1
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Yslas AR, Park R, Nishimura N, Lee E. Monomeric and oligomeric amyloid-β cause distinct Alzheimer's disease pathophysiological characteristics in astrocytes in human glymphatics-on-chip models. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3826-3839. [PMID: 39037244 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00287c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by the aggregation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and astrocyte dysfunction. For Aβ oligomers or aggregates to be formed, there must be Aβ monomers present; however, the roles of monomeric Aβ (mAβ) and oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) in astrocyte pathogenesis are poorly understood. We cultured astrocytes in a brain-mimicking three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix and revealed that both mAβ and oAβ caused astrocytic atrophy and hyper-reactivity, but showed distinct Ca2+ changes in astrocytes. This 3D culture evolved into a microfluidic glymphatics-on-chip model containing astrocytes and endothelial cells with the interstitial fluid (ISF). The glymphatics-on-chip model not only reproduced the astrocytic atrophy, hyper-reactivity, and Ca2+ changes induced by mAβ and oAβ, but recapitulated that the components of the dystrophin-associated complex (DAC) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were properly maintained by the ISF, and dysregulated by mAβ and oAβ. Collectively, mAβ and oAβ cause distinct AD pathophysiological characteristics in the astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria R Yslas
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Rena Park
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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2
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Melrose J. CNS/PNS proteoglycans functionalize neuronal and astrocyte niche microenvironments optimizing cellular activity by preserving membrane polarization dynamics, ionic microenvironments, ion fluxes, neuronal activation, and network neurotransductive capacity. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25361. [PMID: 39034899 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Central and peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) proteoglycans (PGs) have diverse functional roles, this study examined how these control cellular behavior and tissue function. The CNS/PNS extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, responsive, highly interactive, space-filling, cell supportive, stabilizing structure maintaining tissue compartments, ionic microenvironments, and microgradients that regulate neuronal activity and maintain the neuron in an optimal ionic microenvironment. The CNS/PNS contains a high glycosaminoglycan content (60% hyaluronan, HA) and a diverse range of stabilizing PGs. Immobilization of HA in brain tissues by HA interactive hyalectan PGs preserves tissue hydration and neuronal activity, a paucity of HA in brain tissues results in a pro-convulsant epileptic phenotype. Diverse CS, KS, and HSPGs stabilize the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular unit, provide smart gel neurotransmitter neuron vesicle storage and delivery, organize the neuromuscular junction basement membrane, and provide motor neuron synaptic plasticity, and photoreceptor and neuron synaptic functions. PG-HA networks maintain ionic fluxes and microgradients and tissue compartments that contribute to membrane polarization dynamics essential to neuronal activation and neurotransduction. Hyalectans form neuroprotective perineuronal nets contributing to synaptic plasticity, memory, and cognitive learning. Sialoglycoprotein associated with cones and rods (SPACRCAN), an HA binding CSPG, stabilizes the inter-photoreceptor ECM. HSPGs pikachurin and eyes shut stabilize the photoreceptor synapse aiding in phototransduction and neurotransduction with retinal bipolar neurons crucial to visual acuity. This is achieved through Laminin G motifs in pikachurin, eyes shut, and neurexins that interact with the dystroglycan-cytoskeleton-ECM-stabilizing synaptic interconnections, neuronal interactive specificity, and co-ordination of regulatory action potentials in neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Zhang DX, Jia SY, Xiao K, Zhang MM, Yu ZF, Liu JZ, Zhang W, Zhang LM, Xing BR, Zhou TT, Li XM, Zhao XC, An P. Icariin mitigates anxiety-like behaviors induced by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation via inhibiting of astrocytic activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155507. [PMID: 38552430 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal activation of astrocytes in the amygdala contributes to anxiety after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR). Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-associated epigenetic reprogramming of astrocytic activation is crucial to anxiety. A bioactive monomer derived from Epimedium icariin (ICA) has been reported to modulate NF-κB signaling and astrocytic activation. PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ICA on post-HSR anxiety disorders and its potential mechanism of action. METHODS We first induced HSR in mice through a bleeding and re-transfusion model and selectively inhibited and activated astrocytes in the amygdala using chemogenetics. Then, ICA (40 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage once daily for 21 days. Behavioral, electrophysiological, and pathological changes were assessed after HSR using the light-dark transition test, elevated plus maze, recording of local field potential (LFP), and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS Exposure to HSR reduced the duration of the light chamber and attenuated open-arm entries. Moreover, HSR exposure increased the theta oscillation power in the amygdala and upregulated NF-κB p65, H3K27ac, and H3K4me3 expression. Contrarily, chemogenetic inhibition of astrocytes significantly reversed these changes. Chemogenetic inhibition in astrocytes was simulated by ICA, but chemogenetic activation of astrocytes blocked the neuroprotective effects of ICA. CONCLUSION ICA mitigated anxiety-like behaviors induced by HSR in mice via inhibiting astrocytic activation, which is possibly associated with NF-κB-induced epigenetic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xue Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yan Jia
- Anesthesia and Trauma Research Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Neurological Rehabilitation, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Yu
- Anesthesia and Trauma Research Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Zhen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Anesthesia and Trauma Research Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Rui Xing
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Osteoarthrosis Research (Preparing)
| | - Ting-Ting Zhou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Osteoarthrosis Research (Preparing)
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Osteoarthrosis Research (Preparing)
| | - Xiao-Chun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping An
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Dócs K, Balázs A, Papp I, Szücs P, Hegyi Z. Reactive spinal glia convert 2-AG to prostaglandins to drive aberrant astroglial calcium signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1382465. [PMID: 38784707 PMCID: PMC11112260 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1382465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) influences neurotransmission in the central nervous system mainly by activating type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1). Following its release, 2-AG is broken down by hydrolases to yield arachidonic acid, which may subsequently be metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 converts arachidonic acid and also 2-AG into prostanoids, well-known inflammatory and pro-nociceptive mediators. Here, using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods and pharmacological manipulations, we found that reactive spinal astrocytes and microglia increase the expression of COX-2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 when exposed to 2-AG. Both 2-AG and PGE2 evoke calcium transients in spinal astrocytes, but PGE2 showed 30% more efficacy and 55 times more potency than 2-AG. Unstimulated spinal dorsal horn astrocytes responded to 2-AG with calcium transients mainly through the activation of CB1. 2-AG induced exaggerated calcium transients in reactive astrocytes, but this increase in the frequency and area under the curve of calcium signals was only partially dependent on CB1. Instead, aberrant calcium transients were almost completely abolished by COX-2 inhibition. Our results suggest that both reactive spinal astrocytes and microglia perform an endocannabinoid-prostanoid switch to produce PGE2 at the expense of 2-AG. PGE2 in turn is responsible for the induction of aberrant astroglial calcium signals which, together with PGE2 production may play role in the development and maintenance of spinal neuroinflammation-associated disturbances such as central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Dócs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Balázs
- Department of Theoretical and Integrative Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Papp
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Szücs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- HUN-REN-DE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Caban KM, Seßenhausen P, Stöckl JB, Popper B, Mayerhofer A, Fröhlich T. Proteome profile of the cerebellum from α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor deficient mice. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300384. [PMID: 38185761 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR; CHRNA7) is expressed in the nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues. Within the central nervous system, it is involved in various cognitive and sensory processes such as learning, attention, and memory. It is also expressed in the cerebellum, where its roles are; however, not as well understood as in the other brain regions. To investigate the consequences of absence of CHRNA7 on the cerebellum proteome, we performed a quantitative nano-LC-MS/MS analysis of samples from CHRNA7 knockout (KO) mice and corresponding wild type (WT) controls. Liver, an organ which does not express this receptor, was analyzed, in comparison. While the liver proteome remained relatively unaltered (three proteins more abundant in KOs), 90 more and 20 less abundant proteins were detected in the cerebellum proteome of the KO mice. The gene ontology analysis of the differentially abundant proteins indicates that the absence of CHRNA7 leads to alterations in the glutamatergic system and myelin sheath in the cerebellum. In conclusion, our dataset provides new insights in the role of CHRNA7 in the cerebellum, which may serve as a basis for future in depth-investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pia Seßenhausen
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Bernard Stöckl
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, München, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Animal Models, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, München, Germany
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Chalmers N, Masouti E, Beckervordersandforth R. Astrocytes in the adult dentate gyrus-balance between adult and developmental tasks. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:982-991. [PMID: 38177351 PMCID: PMC11176073 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes, a major glial cell type in the brain, are indispensable for the integration, maintenance and survival of neurons during development and adulthood. Both life phases make specific demands on the molecular and physiological properties of astrocytes, and most research projects traditionally focus on either developmental or adult astrocyte functions. In most brain regions, the generation of brain cells and the establishment of neural circuits ends with postnatal development. However, few neurogenic niches exist in the adult brain in which new neurons and glial cells are produced lifelong, and the integration of new cells into functional circuits represent a very special form of plasticity. Consequently, in the neurogenic niche, the astrocytes must be equipped to execute both mature and developmental tasks in order to integrate newborn neurons into the circuit and yet maintain overall homeostasis without affecting the preexisting neurons. In this review, we focus on astrocytes of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), and discuss specific features of the astrocytic compartment that may allow the execution of both tasks. Firstly, astrocytes of the adult DG are molecularly, morphologically and functionally diverse, and the distinct astrocytes subtypes are characterized by their localization to DG layers. This spatial separation may lead to a functional specification of astrocytes subtypes according to the neuronal structures they are embedded in, hence a division of labor. Secondly, the astrocytic compartment is not static, but steadily increasing in numbers due to lifelong astrogenesis. Interestingly, astrogenesis can adapt to environmental and behavioral stimuli, revealing an unexpected astrocyte dynamic that allows the niche to adopt to changing demands. The diversity and dynamic of astrocytes in the adult DG implicate a vital contribution to hippocampal plasticity and represent an interesting model to uncover mechanisms how astrocytes simultaneously fulfill developmental and adult tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chalmers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evangelia Masouti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Hamani C, Davidson B, Lipsman N, Abrahao A, Nestor SM, Rabin JS, Giacobbe P, Pagano RL, Campos ACP. Insertional effect following electrode implantation: an underreported but important phenomenon. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae093. [PMID: 38707711 PMCID: PMC11069120 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation has revolutionized the treatment of movement disorders and is gaining momentum in the treatment of several other neuropsychiatric disorders. In almost all applications of this therapy, the insertion of electrodes into the target has been shown to induce some degree of clinical improvement prior to stimulation onset. Disregarding this phenomenon, commonly referred to as 'insertional effect', can lead to biased results in clinical trials, as patients receiving sham stimulation may still experience some degree of symptom amelioration. Similar to the clinical scenario, an improvement in behavioural performance following electrode implantation has also been reported in preclinical models. From a neurohistopathologic perspective, the insertion of electrodes into the brain causes an initial trauma and inflammatory response, the activation of astrocytes, a focal release of gliotransmitters, the hyperexcitability of neurons in the vicinity of the implants, as well as neuroplastic and circuitry changes at a distance from the target. Taken together, it would appear that electrode insertion is not an inert process, but rather triggers a cascade of biological processes, and, as such, should be considered alongside the active delivery of stimulation as an active part of the deep brain stimulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Hamani
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Benjamin Davidson
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Agessandro Abrahao
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Sean M Nestor
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Peter Giacobbe
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP CEP 01308-060, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina P Campos
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP CEP 01308-060, Brazil
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Burton CL, Longaretti A, Zlatanovic A, Gomes GM, Tonini R. Striatal insights: a cellular and molecular perspective on repetitive behaviors in pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1386715. [PMID: 38601025 PMCID: PMC11004256 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1386715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals often behave repetitively and predictably. These repetitive behaviors can have a component that is learned and ingrained as habits, which can be evolutionarily advantageous as they reduce cognitive load and the expenditure of attentional resources. Repetitive behaviors can also be conscious and deliberate, and may occur in the absence of habit formation, typically when they are a feature of normal development in children, or neuropsychiatric disorders. They can be considered pathological when they interfere with social relationships and daily activities. For instance, people affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, Huntington's disease and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome can display a wide range of symptoms like compulsive, stereotyped and ritualistic behaviors. The striatum nucleus of the basal ganglia is proposed to act as a master regulator of these repetitive behaviors through its circuit connections with sensorimotor, associative, and limbic areas of the cortex. However, the precise mechanisms within the striatum, detailing its compartmental organization, cellular specificity, and the intricacies of its downstream connections, remain an area of active research. In this review, we summarize evidence across multiple scales, including circuit-level, cellular, and molecular dimensions, to elucidate the striatal mechanisms underpinning repetitive behaviors and offer perspectives on the implicated disorders. We consider the close relationship between behavioral output and transcriptional changes, and thereby structural and circuit alterations, including those occurring through epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Naghieh P, Delavar A, Amiri M, Peremans H. Astrocyte's self-repairing characteristics improve working memory in spiking neuronal networks. iScience 2023; 26:108241. [PMID: 38047076 PMCID: PMC10692671 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a significant role in the working memory (WM) mechanism, yet their contribution to spiking neuron-astrocyte networks (SNAN) is underexplored. This study proposes a non-probabilistic SNAN incorporating a self-repairing (SR) mechanism through endocannabinoid pathways to facilitate WM function. Four experiments were conducted with different damaging patterns, replicating close-to-realistic synaptic impairments. Simulation results suggest that the SR process enhances WM performance by improving the consistency of neuronal firing. Moreover, the intercellular astrocytic [Ca]2+ transmission via gap junctions improves WM and SR processes. With increasing damage, WM and SR activities initially fail for non-matched samples and then for smaller and minimally overlapping matched samples. Simulation results also indicate that the inclusion of the SR mechanism in both random and continuous forms of damage improves the resilience of the WM by approximately 20%. This study highlights the importance of astrocytes in synaptically impaired networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Naghieh
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Delavar
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahmood Amiri
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herbert Peremans
- Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Courtney CD, Sobieski C, Ramakrishnan C, Ingram RJ, Wojnowski NM, DeFazio RA, Deisseroth K, Christian-Hinman CA. Optoα1AR activation in astrocytes modulates basal hippocampal synaptic excitation and inhibition in a stimulation-specific manner. Hippocampus 2023; 33:1277-1291. [PMID: 37767862 PMCID: PMC10842237 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play active roles at synapses and can monitor, respond, and adapt to local synaptic activity. While there is abundant evidence that astrocytes modulate excitatory transmission in the hippocampus, evidence for astrocytic modulation of hippocampal synaptic inhibition remains more limited. Furthermore, to better investigate roles for astrocytes in modulating synaptic transmission, more tools that can selectively activate native G protein signaling pathways in astrocytes with both spatial and temporal precision are needed. Here, we utilized AAV8-GFAP-Optoα1AR-eYFP (Optoα1AR), a viral vector that enables activation of Gq signaling in astrocytes via light-sensitive α1-adrenergic receptors. To determine if stimulating astrocytic Optoα1AR modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission, recordings were made in CA1 pyramidal cells with surrounding astrocytes expressing Optoα1AR, channelrhodopsin (ChR2), or GFP. Both high-frequency (20 Hz, 45-ms light pulses, 5 mW, 5 min) and low-frequency (0.5 Hz, 1-s pulses at increasing 1, 5, and 10 mW intensities, 90 s per intensity) blue light stimulation were tested. 20 Hz Optoα1AR stimulation increased both inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic current (IPSC and EPSC) frequency, and the effect on miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) was largely reversible within 20 min. However, low-frequency stimulation of Optoα1AR did not modulate either IPSCs or EPSCs, suggesting that astrocytic Gq -dependent modulation of basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is stimulation-dependent. By contrast, low-frequency stimulation of astrocytic ChR2 was effective in increasing both synaptic excitation and inhibition. Together, these data demonstrate that Optoα1AR activation in astrocytes changes basal GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission, but only following high-frequency stimulation, highlighting the importance of temporal dynamics when using optical tools to manipulate astrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor D Courtney
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Courtney Sobieski
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robbie J Ingram
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalia M Wojnowski
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - R Anthony DeFazio
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A Christian-Hinman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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11
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Leite MC, Galland F, Guerra MC, Rodrigues L, Taday J, Monteforte PT, Hirata H, Gottfried C, Donato R, Smaili S, Gonçalves CA. Astroglial S100B Secretion Is Mediated by Ca 2+ Mobilization from Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Study Using Forskolin and DMSO as Secretagogues. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16576. [PMID: 38068900 PMCID: PMC10706453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B, a homodimeric Ca2+-binding protein, is produced and secreted by astrocytes, and its extracellular levels have been used as a glial marker in brain damage and neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases; however, its mechanism of secretion is elusive. We used primary astrocyte cultures and calcium measurements from real-time fluorescence microscopy to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in S100B secretion. In addition, the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) effect on S100B was investigated in vitro and in vivo using Wistar rats. We found that DMSO, a widely used vehicle in biological assays, is a powerful S100B secretagogue, which caused a biphasic response of Ca2+ mobilization. Our data show that astroglial S100B secretion is triggered by the increase in intracellular Ca2+ and indicate that this increase is due to Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum. Also, blocking plasma membrane Ca2+ channels involved in the Ca2+ replenishment of internal stores decreased S100B secretion. The DMSO-induced S100B secretion was confirmed in vivo and in ex vivo hippocampal slices. Our data support a nonclassic vesicular export of S100B modulated by Ca2+, and the results might contribute to understanding the mechanism underlying the astroglial release of S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C. Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; (M.C.G.); (L.R.); (J.T.); (C.G.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Fabiana Galland
- Centro de Ciências e Qualidade dos Alimentos, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas 13070-178, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maria Cristina Guerra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; (M.C.G.); (L.R.); (J.T.); (C.G.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Letícia Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; (M.C.G.); (L.R.); (J.T.); (C.G.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Jéssica Taday
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; (M.C.G.); (L.R.); (J.T.); (C.G.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Priscila T. Monteforte
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, São João Del Rei 36301-160, MG, Brazil;
| | - Hanko Hirata
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil; (H.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; (M.C.G.); (L.R.); (J.T.); (C.G.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Rosario Donato
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Soraya Smaili
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil; (H.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; (M.C.G.); (L.R.); (J.T.); (C.G.); (C.-A.G.)
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12
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Hyung S, Park JH, Jung K. Application of optogenetic glial cells to neuron-glial communication. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1249043. [PMID: 37868193 PMCID: PMC10585272 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1249043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques combine optics and genetics to enable cell-specific targeting and precise spatiotemporal control of excitable cells, and they are increasingly being employed. One of the most significant advantages of the optogenetic approach is that it allows for the modulation of nearby cells or circuits with millisecond precision, enabling researchers to gain a better understanding of the complex nervous system. Furthermore, optogenetic neuron activation permits the regulation of information processing in the brain, including synaptic activity and transmission, and also promotes nerve structure development. However, the optimal conditions remain unclear, and further research is required to identify the types of cells that can most effectively and precisely control nerve function. Recent studies have described optogenetic glial manipulation for coordinating the reciprocal communication between neurons and glia. Optogenetically stimulated glial cells can modulate information processing in the central nervous system and provide structural support for nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system. These advances promote the effective use of optogenetics, although further experiments are needed. This review describes the critical role of glial cells in the nervous system and reviews the optogenetic applications of several types of glial cells, as well as their significance in neuron-glia interactions. Together, it briefly discusses the therapeutic potential and feasibility of optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hyung
- Precision Medicine Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Park
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhwan Jung
- DAWINBIO Inc., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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13
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Santoso DPJ, Nugrahani AD, Siddiq A, Pramatirta AY, Aziz MA, Irianti S, Pribadi A, Anwar AD, Effendi JS. Effect of maternal serum magnesium and calcium levels on umbilical glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in preterm labor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13337. [PMID: 37587163 PMCID: PMC10432514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium can prevent astrocyte cell death and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) secretion as inflammatory marker in preterm delivery. This study was performed to analyze differences in umbilical cord GFAP levels in preterm labor given magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as treatment group and control group and analyze the correlation between magnesium and calcium levels with umbilical GFAP levels. This quasi-experimental study was performed on 68 patients at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital from February-June 2021 consisting of 34 patients in each group. Maternal-umbilical cord magnesium levels, calcium levels, and GFAP levels were examined using ELISA test. The result was statistically measured by IBM SPSS 24.0. We found that there was a significant difference between maternal and umbilical magnesium levels and GFAP umbilical cord blood levels between the treatment and the control group (P < 0.05) in which GFAP level was higher in the control group. The multivariate analysis showed no significant relevance between mother magnesium and calcium level to umbilical cord GFAP level in the MgSO4 group. As conclusions, umbilical cord blood GFAP levels in preterm labor given MgSO4 were lower than in preterm deliveries who were not given MgSO4. There was no correlation between magnesium, calcium, and GFAP levels in the treatment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanny Primantara Johari Santoso
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Slamet General District Hospital Garut, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Pasteur No. 38, Bandung, 40161, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Annisa Dewi Nugrahani
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Slamet General District Hospital Garut, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Pasteur No. 38, Bandung, 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Amillia Siddiq
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Yogi Pramatirta
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Alamsyah Aziz
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Setyorini Irianti
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Adhi Pribadi
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Anita Deborah Anwar
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jusuf Sulaeman Effendi
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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14
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Suthard RL, Senne RA, Buzharsky MD, Pyo AY, Dorst KE, Diep AH, Cole RH, Ramirez S. Basolateral Amygdala Astrocytes Are Engaged by the Acquisition and Expression of a Contextual Fear Memory. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4997-5013. [PMID: 37268419 PMCID: PMC10324998 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1775-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key cellular regulators within the brain. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is implicated in fear memory processing, yet most research has entirely focused on neuronal mechanisms, despite a significant body of work implicating astrocytes in learning and memory. In the present study, we used in vivo fiber photometry in C57BL/6J male mice to record from amygdalar astrocytes across fear learning, recall, and three separate periods of extinction. We found that BLA astrocytes robustly responded to foot shock during acquisition, their activity remained remarkably elevated across days in comparison to unshocked control animals, and their increased activity persisted throughout extinction. Further, we found that astrocytes responded to the initiation and termination of freezing bouts during contextual fear conditioning and recall, and this behavior-locked pattern of activity did not persist throughout the extinction sessions. Importantly, astrocytes do not display these changes while exploring a novel context, suggesting that these observations are specific to the original fear-associated environment. Chemogenetic inhibition of fear ensembles in the BLA did not affect freezing behavior or astrocytic calcium dynamics. Overall, our work presents a real-time role for amygdalar astrocytes in fear processing and provides new insight into the emerging role of these cells in cognition and behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that basolateral amygdala astrocytes are robustly responsive to negative experiences, like shock, and display changed calcium activity patterns through fear learning and memory. Additionally, astrocytic calcium responses become time locked to the initiation and termination of freezing behavior during fear learning and recall. We find that astrocytes display calcium dynamics unique to a fear-conditioned context, and chemogenetic inhibition of BLA fear ensembles does not have an impact on freezing behavior or calcium dynamics. These findings show that astrocytes play a key real-time role in fear learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Suthard
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Ryan A Senne
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Michelle D Buzharsky
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Angela Y Pyo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Kaitlyn E Dorst
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Anh H Diep
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Rebecca H Cole
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Steve Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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15
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Cunha-Garcia D, Monteiro-Fernandes D, Correia JS, Neves-Carvalho A, Vilaça-Ferreira AC, Guerra-Gomes S, Viana JF, Oliveira JF, Teixeira-Castro A, Maciel P, Duarte-Silva S. Genetic Ablation of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Type 2 (IP 3R2) Fails to Modify Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10606. [PMID: 37445783 PMCID: PMC10341520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal polyglutamine expansion within the ataxin-3 protein (ATXN3). This leads to neurodegeneration of specific brain and spinal cord regions, resulting in a progressive loss of motor function. Despite neuronal death, non-neuronal cells, including astrocytes, are also involved in SCA3 pathogenesis. Astrogliosis is a common pathological feature in SCA3 patients and animal models of the disease. However, the contribution of astrocytes to SCA3 is not clearly defined. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 (IP3R2) is the predominant IP3R in mediating astrocyte somatic calcium signals, and genetically ablation of IP3R2 has been widely used to study astrocyte function. Here, we aimed to investigate the relevance of IP3R2 in the onset and progression of SCA3. For this, we tested whether IP3R2 depletion and the consecutive suppression of global astrocytic calcium signalling would lead to marked changes in the behavioral phenotype of a SCA3 mouse model, the CMVMJD135 transgenic line. This was achieved by crossing IP3R2 null mice with the CMVMJD135 mouse model and performing a longitudinal behavioral characterization of these mice using well-established motor-related function tests. Our results demonstrate that IP3R2 deletion in astrocytes does not modify SCA3 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cunha-Garcia
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniela Monteiro-Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Sofia Correia
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Neves-Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Vilaça-Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sónia Guerra-Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Filipe Viana
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Filipe Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- IPCA-EST-2Ai, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Campus of IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.C.-G.); (D.M.-F.); (J.S.C.); (A.N.-C.); (A.C.V.-F.); (S.G.-G.); (J.F.V.); (J.F.O.); (A.T.-C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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16
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Wang F, Ruppell KT, Zhou S, Qu Y, Gong J, Shang Y, Wu J, Liu X, Diao W, Li Y, Xiang Y. Gliotransmission and adenosine signaling promote axon regeneration. Dev Cell 2023; 58:660-676.e7. [PMID: 37028426 PMCID: PMC10173126 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
How glia control axon regeneration remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigate glial regulation of regenerative ability differences of closely related Drosophila larval sensory neuron subtypes. Axotomy elicits Ca2+ signals in ensheathing glia, which activates regenerative neurons through the gliotransmitter adenosine and mounts axon regenerative programs. However, non-regenerative neurons do not respond to glial stimulation or adenosine. Such neuronal subtype-specific responses result from specific expressions of adenosine receptors in regenerative neurons. Disrupting gliotransmission impedes axon regeneration of regenerative neurons, and ectopic adenosine receptor expression in non-regenerative neurons suffices to activate regenerative programs and induce axon regeneration. Furthermore, stimulating gliotransmission or activating the mammalian ortholog of Drosophila adenosine receptors in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes axon regrowth after optic nerve crush in adult mice. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that gliotransmission orchestrates neuronal subtype-specific axon regeneration in Drosophila and suggest that targeting gliotransmission or adenosine signaling is a strategy for mammalian central nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Program of Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kendra Takle Ruppell
- Department of Neurobiology, Program of Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Program of Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ye Shang
- Department of Neurobiology, Program of Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jinglin Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlin Diao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; The National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Program of Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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17
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Lee SH, Mak A, Verheijen MHG. Comparative assessment of the effects of DREADDs and endogenously expressed GPCRs in hippocampal astrocytes on synaptic activity and memory. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1159756. [PMID: 37051110 PMCID: PMC10083367 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1159756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) have proven themselves as one of the key in vivo techniques of modern neuroscience, allowing for unprecedented access to cellular manipulations in living animals. With respect to astrocyte research, DREADDs have become a popular method to examine the functional aspects of astrocyte activity, particularly G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated intracellular calcium (Ca2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dynamics. With this method it has become possible to directly link the physiological aspects of astrocytic function to cognitive processes such as memory. As a result, a multitude of studies have explored the impact of DREADD activation in astrocytes on synaptic activity and memory. However, the emergence of varying results prompts us to reconsider the degree to which DREADDs expressed in astrocytes accurately mimic endogenous GPCR activity. Here we compare the major downstream signaling mechanisms, synaptic, and behavioral effects of stimulating Gq-, Gs-, and Gi-DREADDs in hippocampal astrocytes of adult mice to those of endogenously expressed GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie H. Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Master’s Programme Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aline Mak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark H. G. Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Mark Verheijen,
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18
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Manninen T, Aćimović J, Linne ML. Analysis of Network Models with Neuron-Astrocyte Interactions. Neuroinformatics 2023; 21:375-406. [PMID: 36959372 PMCID: PMC10085960 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-023-09622-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural networks, composed of many neurons and governed by complex interactions between them, are a widely accepted formalism for modeling and exploring global dynamics and emergent properties in brain systems. In the past decades, experimental evidence of computationally relevant neuron-astrocyte interactions, as well as the astrocytic modulation of global neural dynamics, have accumulated. These findings motivated advances in computational glioscience and inspired several models integrating mechanisms of neuron-astrocyte interactions into the standard neural network formalism. These models were developed to study, for example, synchronization, information transfer, synaptic plasticity, and hyperexcitability, as well as classification tasks and hardware implementations. We here focus on network models of at least two neurons interacting bidirectionally with at least two astrocytes that include explicitly modeled astrocytic calcium dynamics. In this study, we analyze the evolution of these models and the biophysical, biochemical, cellular, and network mechanisms used to construct them. Based on our analysis, we propose how to systematically describe and categorize interaction schemes between cells in neuron-astrocyte networks. We additionally study the models in view of the existing experimental data and present future perspectives. Our analysis is an important first step towards understanding astrocytic contribution to brain functions. However, more advances are needed to collect comprehensive data about astrocyte morphology and physiology in vivo and to better integrate them in data-driven computational models. Broadening the discussion about theoretical approaches and expanding the computational tools is necessary to better understand astrocytes' roles in brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Manninen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jugoslava Aćimović
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marja-Leena Linne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland.
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19
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Uchino K, Tanaka Y, Ikezawa W, Deshimaru M, Kubota K, Watanabe T, Katsurabayashi S, Iwasaki K, Hirose S. Astrocyte Ca 2+ signaling is facilitated in Scn1a +/- mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:169-174. [PMID: 36610382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is an infantile-onset epileptic encephalopathy. More than 80% of DS patients have a heterozygous mutation in SCN1A, which encodes a subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.1, in neurons. The roles played by astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type in the brain, have been investigated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy; however, the specific involvement of astrocytes in DS has not been clarified. In this study, we evaluated Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes using genetically modified mice that have a loss-of-function mutation in Scn1a. We found that the slope of spontaneous Ca2+ spiking was increased without a change in amplitude in Scn1a+/- astrocytes. In addition, ATP-induced transient Ca2+ influx and the slope of Ca2+ spiking were also increased in Scn1a+/- astrocytes. These data indicate that perturbed Ca2+ dynamics in astrocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouya Uchino
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan; iONtarget, Co. Inc, Fukuoka, Japan; Research Institute for the Molecular Pathogeneses of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wakana Ikezawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Deshimaru
- Research Institute for the Molecular Pathogeneses of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shutaro Katsurabayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research Institute for the Molecular Pathogeneses of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hirose
- iONtarget, Co. Inc, Fukuoka, Japan; Research Institute for the Molecular Pathogeneses of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; General Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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20
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Clyburn C, Carson KE, Smith CR, Travagli RA, Browning KN. Brainstem astrocytes control homeostatic regulation of caloric intake. J Physiol 2023; 601:801-829. [PMID: 36696965 PMCID: PMC10026361 DOI: 10.1113/jp283566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged high-fat diet (HFD) exposure is associated with hyperphagia, excess caloric intake and weight gain. After initial exposure to a HFD, a brief (24-48 h) period of hyperphagia is followed by the regulation of caloric intake and restoration of energy balance within an acute (3-5 day) period. Previous studies have demonstrated this occurs via a vagally mediated signalling cascade that increases glutamatergic transmission via activation of NMDA receptors located on gastric-projecting neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). The present study used electrophysiological recordings from thin brainstem slice preparations, in vivo recordings of gastric motility and tone, measurement of gastric emptying rates, and food intake studies to investigate the hypothesis that activation of brainstem astrocytes in response to acute HFD exposure is responsible for the increased glutamatergic drive to DMV neurons and the restoration of caloric balance. Pharmacological and chemogenetic inhibition of brainstem astrocytes reduced glutamatergic signalling and DMV excitability, dysregulated gastric tone and motility, attenuated the homeostatic delay in gastric emptying, and prevented the decrease in food intake that is observed during the period of energy regulation following initial exposure to HFD. Understanding the mechanisms involved in caloric regulation may provide critical insights into energy balance as well as into the hyperphagia that develops as these mechanisms are overcome. KEY POINTS: Initial exposure to a high fat diet is associated with a brief period of hyperphagia before caloric intake and energy balance is restored. This period of homeostatic regulation is associated with a vagally mediated signalling cascade that increases glutamatergic transmission to dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons via activation of synaptic NMDA receptors. The present study demonstrates that pharmacological and chemogenetic inhibition of brainstem astrocytes reduced glutamatergic signalling and DMV neuronal excitability, dysregulated gastric motility and tone and emptying, and prevented the regulation of food intake following high-fat diet exposure. Astrocyte regulation of glutamatergic transmission to DMV neurons appears to involve release of the gliotransmitters glutamate and ATP. Understanding the mechanisms involved in caloric regulation may provide critical insights into energy balance as well as into the hyperphagia that develops as these mechanisms are overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Clyburn
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Current position: Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97056
| | - Kaitlin E. Carson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Caleb R. Smith
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - R. Alberto Travagli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Current position: Neurobiology Research, Newport, NC 28570
| | - Kirsteen N. Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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21
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Pietiläinen O, Trehan A, Meyer D, Mitchell J, Tegtmeyer M, Valakh V, Gebre H, Chen T, Vartiainen E, Farhi SL, Eggan K, McCarroll SA, Nehme R. Astrocytic cell adhesion genes linked to schizophrenia correlate with synaptic programs in neurons. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111988. [PMID: 36640364 PMCID: PMC10721115 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The maturation of neurons and the development of synapses, although emblematic of neurons, also relies on interactions with astrocytes and other glia. Here, to study the role of glia-neuron interactions, we analyze the transcriptomes of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neurons, from 80 human donors, that were cultured with or without contact with glial cells. We find that the presence of astrocytes enhances synaptic gene-expression programs in neurons when in physical contact with astrocytes. These changes in neurons correlate with increased expression, in the cocultured glia, of genes that encode synaptic cell adhesion molecules. Both the neuronal and astrocyte gene-expression programs are enriched for genes associated with schizophrenia risk. Our results suggest that astrocyte-expressed genes with synaptic functions are associated with stronger expression of synaptic genetic programs in neurons, and they suggest a potential role for astrocyte-neuron interactions in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Pietiläinen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aditi Trehan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jana Mitchell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthew Tegtmeyer
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Vera Valakh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hilena Gebre
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Theresa Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emilia Vartiainen
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samouil L Farhi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ralda Nehme
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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22
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Riggins TE, Whitsitt QA, Saxena A, Hunter E, Hunt B, Thompson CH, Moore MG, Purcell EK. Gene Expression Changes in Cultured Reactive Rat Astrocyte Models and Comparison to Device-Associated Effects in the Brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.522870. [PMID: 36712012 PMCID: PMC9881929 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.522870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Implanted microelectrode arrays hold immense therapeutic potential for many neurodegenerative diseases. However, a foreign body response limits long-term device performance. Recent literature supports the role of astrocytes in the response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS) and suggests that reactive astrocytes exist on a spectrum of phenotypes, from beneficial to neurotoxic. The goal of our study was to gain insight into the subtypes of reactive astrocytes responding to electrodes implanted in the brain. In this study, we tested the transcriptomic profile of two reactive astrocyte culture models (cytokine cocktail or lipopolysaccharide, LPS) utilizing RNA sequencing, which we then compared to differential gene expression surrounding devices inserted into rat motor cortex via spatial transcriptomics. We interpreted changes in the genetic expression of the culture models to that of 24 hour, 1 week and 6 week rat tissue samples at multiple distances radiating from the injury site. We found overlapping expression of up to ∼250 genes between in vitro models and in vivo effects, depending on duration of implantation. Cytokine-induced cells shared more genes in common with chronically implanted tissue (≥1 week) in comparison to LPS-exposed cells. We revealed localized expression of a subset of these intersecting genes (e.g., Serping1, Chi3l1, and Cyp7b1) in regions of device-encapsulating, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes identified with immunohistochemistry. We applied a factorization approach to assess the strength of the relationship between reactivity markers and the spatial distribution of GFAP-expressing astrocytes in vivo . We also provide lists of hundreds of differentially expressed genes between reactive culture models and untreated controls, and we observed 311 shared genes between the cytokine induced model and the LPS-reaction induced control model. Our results show that comparisons of reactive astrocyte culture models with spatial transcriptomics data can reveal new biomarkers of the foreign body response to implantable neurotechnology. These comparisons also provide a strategy to assess the development of in vitro models of the tissue response to implanted electrodes.
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23
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Fessel J. Formulating treatment of major psychiatric disorders: algorithm targets the dominantly affected brain cell-types. DISCOVER MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:3. [PMID: 37861813 PMCID: PMC10501034 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-022-00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapy for most psychiatric conditions was developed from serendipitous observations of benefit from drugs prescribed for different reasons. An algorithmic approach to formulating pharmacotherapy is proposed, based upon which combination of changed activities by brain cell-types is dominant for any particular condition, because those cell-types contain and surrogate for genetic, metabolic and environmental information, that has affected their function. The algorithm performs because functions of some or all the affected cell-types benefit from several available drugs: clemastine, dantrolene, erythropoietin, fingolimod, fluoxetine, lithium, memantine, minocycline, pioglitazone, piracetam, and riluzole PROCEDURES/FINDINGS: Bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and post-traumatic stress disorder, illustrate the algorithm; for them, literature reviews show that no single combination of altered cell-types accounts for all cases; but they identify, for each condition, which combination occurs most frequently, i.e., dominates, as compared with other possible combinations. Knowing the dominant combination of altered cell-types in a particular condition, permits formulation of therapy with combinations of drugs taken from the above list. The percentage of patients who might benefit from that therapy, depends upon the frequency with which the dominant combination occurs in patients with that particular condition. CONCLUSIONS Knowing the dominant combination of changed cell types in psychiatric conditions, permits an algorithmically formulated, rationally-based treatment. Different studies of the same condition often produce discrepant results; all might be correct, because identical clinical phenotypes result from different combinations of impaired cell-types, thus producing different results. Clinical trials would validate both the proposed concept and choice of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 2069 Filbert Street, San Francisco, CA, 94123, USA.
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24
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Degl’Innocenti E, Dell’Anno MT. Human and mouse cortical astrocytes: a comparative view from development to morphological and functional characterization. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1130729. [PMID: 37139179 PMCID: PMC10150887 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1130729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The vision of astroglia as a bare scaffold to neuronal circuitry has been largely overturned. Astrocytes exert a neurotrophic function, but also take active part in supporting synaptic transmission and in calibrating blood circulation. Many aspects of their functioning have been unveiled from studies conducted in murine models, however evidence is showing many differences between mouse and human astrocytes starting from their development and encompassing morphological, transcriptomic and physiological variations when they achieve complete maturation. The evolutionary race toward superior cognitive abilities unique to humans has drastically impacted neocortex structure and, together with neuronal circuitry, astrocytes have also been affected with the acquisition of species-specific properties. In this review, we summarize diversities between murine and human astroglia, with a specific focus on neocortex, in a panoramic view that starts with their developmental origin to include all structural and molecular differences that mark the uniqueness of human astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Degl’Innocenti
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dell’Anno
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Teresa Dell’Anno,
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25
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Rahman MM, Mim SA, Islam MR, Sultana N, Ahmed M, Kamal MA. Role of G-Proteins and GPCR-Mediated Signalling in Neuropathophysiology. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:2-5. [PMID: 35507780 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220430142722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are activated by manifold neurotransmitters, and their activation, in turn, evokes slow synaptic transmission. They are profoundly related to numerous psychiatric and neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. The significant malady indications for GPCR modulators demonstrate a change towards obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, while other central nervous system disorders persist highly represented. GPR52, GPR6, and GPR8 are recognised as orphan GPCRs, co-exist either with both the dopamine D2 and D1 receptors in neurons of the basal ganglia or with the dopamine D2 receptor alone, and recommend that between these orphan receptors, GPR52 has the maximum potential of being a therapeutic psychiatric receptor. Genetically modified creature models and molecular biological investigations have suggested that these improved GPCRs could be potential therapeutic psychiatric receptors. In this perspective, the role of molecular targets in GPCR-mediated signalling has been discussed that would be novel drug design and discovery options for a scientist to elaborate previous knowledge with modern techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afsana Mim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nasrin Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Chinaa
- Enzymoics; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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26
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Noriega‐Prieto JA, Kofuji P, Araque A. Endocannabinoid signaling in synaptic function. Glia 2023; 71:36-43. [PMID: 36408881 PMCID: PMC9679333 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, astrocytes have emerged as important regulatory cells actively involved in brain function by exchanging signaling with neurons. The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling is widely present in many brain areas, being crucially involved in multiple brain functions and animal behaviors. The present review presents and discusses current evidence demonstrating that astrocytes sense eCBs released during neuronal activity and subsequently release gliotransmitters that regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. The eCB signaling to astrocytes and the synaptic regulation mediated by astrocytes activated by eCBs are complex phenomena that exhibit exquisite spatial and temporal properties, a wide variety of downstream signaling mechanisms, and a large diversity of functional synaptic outcomes. Studies investigating this topic have revealed novel regulatory processes of synaptic function, like the lateral regulation of synaptic transmission and the active involvement of astrocytes in the spike-timing dependent plasticity, originally thought to be exclusively mediated by the coincident activity of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, following Hebbian rules for associative learning. Finally, the critical influence of astrocyte-mediated eCB signaling on animal behavior is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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27
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Goenaga J, Araque A, Kofuji P, Herrera Moro Chao D. Calcium signaling in astrocytes and gliotransmitter release. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1138577. [PMID: 36937570 PMCID: PMC10017551 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1138577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia are as numerous in the brain as neurons and widely known to serve supportive roles such as structural scaffolding, extracellular ionic and neurotransmitter homeostasis, and metabolic support. However, over the past two decades, several lines of evidence indicate that astrocytes, which are a type of glia, play active roles in neural information processing. Astrocytes, although not electrically active, can exhibit a form of excitability by dynamic changes in intracellular calcium levels. They sense synaptic activity and release neuroactive substances, named gliotransmitters, that modulate neuronal activity and synaptic transmission in several brain areas, thus impacting animal behavior. This "dialogue" between astrocytes and neurons is embodied in the concept of the tripartite synapse that includes astrocytes as integral elements of synaptic function. Here, we review the recent work and discuss how astrocytes via calcium-mediated excitability modulate synaptic information processing at various spatial and time scales.
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28
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Implications of fractalkine on glial function, ablation and glial proteins/receptors/markers—understanding its therapeutic usefulness in neurological settings: a narrative review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine predominantly released by neurons. As a signaling molecule, CX3CL1 facilitates talk between neurons and glia. CX3CL1 is considered as a potential target which could alleviate neuroinflammation. However, certain controversial results and ambiguous role of CX3CL1 make it inexorable to decipher the overall effects of CX3CL1 on the physiopathology of glial cells.
Main body of the abstract
Implications of cross-talk between CX3CL1 and different glial proteins/receptors/markers will give a bird eye view of the therapeutic significance of CX3CL1. Keeping with the need, this review identifies the effects of CX3CL1 on glial physiopathology, glial ablation, and gives a wide coverage on the effects of CX3CL1 on certain glial proteins/receptors/markers.
Short conclusion
Pinpoint prediction of the therapeutic effect of CX3CL1 on neuroinflammation needs further research. This is owing to certain obscure roles and implications of CX3CL1 on different glial proteins/receptors/markers, which are crucial under neurological settings. Further challenges are imposed due to the dichotomous roles played by CX3CL1. The age-old chemokine shows many newer scopes of research in near future. Thus, overall assessment of the effect of CX3CL1 becomes crucial prior to its administration in neuroinflammation.
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29
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Mitroshina EV, Pakhomov AM, Krivonosov MI, Yarkov RS, Gavrish MS, Shkirin AV, Ivanchenko MV, Vedunova MV. Novel Algorithm of Network Calcium Dynamics Analysis for Studying the Role of Astrocytes in Neuronal Activity in Alzheimer's Disease Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415928. [PMID: 36555569 PMCID: PMC9781291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated experimental data strongly suggest that astrocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The effect of astrocytes on the calcium activity of neuron-astroglia networks in AD modelling was the object of the present study. We have expanded and improved our approach's capabilities to analyze calcium activity. We have developed a novel algorithm to construct dynamic directed graphs of both astrocytic and neuronal networks. The proposed algorithm allows us not only to identify functional relationships between cells and determine the presence of network activity, but also to characterize the spread of the calcium signal from cell to cell. Our study showed that Alzheimer's astrocytes can change the functional pattern of the calcium activity of healthy nerve cells. When healthy nerve cells were cocultivated with astrocytes treated with Aβ42, activation of calcium signaling was found. When healthy nerve cells were cocultivated with 5xFAD astrocytes, inhibition of calcium signaling was observed. In this regard, it seems relevant to further study astrocytic-neuronal interactions as an important factor in the regulation of the functional activity of brain cells during neurodegenerative processes. The approach to the analysis of streaming imaging data developed by the authors is a promising tool for studying the collective calcium dynamics of nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Mitroshina
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-950-604-5137
| | - Alexander M. Pakhomov
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Mikhail I. Krivonosov
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Roman S. Yarkov
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Maria S. Gavrish
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Shkirin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Laser Physics Department, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe Sh. 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Ivanchenko
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Maria V. Vedunova
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
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Kim S, Kwon J, Park MG, Lee CJ. Dopamine-induced astrocytic Ca 2+ signaling in mPFC is mediated by MAO-B in young mice, but by dopamine receptors in adult mice. Mol Brain 2022; 15:90. [PMID: 36397051 PMCID: PMC9670619 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a vital role in brain physiology and pathology such as learning and memory, motor control, neurological diseases, and psychiatric diseases. In neurons, it has been well established that DA increases or decreases intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) through D1-like or D2-like dopamine receptors, respectively. In contrast, it has been elusive how astrocytes respond to DA via Ca2+ signaling and regulate synaptic transmission and reward systems. Previous studies suggest various molecular targets such as MAO-B, D1R, or D1R-D2R heteromer to modulate astrocytic Ca2+ signaling. However, which molecular target is utilized under what physiological condition remains unclear. Here, we show that DA-induced astrocytic Ca2+ signaling pathway switches during development: MAO-B is the major player at a young age (5-6 weeks), whereas DA receptors (DARs) are responsible for the adult period (8-12 weeks). DA-mediated Ca2+ response in the adult period was decreased by either D1R or D2R blockers, which are primarily known for cyclic AMP signaling (Gs and Gi pathway, respectively), suggesting that this Ca2+ response might be mediated through Gq pathway by D1R-D2R heterodimer. Moreover, DAR-mediated Ca2+ response was not blocked by TTX, implying that this response is not a secondary response caused by neuronal activation. Our study proposes an age-specific molecular target of DA-induced astrocytic Ca2+ signaling: MAO-B in young mice and DAR in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunpil Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 55 Expo-Ro, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Kwon
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 55 Expo-Ro, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Gordon Park
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 55 Expo-Ro, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 55 Expo-Ro, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea
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Tavassoli Z, Giahi M, Janahmadi M, Hosseinmardi N. Glial cells inhibition affects the incidence of metaplasticity in the hippocampus of Pentylentetrazole-induced kindled rats. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 135:108907. [PMID: 36095872 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by the unpredictability but recurrence of seizures caused by the synchronized aberrant firing of neuronal populations. It has been shown that astrocytes (one of the most prominent glial cells) are ideally positioned to induce or contribute to neural network synchronization. Although astrocytes cannot generate action potentials, they have the capacity to sense and respond to neuronal activity, which allows them to function as homeostatic regulators of synaptic interactions. Considering the necessity of astrocyte-neuron bidirectional interactions in synaptic transmission and plasticity, in the current study, the role of astrocytes in synaptic metaplasticity and resultant behavioral seizures induced by Pentylentetrazole (PTZ) was assessed. Rats were kindled by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of PTZ (30 mg/kg/48 h). A glial cell inhibitor, Fluorocitrate (FC), was injected into the right lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat 30 min before PTZ during kindling progress. The maximal seizure stage (SS), stage 2 and 4 latency (S2L, S4L), stage 4 and 5 duration (S4D, S5D), and seizure duration (SD) were all assessed 20 min after PTZ administration by observation. Following Schaffer collateral stimulation, in vivo field, potential recordings from the CA1 area of the hippocampus were employed to assess the metaplasticity induced in kindled rats. The inhibition of glial cells during the kindling process significantly lowered SS, S4D&S5D and increased S4L (Two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni Posttest, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001). In comparison to the control group, electrophysiological data demonstrated that HFS-induced LTP in kindled animals was decreased (Unpaired t-test, P < 0.05). Glial cell inhibition prevented PTZ's effect on LTP. Our data imply that kindling altered CA1 pyramidal neurons' vulnerability to synaptic plasticity. This shift in neuronal plasticity (metaplasticity) is mediated in part by glial cells and is important in the formation of seizure symptoms. As a result, glial cell inhibition was found to alleviate seizure behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Tavassoli
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Giahi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Adhia DB, Mani R, Reynolds JN, Hall M, Vanneste S, De Ridder D. High-Definition Transcranial Infraslow Pink-Noise Stimulation Can Influence Functional and Effective Cortical Connectivity in Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. Neuromodulation 2022:S1094-7159(22)01225-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.08.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang NN, Zhang Y, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Connexin 43: insights into candidate pathological mechanisms of depression and its implications in antidepressant therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2448-2461. [PMID: 35145238 PMCID: PMC9525669 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), a chronic and recurrent disease characterized by anhedonia, pessimism or even suicidal thought, remains a major chronic mental concern worldwide. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant connexin expressed in astrocytes and forms the gap junction channels (GJCs) between astrocytes, the most abundant and functional glial cells in the brain. Astrocytes regulate neurons' synaptic strength and function by expressing receptors and regulating various neurotransmitters. Astrocyte dysfunction causes synaptic abnormalities, which are related to various mood disorders, e.g., depression. Increasing evidence suggests a crucial role of Cx43 in the pathogenesis of depression. Depression down-regulates Cx43 expression in humans and rats, and dysfunction of Cx43 also induces depressive behaviors in rats and mice. Recently Cx43 has received considerable critical attention and is highly implicated in the onset of depression. However, the pathological mechanisms of depression-like behavior associated with Cx43 still remain ambiguous. In this review we summarize the recent progress regarding the underlying mechanisms of Cx43 in the etiology of depression-like behaviors including gliotransmission, metabolic disorders, and neuroinflammation. We also discuss the effects of antidepressants (monoamine antidepressants and ketamine) on Cx43. The clarity of the candidate pathological mechanisms of depression-like behaviors associated with Cx43 and its potential pharmacological roles for antidepressants will benefit the exploration of a novel antidepressant target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3201644. [PMID: 36046684 PMCID: PMC9423989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3201644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the diverse physiological influence, the impact of glial cells has become much more evident on neurological illnesses, resulting in the origins of many diseases appearing to be more convoluted than previously happened. Since neurological disorders are often random and unknown, hence the construction of animal models is difficult to build, representing a small fraction of people with a gene mutation. As a result, an immediate necessity is grown to work within in vitro techniques for examining these illnesses. As the scientific community recognizes cell-autonomous contributions to a variety of central nervous system illnesses, therapeutic techniques involving stem cells for treating neurological diseases are gaining traction. The use of stem cells derived from a variety of sources is increasingly being used to replace both neuronal and glial tissue. The brain's energy demands necessitate the reliance of neurons on glial cells in order for it to function properly. Furthermore, glial cells have diverse functions in terms of regulating their own metabolic activities, as well as collaborating with neurons via secreted signaling or guidance molecules, forming a complex network of neuron-glial connections in health and sickness. Emerging data reveals that metabolic changes in glial cells can cause morphological and functional changes in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction under disease situations, highlighting the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses. In this context, it is required to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and create potential novel therapeutics. According to research, synaptic malfunction is one of the features of various mental diseases, and glial cells are acting as key ingredients not only in synapse formation, growth, and plasticity but also in neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis which creates critical physiological capacity in the focused sensory system. The goal of this review article is to elaborate state-of-the-art information on a few glial cell types situated in the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their role in the onset and progression of neurological disorders.
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Ademar K, Adermark L, Söderpalm B, Ericson M. Sodium acamprosate and calcium exert additive effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine in the rat. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13224. [PMID: 36001425 PMCID: PMC9541434 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acamprosate (Campral® – calcium‐bis[N‐acetylhomotaurinate]) is one of few available pharmacotherapies for individuals suffering from alcohol use disorder. Previously, we suggested that acamprosate reduces ethanol intake by increasing dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (nAc), thereby partly substituting for alcohol's dopamine releasing effect. An experimental study suggested the calcium moiety of acamprosate to be the active component of the drug and to mediate the relapse preventing effect. The aim of the present study was to, by means of reversed in vivo microdialysis, elucidate if the dopamine elevating properties of acamprosate are mediated by N‐acetylhomotaurine or by the calcium moiety. Male rats were equipped with a microdialysis probe in the nAc and received acute local treatment with regular acamprosate (CaAcamp 0.5 mM), calcium chloride (CaCl2 0.5 mM), sodium acamprosate (NaAcamp 0.5–1 mM), the glycine receptor (GlyR) antagonist strychnine (Stry 20 μM), or vehicle. In all experiments, extracellular levels of dopamine and taurine were examined. We found that local perfusion with both CaAcamp and CaCl2 increased dopamine levels in a GlyR‐dependent manner. NaAcamp did not influence dopamine levels, but concomitant administration with CaCl2 resulted in an additive dopamine output compared to the drugs administrated alone. We also found CaAcamp and the combination of CaCl2 and NaAcamp to increase accumbal taurine levels, suggesting that CaAcamp may act indirectly on GlyRs via taurine release. The present results indicate that both N‐acetylhomotaurine and the calcium moiety of acamprosate have dopamine elevating properties within the nAc and that, in this respect, these substances are beneficial in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ademar
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Louise Adermark
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Bo Söderpalm
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Beroendekliniken Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mia Ericson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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Glutamate Signaling and Filopodiagenesis of Astrocytoma Cells in Brain Cancers: Survey and Questions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172657. [PMID: 36078065 PMCID: PMC9454653 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are non-excitable cells in the CNS that can cause life-threatening astrocytoma tumors when they transform to cancerous cells. Perturbed homeostasis of the neurotransmitter glutamate is associated with astrocytoma tumor onset and progression, but the factors that govern this phenomenon are less known. Herein, we review possible mechanisms by which glutamate may act in facilitating the growth of projections in astrocytic cells. This review discusses the similarities and differences between the morphology of astrocytes and astrocytoma cells, and the role that dysregulation in glutamate and calcium signaling plays in the aberrant morphology of astrocytoma cells. Converging reports suggest that ionotropic glutamate receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels expressed in astrocytes may be responsible for the abnormal filopodiagenesis or process extension leading to astrocytoma cells’ infiltration throughout the brain.
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Looking to the stars for answers: Strategies for determining how astrocytes influence neuronal activity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4146-4156. [PMID: 36016711 PMCID: PMC9379862 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are critical components of neural circuits positioned in close proximity to the synapse, allowing them to rapidly sense and respond to neuronal activity. One repeatedly observed biomarker of astroglial activation is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels. These astroglial Ca2+ signals are often observed spreading throughout various cellular compartments from perisynaptic astroglial processes, to major astrocytic branches and on to the soma or cell body. Here we review recent evidence demonstrating that astrocytic Ca2+ events are remarkably heterogeneous in both form and function, propagate through the astroglial syncytia, and are directly linked to the ability of astroglia to influence local neuronal activity. As many of the cellular functions of astroglia can be linked to intracellular Ca2+ signaling, and the diversity and heterogeneity of these events becomes more apparent, there is an increasing need for novel experimental strategies designed to better understand the how these signals evolve in parallel with neuronal activity. Here we review the recent advances that enable the characterization of both subcellular and population-wide astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics. Additionally, we also outline the experimental design required for simultaneous in vivo Ca2+ imaging in the context of neuronal or astroglial manipulation, highlighting new experimental strategies made possible by recent advances in viral vector, imaging, and quantification technologies. Through combined usage of these reagents and methodologies, we provide a conceptual framework to study how astrocytes functionally integrate into neural circuits and to what extent they influence and direct the synaptic activity underlying behavioral responses.
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Needham H, Torpey G, Flores CC, Davis CJ, Vanderheyden WM, Gerstner JR. A Dichotomous Role for FABP7 in Sleep and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: A Hypothesis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:798994. [PMID: 35844236 PMCID: PMC9280343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.798994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of intracellular lipid chaperone proteins known to play critical roles in the regulation of fatty acid uptake and transport as well as gene expression. Brain-type fatty acid binding protein (FABP7) is enriched in astrocytes and has been implicated in sleep/wake regulation and neurodegenerative diseases; however, the precise mechanisms underlying the role of FABP7 in these biological processes remain unclear. FABP7 binds to both arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), resulting in discrete physiological responses. Here, we propose a dichotomous role for FABP7 in which ligand type determines the subcellular translocation of fatty acids, either promoting wakefulness aligned with Alzheimer's pathogenesis or promoting sleep with concomitant activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and neuroprotection. We hypothesize that FABP7-mediated translocation of AA to the endoplasmic reticulum of astrocytes increases astrogliosis, impedes glutamatergic uptake, and enhances wakefulness and inflammatory pathways via COX-2 dependent generation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Conversely, we propose that FABP7-mediated translocation of DHA to the nucleus stabilizes astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle dynamics, preserves glutamatergic uptake, and promotes sleep by activating anti-inflammatory pathways through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ transcriptional cascade. Importantly, this model generates several testable hypotheses applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Needham
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Grace Torpey
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Carlos C. Flores
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Davis
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - William M. Vanderheyden
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Jason R. Gerstner
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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Rahiminejad E, Azad F, Parvizi-Fard A, Amiri M, Linares-Barranco B. A Neuromorphic CMOS Circuit With Self-Repairing Capability. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS 2022; 33:2246-2258. [PMID: 33417568 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2020.3045019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurophysiological observations confirm that the brain not only is able to detect the impaired synapses (in brain damage) but also it is relatively capable of repairing faulty synapses. It has been shown that retrograde signaling by astrocytes leads to the modulation of synaptic transmission and thus bidirectional collaboration of astrocyte with nearby neurons is an important aspect of self-repairing mechanism. Specifically, the retrograde signaling via astrocyte can increase the transmission probability of the healthy synapses linked to the neuron. Motivated by these findings, in the present research, a CMOS neuromorphic circuit with self-repairing capabilities is proposed based on astrocyte signaling. In this way, the computational model of self-repairing process is hired as a basis for designing a novel analog integrated circuit in the 180-nm CMOS technology. It is illustrated that the proposed analog circuit is able to successfully recompense the damaged synapses by appropriately modifying the voltage signals of the remaining healthy synapses in the wide range of frequency. The proposed circuit occupies 7500- [Formula: see text] silicon area and its power consumption is about [Formula: see text]. This neuromorphic fault-tolerant circuit can be considered as a key candidate for future silicon neuronal systems and implementation of neurorobotic and neuro-inspired circuits.
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40
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Aryal SP, Xia M, Adindu E, Davis C, Ortinski PI, Richards CI. ER-GCaMP6f: An Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeted Genetic Probe to Measure Calcium Activity in Astrocytic Processes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2099-2108. [PMID: 35061939 PMCID: PMC9047445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a major second messenger involved in cellular and subcellular signaling in a wide range of cells, including astrocytes, which use calcium ions to communicate with other cells in the brain. Even though a variety of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators have been developed to study astrocyte calcium signaling, understanding the dynamics of endoplasmic reticulum calcium signaling is greatly limited by the currently available tools. To address this, we developed an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted calcium indicator, ER-GCaMP6f, which is anchored to the cytosolic side of the organelle and measures signaling that occurs in close proximity to the endoplasmic reticulum of astrocytes. Using a combination of confocal and super-resolution microscopy techniques, we demonstrate the localization of the indicator in the endoplasmic reticulum in both cell soma and processes of astrocytes. Combining ER-GCaMP6f with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we show that Ca2+ fluctuations in small astrocytic processes can be detected, which are otherwise not observable with existing indicators and standard wide-field and confocal techniques. We also compared the ER-GCaMP6f indicator against currently used plasma membrane-tethered and cytosolic GCaMP6f indicators. ER-GCaMP6f identifies dynamics in calcium signaling of endoplasmic reticulum resident receptors that are missed by plasma membrane-anchored indicators. We also generated an adeno-associated virus (AAV5) and demonstrate that ER-GCaMP6f can be expressed in vivo and by measured calcium activity in brain slices. ER-GCaMP6f provides a powerful tool to study calcium signaling in close proximity to the endoplasmic reticulum in astrocyte cell soma and processes both in culture and in brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Mengfan Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Ebubechi Adindu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Caroline Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Pavel I Ortinski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Lyon KA, Allen NJ. From Synapses to Circuits, Astrocytes Regulate Behavior. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:786293. [PMID: 35069124 PMCID: PMC8772456 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.786293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are non-neuronal cells that regulate synapses, neuronal circuits, and behavior. Astrocytes ensheath neuronal synapses to form the tripartite synapse where astrocytes influence synapse formation, function, and plasticity. Beyond the synapse, recent research has revealed that astrocyte influences on the nervous system extend to the modulation of neuronal circuitry and behavior. Here we review recent findings on the active role of astrocytes in behavioral modulation with a focus on in vivo studies, primarily in mice. Using tools to acutely manipulate astrocytes, such as optogenetics or chemogenetics, studies reviewed here have demonstrated a causal role for astrocytes in sleep, memory, sensorimotor behaviors, feeding, fear, anxiety, and cognitive processes like attention and behavioral flexibility. Current tools and future directions for astrocyte-specific manipulation, including methods for probing astrocyte heterogeneity, are discussed. Understanding the contribution of astrocytes to neuronal circuit activity and organismal behavior will be critical toward understanding how nervous system function gives rise to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissy A Lyon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
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42
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Raj A, Kaushal A, Datta I. Impact of monomeric and aggregated wild-type and A30P/A53T double-mutant α-synuclein on antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolic profile of cultured astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:681-706. [PMID: 34904280 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serving as a source of glutathione and up-taking and metabolizing glutamate are the primary supportive role of astrocytes for the adjacent neurons. Despite the clear physical association between astrocytes and α-synuclein, the effect of extracellular α-synuclein on these astrocytic functions has not yet been elucidated. Hence, we aim to assess the effect of various forms of α-synuclein on antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolism. Wild-type and A53T/A30P double-mutant α-synuclein, both in monomeric and aggregated forms, were added extracellularly to media of midbrain rat astrocyte culture, with their survival, oxidative, and nitrative stress, glutathione and glutamate content, expression of enzymes associated with oxidative stress and glutamate metabolism, glutamate and glutathione transporters being assessed along with the association/engulfment of these peptides by astrocytes. A30P/A53T peptide associated more with astrocytes, and low-extracellular K+ concentration showed prominent reduction in the engulfment of the monomeric forms, suggesting that the association of the aggregated forms was greater with the membrane. The peptide-associated astrocytes showed lower survival and increased oxidative stress generation, owing to the decrease in nuclear localization of Nrf2 and increase in iNOS, and further aggravated by the decrease in glutathione content and related enzymes like glutathione synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Glutamate uptake increased in aggregate-treated cells due to the increase in GLAST1 expression, de novo synthesis of glutamate by pyruvate carboxylase, and/or glutamine synthase, bolstered by the differential glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. We thus show for the first time that extracellular α-synuclein exposure leads to astrocytic dysfunction with respect to the antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolic profile. The impact was higher in the case of the aggregated and mutated peptide, with the highest dysfunction for the mutant aggregated α-synuclein treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Raj
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Alka Kaushal
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
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43
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Lundquist AJ, Llewellyn GN, Kishi SH, Jakowec NA, Cannon PM, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW. Knockdown of Astrocytic Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 in the Motor Cortex Leads to Loss of Dendritic Spines and a Deficit in Motor Learning. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1002-1017. [PMID: 34822124 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) shuttle molecules, including L-lactate, involved in metabolism and cell signaling of the central nervous system. Astrocyte-specific MCT4 is a key component of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) and is important for neuroplasticity and learning of the hippocampus. However, the importance of astrocyte-specific MCT4 in neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex remains unknown. In this study, we investigated astrocyte-specific MCT4 in motor learning and neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex using a cell-type specific shRNA knockdown of MCT4. Knockdown of astrocyte-specific MCT4 resulted in impaired motor performance and learning on the accelerating rotarod. In addition, MCT4 knockdown was associated with a reduction of neuronal dendritic spine density and spine width and decreased protein expression of PSD95, Arc, and cFos. Using near-infrared-conjugated 2-deoxyglucose uptake as a surrogate marker for neuronal activity, MCT4 knockdown was also associated with decreased neuronal activity in the M1 primary motor cortex and associated motor regions including the dorsal striatum and ventral thalamus. Our study supports a potential role for astrocyte-specific MCT4 and the ANLS in the neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex. Targeting MCT4 may serve to enhance neuroplasticity and motor repair in several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Lundquist
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - George N Llewellyn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Susan H Kishi
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Nicolaus A Jakowec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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44
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Saeger HN, Olson DE. Psychedelic-inspired approaches for treating neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurochem 2021; 162:109-127. [PMID: 34816433 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychedelics are increasingly being recognized for their potential to treat a wide range of brain disorders including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorder. Their broad therapeutic potential might result from an ability to rescue cortical atrophy common to many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases by impacting neurotrophic factor gene expression, activating neuronal growth and survival mechanisms, and modulating the immune system. While the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has not yet been extended to neurodegenerative disorders, we provide evidence suggesting that approaches based on psychedelic science might prove useful for treating these diseases. The primary target of psychedelics, the 5-HT2A receptor, plays key roles in cortical neuron health and is dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, evidence suggests that psychedelics and related compounds could prove useful for treating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). While more research is needed to probe the effects of psychedelics in models of neurodegenerative diseases, the robust effects of these compounds on structural and functional neuroplasticity and inflammation clearly warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N Saeger
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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45
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Liu L, Gao H, Zaikin A, Chen S. Unraveling Aβ-Mediated Multi-Pathway Calcium Dynamics in Astrocytes: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment From Simulations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:767892. [PMID: 34777023 PMCID: PMC8581622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.767892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the brain is hypothesized to be the major factor driving Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Mounting evidence suggests that astrocytes are the primary target of Aβ neurotoxicity. Aβ is known to interfere with multiple calcium fluxes, thus disrupting the calcium homeostasis regulation of astrocytes, which are likely to produce calcium oscillations. Ca2+ dyshomeostasis has been observed to precede the appearance of clinical symptoms of AD; however, it is experimentally very difficult to investigate the interactions of many mechanisms. Given that Ca2+ disruption is ubiquitously involved in AD progression, it is likely that focusing on Ca2+ dysregulation may serve as a potential therapeutic approach to preventing or treating AD, while current hypotheses concerning AD have so far failed to yield curable therapies. For this purpose, we derive and investigate a concise mathematical model for Aβ-mediated multi-pathway astrocytic intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. This model accounts for how Aβ affects various fluxes contributions through voltage-gated calcium channels, Aβ-formed channels and ryanodine receptors. Bifurcation analysis of Aβ level, which reflected the corresponding progression of the disease, revealed that Aβ significantly induced the increasing [Ca2+] i and frequency of calcium oscillations. The influence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production (IP3) is also investigated in the presence of Aβ as well as the impact of changes in resting membrane potential. In turn, the Ca2+ flux can be considerably changed by exerting specific interventions, such as ion channel blockers or receptor antagonists. By doing so, a "combination therapy" targeting multiple pathways simultaneously has finally been demonstrated to be more effective. This study helps to better understand the effect of Aβ, and our findings provide new insight into the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langzhou Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huayi Gao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexey Zaikin
- Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Institute for Women's Health and Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Shangbin Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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46
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Lalo U, Koh W, Lee CJ, Pankratov Y. The tripartite glutamatergic synapse. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108758. [PMID: 34433089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells were long considered as structural and metabolic supporting cells are which do not directly participate in information processing in the brain. Discoveries of responsiveness of astrocytes to synaptically-released glutamate and their capability to release agonists of glutamate receptors awakened extensive studies of glia-neuron communications and led to the revolutionary changes in our understanding of brain cellular networks. Nowadays, astrocytes are widely acknowledged as inseparable element of glutamatergic synapses and role for glutamatergic astrocyte-neuron interactions in the brain computation is emerging. Astroglial glutamate receptors, in particular of NMDA, mGluR3 and mGluR5 types, can activate a variety of molecular cascades leading astroglial-driven modulation of extracellular levels of glutamate and activity of neuronal glutamate receptors. Their preferential location to the astroglial perisynaptic processes facilitates interaction of astrocytes with individual excitatory synapses. Bi-directional glutamatergic communication between astrocytes and neurons underpins a complex, spatially-distributed modulation of synaptic signalling thus contributing to the enrichment of information processing by the neuronal networks. Still, further research is needed to bridge the substantial gaps in our understanding of mechanisms and physiological relevance of astrocyte-neuron glutamatergic interactions, in particular ability of astrocytes directly activate neuronal glutamate receptors by releasing glutamate and, arguably, d-Serine. An emerging roles for aberrant changes in glutamatergic astroglial signalling, both neuroprotective and pathogenic, in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases also require further investigation. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - The Glutamatergic Synapse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Lalo
- School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Wuhyun Koh
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Yuriy Pankratov
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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Van Den Herrewegen Y, Sanderson TM, Sahu S, De Bundel D, Bortolotto ZA, Smolders I. Side-by-side comparison of the effects of Gq- and Gi-DREADD-mediated astrocyte modulation on intracellular calcium dynamics and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1. Mol Brain 2021; 14:144. [PMID: 34544455 PMCID: PMC8451082 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes express a plethora of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are crucial for shaping synaptic activity. Upon GPCR activation, astrocytes can respond with transient variations in intracellular Ca2+. In addition, Ca2+-dependent and/or Ca2+-independent release of gliotransmitters can occur, allowing them to engage in bidirectional neuron-astrocyte communication. The development of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) has facilitated many new discoveries on the roles of astrocytes in both physiological and pathological conditions. They are an excellent tool, as they can target endogenous GPCR-mediated intracellular signal transduction pathways specifically in astrocytes. With increasing interest and accumulating research on this topic, several discrepancies on astrocytic Ca2+ signalling and astrocyte-mediated effects on synaptic plasticity have emerged, preventing a clear-cut consensus about the downstream effects of DREADDs in astrocytes. In the present study, we performed a side-by-side evaluation of the effects of bath application of the DREADD agonist, clozapine-N-oxide (10 µM), on Gq- and Gi-DREADD activation in mouse CA1 hippocampal astrocytes. In doing so, we aimed to avoid confounding factors, such as differences in experimental procedures, and to directly compare the actions of both DREADDs on astrocytic intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and synaptic plasticity in acute hippocampal slices. We used an adeno-associated viral vector approach to transduce dorsal hippocampi of male, 8-week-old C57BL6/J mice, to drive expression of either the Gq-DREADD or Gi-DREADD in CA1 astrocytes. A viral vector lacking the DREADD construct was used to generate controls. Here, we show that agonism of Gq-DREADDs, but not Gi-DREADDs, induced consistent increases in spontaneous astrocytic Ca2+ events. Moreover, we demonstrate that both Gq-DREADD as well as Gi-DREADD-mediated activation of CA1 astrocytes induces long-lasting synaptic potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 Schaffer collateral pathway in the absence of a high frequency stimulus. Moreover, we report for the first time that astrocytic Gi-DREADD activation is sufficient to elicit de novo potentiation. Our data demonstrate that activation of either Gq or Gi pathways drives synaptic potentiation through Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Van Den Herrewegen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas M Sanderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Tankard's Cl, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK
| | - Surajit Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zuner A Bortolotto
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Tankard's Cl, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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48
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Falcone C, McBride EL, Hopkins WD, Hof PR, Manger PR, Sherwood CC, Noctor SC, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Redefining varicose projection astrocytes in primates. Glia 2021; 70:145-154. [PMID: 34533866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Varicose projection astrocytes (VP-As) are found in the cerebral cortex and have been described to be specific to humans and chimpanzees. To further examine the phylogenetic distribution of this cell type, we analyzed cortical tissue from several primates ranging from primitive primates to primates evolutionary closer to human such as apes. We specifically analyzed tissue from four strepsirrhine species, one tarsier, six species of platyrrhine monkeys, ten species of cercopithecoid monkeys, two hylobatid ape species, four to six cases each of chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan, and thirteen human. We found that VP-As were present only in human and other apes (hominoids) and were absent in all other species. We showed that VP-As are localized to layer VI and the superficial white matter of the cortex. The presence of VP-As co-occured with interlaminar astrocytes that also had varicosities in their processes. Due to their location, their long tangential processes, and their irregular presence within species, we propose that VP-As are astrocytes that develop varicosities under specific conditions and that are not a distinct astrocyte type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Falcone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Erin L McBride
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals, Sacramento, California, USA.,MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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49
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Mielnicka A, Michaluk P. Exocytosis in Astrocytes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1367. [PMID: 34572580 PMCID: PMC8471187 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, astrocytes were thought to be a part of a simple "brain glue" providing only a supporting role for neurons. However, the discoveries of the last two decades have proven astrocytes to be dynamic partners participating in brain metabolism and actively influencing communication between neurons. The means of astrocyte-neuron communication are diverse, although regulated exocytosis has received the most attention but also caused the most debate. Similar to most of eukaryotic cells, astrocytes have a complex range of vesicular organelles which can undergo exocytosis as well as intricate molecular mechanisms that regulate this process. In this review, we focus on the components needed for regulated exocytosis to occur and summarise the knowledge about experimental evidence showing its presence in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Michaluk
- BRAINCITY, Laboratory of Neurobiology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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50
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Jenkins EPW, Finch A, Gerigk M, Triantis IF, Watts C, Malliaras GG. Electrotherapies for Glioblastoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100978. [PMID: 34292672 PMCID: PMC8456216 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal, intermediate frequency (100-500 kHz) electrotherapies present a unique therapeutic strategy to treat malignant neoplasms. Here, pulsed electric fields (PEFs) which induce reversible or irreversible electroporation (IRE) and tumour-treating fields (TTFs) are reviewed highlighting the foundations, advances, and considerations of each method when applied to glioblastoma (GBM). Several biological aspects of GBM that contribute to treatment complexity (heterogeneity, recurrence, resistance, and blood-brain barrier(BBB)) and electrophysiological traits which are suggested to promote glioma progression are described. Particularly, the biological responses at the cellular and molecular level to specific parameters of the electrical stimuli are discussed offering ways to compare these parameters despite the lack of a universally adopted physical description. Reviewing the literature, a disconnect is found between electrotherapy techniques and how they target the biological complexities of GBM that make treatment difficult in the first place. An attempt is made to bridge the interdisciplinary gap by mapping biological characteristics to different methods of electrotherapy, suggesting important future research topics and directions in both understanding and treating GBM. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that attempts an in-tandem assessment of the biological effects of different aspects of intermediate frequency electrotherapy methods, thus offering possible strategies toward GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P. W. Jenkins
- Division of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Alina Finch
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic ScienceUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Magda Gerigk
- Division of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Iasonas F. Triantis
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringCity, University of LondonLondonEC1V 0HBUK
| | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic ScienceUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Division of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
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