptoms were not improved by intranasal oxytocin. In fact, global symptoms, not positive or negative symptoms, improved in the placebo group. Secondary analysis shows that intranasal oxytocin improved negative symptoms in the small group of inpatients. Intranasal oxytocin was well tolerated during the three week trial. CONCLUSION Adjunctive intranasal oxytocin may improve olfactory identification, particularly in items of positive valence. Larger studies are needed to determine the effects of oxytocin on negative symptoms in SZ. (NCT00884897; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Lee
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Kamath V, Moberg PJ, Kohler CG, Gur RE, Turetsky BI. Odor hedonic capacity and anhedonia in schizophrenia and unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:59-67. [PMID: 21616912 PMCID: PMC3523921 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing evidence that schizophrenia patients have difficulties in the hedonic appraisal of odors. In a prior study, we assessed olfactory hedonic perception birhinally and found that males with schizophrenia failed to attach the appropriate hedonic valence to a pleasant odor, despite correctly perceiving changes in odor intensity. Female patients, in contrast, exhibited normal responses. The current study extends this work by examining odor valence processing in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, to determine the extent to which this abnormality may be genetically mediated. We also examine odor valence processing unirhinally, rather than birhinally, to probe possible lateralized differences in patients' hedonic processing deficits. METHOD Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 54), first-degree unaffected family members (n = 22), and demographically matched controls (n = 45) were administered the Suprathreshold Amyl Acetate Odor Intensity and Odor Pleasantness Rating Test. RESULTS In contrast to family members and controls, both male and female schizophrenia probands underevaluated the hedonic characteristics of amyl acetate at lower concentrations and overevaluated its pleasantness at concentrations perceived as unpleasant by both controls and relatives. These patient-specific differences could not be explained by differences in smoking habit, medication use, or subjective ratings of odor intensity. However, they were associated with increased levels of anhedonia/asociality and negative symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that both male and female schizophrenia patients have difficulties in the unirhinal appraisal of hedonic valence. Normal responses in unaffected first-degree relatives suggest that this is an environmentally, rather than genetically, mediated abnormality denoting negative symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyulata Kamath
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Paul J. Moberg
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christian G. Kohler
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Perfumers' expertise induces structural reorganization in olfactory brain regions. Neuroimage 2012; 68:55-62. [PMID: 23246995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain's ability to adapt to environmental changes is obvious in specific sensory domains of experts, and olfaction is one of the least investigated senses. As we have previously demonstrated that olfactory expertise is related to functional brain modifications, we investigated here whether olfactory expertise is also coupled with structural changes. We used voxel-based morphometry to compare the gray-matter volume in student and professional perfumers, as well as untrained control subjects, and accounted for all methodological improvements that have been recently developed to limit possible errors associated with image processing. In all perfumers, we detected an increase in gray-matter volume in the bilateral gyrus rectus/medial orbital gyrus (GR/MOG), an orbitofrontal area that surrounds the olfactory sulcus. In addition, gray-matter volume in the anterior PC and left GR/MOG was positively correlated with experience in professional perfumers. We concluded that the acute olfactory knowledge acquired through extensive olfactory training leads to the structural reorganization of olfactory brain areas.
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Nielsen MØ, Rostrup E, Wulff S, Bak N, Lublin H, Kapur S, Glenthøj B. Alterations of the brain reward system in antipsychotic naïve schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:898-905. [PMID: 22418013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various schizophrenic symptoms are suggested to be linked to a dysfunction of the brain reward system. Several studies have found alterations in the reward processing in patients with schizophrenia; however, most previous findings might be confounded by medication effects. METHODS Thirty-one antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects were examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging while playing a variant of the monetary incentive delay task. The task variant made it possible to separate overall salience (defined as arousing events) into behavioral salience (events where a predicted reward requires performance) and valence anticipation (the anticipation of a monetarily significant outcome). Furthermore, the evaluation of monetary gain and loss was assessed. RESULTS During reward anticipation, patients had a significant attenuation of the activation in ventral tegmentum, ventral striatum, and anterior cingulate cortex during presentation of salient cues. This signal attenuation in ventral striatum was correlated with the degree of positive symptoms. Signal attenuation was most pronounced for behavioral salience and nonsignificant for value anticipation. Furthermore, patients showed a changed activation pattern during outcome evaluation in right prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that changes during reward anticipation in schizophrenia are present from the beginning of the disease. This supports a possible involvement of reward disturbances in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The most pronounced changes were seen in relation to overall salience. In ventral striatum these changes were associated with the degree of positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ødegaard Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Bensafi M. The Role of the Piriform Cortex in Human Olfactory Perception: Insights from Functional Neuroimaging Studies. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cumming AG, Matthews NL, Park S. Olfactory identification and preference in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261:251-9. [PMID: 20820794 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-010-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory identification deficit appears to be an enduring feature of schizophrenia, but it is unclear whether it is specific to schizophrenia or present in psychotic disorders in general. The aim of the present study was to compare olfactory identification and olfactory preference in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and demographically matched healthy participants were given the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) to assess olfactory identification ability. To examine olfactory hedonic judgment, participants were also asked to indicate their preference for each UPSIT item on a 5-point rating scale, immediately after odor identification. Clinical symptoms and social competence were also assessed. Both schizophrenic and bipolar groups showed olfactory identification deficits compared with the healthy controls, but schizophrenic patients were more impaired than bipolar patients on the UPSIT accuracy. Interestingly, both bipolar and schizophrenic patients rated odors to be more pleasant than did healthy controls, but all groups preferred odors that they could correctly identify to unidentified smells. Restricted range of preference ratings was associated with the severity of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, and with mania in bipolar disorder. Social competence was associated with better olfactory identification performance. These findings suggest that olfactory identification and preference are compromised in bipolar disorder as well as in schizophrenia, but the precise nature of these abnormalities needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Cumming
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Identification of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant odors in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187:30-5. [PMID: 21239063 PMCID: PMC3073768 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on odor hedonics in schizophrenia has indicated that patients display abnormalities in hedonic judgments of odors in comparison to healthy comparison participants. In the current study, identification accuracy for pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant odors in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls was examined. Thirty-three schizophrenia patients (63% male) and thirty-one healthy volunteers (65% male) were recruited. The groups were well matched on age, sex, and smoking status. Participants were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, which was subsequently divided into 16 pleasant, 15 neutral, and 9 unpleasant items. Analysis of identification z-scores for pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant odors revealed a significant diagnosis by valence interaction. Post-hoc analysis revealed that schizophrenia participants made more identification errors on pleasant and neutral odors compared to healthy controls, with no differences observed for unpleasant odors. No effect was seen for sex. The findings from the current investigation suggest that odor identification accuracy in patients is influenced by odor valence. This pattern of results parallels a growing body of literature indicating that patients display aberrant pleasantness ratings for pleasant odors and highlights the need for additional research on the influence of odor valence on olfactory identification performance in individuals with schizophrenia.
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40
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Barch DM, Dowd EC. Goal representations and motivational drive in schizophrenia: the role of prefrontal-striatal interactions. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:919-34. [PMID: 20566491 PMCID: PMC2930335 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have seen a resurgence of interest in understanding the psychological and neural bases of what are often referred to as "negative symptoms" in schizophrenia. These aspects of schizophrenia include constructs such as asociality, avolition (a reduction in the motivation to initiate or persist in goal-directed behavior), and anhedonia (a reduction in the ability to experience pleasure). We believe that these dimensions of impairment in individuals with schizophrenia reflect difficulties using internal representations of emotional experiences, previous rewards, and motivational goals to drive current and future behavior in a way that would allow them to obtain desired outcomes, a deficit that has major clinical significance in terms of functional capacity. In this article, we review the major components of the systems that link experienced and anticipated rewards with motivated behavior that could potentially be impaired in schizophrenia. We conclude that the existing evidence suggests relatively intact hedonics in schizophrenia, but impairments in some aspects of reinforcement learning, reward prediction, and prediction error processing, consistent with an impairment in "wanting." As of yet, there is only indirect evidence of impairment in anterior cingulate and orbital frontal function that may support value and effort computations. However, there are intriguing hints that individuals with schizophrenia may not be able to use reward information to modulate cognitive control and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function, suggesting a potentially important role for cortical-striatal interactions in mediating impairment in motivated and goal-directed behavior in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, Box 1125, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Nguyen AD, Shenton ME, Levitt JJ. Olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia: a review of neuroanatomy and psychophysiological measurements. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2010; 18:279-92. [PMID: 20825265 DOI: 10.3109/10673229.2010.511060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory processing is thought to be mediated via the frontal and temporolimbic brain regions, both of which, as well as olfactory dysfunction, are implicated in schizophrenia. Likewise, several empirical studies of olfactory dysfunction--in particular, olfactory deficits in identification, odor detection threshold sensitivity, and odor memory, along with associated brain structural changes--have been conducted to illuminate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. These anomalies have been investigated, more recently, as possible biological markers of that disabling illness. This article summarizes recent research on neuroimaging changes associated with olfactory impairments in schizophrenia patients and on related functional changes in psychophysiological measurements (e.g., odor identification, odor discrimination, odor detection threshold, and odor memory). The possible role of these changes as biological markers of the disorder will be discussed, as will potentially productive directions for future research.
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Dowd EC, Barch DM. Anhedonia and emotional experience in schizophrenia: neural and behavioral indicators. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:902-11. [PMID: 20004364 PMCID: PMC3113677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional impairments such as anhedonia are often considered key features of schizophrenia. However, self-report research suggests that emotional experience in response to affect-eliciting stimuli is intact in schizophrenia. Investigation of neural activity during emotional experience may help clarify whether symptoms of anhedonia more likely reflect alterations of in-the-moment hedonic experience or impairments in other aspects of goal-directed behavior. METHODS Forty individuals with DSM-IV-TR schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 32 healthy control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while making valence and arousal ratings in response to emotional pictures, words, and faces. Blood oxygen level-dependent responses were compared between patients and control subjects and were correlated with questionnaire measures of anhedonia. RESULTS Patients showed some evidence of blunted valence but not arousal ratings in response to emotional stimuli compared with control subjects. Higher anhedonia scores were associated with blunted valence ratings in both groups and fully mediated the group differences in valence ratings. Functional activity was largely intact in patients, except for regions in right ventral striatum and left putamen, which showed reduced responses to positive stimuli. Higher anhedonia was associated with reduced activation to positive versus negative stimuli in bilateral amygdala and right ventral striatum in patients and in bilateral caudate in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Increased anhedonia is associated with a reduced experience of valence in both patients and control subjects, and group differences in experienced valence are likely driven by individual differences in anhedonia. Reduced activation of the striatum and amygdala may contribute to symptoms of anhedonia by failing to signal the salience of positive events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychology, Washington University,Neuroscience Program, Washington University,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University,Department of Radiology, Washington University
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been a resurgence of interest in the field of reward processing in schizophrenia in recent years, aided by insights from functional neuroimaging. We examine how disturbances in reward-related processes relate to the pathophysiology and symptomatology of this disorder. RECENT FINDINGS Behavioural and functional neuroimaging studies in psychosis demonstrate impairments in the representation of reward value and in reward-related learning and a failure to motivate behaviour for incentives. These impairments are linked to abnormal mesocorticolimbic and mesostriatal function. SUMMARY Abnormalities in reward processing offer insights into the symptomatology of schizophrenia and its underlying neurobiology. Further investigation is required into the specificity of these deficits to particular symptom expression and to what extent they are improved by antipsychotic treatment.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Olfaction is a field of growing interest in schizophrenia research. This article reviews recent studies on olfactory functions in schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS The current literature provides additional insights into olfactory deficits, abnormalities, and olfactory hedonic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Recent findings reinforce particular associations with negative symptoms and deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Studies indicate that abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia extend to more peripheral olfactory structures and functions, including olfactory receptor neuron dysfunction. Olfactory identification ability was found to relate to prodromal disorganization symptoms in young high-risk patients. Further support for the notion of a genetic contribution to olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia derives from studies reporting physiological olfactory dysfunction (olfactory event-related potentials) in unaffected relatives, and an odor-specific hyposmia, present in both patients with schizophrenia and family members. SUMMARY Further research is needed to improve our understanding of olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Recent encouraging findings underscore that the olfactory system is a field of research that holds promise for advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and possibly as a useful endophenotypic marker of neurodevelopmental vulnerability.
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Foussias G, Mann S, Zakzanis KK, van Reekum R, Remington G. Motivational deficits as the central link to functioning in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophr Res 2009; 115:333-7. [PMID: 19836211 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms have consistently been found to contribute to functional impairment in schizophrenia. In this pilot study, we sought to delineate the core negative symptoms that contribute to this functional impairment. Adult outpatients with schizophrenia were evaluated for the severity of positive, negative, cognitive, and depressive symptoms. The Quality of Life Scale was used to assess current functioning. Results from 21 participants revealed that a motivation was the sole predictor of functioning, accounting for 74% of the variance in current functioning. This suggests that motivational deficits are the central link between negative symptoms and functional impairment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Foussias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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46
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Frisoni GB, Prestia A, Adorni A, Rasser PE, Cotelli M, Soricelli A, Bonetti M, Geroldi C, Giannakopoulos P, Thompson PM. In vivo neuropathology of cortical changes in elderly persons with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:578-85. [PMID: 19409532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly schizophrenia patients frequently develop cognitive impairment of unclear etiology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies revealed brain structural abnormalities, but the pattern of cortical gray matter (GM) volume and its relationship with cognitive and behavioral symptoms are unknown. METHODS Magnetic resonance scans were taken from elderly schizophrenia patients (n = 20, age 67 +/- 6 SD, Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] 23 +/- 4), Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients (n = 20, age 73 +/- 9, MMSE 22 +/- 4), and healthy elders (n = 20, age 73 +/- 8, MMSE 29 +/- 1). Patients were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological and behavioral battery. Cortical pattern matching and a region-of-interest analysis, based on Brodmann areas (BAs), were used to map three-dimensional (3-D) profiles of differences in patterns of gray matter volume among groups. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients had 10% and 11% lower total left and right GM volume than healthy elders (p < .001) and 7% and 5% more than AD patients (p = .06 and ns). Regions that had both significantly less gray matter than control subjects and gray matter volume as low as AD mapped to the cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex (BA 30, 23, 24, 32, 25, 11). The strongest correlate of gray matter volume in elderly schizophrenia patients, although nonsignificant, was the positive symptom subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, mapping to the right anterior cingulate area (r = .42, p = .06). CONCLUSIONS The orbitofrontal/cingulate region had low gray matter volume in elderly schizophrenia patients. Neither cognitive impairment nor psychiatric symptoms were significantly associated with structural differences, even if positive symptoms tended to be associated with increased gray matter volume in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B Frisoni
- LENITEM-Laboratory of Epidemiology Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio FBF, the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer's and Mental Diseases, Brescia, Italy.
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47
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A simple method for measuring brain asymmetry in children: Application to autism. Behav Res Methods 2009; 41:812-9. [DOI: 10.3758/brm.41.3.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Patients with schizophrenia have a reduced neural response to both unpredictable and predictable primary reinforcers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:1567-77. [PMID: 19052540 PMCID: PMC3744058 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One prevalent theory of learning states that dopamine neurons signal mismatches between expected and actual outcomes, called temporal difference errors (TDEs). Evidence indicates that dopamine system dysfunction is involved in negative symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ), including avolition and anhedonia. As such, we predicted that brain responses to TDEs in dopamine midbrain nuclei and target areas would be abnormal in SZ. A total of 18 clinically stable patients with chronic SZ and 18 controls participated in an fMRI study, which used a passive conditioning task. In the task, the delivery of a small amount of juice followed a light stimulus by exactly 6 s on approximately 75% of 78 total trials, and was further delayed by 4-7 s on the remaining trials. The delayed juice delivery was designed to elicit the two types of TDE signals, associated with the recognition that a reward was omitted at the expected time, and delivered at an unexpected time. Main effects of TDE valence and group differences in the positive-negative TDE contrast (unexpected juice deliveries-juice omissions) were assessed through whole-brain and regions of interest (ROI) analyses. Main effects of TDE valence were observed for the entire sample in the midbrain, left putamen, left cerebellum, and primary gustatory cortex, bilaterally. Whole-brain analyses revealed group differences in the positive-negative TDE contrast in the right putamen and left precentral gyrus, whereas ROI analyses revealed additional group differences in the midbrain, insula, and parietal operculum, on the right, the putamen and cerebellum, on the left, and the frontal operculum, bilaterally. Further, these group differences were generally driven by attenuated responses in patients to positive TDEs (unexpected juice deliveries), whereas responses to negative TDEs (unexpected juice omissions) were largely intact. Patients also showed reductions in responses to juice deliveries on standard trials, and more blunted reinforcer responses in the left putamen corresponded to higher ratings of avolition. These results provide evidence that SZ patients show abnormal brain responses associated with the processing of a primary reinforcer, which may be a source of motivational deficits.
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Ballmaier M, Schlagenhauf F, Toga AW, Gallinat J, Koslowski M, Zoli M, Hojatkashani C, Narr KL, Heinz A. Regional patterns and clinical correlates of basal ganglia morphology in non-medicated schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 106:140-7. [PMID: 18818054 PMCID: PMC2709178 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although structural changes of the basal ganglia are widely implicated in schizophrenia, prior findings in chronically medicated patients show that these changes relate to particular antipsychotic treatments. In unmedicated schizophrenia, local alterations in morphological parameters and their relationships with clinical measures remain unknown. Novel surface-based anatomical modelling methods were applied to magnetic resonance imaging data to examine regional changes in the shape and volume of the caudate, the putamen and the nucleus accumbens in 21 patients (19 males/2 females; mean age=30.7+/-7.3) who were either antipsychotic-naïve or antipsychotic-free for at least 1 year and 21 healthy comparison subjects (19 males/2 females; mean age=31.1+/-8.2). Clinical relationships of striatal morphology were based on exploratory analyses. Left and right global putamen volumes were significantly smaller in patients than controls; no significant global volume effects were observed for the caudate and the nucleus accumbens. However, surface deformation mapping results showed localized volume changes prominent bilaterally in medial/lateral anterior regions of the caudate, as well as in anterior and midposterior regions of the putamen, pronounced on the medial surface. A significant positive correlation was observed between right anterior putamen surface contractions and affective flattening, a core negative symptom of schizophrenia. The diagnostic effects of local surface deformations mostly pronounced in the associative striatum, as well as the correlation between anterior putamen morphology and affective flattening in unmedicated schizophrenia suggest disease-specific neuroanatomical abnormalities and distinct cortical-striatal dysconnectivity patterns relevant to altered executive control, motor planning, along with abnormalities of emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ballmaier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Koslowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cornelius Hojatkashani
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
| | - Katherine L. Narr
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Cerebral dysfunctions of emotion-cognition interactions in adolescent-onset schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47:1299-310. [PMID: 18827725 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318184ff16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia is among the most severe of psychiatric disorders, leading to impairments of affective and cognitive abilities. These dysfunctions affect each other mutually. Adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) constitutes a particularly severe form of the disorder. In this study, possible dysfunctions of the neural correlates underlying the interaction of negative emotion and working memory in AOS were investigated. METHOD During functional magnetic resonance imaging, 12 patients with AOS and 12 non-AOS adolescents performed a verbal n-back task. Intermittently, negative and neutral emotions were induced by olfactory stimulation. Group differences in working memory, emotion, and their interaction were evaluated. RESULTS In patients with AOS, lower performance sensitivity was observed, along with dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and inferior parietal hypoactivation during working memory demands. For negative versus neutral emotion induction, patients with AOS mainly showed increased brain activation compared with control subjects in widespread brain regions including the left orbitofrontal cortex and the medial frontal gyrus. Finally, during the interaction of emotion and cognition, altered patterns of activation in patients with AOS were found in the thalamocortical network, including the angular and the middle cingulate gyri extending to the precuneus. These activation differences were further decomposed by parameter estimates. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insights into the neural correlates underlying the mutual influence of affective and cognitive symptoms in AOS. During the n-back task, areas typically associated with working memory performance were found hypoactivated in patients relative to the control subjects, including the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortex and the anterior cingulate. However, patients with AOS mainly demonstrated increased activation in key areas of emotion processing, such as the left orbitofrontal cortex and medial frontal areas, during negative emotion induction. A dysfunctional thalamocortical network during the interaction mainly included regions involved in the integration of converging information--either on the subcortical (thalamus) or on a higher-order cortical level (comprising the angular gyrus). These findings point to dysfunctional emotion-cognition interactions in AOS, which may explain its poor prognosis.
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